10년 9월 고3 영어 모의고사 한문장해석
고등모의 [워크북]/고32019. 10. 30. 18:31
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THE BLUET 1093 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191030 18:30:34
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1093-18
1. I was pleased to receive your letter requesting a letter of reference for a Future Leaders scholarship.
2. As your physics teacher, I can certainly speak highly of your academic abilities.
3. Your grades have consistently been A’s and B’s in my class.
4. Since this is the first semester that I have had you in class, however, I do not feel that I am the right person to provide information on your leadership skills.
5. I would encourage you to request a reference letter from those teachers with whom you have had the most opportunity to demonstrate those skills.
6. I am sure many teachers would be willing to provide letters for you.
7. Good luck with your scholarship.
1093-19
1. There was a girl who grew flowers in New Jersey and sometimes took flowers to customers on Staten Island.
2. To get there, she had to go over a bridge paying a toll of $2.50.
3. One day, as she was approaching the toll booth, she saw a toll booth attendant who reminded her of her mother.
4. As she reached in her pocket, she found she had no money but a half dollar.
5. Not knowing what to do, she handed the coin to her and asked nervously, "Want to buy a fresh red rose?"
6. The attendant looked surprised at first, but glancing at the cars piling up behind her, she took two dollars from her purse and rang it up on the cash register.
7. "Yes, I’ll take it," she said with a smile.
8. "And I suppose the price is two dollars even, right?"
1093-20
1. The phrase, ‘jack-of-all-trades’ is a shortened version of ‘jack of all trades and master of none.’ It refers to those who claim to be proficient at countless tasks, but cannot perform a single one of them well.
2. The phrase was first used in England at the start of the Industrial Revolution.
3. A large number of efficiency experts set up shop in London, advertising themselves as knowledgeable about every type of new manufacturing process, trade, and business.
4. For a substantial fee, they would impart their knowledge to their clients.
5. But it soon became evident that their knowledge was limited and of no practical value.
6. Doubtful industrialists started calling these self-appointed experts ‘jacks of all trades and masters of none.’ These experts are still with us, and as a result so is the phrase.
1093-21
1. Mr. Potter was sailing for Europe on one of the greatest transatlantic ocean liners.
2. When he went on board, he found another passenger was to share the cabin with him.
3. After going to see the accommodations, he came up to the purser’s desk and inquired if he could leave his valuables in the ship’s safe.
4. Mr. Potter explained that ordinarily he never availed himself of that privilege, but he had been to his cabin and had met the man who was to occupy the other bed.
5. Judging from his appearance, he was afraid that he might not be a very trustworthy person.
6. The purser accepted the responsibility for the valuables and remarked , "It’s all right.
7. I’ll be very glad to take care of them for you.
8. The other man has been up here and left his valuables for the same reason!"
1093-22
1. Geothermal heat, generated inside the Earth, helps keep the temperature of the ground at a depth of several meters at a nearly constant temperature of about 10°C to 20°C.
2. This constant temperature can be used to cool and heat buildings by using a heat pump.
3. A heat pump contains a water-filled loop of pipe, which is buried to a depth where the temperature is nearly constant.
4. In summer, warm water from the building is pumped through the pipe down into the ground, since the underground temperature is lower than the air temperature.
5. The water cools and then is pumped back to the building where it absorbs more heat, and the cycle is repeated.
1093-23
1. Comparing yourself with others is natural and can be motivational.
2. However, too much of it leads to envy, especially if you’re ungenerous toward yourself.
3. Instead, try measuring your present self against your past self.
4. When I asked a salesperson to map his sales performance, he was amazed to see that he had achieved a 5% to 10% annual increase in sales while at his firm.
5. This made him feel more self-confident and lessened his resentment toward his colleagues.
6. If you feel threatened every time a perceived rival does well, remind yourself of your own strengths and successes.
1093-24
1. Michael dared to look inside the window, but from the deep shadow of the trees and the gloom within, he could not clearly make out the objects within.
2. Although every nerve in his body cautioned otherwise, he slowly pushed open the door.
3. The door creaked as it swung back.
4. As he carefully took a step inside, the door slammed shut.
5. Michael’s futile attempts to open the door only increased his panic.
6. He tried to calm his thundering heart by repeating to himself, "I am not afraid.
7. I am not afraid," but to no avail.
8. He suddenly felt an uneasy darkness consume him from within.
9. He opened his mouth to call for help, but his words failed him.
1093-25
1. Errors and failures typically corrupt all human designs.
2. Indeed, the failure of a single component of your car’s engine could force you to call for a tow truck.
3. Similarly, a tiny wiring error in your computer’s circuits can mean throwing the whole computer out.
4. Natural systems are different, though.
5. Throughout Earth’s history, an estimated 3 million to 100 million species have disappeared, which means that this year somewhere between three and a hundred species will vanish.
6. However, such natural extinctions appear to cause little harm.
7. Over millions of years the ecosystem has developed an amazing insensitivity to errors and failures, surviving even such drastic events as the impact of the Yucatan meteorite, which killed tens of thousands of species.
1093-26
1. Unlike deviance in other settings, deviance in sports often involves an unquestioned acceptance of and extreme conformity to norms and expectations.
2. For example, most North Americans see playing football as a positive activity.
3. Young men are encouraged to ‘be all they can be’ as football players and to live by slogans such as "There is no ‘I’ in t-e-a-m." They are encouraged to increase their weight and strength, so that they can play more effectively and contribute to the success of their teams.
4. When young men go too far in their acceptance of expectations to become bigger and stronger, when they are so committed to playing football and improving their skills on the field that they use muscle-building drugs, they become deviant.
5. This type of ‘overdoing-it-deviance’ is dangerous, but it is grounded in completely different social dynamics from the dynamics that occur in the ‘antisocial deviance’ enacted by alienated young people who reject commonly accepted rules and expectations.
1093-27
1. Time pressure leads to frustration, and when we are frustrated or experience other negative emotions, our thinking becomes narrower and less creative.
2. However, people are unaware of this phenomenon and live under the illusion that when they are experiencing time pressure, they are also more creative.
3. This explains why time pressure is pervasive and to some extent accounts for the increase in rates of depression.
4. We are generally too busy trying to squeeze more and more activities into less and less time.
5. Consequently, we fail to enjoy potential sources of happiness that may be all around us.
6. To enjoy the richness that life has to offer, we need to take our time.
1093-28
1. With no attempt there can be no failure and with no failure no humiliation.
2. So our self-esteem in this world depends entirely on what we back ourselves to be and do.
3. It is determined by the ratio of our actualities to our supposed potentialities.
4. Thus, success divided by pretensions equals self-esteem.
5. This illustrates how every rise in our levels of expectation entails a rise in the dangers of humiliation.
6. What we understand to be normal is critical in determining our chances of happiness.
7. It also hints at two ways for raising our self-esteem.
8. On the one hand, we may try to achieve more; and on the other, we may reduce the number of things we want to achieve.
9. The advantages of the latter approach lie in the following statement: To give up pretensions is as blessed a relief as to get them gratified.
1093-29
1. For many people ‘nature’ is defined as a negative: It exists where people do not.
2. Nature lies outside the urban and agricultural realms, in regions of Earth where natural processes are unhindered.
3. Nature is where fallen logs rot and acorns grow, wildfires turn woodlands into meadows, and barrier islands shift with the currents ― all without human interference.
4. By extension, this definition suggests that nature is best protected by keeping humans far away, so that it can continue to run itself.
5. But there is a serious problem with this view.
6. If nature is defined as a landscape uninfluenced by humankind, then there is no nature on the planet at all.
7. Prehistoric peoples changed their surrounding ecosystems, whether by installing orchards in the Amazon or by hunting many large mammals to extinction in North America.
8. And modern humans are changing the global environment even more profoundly, whether through planet-wide climate change, or by the worldwide movement of synthetic chemicals through the food chain.
1093-30
1. The most obvious salient feature of moral agents is a capacity for rational thought.
2. This is an uncontested necessary condition for any form of moral agency, since we all accept that people who are incapable of reasoned thought cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.
3. However, if we move beyond this uncontroversial salient feature of moral agents, then the most salient feature of actual flesh-and-blood (as opposed to ridiculously idealized) individual moral agents is surely the fact that every moral agent brings multiple perspectives to bear on every moral problem situation.
4. That is, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question "What are the basic ways in which moral agents wish to affect others?"
5. Rather, moral agents wish to affect ‘others’ in different ways depending upon who these ‘others’ are.
1093-31
1. When it comes to food choices, young people are particularly vulnerable to peer influences.
2. A teenage girl may eat nothing but a lettuce salad for lunch, even though she will become hungry later, because that is what her friends are eating.
3. A slim boy who hopes to make the wrestling team may routinely overload his plate with foods that are dense in carbohydrates and proteins to ‘bulk up’ like the wrestlers of his school.
4. An overweight teen may eat moderately while around his friends but then devour huge portions when alone.
5. Few young people are completely free of food-related pressures from peers, whether or not these pressures are imposed intentionally.
1093-32
1. It is said that although people laugh in the same way, they don’t necessarily laugh at the same things.
2. If this is true of a single community, it is even more true of people who live in different societies, because the topics that people find amusing, and the occasions that are regarded as appropriate for joking, can vary enormously from one society to the next.
3. Some styles of humor with silly actions are guaranteed to raise a laugh everywhere.
4. But because of their reliance on shared assumptions, most jokes travel very badly.
5. This is particularly noticeable in the case of jokes that involve a play on words.
6. They are difficult, and in some cases virtually impossible to translate into other languages.
7. Therefore, this is why people’s attempts to tell jokes to foreigners are so often met with blank stares.
1093-33
1. Many grocery stores give the shopper the option of paper or plastic grocery bags.
2. Many people instinctively say that paper is less harmful to the environment ― after all, paper is biodegradable and recyclable.
3. In contrast, most plastic is manufactured using oil by-products and natural gas.
4. Plastic is not always easily or economically recyclable, and once manufactured, plastic may last virtually indefinitely.
5. Yet in the United States, paper products are the single largest component of municipal waste.
6. Even though paper products may theoretically be biodegradable, in most landfills, they do not biodegrade.
7. Furthermore, paper production emits air pollution, specifically 70 percent more pollution than the production of plastic bags.
8. And consider that making paper uses trees that could be absorbing carbon dioxide.
9. The paper bag making process also results in three times more water pollutants than making plastic bags.
1093-34
1. While predictions about the future are always difficult, one can be made with certainty.
2. People will find themselves in large numbers of interactions where intercultural communication skills will be essential.
3. There are several reasons for such prediction.
4. Some reasons include increasing amounts of contact brought on by overseas assignments in the business world, the movement of college students spending time in other countries, and increasing amounts of international travel among tourists.
5. Others relate to social changes within any one large and complex nation: affirmative action, the movement of immigrants and refugees, bilingual education programs, and movement away from the goal that ethnic minorities become a part of a ‘melting pot.’ Therefore, it is essential that people research the cultures and communication conventions of those whom they propose to meet in the future.
1093-35
1. A famous psychiatrist was leading a symposium on the methods of getting patients to open up about themselves.
2. The psychiatrist challenged his colleagues with a boast: "I’ll bet that my technique will enable me to get a new patient to talk about the most private things during the first session without my having to ask a question."
3. What was his magic formula?
4. Simply this: He began the session by revealing to the patient something personal about himself ― secrets with which the patient might damage the doctor by breaking the confidence.
5. As he was ‘maskless,’ patients began to talk about their lives.
6. They opened themselves up to him because he had become an open-minded person himself, and openness evoked openness.
7. The same principle applies to all human relationships.
8. If you dare to take the initiative in self-revelation, the other person is much more likely to reveal secrets to you.
1093-36
1. The bar graph above shows the familiarity of the respondents with five prominent social media in 2007 and 2008.
2. According to the graph, the social media that was the most familiar in 2007 was blogging.
3. In the following year, social networking became the most familiar social media.
4. Video blogging, which was the least familiar social media in 2007, showed the biggest increase in familiarity among the three media that showed an increase from 2007 to 2008.
5. Wikis showed a bigger decrease in familiarity than podcasting from 2007 to 2008.
6. In 2008, podcasting and wikis were the least familiar social media.
1093-37
1. During the early 1980s, a team of Italian scientists carried out a series of studies under a variety of circumstances on the ticklishness of people.
2. The researchers found that people seem to have one foot that is more ticklish than the other ― and for most people it is the right.
3. The experiment was repeated in 1998 using a special way that a pointed nylon rod was stroked across the bottom of the foot three times at intervals of a second.
4. After applying it to thirty-four people, the researchers confirmed the original finding and pushed back the frontiers of knowledge still further by showing that males were more ticklish than females.
5. One suggested explanation is that the left side of the brain, which detects stimuli applied to the right foot, is associated with positive emotions such as laughter.
1093-38
1. Buffon was a famous zoologist and botanist during the reign of the French monarch Louis XVI.
2. Buffon stocked the park at Versailles with wild animals.
3. He also expanded the botanical garden on the Left Bank in Paris.
4. And with the confidence that goes with being a great collector, he began writing a comprehensive natural history of the world.
5. In that work, Buffon expressed the biased opinion that native animals of the New World are smaller than those of Europe, that there are fewer species of animals in America, and that even domesticated species of European animals diminished in size and vigor upon crossing the Atlantic.
6. Obviously, his opinions were not well-received and were severely criticized in America.
1093-39
1. After an event, all one has are memories of it.
2. Because most waits expect a desired outcome, it is the memory of the outcome that dominates, not the intermediate components.
3. If the overall outcome is pleasurable enough, any unpleasantness suffered along the way is minimized.
4. Terence Mitchell and Leigh Thompson call this ‘rosy retrospection.’ Mitchell and his colleagues studied participants in a 12-day tour of Europe, students going home for Thanksgiving vacation and a three-week bicycle tour across California.
5. In all of these cases, the results were similar.
6. Before an event, people looked forward with positive anticipation.
7. Afterward, they remembered fondly.
8. During?
9. Well, reality seldom lives up to expectations, so plenty of things go wrong.
10. As memory takes over, however, the unpleasantness fades and the good parts remain, perhaps to intensify, and even get amplified beyond reality.
1093-40
1. Every day, it seems, we learn of an apology from a prominent figure in response to an indiscretion of some sort.
2. Those in the public eye have an unfortunate tendency to apologize only after they have been found with a hand in the cookie jar.
3. When this happens, it is only natural for a skeptical public to wonder, "Are they apologizing for their conduct, or simply because they were caught?"
4. To make matters worse, the wrongdoer will often use the passive voice in his or her apology: "Mistakes were made," rather than, "I made a mistake."
5. It is more comfortable to use the passive voice here, but doing so relinquishes any sense of personal responsibility.
6. It is a non-apology and is not very meaningful.
1093-41
1. We can infer that there was prosperity in ancient Athens because this was a time that saw the planting of many olive trees.
2. Since olive trees do not produce their fruits for about thirty years, their planting indicates that people were optimistic about the future.
3. The growth in the export of olive oil also encouraged the development of pottery, in which the oil was transported.
4. About 535 B.C.
5. came the invention of red-figure vase painting.
6. Now the whole surface of the vase was blackened, with figures picked out in the natural red.
7. This allowed much more variety and realism.
8. And the prosperity brought about by the international trade in olive oil spread to the peasants and it was their rituals, with choral song and mimic dancing, that formed the basis of early theater.
1093-42
1. Until recently, it was generally assumed that the first humans took a northerly route to leave the African continent, walking into the Middle East and then spreading out from there.
2. However, mtDNA analysis now suggests the exodus may have proceeded via a more southerly route.
3. In 2005, an international team of researchers announced that an isolated group living in Malaysia appeared to be the descendants of humans who left Africa around 65,000 years ago.
4. According to the researchers, climatic change underway at the time would have made a southerly route easier.
5. The genetic evidence suggests perhaps as few as several hundred individuals went first to India, then Southeast Asia and Australasia.
6. If correct, this would explain why humans appear to have reached Australia around 50,000 years ago, while the oldest human remains in Europe ― a jawbone found in Romania―are only around 35,000 years old.
1093-43
1. Even worse than reaching a conclusion with just a little evidence is the fallacy of reaching a conclusion without any evidence at all.
2. Sometimes people mistake a separate event for a cause-and-effect relationship.
3. They see that ‘A’ happened before ‘B’, so they mistakenly assume that ‘A’ caused ‘B’.
4. This is an error known in logic as a post hoc fallacy.
5. For example, suppose you see a man in a black jacket hurry into a bank.
6. You notice that he is nervously carrying his briefcase, and a few moments later you hear a siren.
7. You therefore leap to the conclusion that the man in the black jacket has robbed the bank.
8. However, such a leap tends to land far from the truth of the matter.
9. You have absolutely no evidence ― only a suspicion based on coincidence.
10. This is a post hoc fallacy.
1093-44
1. Hopi religion features a ritual calendar that includes a large number of annually required ceremonies.
2. In most cases, each ceremony is ‘owned’ by the members of a certain clan.
3. Every clan represented in a village has a clanhouse in which the masks and other sacred items used in the ceremonies are kept when not in use.
4. The clanhouse usually consists of a room adjoining the dwelling of the senior female member of the clan.
5. This woman is in charge of storing ritual equipment and of seeing to it that they are treated with the proper respect.
6. There is also a male head of each clan whose duties likewise are partly religious because he is in charge of the performance of ceremonies owned by his clan.
7. A male clan head passes his position down to either his younger brother or his sister’s son.
8. In this way, culturally important ritual knowledge is kept within the clan.
1093-45
1. The information processing model emphasizes rational analysis for solving problems, with an emphasis on techniques for quickly arriving at a solution.
2. Culturally, this orientation fits well with the kinds of mental attributes which are normally valued by contemporary Western societies.
3. For example, Westerners tend to admire someone who is independent and quick-thinking.
4. But these characteristics are not universally valued.
5. Agricultural African societies, for example, valued looking at the problem in the context of the whole society, noting its impact on various features of life.
6. In most situations, speed in arriving at a solution was not a vital issue.
7. This is also found with the Cree and Ojibway in Canada.
8. These groups historically lived in wilderness areas and faced many hardships; in these circumstances, they would rarely get a second chance at solving problems.
9. Consequently, these Native people value taking time to reflect on a problem and mentally walk through possible solutions before any action is taken.
1093-4647
1. The other day an acquaintance of mine, a sociable and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly ‘alone’ in New York for an hour or two between appointments.
2. He went to the Whitney Museum and spent the ‘empty’ time looking at things by himself.
3. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone.
4. What had he been afraid of ?
5. I asked myself .
6. That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet?
7. But having taken the first step into this new world, he is now about to begin a new adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space, space as immense, unexplored, and sometimes frightening as outer space to the astronaut.
8. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original.
9. For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius.
10. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably.
11. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it?
12. The original impact gets lost.
13. "Music I heard with you was more than music."
14. Exactly.
15. And therefore music ‘itself’ can only be heard alone.
16. Solitude is the salt of personhood.
17. It brings out the authentic flavor of every experience.
1093-4850
1. My grandmother’s kitchen was overflowing with food.
2. She raised her daughters to keep an extra box and bottle unopened in the cupboard for every bottle and box that was in use.
3. Although she died before I was born, I was raised by her eldest daughter to do this same thing.
4. Absentminded as I am, I often find I have accumulated two or even three extras of anything in my house.
5. But this abundance did not mean that things were to be wasted.
6. Everything was always used to the full.
7. Even the tea bags were used twice.
8. There is a family story told about my grandmother’s refrigerator.
9. Her refrigerator was always full to the very edges and every shelf was put to use.
10. Occasionally when someone, usually a child, opened it without sufficient caution, an egg would fall out and break on the kitchen floor.
11. My grandmother’s response was always the same.
12. She would look at the broken egg with satisfaction.
13. "Aha," she would say, "today we have a sponge cake!"
14. Befriending life is not always about having things your own way.
15. Life is impermanent and full of broken eggs.
16. But what is true of eggs is even more true of pain and loss and suffering.
17. Certain things are too important to be wasted.
18. When I was sixteen, just after the doctor came and informed me that I had a disease that no one knew how to cure, my mother had reminded me of this.
19. I had turned toward her in shock, but she did not cuddle or soothe.
20. Instead she reached out and took me by the hand.
21. "We will make a sponge cake," she told me firmly.
22. It has taken many years to find the recipe, the one that is my own, but I knew in that moment that this was what I needed to do.
1093-18
1. I was pleased to receive your letter requesting a letter of reference for a Future Leaders scholarship.
2. As your physics teacher, I can certainly speak highly of your academic abilities.
3. Your grades have consistently been A’s and B’s in my class.
4. Since this is the first semester that I have had you in class, however, I do not feel that I am the right person to provide information on your leadership skills.
5. I would encourage you to request a reference letter from those teachers with whom you have had the most opportunity to demonstrate those skills.
6. I am sure many teachers would be willing to provide letters for you.
7. Good luck with your scholarship.
1093-19
1. There was a girl who grew flowers in New Jersey and sometimes took flowers to customers on Staten Island.
2. To get there, she had to go over a bridge paying a toll of $2.50.
3. One day, as she was approaching the toll booth, she saw a toll booth attendant who reminded her of her mother.
4. As she reached in her pocket, she found she had no money but a half dollar.
5. Not knowing what to do, she handed the coin to her and asked nervously, "Want to buy a fresh red rose?"
6. The attendant looked surprised at first, but glancing at the cars piling up behind her, she took two dollars from her purse and rang it up on the cash register.
7. "Yes, I’ll take it," she said with a smile.
8. "And I suppose the price is two dollars even, right?"
1093-20
1. The phrase, ‘jack-of-all-trades’ is a shortened version of ‘jack of all trades and master of none.’ It refers to those who claim to be proficient at countless tasks, but cannot perform a single one of them well.
2. The phrase was first used in England at the start of the Industrial Revolution.
3. A large number of efficiency experts set up shop in London, advertising themselves as knowledgeable about every type of new manufacturing process, trade, and business.
4. For a substantial fee, they would impart their knowledge to their clients.
5. But it soon became evident that their knowledge was limited and of no practical value.
6. Doubtful industrialists started calling these self-appointed experts ‘jacks of all trades and masters of none.’ These experts are still with us, and as a result so is the phrase.
1093-21
1. Mr. Potter was sailing for Europe on one of the greatest transatlantic ocean liners.
2. When he went on board, he found another passenger was to share the cabin with him.
3. After going to see the accommodations, he came up to the purser’s desk and inquired if he could leave his valuables in the ship’s safe.
4. Mr. Potter explained that ordinarily he never availed himself of that privilege, but he had been to his cabin and had met the man who was to occupy the other bed.
5. Judging from his appearance, he was afraid that he might not be a very trustworthy person.
6. The purser accepted the responsibility for the valuables and remarked , "It’s all right.
7. I’ll be very glad to take care of them for you.
8. The other man has been up here and left his valuables for the same reason!"
1093-22
1. Geothermal heat, generated inside the Earth, helps keep the temperature of the ground at a depth of several meters at a nearly constant temperature of about 10°C to 20°C.
2. This constant temperature can be used to cool and heat buildings by using a heat pump.
3. A heat pump contains a water-filled loop of pipe, which is buried to a depth where the temperature is nearly constant.
4. In summer, warm water from the building is pumped through the pipe down into the ground, since the underground temperature is lower than the air temperature.
5. The water cools and then is pumped back to the building where it absorbs more heat, and the cycle is repeated.
1093-23
1. Comparing yourself with others is natural and can be motivational.
2. However, too much of it leads to envy, especially if you’re ungenerous toward yourself.
3. Instead, try measuring your present self against your past self.
4. When I asked a salesperson to map his sales performance, he was amazed to see that he had achieved a 5% to 10% annual increase in sales while at his firm.
5. This made him feel more self-confident and lessened his resentment toward his colleagues.
6. If you feel threatened every time a perceived rival does well, remind yourself of your own strengths and successes.
1093-24
1. Michael dared to look inside the window, but from the deep shadow of the trees and the gloom within, he could not clearly make out the objects within.
2. Although every nerve in his body cautioned otherwise, he slowly pushed open the door.
3. The door creaked as it swung back.
4. As he carefully took a step inside, the door slammed shut.
5. Michael’s futile attempts to open the door only increased his panic.
6. He tried to calm his thundering heart by repeating to himself, "I am not afraid.
7. I am not afraid," but to no avail.
8. He suddenly felt an uneasy darkness consume him from within.
9. He opened his mouth to call for help, but his words failed him.
1093-25
1. Errors and failures typically corrupt all human designs.
2. Indeed, the failure of a single component of your car’s engine could force you to call for a tow truck.
3. Similarly, a tiny wiring error in your computer’s circuits can mean throwing the whole computer out.
4. Natural systems are different, though.
5. Throughout Earth’s history, an estimated 3 million to 100 million species have disappeared, which means that this year somewhere between three and a hundred species will vanish.
6. However, such natural extinctions appear to cause little harm.
7. Over millions of years the ecosystem has developed an amazing insensitivity to errors and failures, surviving even such drastic events as the impact of the Yucatan meteorite, which killed tens of thousands of species.
1093-26
1. Unlike deviance in other settings, deviance in sports often involves an unquestioned acceptance of and extreme conformity to norms and expectations.
2. For example, most North Americans see playing football as a positive activity.
3. Young men are encouraged to ‘be all they can be’ as football players and to live by slogans such as "There is no ‘I’ in t-e-a-m." They are encouraged to increase their weight and strength, so that they can play more effectively and contribute to the success of their teams.
4. When young men go too far in their acceptance of expectations to become bigger and stronger, when they are so committed to playing football and improving their skills on the field that they use muscle-building drugs, they become deviant.
5. This type of ‘overdoing-it-deviance’ is dangerous, but it is grounded in completely different social dynamics from the dynamics that occur in the ‘antisocial deviance’ enacted by alienated young people who reject commonly accepted rules and expectations.
1093-27
1. Time pressure leads to frustration, and when we are frustrated or experience other negative emotions, our thinking becomes narrower and less creative.
2. However, people are unaware of this phenomenon and live under the illusion that when they are experiencing time pressure, they are also more creative.
3. This explains why time pressure is pervasive and to some extent accounts for the increase in rates of depression.
4. We are generally too busy trying to squeeze more and more activities into less and less time.
5. Consequently, we fail to enjoy potential sources of happiness that may be all around us.
6. To enjoy the richness that life has to offer, we need to take our time.
1093-28
1. With no attempt there can be no failure and with no failure no humiliation.
2. So our self-esteem in this world depends entirely on what we back ourselves to be and do.
3. It is determined by the ratio of our actualities to our supposed potentialities.
4. Thus, success divided by pretensions equals self-esteem.
5. This illustrates how every rise in our levels of expectation entails a rise in the dangers of humiliation.
6. What we understand to be normal is critical in determining our chances of happiness.
7. It also hints at two ways for raising our self-esteem.
8. On the one hand, we may try to achieve more; and on the other, we may reduce the number of things we want to achieve.
9. The advantages of the latter approach lie in the following statement: To give up pretensions is as blessed a relief as to get them gratified.
1093-29
1. For many people ‘nature’ is defined as a negative: It exists where people do not.
2. Nature lies outside the urban and agricultural realms, in regions of Earth where natural processes are unhindered.
3. Nature is where fallen logs rot and acorns grow, wildfires turn woodlands into meadows, and barrier islands shift with the currents ― all without human interference.
4. By extension, this definition suggests that nature is best protected by keeping humans far away, so that it can continue to run itself.
5. But there is a serious problem with this view.
6. If nature is defined as a landscape uninfluenced by humankind, then there is no nature on the planet at all.
7. Prehistoric peoples changed their surrounding ecosystems, whether by installing orchards in the Amazon or by hunting many large mammals to extinction in North America.
8. And modern humans are changing the global environment even more profoundly, whether through planet-wide climate change, or by the worldwide movement of synthetic chemicals through the food chain.
1093-30
1. The most obvious salient feature of moral agents is a capacity for rational thought.
2. This is an uncontested necessary condition for any form of moral agency, since we all accept that people who are incapable of reasoned thought cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.
3. However, if we move beyond this uncontroversial salient feature of moral agents, then the most salient feature of actual flesh-and-blood (as opposed to ridiculously idealized) individual moral agents is surely the fact that every moral agent brings multiple perspectives to bear on every moral problem situation.
4. That is, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question "What are the basic ways in which moral agents wish to affect others?"
5. Rather, moral agents wish to affect ‘others’ in different ways depending upon who these ‘others’ are.
1093-31
1. When it comes to food choices, young people are particularly vulnerable to peer influences.
2. A teenage girl may eat nothing but a lettuce salad for lunch, even though she will become hungry later, because that is what her friends are eating.
3. A slim boy who hopes to make the wrestling team may routinely overload his plate with foods that are dense in carbohydrates and proteins to ‘bulk up’ like the wrestlers of his school.
4. An overweight teen may eat moderately while around his friends but then devour huge portions when alone.
5. Few young people are completely free of food-related pressures from peers, whether or not these pressures are imposed intentionally.
1093-32
1. It is said that although people laugh in the same way, they don’t necessarily laugh at the same things.
2. If this is true of a single community, it is even more true of people who live in different societies, because the topics that people find amusing, and the occasions that are regarded as appropriate for joking, can vary enormously from one society to the next.
3. Some styles of humor with silly actions are guaranteed to raise a laugh everywhere.
4. But because of their reliance on shared assumptions, most jokes travel very badly.
5. This is particularly noticeable in the case of jokes that involve a play on words.
6. They are difficult, and in some cases virtually impossible to translate into other languages.
7. Therefore, this is why people’s attempts to tell jokes to foreigners are so often met with blank stares.
1093-33
1. Many grocery stores give the shopper the option of paper or plastic grocery bags.
2. Many people instinctively say that paper is less harmful to the environment ― after all, paper is biodegradable and recyclable.
3. In contrast, most plastic is manufactured using oil by-products and natural gas.
4. Plastic is not always easily or economically recyclable, and once manufactured, plastic may last virtually indefinitely.
5. Yet in the United States, paper products are the single largest component of municipal waste.
6. Even though paper products may theoretically be biodegradable, in most landfills, they do not biodegrade.
7. Furthermore, paper production emits air pollution, specifically 70 percent more pollution than the production of plastic bags.
8. And consider that making paper uses trees that could be absorbing carbon dioxide.
9. The paper bag making process also results in three times more water pollutants than making plastic bags.
1093-34
1. While predictions about the future are always difficult, one can be made with certainty.
2. People will find themselves in large numbers of interactions where intercultural communication skills will be essential.
3. There are several reasons for such prediction.
4. Some reasons include increasing amounts of contact brought on by overseas assignments in the business world, the movement of college students spending time in other countries, and increasing amounts of international travel among tourists.
5. Others relate to social changes within any one large and complex nation: affirmative action, the movement of immigrants and refugees, bilingual education programs, and movement away from the goal that ethnic minorities become a part of a ‘melting pot.’ Therefore, it is essential that people research the cultures and communication conventions of those whom they propose to meet in the future.
1093-35
1. A famous psychiatrist was leading a symposium on the methods of getting patients to open up about themselves.
2. The psychiatrist challenged his colleagues with a boast: "I’ll bet that my technique will enable me to get a new patient to talk about the most private things during the first session without my having to ask a question."
3. What was his magic formula?
4. Simply this: He began the session by revealing to the patient something personal about himself ― secrets with which the patient might damage the doctor by breaking the confidence.
5. As he was ‘maskless,’ patients began to talk about their lives.
6. They opened themselves up to him because he had become an open-minded person himself, and openness evoked openness.
7. The same principle applies to all human relationships.
8. If you dare to take the initiative in self-revelation, the other person is much more likely to reveal secrets to you.
1093-36
1. The bar graph above shows the familiarity of the respondents with five prominent social media in 2007 and 2008.
2. According to the graph, the social media that was the most familiar in 2007 was blogging.
3. In the following year, social networking became the most familiar social media.
4. Video blogging, which was the least familiar social media in 2007, showed the biggest increase in familiarity among the three media that showed an increase from 2007 to 2008.
5. Wikis showed a bigger decrease in familiarity than podcasting from 2007 to 2008.
6. In 2008, podcasting and wikis were the least familiar social media.
1093-37
1. During the early 1980s, a team of Italian scientists carried out a series of studies under a variety of circumstances on the ticklishness of people.
2. The researchers found that people seem to have one foot that is more ticklish than the other ― and for most people it is the right.
3. The experiment was repeated in 1998 using a special way that a pointed nylon rod was stroked across the bottom of the foot three times at intervals of a second.
4. After applying it to thirty-four people, the researchers confirmed the original finding and pushed back the frontiers of knowledge still further by showing that males were more ticklish than females.
5. One suggested explanation is that the left side of the brain, which detects stimuli applied to the right foot, is associated with positive emotions such as laughter.
1093-38
1. Buffon was a famous zoologist and botanist during the reign of the French monarch Louis XVI.
2. Buffon stocked the park at Versailles with wild animals.
3. He also expanded the botanical garden on the Left Bank in Paris.
4. And with the confidence that goes with being a great collector, he began writing a comprehensive natural history of the world.
5. In that work, Buffon expressed the biased opinion that native animals of the New World are smaller than those of Europe, that there are fewer species of animals in America, and that even domesticated species of European animals diminished in size and vigor upon crossing the Atlantic.
6. Obviously, his opinions were not well-received and were severely criticized in America.
1093-39
1. After an event, all one has are memories of it.
2. Because most waits expect a desired outcome, it is the memory of the outcome that dominates, not the intermediate components.
3. If the overall outcome is pleasurable enough, any unpleasantness suffered along the way is minimized.
4. Terence Mitchell and Leigh Thompson call this ‘rosy retrospection.’ Mitchell and his colleagues studied participants in a 12-day tour of Europe, students going home for Thanksgiving vacation and a three-week bicycle tour across California.
5. In all of these cases, the results were similar.
6. Before an event, people looked forward with positive anticipation.
7. Afterward, they remembered fondly.
8. During?
9. Well, reality seldom lives up to expectations, so plenty of things go wrong.
10. As memory takes over, however, the unpleasantness fades and the good parts remain, perhaps to intensify, and even get amplified beyond reality.
1093-40
1. Every day, it seems, we learn of an apology from a prominent figure in response to an indiscretion of some sort.
2. Those in the public eye have an unfortunate tendency to apologize only after they have been found with a hand in the cookie jar.
3. When this happens, it is only natural for a skeptical public to wonder, "Are they apologizing for their conduct, or simply because they were caught?"
4. To make matters worse, the wrongdoer will often use the passive voice in his or her apology: "Mistakes were made," rather than, "I made a mistake."
5. It is more comfortable to use the passive voice here, but doing so relinquishes any sense of personal responsibility.
6. It is a non-apology and is not very meaningful.
1093-41
1. We can infer that there was prosperity in ancient Athens because this was a time that saw the planting of many olive trees.
2. Since olive trees do not produce their fruits for about thirty years, their planting indicates that people were optimistic about the future.
3. The growth in the export of olive oil also encouraged the development of pottery, in which the oil was transported.
4. About 535 B.C.
5. came the invention of red-figure vase painting.
6. Now the whole surface of the vase was blackened, with figures picked out in the natural red.
7. This allowed much more variety and realism.
8. And the prosperity brought about by the international trade in olive oil spread to the peasants and it was their rituals, with choral song and mimic dancing, that formed the basis of early theater.
1093-42
1. Until recently, it was generally assumed that the first humans took a northerly route to leave the African continent, walking into the Middle East and then spreading out from there.
2. However, mtDNA analysis now suggests the exodus may have proceeded via a more southerly route.
3. In 2005, an international team of researchers announced that an isolated group living in Malaysia appeared to be the descendants of humans who left Africa around 65,000 years ago.
4. According to the researchers, climatic change underway at the time would have made a southerly route easier.
5. The genetic evidence suggests perhaps as few as several hundred individuals went first to India, then Southeast Asia and Australasia.
6. If correct, this would explain why humans appear to have reached Australia around 50,000 years ago, while the oldest human remains in Europe ― a jawbone found in Romania―are only around 35,000 years old.
1093-43
1. Even worse than reaching a conclusion with just a little evidence is the fallacy of reaching a conclusion without any evidence at all.
2. Sometimes people mistake a separate event for a cause-and-effect relationship.
3. They see that ‘A’ happened before ‘B’, so they mistakenly assume that ‘A’ caused ‘B’.
4. This is an error known in logic as a post hoc fallacy.
5. For example, suppose you see a man in a black jacket hurry into a bank.
6. You notice that he is nervously carrying his briefcase, and a few moments later you hear a siren.
7. You therefore leap to the conclusion that the man in the black jacket has robbed the bank.
8. However, such a leap tends to land far from the truth of the matter.
9. You have absolutely no evidence ― only a suspicion based on coincidence.
10. This is a post hoc fallacy.
1093-44
1. Hopi religion features a ritual calendar that includes a large number of annually required ceremonies.
2. In most cases, each ceremony is ‘owned’ by the members of a certain clan.
3. Every clan represented in a village has a clanhouse in which the masks and other sacred items used in the ceremonies are kept when not in use.
4. The clanhouse usually consists of a room adjoining the dwelling of the senior female member of the clan.
5. This woman is in charge of storing ritual equipment and of seeing to it that they are treated with the proper respect.
6. There is also a male head of each clan whose duties likewise are partly religious because he is in charge of the performance of ceremonies owned by his clan.
7. A male clan head passes his position down to either his younger brother or his sister’s son.
8. In this way, culturally important ritual knowledge is kept within the clan.
1093-45
1. The information processing model emphasizes rational analysis for solving problems, with an emphasis on techniques for quickly arriving at a solution.
2. Culturally, this orientation fits well with the kinds of mental attributes which are normally valued by contemporary Western societies.
3. For example, Westerners tend to admire someone who is independent and quick-thinking.
4. But these characteristics are not universally valued.
5. Agricultural African societies, for example, valued looking at the problem in the context of the whole society, noting its impact on various features of life.
6. In most situations, speed in arriving at a solution was not a vital issue.
7. This is also found with the Cree and Ojibway in Canada.
8. These groups historically lived in wilderness areas and faced many hardships; in these circumstances, they would rarely get a second chance at solving problems.
9. Consequently, these Native people value taking time to reflect on a problem and mentally walk through possible solutions before any action is taken.
1093-4647
1. The other day an acquaintance of mine, a sociable and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly ‘alone’ in New York for an hour or two between appointments.
2. He went to the Whitney Museum and spent the ‘empty’ time looking at things by himself.
3. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone.
4. What had he been afraid of ?
5. I asked myself .
6. That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet?
7. But having taken the first step into this new world, he is now about to begin a new adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space, space as immense, unexplored, and sometimes frightening as outer space to the astronaut.
8. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original.
9. For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius.
10. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably.
11. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it?
12. The original impact gets lost.
13. "Music I heard with you was more than music."
14. Exactly.
15. And therefore music ‘itself’ can only be heard alone.
16. Solitude is the salt of personhood.
17. It brings out the authentic flavor of every experience.
1093-4850
1. My grandmother’s kitchen was overflowing with food.
2. She raised her daughters to keep an extra box and bottle unopened in the cupboard for every bottle and box that was in use.
3. Although she died before I was born, I was raised by her eldest daughter to do this same thing.
4. Absentminded as I am, I often find I have accumulated two or even three extras of anything in my house.
5. But this abundance did not mean that things were to be wasted.
6. Everything was always used to the full.
7. Even the tea bags were used twice.
8. There is a family story told about my grandmother’s refrigerator.
9. Her refrigerator was always full to the very edges and every shelf was put to use.
10. Occasionally when someone, usually a child, opened it without sufficient caution, an egg would fall out and break on the kitchen floor.
11. My grandmother’s response was always the same.
12. She would look at the broken egg with satisfaction.
13. "Aha," she would say, "today we have a sponge cake!"
14. Befriending life is not always about having things your own way.
15. Life is impermanent and full of broken eggs.
16. But what is true of eggs is even more true of pain and loss and suffering.
17. Certain things are too important to be wasted.
18. When I was sixteen, just after the doctor came and informed me that I had a disease that no one knew how to cure, my mother had reminded me of this.
19. I had turned toward her in shock, but she did not cuddle or soothe.
20. Instead she reached out and took me by the hand.
21. "We will make a sponge cake," she told me firmly.
22. It has taken many years to find the recipe, the one that is my own, but I knew in that moment that this was what I needed to do.
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