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1. <9> The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war: ‘The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder’.20


2. <9> As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. 22


3. <15> Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. 22


4. <9> We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. 23


5. <13> Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. 23


6. <10> With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. 23


7. <14> Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. 23


8. <11> Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.23


9. <13> To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. 24


10. <10> Once the ⑤ laboriously overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. 30


11. <11> The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. 32


12. <14> Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change.32


13. <9> Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority. 32


14. <11> ① the minority gets its point across ② the minority tones down its voice ③ the majority cultivates the minority ④ the majority brings about social change ⑤ the minority cooperates with the majority 32


15. <9> Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. 33


16. <9> ① a collection of memories and traditions of a society ② as much about forgetting as remembering the past ③ neither concerned with the present nor the future ④ a mirror reflecting the artefacts of the past ⑤ about preserving universal cultural values 33


17. <9> Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. 34


18. <9> This “cultural recycling” implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints. 34


19. <11> ① our brains put a limit on cultural diversity ② we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways ③ cultural tools stabilize our brain functionality ④ our brain regions operate in an isolated manner ⑤ we cannot adapt ourselves to natural challenges 34


20. <13> ⑤ Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter’s art. 35


21. <15> (B) It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. 36


22. <10> (B) Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what’s “normal.” Thus, if there are things you don’t notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these “gaps” with knowledge about what’s normally in place in that setting. 37


23. <10> Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable: Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what’s typical or ordinary in a given situation. 37


24. <11> The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. 38


25. <9> One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. 39


26. <12> Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. 40


27. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. 40


28. <10> over many renewable technologies, also have a “temporal advantage” after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return. 40


29. <9> Due to the fact that people tend to favor more (A) outputs, fossil fuels are more (B) than renewable energy alternatives in regards to the distance between inputs and outputs. 40


30. <12> The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and (e) develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit. 4142