금성출판사 (2학년용)

tape scripts

Unit 1 I do it for myself

Listen

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1.

W : Excuse me. Are you Mr. Kess, the owner of this store?

M : Yes, I am. How may I help you?

W : Well, I was wondering if you had any screws that look like this. I'm fixing an old bike and I haven't been able to find a screw like this anywhere else.

M : Well, you've come to the right place. We specialize in rare parts. Let's take a look in the back storeroom.

2. W : You're making so many tables! Why are you building them?

M : We intend to donate them to the nursing home.

W : That's great. What gave you that idea?

M : I saw a show about someone on TV who helped a lot of people that way. Some friends of mine and I are doing it together.

3. M : Which of these bikes do you like better, the racer or the mountain bike?

W : I don't know. What's the difference?

M : Well, as you can see, the racer has lighter, narrower wheels, wheels, which allow it to go faster. I like it better than that mountain bike, don't you?

W : I really don't have much of an opinion. to tell you the truth, I don't know much about bikes.

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Sally has loved to paint ever since she was a little girl. She especially likes to paint pictures of various flowers and mountain scenes. As she got older, she discovered that people really liked receiving her paintings as gifts. So now, every year she paints her own New year's cards and sends them to her family and friends.

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W : Excuse me, but I think we've met before. weren't you involved in the fund-raising effort for cancer research last year?

M : Me? No, I've never been involved in that.

W : Really? but I remember meeting you. Your name is Dennis, right?

M : Oh, you're confusing me with my brother! he's Dennis. I'm Bob.

W : Well, you look just like him.

M : I know. We're twins. This happens all the time!

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Welcome to Hillside Social Services Center. We are a licensed, non-profit agency that provides a wide range of services too residents fo the Hillside area. If you wish to speak to a representative, please call again between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday.

For information about upcoming special events, press 1. To find out about our employment assistance programs, press 2. for information about assistance to the homeless, press 3. For educational programs and assistance, press 4. To find out how you can volunteer to help low-income children, press 5.

Review

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M : How can I help you?

W : I was wondering if you had any thread that would match this material. I'm making an apron for my mother.

M : Well, let's see. Which one of these threads do you like better, the cotton one or the polyester one?

W : I don't know. what's the difference?

M : The polyester one is stronger, but the cotton one looks nicer.

W : Well, I really don't have much of an opinion. But as it's an apron, I'll need the one that resists grease best.

M : The polyester is better then.

W : That sounds good.

본문

Q : Why did Justin think about the Home for Boys?

1

Justin looked around his garage, which was greasy and full of bike parts. On the workbench was an old seat, and in the corner stood an old wheel. His eyes settled on the bike he had just made. It was not as beautiful as his favorite mountain bike; still, he was proud of it because he had made it himself. His eyes moved to the bike next to it, which was almost complete. Justin loved making bikes from old scraps and parts, but what was he going to do with them? The garage was already full!

His mind drifted to a building he'd often gazed at when he was younger. It had a sign at the front: Home for Boys. Sometimes he had seen the boys outside the Home and wondered about their lives. Some of them had no parents, and others had parents who were addicted to drugs or in some other trouble. all of the boys had had a tough life, and now they lived in the Home for Boys. He felt sorry for them.

Q : What did Justin do with the bikes?

2

Suddenly Justin had an idea. He ran inside the house to get a phone book. the next day, he piled the two bikes into his mother's truck and headed for the Home. what he saw next convinced him that he had made the right decision, one of the best decisions of his life. Two boys raced out to meet him. They grinned from ear to ear as they hopped onto the bikes, and rode down the driveway. The boys laughed and shouted with joy. that's when Justin realized that his hobby was more than just a way to enjoy his spare time: It was a way to make others happy, as well. "They were so happy," Justin remembered. "It was like they couldn't believe it. It made me feel good just to see them happy."

Q : What are the two main problems that Justin had?

3

Justin decided to make a bike for each boy at the Home - nineteen more of them - before Christmas. That meant he had six months. He thought about how to do it. Even used bikes cost a lot of money. he could use his allowance, but he still needed more. Then he remembered a deal he had made with his parents when he was younger. "When Justin was younger, about five or six," his mother said, "he used to five some of his allowance away to help others in need. His father and I would donate a dollar for every dollar Justin donated. So he asked us if it could be like the old days, if we'd match every dollar he put into buying old bikes. We said yes."

Justin spent most of June and July hunting for cheap mikes at garage sales and thrift shops. He would haul the bikes home and strip them down in the yard. He'd remove the paint, check the pedals and seats, and fix all the broken parts. At the local bike shop, he asked the owner to give him the best deal on the parts he needed. He counted his money carefully and made bikes, one by one.

Still, by mid-August, he had managed to make only ten bikes. Vacation was nearly over and he would have to go back to school. Time was running out, and so was money.

Q : What made Justin's project 'snowball'?

4

At the end of August, Justin got a break. highly impressed with what Justin was doing day and night, a neighbor wrote a letter to the local newspaper describing his project. An editor thought it would make a good story and sent a reporter to talk to this boy who was devoting his summer to helping kids he didn't even know. When the article about Justin was printed, life changed for Justin.

Suddenly, the phone was ringing off the hook. many people wanted to donate money. Cars would stop outside Justin's house; people would drop off old bike frames and parts for him to use. The project snowballed!

By the start of school, the garage was overflowing with bike parts. Justin kept building and building, ordering parts from the bike shop in bulk, not just individually. He was working on ten bikes at the same time!

Q : Why dopes Justin help others?

5

Justin finished the nineteen bikes before Christmas. And he made more after that, giving them to people less fortunate than himself. When asked why he did this, surprisingly Justin replied, "In part, I do it for myself. I don't think you can ever really do anything to help anybody else if it doesn't make you happy."

Will Justin continue making bikes forever? Probably not. But one thing is clear: Helping others is one thing he won't give up!

Unit 2 No Time for Exercise?

Listen

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1. M : Do you know how to use this exercise machine?

W : Sure. Set the weight here with this pin. Try ten kilograms first. Does that feel good?

M : Yes, that feels about right. It's not tee heavy.

W : Now sit and pull the bar behind you neck. It's important to pull it all the way to your neck. And don't do it too quickly. Keep the movements slow.

2. W : Hey, do you  want to go swimming?

M : when? Now? I'm afraid I can't. I'm studying right now. I have a science test tomorrow.

W : No, I was thinking about tomorrow afternoon, around five or six. The pool's open until eight.

M : That sounds great. It'll be a great way to refresh myself after the test.

3. M : I want to lose some weight. What would you advise me to do? You always keep yourself in such good shape.

W : Well, I think that rather than dieting, you should try to exercise more. Exercising makes me feel good and it keeps me healthy, too.

M : You mean, you don't think I should diet?

W : I'm not saying you can eat all you want. all I'm saying is that exercise is a good way to go if you want to lose weight and feel good, too.

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To become a good swimmer, the first thing you need to do is to learn to float. This is important because it helps you feel comfortable and confident in the water, no matter how deep it is. To float, you simply lie on your back on the surface of the water and relax. the key is to deep your body straight and relaxed. In the beginning, you might need someone to help keep you from sinking while you practice. It takes some time to get the hang of it but once you do, it's fun.

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W : Do you think I should buy this aerobics outfit?

M : No! Look at the price. You'll be broke if you buy this!

W : But a lot of people in my aerobics class have beautiful, colorful outfits like this. They even wear make-up and jewelry.

M : So what? It's not a fashion show. It's an exercise class. If I were you, I'd just wear a comfortable T-shirt and a pair of shorts.

W : What about shoes? Don't I need special ones?

M : Yes, shoes are a different matter. You should have shoes that are comfortable and give your legs good support.

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Today we are just going to try a few poses. Ready? Remember, try to remain peaceful and calm when doing yoga, and do not rush the movements. And remember, if you are uncomfortable, stop.

1. This first pose is called the 'pillar' pose. It's very simple. Just stand straight, feet together, hands at you sides. Close your eyes and hold the pose for one minute. Do not open your eyes until you are finished.

2. The next pose is called the 'side-bending' pose. Start in the 'pillar' pose and then raise your left arm slowly until it comes to your shoulders. Bring it up and bend it over your head, allowing your waist to bend, too. Hold it for ten seconds and repeat three times on each side.

3. Our third pose is called the 'corpse.' Lie on you back with feet and hands relaxed. Be aware of your breath, coming in and going out. Close you eyes, if you like, and stay very still for three minutes.

4. And our fourth and final pose today is the 'stick' pose. Coming out of the 'corpse' pose, sit up slowly. Keep your hands along the sides of your body, palms on the ground. Close your eyes and sit quietly for thirty seconds.

That's all for today. We'll do more next time.

Review

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M : I have no energy and I'm tired all the time. What's wrong with me, doctor?

W : Are you eating nutritious meals three times a day?

M : Well, not really. I'm so busy that I often only have a quick snack between classes.

W : I see. And what about physical activity?

M : As I said, I'm busy. I've got no time.

W : You will simply have to take time off from your schedule to eat good meals and to exercise. Otherwise, you'll end up in serious trouble.

본문

Q : How is age related to the amount of exercise?

1

The moment your alarm clock goes off at six, another busy day begins as usual. You leave home at seven and spend more than ten hours at school. You do homework, take lessons, and do a variety of other things a typical high school student is supposed to do every day. It may be past midnight when you go to bed. Throughout the day, you don't engage in much physical activity. In other words, you don't exercise. From time to time you think that you need some exercise, but don't you always tell yourself that you have no time for it?

Many teenagers don't get enough exercise or physical activity on a regular basis. there is also evidence, as you can see in the graph below, that physical activity decreases with age. This means that you are perhaps not alone in the world of inactivity. Yet you still need to realize that there are many health benefits to physical activity. Lack of exercise can create a serious health challenge for you in your forties, fifties, or sixties.

Q : How can exercise help adolescents?

2

Adolescence, the time between twelve and nineteen, is when a young person is developing into an adult. so much is changing for young people at that time, especially their bodies. As their bodies develop, it is important for teens to get a healthy amount of exercise. Exercise makes the heart and lungs strong, increase strength and endurance, and helps maintain a healthy weight. It can change a person's body shape by building and conditioning certain muscle groups over time. Exercise burns calories. It can also help change body composition by increasing the ratio of muscle to fat. Most people who exercise regularly feel healthier and more alert.

Exercise offers not just physical benefits but also other benefits. There seems to be a connection between taking part in sports and personal growth and development. Leadership, responsibility, and team spirit are all positive qualities that usually result from regular exercise. For example, adolescents who exercise have more positive personality traits and social acceptance than those who do not exercise. Also, according to a recent study, adults who were labeled mon-athletic as adolescents remember feeling inferior.

Q. How much should teenagers exercise weekly?

How much exercise is enough? Teenagers should do some sort of aerobic exercise two or three times a week, for twenty to thirty minutes each time. Many teens who play team sports may do more than what's recommended, and that's great! Their bodies will benefit, not just in the teen years, but in adult life as well. Remember, though, that exercise, like most things in life, is best done in moderation.

Q. What are some ways to exercise while sitting?

Even while you are in the classroom, there are things you can do to keep your body in a better working condition. Shake you lets once on a while, and move your arms, head, and back to improve blood circulation. Gently massaging you legs, fee, and arms will also help. Or you may try some routines:

Tilt your head backwards, arch your back and hold for six seconds. Then bring you chin down to rest on your chest, and hold for six seconds. Repeat five to ten times.

Hold you right elbow with your left hand, then gently pull your elbow behind you head until an easy tension is felt in your shoulder or the back of your upper arm. Hold for thirty seconds. Do both sides. Do not stretch too far.

Raise your arms so that your elbows form a ninety degree angle at chest level. Press your palms together. Hold the position for six seconds, relax and repeat five to ten times.

5. If you think have no time to exercise, think again. You can take half an hour off every day, and do some kind of physical activity. Wash windows or floors, play basketball, bicycle, dance, swim, jump rope, run, or even walk the stairs! It doesn't really matter what physical activity you do, but start out slowly and gradually build up to the desired amount to give your body time to adjust. In time, you will reap what you sow.

Unit 3  Learning to Listen

Listen

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1. W : I'm trying to improve my English listening skills. I really want to get better at it.

M : How do you plan to do that?

W : I'm going to watch the news on the Internet regularly. Some websites broadcast news for learners of English. It's in simple English.

M : Great. I bet your English will improve.

2. W : How come you're watching yet another video tonight?

M : I'm trying to improve my English listening ability.

W : Is that why the words below are in English?

M : Yes, it's a special kind of video.

3. M : Do you know we have to pass an English listening test to join the trip abroad?

W : I didn't know that. What kind of test will that be?

M : the only thing I know is that it's tough. What I'm planning to do is to take a listening course next month.

W : Perhaps I should, too.

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Minsu is learning how to operate a ham radio because he wants to have friends from around the world. He has heard, though, that many radio operators around the world use English as a means of communication. His friends told him it's easier to speak than to listen because people can prepare in advance to talk, while they can't really prepare for what the other party may say. So, Minsu is trying to improve his English listening. It's tough, but he keeps trying. He's sure that his improved listening ability will help him enjoy the friendships he will make through the ham radio.

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W : Mr. Kramer, I was wondering if you'd like to do a language exchange with me. I could teach you Korean and you could teach me English.

M : that sounds really good to me. I could use some help with my Korean. What do you have in mind?

W : Well, we could cook and talk, or go mountain climbing and talk. Something natural.

M : I like that idea. And we could use books just now and then. How about starting this Sunday?

W : that sounds good. In the morning?

M : Yes, around ten, at my house.

□ Young people tend to learn languages faster and more accurately than adults. In fact, children who learn a new language before about the age of twelve usually don't have any foreign accent at all. Let's take a look at two possible reasons why children learn languages much better than adults do.

One reason Is that the child's brain is not fully developed. There are two sides of the brain, the left side and the right side. In adults, these two parts are separate. the left side is more analytical and more logical, while the right side is concerned about feelings and things we see and hear. In children, the two sides of the brain are not fully separated. That makes them more flexible and may explain why they learn language better.

Write

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Yunho : Minju, what do you do to improve your English?

Minju : Well, Yunho, I listen to English pop songs on the radio. There's a radio program teaching English through pop songs. Ingu, what do you think?

Ingu : You can't really improve you English that way because songs are very different from normal English. Some lines are too simple, and words are often ordered differently.

Yunho : You're right, Ingu. but if you repeat the song over and over, your pronunciation will get better, I suppose.

Minju : Not only that, but songs relax you and keep you going.

Ingu : But some songs are difficult to understand, and they make me want to quit learning English. No, I don't think pop songs help.

Group Activity

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Listening and speaking are closely related, so many of the listening principles apply to speaking as well. In listening, try to concentrate on phrases rather than single words. Likewise, while speaking, use phrases or expressions rather than single words to try to express what you mean. Also, in both listening and speaking, there are purposes to what is being said. for example, people use words to make requests, to apologize or to express thanks. Concentrating on these purposes can help you listen better and speak more fluently.

Review

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W : Why are you studying English so hard?

M : I want to be a flight attendant so I've got to be really good at English.

W : Oh, I see. I bet you want to travel around the world.

M : Of course, but I also want to be able to talk to people in other countries.

W : What do you do to help you learn? Read books? Watch movies?

M : No, I use the Internet for a couple of hours every day. I visit news rooms and send e-mails.

W : Wow, you're so motivated.

M : Well, I'm getting better and my marks have improved a lot.

본문

Q : Why should listening be learned before speaking?

1

We are often told to listen more than speak. That is how the wise behave. In fact, we listen about twice as much as we speak, four times more than we read, and five times more than we write. We learn to listen in our native language naturally and almost effortlessly as we grow up. but what about listening in another language, say, English? When we learn English as a foreign language, listening is very hard to learn, harder than reading. there are good reasons for this, an understanding of which will help you to be wise in more than one language.

Q : What are the three things that make listening difficult?

2

Why is listening difficult? There are several reasons. first, when someone says something, you hear a stream of sounds rather than discrete words. The words seldom keep their original sound values. If someone says a phrase or a sentence, it often sounds like on word, a stream of sounds for instance, 'a lot of people' sounds like 〔□lar□pi□pl〕. some sound are not even pronounced, like the 〔v〕 in the word of. This makes it difficult to understand what is being said.

Another reason listening is difficult relates to how your brain works. If you are a new learner of English, your brain cannot process a stream of English sounds at a rate fast enough. Your brain is like a very slow computer, and you are often unable to process much of the incoming information. It's no wonder that you have difficulty making sense of the sound streams you are exposed to.

The third block comes from the bias that you can't get the message without listening for every single word. When you can't get a certain word or two, you may worry about it too much to make an attempt to make sense on the basis of what you can hear. You are absolutely misguided! You are capable of getting the message even if some words aren't perceived and processed. In fact, not all the words are equally important in sending and receiving messages in the real world.

Q : Why should we practice listening to speech delivered at normal speed?

3

Of course, there is no single best way to improve listening, but there are some things you can do. first, you need to practice listening to natural sound streams, beginning with shorter, easier ones. It pays off knowing by what rules words merge into a stream. You should be exposed to as much naturally flowing speech as possible. If you are exposed to only slow speech, you won't be able to cop when sound streams come into your brain at a normal rate. Try to speed up the rate of processing incoming speech signals. You should learn not only to crawl and walk, but also to run.

Q : where are some sources of listening material?

4

Also, you ought to have a good reason for wanting to improve your listening skills. Unless you do, you may find it difficult to continue learning to listen. Find a good, personal reason why you need to listen better. It shouldn't be a reason others find for you, but your won. it will keep you going no matter how tough the going gets.

finally, listen to English on a regular basis. Start with short taped dialogs. Later, when you are more advanced, listening to taped lectures, stories, and interviews is a good way to improve your listening ability and learn additional vocabulary and grammar. You may also try to listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English TV, or see English movies on the Internet. When the going gets tough, listen to English movies on the Internet. When the going gets tough, listen to English songs, which can be both enjoyable and profitable.

Q : How will you benefit from your English listening ability?

5

More than 80% of all feature films are in English. Over 90% of famous solo vocalists around the world sing in English. All international air-traffic communications are in English. Radio and television stations are broadcasting thousands of programs entirely in English every week. Think of what you will miss if you can't understand what you hear in English. Listen, and enjoy what you hear!

Unit 4  Oops! Made a Mistake!

Listen

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1. M: I feel that I owe you an apology. I shouldn't have laughed when you made that mistake.

W : Well, it was funny, I guess. At the time, though, I didn't mean for it to be funny. I was just talking.

M : I know. I should have been more sensitive to the fact that you're still learning our language.

W : That's OK. Now that you've explained it to me, I can understand why it was so funny!

2. M : congratulations! I hear you got a full scholarship for that summer course.

W : Yes. I wrote an essay and I guess the judges really liked it. They're paying the tuition, fees and everything.

M : What was the subject of your essay?

W : I wrote about my volunteer work. I'm sure my English wasn't perfect and I made some mistakes, but I guess they liked the content.

3. W : I wonder if you've ever been abroad to study English.

M : Once, a couple of years ago. I went to England for two months.

W : How was it? Was it fun?

M : Yes, It was really interesting and fun, but sometimes when I made mistakes in the language, it was embarrassing. I was happy to get back home and speak my own language again.

□

Have you ever made a stupid mistake in a foreign language? I have. I was in Canada with my host family and someone asked me what my favorite food was. I said it was 'lice' and everyone laughed. For a while I couldn't figure out why that was funny, so I felt embarrassed. Since then, I have always been careful to say 'rice' and to pronounce my L's and R's correctly.

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M : Happy birthday! I heard that today is your birthday!

W : Me? No, it's not today. Who told you that?

M : Sam. He said he was buying you a present.

W : Sam? He's such a joker! He knows my birthday isn't even this month!

M : Well, I bought you a present, some chocolate. Here.

W : Thanks. I love chocolate. Let's have some, while we plan a good joke to play on Sam!

□

W : What did you think of the video tape I sent you?

M : Oh, it was so funny! Did you tape it off the TV?

W : Yes. My favorite one is of the dog that fell into the pool while running after a ball. That little dog playing with such a big ball was so funny!

M : Yes, that was my favorite, too. Which one did you think was the cutest?

W : Probably the baby, trying to eat the noodles. That was adorable! What did you think of the one with the bikes?

M : I thought that was kind of sad, actually. In a way it was funny, but when they crashed, it looked painful!

W : Well, if you want to see more, come over on Sunday and we'll watch together.

M : Great. It'll be fun to watch them together!

Review

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M : Sujin, I feel I owe you an apology for laughing at your little mistakes.

W : Thanks, Mark, but you really don't owe me one. When I think of the funny things I said, I can't stop myself from laughing, either.

M : I'm glad you have such a good sense of humor. Not everyone can laugh at themselves.

W : I was often embarrassed but once I figured out why the things I said were so funny, I learned to speak much better. Do you remember when I told Mrs. Jones that her heart was even bigger than her giant body?

M : I sure do! Poor you, you looked like you wanted to cry. But mrs. jones is such a kind, intelligent teacher. She understood exactly what you meant to say.

본문

Most students of English are afraid of making mistakes and try to avoid them. However, mistakes can be quite funny, and even enjoyable. Sometimes the writer or speaker, while attempting to say one thing, accidentally says something quite different. A quick look at some examples will show that this happens all around the world.

Q : What is the intended meaning of 'expose' in the sign?

1

A guest in a hotel in Finland was shocked to see the following sign in the hotel: In case of fire: if you are unable to leave your room, please expose yourself at the window. What does that mean? Well, it literally means that if you cannot leave the room when there is a fire, you should take off your clothes and stand at the window so that someone will see you. No wonder the guest was shocked!

Actually, this is quite a small mistake. The writer of this sign probably looked up the word 'expose' in the dictionary and thought it was perfect, because its meaning is similar to 'show.' Incase of a fire, the person would want the rescue workers to know that someone was trapped in the room. A better choice of words would have been: If you are unable to leave the room, please stand at the window in plain view of rescue worker.

Q : How does 'values' differ from 'valuables'?

2

It is not always a missing word or poor word choice, but it can also be the form of a word which makes a mistake funny. This sign was found in a hotel elevator in Paris: Please leave your values at the desk. Do you understand what that means? 'Values' means the qualities of life we hold hear, such as honesty, courage and diligence. Are we supposed to leave those at the desk? Are the guests entering the hotel supposed to stop being honest, courageous and diligent?

The writer surely meant to say, "Leave your valuables at the desk." Since 'valuables' are expensive things you own, such as jewelry or money, this makes more sense.

Q : What did the manager intend to say?

3

Sometimes, learners of English use simple, general words to communicate. this is usually a good idea, since it means the learner can express many ideas with just a few words. However, sometimes it can be confusing, as it was on this sign, found in a Norwegian concert hall: Ladies are requested not to have children in the hall. the intended meaning is rather clear; the hall manager would like children to be kept out of the hall. Can you guess why it is funny?

this is funny because the expression 'to have children' means the same thing as 'to give birth to children.' My goodness! A better sign would be: Please do not bring small children into the hall.

Q : What is the misused word in the episode below?

4

Funny mistakes are easy to enjoy when someone else makes them but it is a little more difficult to laugh at oneself. Let's try a couple of examples from Korea. A senior in college used this sentence to explain why she was so busy: I'm looking for my job. She was not very happy when the native speaker of English, who was amused, started smiling. What is funny about this sentence?

In English, you can say 'my' only if you are talking about something that already belongs to you, as in " Did you see my English book?" The native speaker was amused because of the mental image this produced: the student looking under the bed, in the bookcase, in the closet, everywhere, for the job she had misplaced! The student should have said, "I'm looking for a job."

Q : Why was Junho's mistake funny?

5

Koreans often feel very confident using English words which are also used in Korea, such as 'bus,' 'game' or 'ice cream.' they are surprised to learn that these words sometimes change meaning as they move from one country to another. A high school boy, Junho, found this out the hard way when practicing English with his friend, Joe. They were talking about clothes. Junho said, "I'm wearing jeans, a T-shirt, socks and a panty." His companion roared with laughter and the Korean boy had no idea why. What had he said that was so funny?

Well, 'a panty' should be 'panties' in English and this word is used only for feminine underwear and evokes an image of something pink or lacy. Joe thought it was very funny to imagine his friend wearing girls' underclothes! What Junho should have said is, "I'm wearing jeans, a T-shirt, socks and underwear." Needless to say, Junho never made that mistake again!

Unfortunately, funny mistakes are also embarrassing, but if everyone has a good sense of humor about mistakes and doesn't blame learners for making them, we can all have a good laugh now and then.

Unit 5  In Case of Fire

Listen

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1. W : How in the world did this accident happen?

M : the driver fell asleep and the car hit the tree. It was late at night and he was exhausted.

W : Really? How did you find that out?

M : he told us. the car looks terrible, but he's OK.

2. M : That's the emergency procedure for this building. Is it clear to everyone?

W : Yes, but what should we do if we can't leave our rooms because of smoke?

M : Then you need to stand at the window. You need to be seen from outside, OK?

W : All right. I think we all understand now.

3. W : May I speak to Mr. Anderson, please?

M : sorry, but the coach is out on the soccer field. May I take a message?

W : This is Brian's mom. Brian fell off a ladder this morning and hurt his leg. Would you please tell the coach that he can't make it to practice?

M : No problem. I hope it isn't serious.

□

Paul is very accident-prone. Just last Monday he fell off his bike because he wasn't watching where he was going and was hit by a car. On Tuesday he bumped his head when he ran into a wall and on Wednesday he banged his fingers in a car door. His other friends all say he needs glasses, but I think he just needs to keep his mind on what he's doing.

□

W : hello? Is this memorial Hospital? I think we need an ambulance.

M : All right. May I have your name and address, please?

W : It's Sally Trout and I'm at 78 Oak Street, right here in Lands down.

M : OK, Ms. Trout. We're sending an ambulance. What is the problem?

W : It's my brother. He was frying some food and he burned himself pretty badly. I don't know what to do! And I couldn't get him into the car!

M : You're not far from here and the ambulance should arrive any minute. Just stay calm. I'll stay on the line with you until they arrive. Is someone with your brother now?

□

M : I'm sorry, ma'am, but we will need some information about this patient before we can admit him.

W : Well, yes, of course. But hurry. As you can see, my husband is in terrible pain. He fell.

M : His name, please?

W : Blake, John Blake.

M : B-L-A-K-E?

W : That's right.

M : And does he have insurance?

W : Insurance? yes, here is the Greenwood card. It's private.

M : And who is to be contacted in case of an emergency?

W : Me, Amy Blake. When will he be treated?

M : Just one more question, ma'am. Does he have any allergies?

W : None that I know of.

M : All right, ma'am. Please take a seat in the waiting room until we call you.

Review

□

M : Good morning. Mr. Grey's office.

W : Hello. Could I please speak with Mr. Grey?

M : I'm sorry, he's in a meeting. Can I take a message?

W : Yes, please. Would you please tell him that Mr. Jackson was in a car accident last night and can't meet him today?

M : Certainly. What happened? Is Mr. Jackson injured?

W : Yes, his arm is broken.

M : I'll be sure to give Mr. Grey the message. may I have your name, please?

W : Cathy mays. I'm Mr. Jackson's assistant.

본문

Q : Why are fires frightening?

Few emergencies are more frightening than a fire. fires kill. They take the lives of hundreds of people and injure thousands of others every year. They are often cruelest to the very young, the elderly, and the physically disabled. In Korea, in 2000, almost 35,000 fires broke out, in which 531 people died and 1,853 were injured. Fires also destroyed homes, factories, and forests causing more than 151 billion won's worth of property damage. Furthermore, there is no clear sign that fires are on the decrease. fires seem to be causing more serious damage and claiming a greater number of lives than ever before.

Losses from fires in 2000

Reported fires                                34,844

Human Losses         Injuries                 1, 853

Deaths                    531             Total 2,384

Factories                 61.4

Property Losses        Housing                  26.3

(in billions of won)     Others                   64.2              Total 151.9

Q : What are the most common causes of fires?

2

The five leading causes of fires are electricity, smoking, carelessness, arson, and gas. Almost one-third of all fires occur because of electrical shorts and other electrical problems, over 10% are caused by smoking, and about the same percent of fires come from carelessness. Arson and gas account for 7% and 5% of all fires, respectively. Minor causes include heaters, matches, and candles.

According to statistics, some places are more likely to have fires than others. About 30% of all fires start in homes and apartments. Vehicles are another common place for fires to start (16%). Factories, warehouses and restaurants and shops account for 10%, 6%, and 5% of all fires, respectively. Less common places include hotel, schools, ships, and offices. Don't worry too much about your school, though. Schools are one of the safest places as far as fires are concerned!

Q: How can fires be prevented?

3

What do these statistics mean to you? They ought to mean that fires should be prevented at all cost. there are simple things you can do to prevent fires. Keep constant watch when doing something that may lead to a fire. For instance, use a low flame to guard against overheating things when you are cooking. Keep flammable materials away from heaters and never leave your heaters and other house hold appliances unattended. If your home uses a lot of electricity, you also need to make sure that your home's wiring is sufficient to handle your needs. Don't forget to keep matches out of the reach of small children, either. If you have a smoke alarm, check it regularly to see that it's working properly. I shout, you can't be too careful when you deal with something that can start a fire.

Q : What do you have to do in case of a home fire?

4

Unfortunately, prevention planning doesn't actually prevent fires. You need to know what you should do in case of a fire. Safety tips vary depending on the type of fire. For instance, if you are in bed and there is smoke in the room, roll out of bed. Stay low and crawl to the door because smoke fills a room from the ceiling down. Exit the home as soon as possible using the stairs. Do not use the elevator if you live in an apartment building. Most importantly, don't forget to wake everyone in the house! If you are trapped, close the doors between you and the fire. do everything to keep smoke out. Put a wet cloth over your nose to prevent choking and wait at the window to be rescued. Phone the fire department. If you are unable to reach a phone, signal for help with a sheet or flashlight. fight the fire with an extinguisher only if it is safe to do so. don't reenter the house to get personal belongings or pets.

If your clothes catch fire, you should stop, drop, and roll. Do not run, because it will fan the fames, making them bigger. Stop. Drop to the ground or floor immediately and cover your face with your hands. Roll back and forth to put out the flames.

Q : What should you do in case of a fire in a public building?

5

A fire in a public building is no cause for panic. Most public buildings contain a variety of built-in safety features, which prevent the spread of fires. if a fire does occur, fight it only if it is safe to do so. Otherwise, get out quickly. close the doors behind you, and do not delay. do not use elevators but use the fire exits and stairs and report to the designated, safe place. If you are trapped in an area by smoke or heat and cannot reach an exit, close the doors and seal off any cracks. Then open a window for fresh air and signal fire fighters for rescue. Do not panic or jump. Wait and stay low! Do not fight a fire alone. Your safety comes first!

6

Emergencies occur from time to time. They can lead to disaster if appropriate actions are not taken at the right time. Take precautions to keep emergencies from occurring, and prepare by finding out what needs to be done in case of the unexpected!

Unit 6  Reaching for the Summit

Listen

□

1. W : Hi. My name's Sumin. I'' be going on the climb with you.

M : Nice to meet you. Have you climbed this mountain before?

W : As a matter of act, I've climbed it a couple of times. The view from the top is really fantastic!

M : Great. I'm glad to have such an experienced person coming along. None of us has ever been to the top.

2. M : I think we should pack enough food and water for at least three days.

W : Are you sure we need that much? The hike is only supposed to take a day and a half and that will make our packs awfully heavy.

M : That's true but in the event of a rainstorm, you'll be glad to have it. we could get stuck for several days.

W : OK, I agree. I'll rely on your experience.

3. M : Watch out! You're about to knock your pack off the cliff!

W : Oh, my gosh! Thank you. I almost lost it.

M : You know, it's really not a good idea to take your pack off here even though we're resting. It's too risky.

W : You're right. I'd better put it back on right now.

□

While I was being trained, my muscles ached badly, and my trainer kept shouting at me. He'd say, "Don't let go of the rope!" and "Watch out. You'll fall." At first, all this really bothered me. I even wanted to stop. I wasn't sure I would be able to finish the training. But I soon learned, as we talked over meals, that he was only trying to keep me alert. Even though he shouted at me, deep in his heart he really wanted me to learn the basics of mountain climbing. He had a caring heart. Looking back, I'm glad I could learn mountain climbing from such a tough, but caring trainer.

□

W : I think we can cross the river this afternoon and reach the campsite before dark.

M : Are you sure? It's 2:00 already.

W : Well, this part of the river isn't very wide, and we can cross it on that raft.

M : What about the campsite? is it nearby?

W : Just a one-hour hike once we get to the other side.

M : OK, then, let's go!

□

Enjoy a weekend or a whole week at beautiful Camp Oak. Located just off Route 1 in York, Camp Oak is ideal as a base for hiking, mountain climbing and exploring. Open from May to October, the camp welcomes individuals, families and groups. Call today 613-555-1023. the following restrictions apply: Groups over ten must pre-register at least two weeks in advance. Guests must bring their own tents, food and hiking equipment. No computers, electronic games or pets are allowed.

Write C

□-□

W : Hello.

M : May I speak to Jenny, please?

W : I'm sorry. She's just stepped out. Can I take a message?

M : Sure. My name is tony.

W : OK. Tony, what's the message?

M : I've already e-mailed her, but please tell her that her train leaves at six, not five. She should be at the station by 5:40.

W : Six o'clock train. Anything else?

M : Yes. Ask her to bring an umbrella and a camera. And tell her that another guy, Michael, is joining the camping trip.

W : OK. does she have your phone number just in case?

M : I e-mailed it but here it is, anyway. It's 620-6627.

W : 620-6627. OK. I'll give her the message.

M : Thanks. Bye.

W : Bye.

Review

□

Yumi and I had a good lesson in obeying signs last summer. We went on a hike in Mount Robert National Park. We started climbing the trail up Mount Robert at sunrise and reached the top by noon. We were tired and hungry. After lunch, I suggested that we take a shortcut going down but Yumi pointed to a sign that said, "Warning: Stay on the Trail." "Oh, come on," I said. Most of the way we took shortcuts, and arrived at the bottom with only a few scratches. Then we discovered we had not been careful enough. We had caught poison oak. We had such a bad case that our eyes swelled shut, and we had to stay in bed for a week. I'll never disobey a sign again!

본문

Q : What did Michelle and her friends win?

1

Michelle, a high school student, and three of her classmates entered a contest to plan the adventure of their dreams. They asked a famous mountain climber for ideas and he suggested climbing Mt. Sir Sanford, an 11,590-foot glacier in an area of British Columbia far from civilization. After researching the idea, they decided to go for it! They handed in their idea to the judges of the contest and to their surprise, they won! that meant their adventure would be completely paid for a s a result.

the expedition, which lasted about a month, was a meaningful and wonderful experience. For the first tow weeks, Michelle and her friends got their gear ready and learned the basic skills needed for the trip. it was tough, but they didn't want to let a one-in-a-lifetime chance pass by. During the next two weeks of the expedition, the group learned to kayak, climb dangerous ice-covered glaciers and travel through heavy bushes. They faced the challenges of day-to-day survival in the wild with a true spirit of adventure.

Below are excerpts from Michelle's journal.

Q : how did the experience affect the writer?

2

July 14

The real adventure began! We Packed our gear in kayaks and left civilization behind. it was a beautiful day, and the water was cold. Kayaking was hard since we had no experience at paddling. It took us six hours to travel eight kilometers. We struggled all day, and we were relieved when we stopped. We are in a part of Canada that's almost untouched by humans. It's amazing to see unspoiled nature. We are all excited about that.

July 16

Even at this early stage of our trip, we've been noticing changes in ourselves. Our confidence is growing daily, and our decision-making and survival skills are improving. We're learning so much about living in the wilderness: how to build fires, how to go to the bathroom in the woods, and how to wash dishes with pine cones. Tomorrow we will paddle to Palmer Creek and finally see all kinds of insects at the creek for ourselves. Needless to say, it is totally exciting to be on the expedition.

July 17

We have had our first taste of hell. Our packs weighed about forty pounds and weren't that heavy, but walking through the dense bushes at Palmer Creek was nearly impossible. The bushes and plants were about four feet high and endless! There were thorns everywhere and even plants called stinging nettles which burned your skin for at least five minutes every time you touched them! We didn't cut the bushes, out of respect for the environment; we just walked through them.

July 18

Another hard day. The local bugs were tasting human flesh perhaps for the first time, and they seemed to enjoy the meal! Out legs looked like hamburger meat. We had cuts, blisters, stings and aching muscles. We are barely halfway through the bushes of Palmer Creek, and we now all expect to spend four days in the area instead of the three we planned.

July 22

suddenly we saw Mt. Sir Sanford. We were astounded by the huge ice-covered mountain standing before us, massive in its glory. We never imagined something so beautiful existed. But we may have to put off our summit attempt at least a couple of days because bad weather is on its way.

Q : Why are they unable to reach the summit?

4

July 27

At 3 a.m. bill checked the weather and shouted, "Wake up! We're going to climb the mountain today! The weather is good, so this is the day for the summit attempt."

As we hiked, the sum rose, and its warm glow made the mountaintop brighter. We continued upwards, moving quietly and slowly on narrow ledges, climbing along thin cracks in the rock. We split into two rope teams because it was safer not to travel as one big group. Judd and I took the snowy way. The others took the rocky way. Travel was slow. One slip could have meant a long vertical drop onto a snow-covered glacier - death.

At 12:30 the group met at the halfway point. We realized it had taken us eight hours to make it that far. the view from that point was simply wonderful. We held a team meeting and faced the sad realization that we wouldn't be able to get to the summit. The top of the mountain was at least four hours away. It wouldn't be possible to reach the summit and climb back down before nightfall. We faced the fact that we needed a few more years of mountain-climbing experience to actually make it to the summit in one day.

We felt disappointment and, at the same time, pride. We had been unable to reach our goal, but we had accomplished so much. There were no regrets, only good memories of what we'd achieved. Now we have great memories, experiences, and knowledge to take with us wherever we go and to share with our friends and families.

5

July 30

Time to head back home. We are not the same high school kids who started this expedition a month ago. This has been the journey of a lifetime. We've tested our limits and gained a new sense of self-respect. We now feel more independent, surer of ourselves, and better prepared to handle obstacles with confidence.

Unit 7   Just Desserts

Listen

□

1. W : What's your favorite food?

M : Well, I like lots of things, but I guess my absolute favorite is kimchi.

W : I've never had kimchi. Is it good?

M : Oh, yes. And it comes in many varieties. With freshly made rice, it can't be beat!

2. M : It smells nice. What are you cooking?

W : Well, I'm making this Chinese dish I read about in the cook book.

M : You know what? I lived in China for a year. Is there anything I can help you with?

W : Sure. I could use a hand. Would you please chop up these vegetables?

3. W : Are you ready to order?

M : Yes, we'll have two steak dinners with French fries and corn.

W : All right. Would you like something to drink with that?

M : We'd like two cups of iced tea, please. And two salads on the side.

□

Sarah is sitting in her favorite Italian restaurant, looking at the menu. She wants spaghetti with meat sauce, but the cheese sauce looks good, too. She'd also like some potato pizza. That's one of her favorite foods. There's a special today on cheese-covered baked noodles, and Sarah wants that, too. Poor Sarah! She can't decide, and she's sitting in the restaurant getting hungrier and hungrier!

□

M1: Dad, can we go out for hamburgers tonight?

W : Wait a second! I hate hamburgers. I want pizza.

M1: Well, that's tough! I want a hamburger.

W : We always do what you want to do. I'm sick of it!

M1: Dad!

M2: Calm down, both of you. I know a restaurant that has both. We'll go there.

□

M : Indian Palace, may I take your order?

W : Yes, I'd like to order four dinners for my family. We'll have two chicken curries, one hot and one mild, one chicken tandoori and one bean curry.

M : Do you want the bean curry hot or mild, ma'am?

W : Mild, please. Does it come with anything?

M : No, ma'am, but you can order Indian bread or rice separately.

W : Then I'll have tow orders of rice and two orders of bread.

M : Very good, ma'am. Anything to drink?

W : We'll have jasmine tea, enough for four people. And that'll be it.

M : All right, one pot of jasmine tea. Your order should be ready in about twenty minutes. May I have your name and address?

W : Yes, it's...

Write

□

Well, potato chips are Americans' favorite snack food. Today we're going to learn how to make potato chips. Here's what you'll need. First, you'll need some potatoes. You'll also need some vegetable oil. A baking sheet and some salt are necessary as well. Once again, you'll need some potatoes, some vegetable oil, a baking sheet, and some salt.

□

When you have everything ready, first wash and peel your potatoes. Now cut the potatoes into very thin slices. Next, take a paper towel and rub some oil on your baking sheet. Place the slices on the sheet and sprinkly them with salt. Now preheat your oven to 375 degrees Fahrenheit. Put the sliced potatoes into the oven for ten minutes. When they look golden brown and crispy, flip them over and sprinkle salt on the other side. Then put them back in the oven for another ten minutes. When they're done, remove them from the baking sheet right away, let them cool and eat them!

Review

□

W : What are you making for supper tonight?

M : Chicken stew, Korean style. It's one of my favorite foods.

W : that sounds interesting. Can I give you a hand with anything?

M : Yes. How about cutting those potatoes into pieces while I cut up this chicken?

W : What other ingredients are you going to use?

M : Well, onions, carrots and hot red pepper paste.

W : Really! It sounds very spicy.

본문

Q : Why was the family unable to eat together?

1

"Great dinner, hon," said Dad, kissing Mom goodbye, then giving a kiss to Sherre, Lizzy and me. "Don't wait up. I won't be home till after three."

I was disappointed to see him go. I missed having dinner together as a family. Now that Dad had to work nights, he and Mom ate early, leaving the three of us to eat alone.

"Come on and eat, kids," Mom said after our homework was done. "It's hamburgers tonight."

Q : How did the girls like the potatoes?

2

We slid into the diner-style booth Dad had made last year before he lost his job as a driver. Little Lizzy sat between my older sister Sherre and me.

Mom slid a thin hamburger, one by one, onto each bun; then - plop, plop, plop - three thick spoonfuls of her tasteless mashed potatoes followed on each plate.

" Eat all those potatoes, girls," she said. "They're filling and they're good for you." We nodded. Times were tough and potatoes were cheap.

As soon as she left, I took a bite of the hamburger. The taste was beyond words, juicy and full of flavor. I gobbled it down in four bites.

I risked a forkful of the potatoes, chewed as little as possible and struggled hard to swallow. Mom must have been absent the day her home economics class covered how to cook potatoes, I thought.

Q : What is the idea that 'I' came up with?

3

Sherre and Lizzy were having their share of trouble, too. They looked like they were going to throw up.

I looked at the potatoes. I could dump them in the trash. A sense of guilt shot through me at the thought, knowing how hard Dad worked to put food on the table. Anyway, it'd mean having to pass Lizzy to get to the garbage can, and the little tattletale would tell on my for sure.

Then the idea came to me.

"Look Lizzy!" I pointed up. " There are foot prints on the ceiling!"

"Footprints?" said Lizzy. "Where?" her gaze followed my finger.

"Up there." I scooped up a spoonful of mashed potatoes. Plop.

"I don't see anything," she said.

"I see them," said Sherre, following my lead and picking up a spoonful of her own. "Look, Liz, over the sink!" Plop.

"I don't see them," Lizzy whined.

"Aw, you missed it," I said. "They're gone."

"I hear too much talking and not enough eating," Mom called from the living room. "No dessert till those plates are cleam."

Q : Why was Lizzy puzzled?

4

Lizzy turned back to her meal. A puzzled look spread across her face. She took her fork and slowly poked at the huge heap of potatoes now on her plate. Sherre and I laughed quietly, but Lizzy was silent.

"I'll be in there in two minutes," Mom said in a loud voice. "You girls had better be through."

Sighing, we attacked the potatoes again. Lizzy stuffed her mouth full and managed to get them down with a gulp of water. I choked. Sherre chewed and chewed. Almost choking, she spit the whole mess into her napkin.

"Look, Lix," she said. "Those foot prints are back!" She pointed to the ceiling. Lizzy looked up. Plop, plop. Lizzy was still looking up when Mom reached the doorway.

Q : What made 'me' decide not to tell Mom what I have been doing to Lizzy?

5

"Elizabeth Ellen Mandell!" she said. "What have you been doing all this time? Your sisters are almost done with their potatoes!"

Lizzy looked at her plate and was shocked. Her lower lip quivered and she was about to cry.

"Lizzy," said Mom. "There are starving people who would love those potatoes. Eat."

Hearing that, Lizzy scooped up another forkful and tried to eat it. Her face turned red. I watched with a lump in my throat as she fought to force it down.

Suddenly I felt sick to my stomach - and it wasn't because of the potatoes. I opened my mouth to speak, to confess to Mom what was really going on. But remembering the trouble Sherre had put me through the last time I was totally honest with Mom for both of us silenced my tongue.

Q : How did Lizzy handle her potatoes?

6

Sherre didn't seem to notice my quilt. As soon as Mom left the room she was back on Lizzy like a hawk on a chicken.

"Lizzy!" She said pointing to a spot behind Lizzy's head. "There they are again!" Lizzy turned around in her seat. Plop.

I picked up my spoon and filled it up with the last of my potatoes, then stopped. No, I told myself. I'd rather eat Mom's mashed potatoes for the rest of my life than watch my baby sister suffer like this.

I stuffed the potatoes into my mouth and dropped the spoon. It clattered onto my plate. At the sound, Lizzy looked down at the mountain of mashed potatoes and then looked from Sherre to me, with a light of understanding in her eyes.

Holding a spoon in her fat little fist, Lizzy began popping potatoes onto our empty plates.

"Lizzy, are your potatoes gone yet?" called Mom.

"Almost!" said Lizzy cheerfully, loading on some more.

"Better eat'em all up," she whispered to us with a grin. "Or I'll tell!"

Unit 8  A Vision of the Future

Listen

□

1. W : What do you think will be the most popular job in the future?

M : Computer programmer, probably. More and more people will be using computers.

W : But then more people will be able to program their own computers.

M : That's true, but I still think we'll need computer professionals as the programs become more and more complex.

2. M : In the future, everyone will stay home and work through computers.

W : I totally disagree with that. People will still need human contact.

M : Don't you think they'll find working at home more comfortable?

W : No. They'll soon discover how lonely they are and go back to the system we have now.

3. W : You know, I find science so much more interesting than history or literature.

M : Have you ever thought of studying genetics? You'd probably be able to get a good job in that field.

W : yes, I've thought of that, but I have to focus on the basics right now.

M : You're wise to do that. concentrate on basic science skills first, and then you can find a specific interest later.

□

My brother Bill has decided to study marin biology in college. That's the study of ocean life. he says that as the earth's population increases, there'll be a bigger need to find resources in the sea. And he says that there'll also be a need to deal with the water pollution which has caused problems in the world's oceans. I think my brother is wise to think about the future when deciding what he wants to do with his life.

□

M : In the future, we won't need teachers anymore.

W : What? That can't be.

M : Sure, it can. It won't be long before we just stay home and learn everything from computers.

W : What if we have questions about what we're studying?

M : Then, we'll be able to ask an expert through e-mail or videophone.

W : I can't agree with that. So much of education involves group discussions and working together. You can't do that effectively through a computer.

□

Good morning, Mr. Smith. The date is Oct. 3, 2035. It's 7:05 and the temperature outside is twenty-four degrees. it's expected to rise to twenty-eight degrees by mid-afternoon, so you won't need a jacket. Did you take your vitamin? You asked me to remind you.

You have thirty-seven e-mail messages waiting for you. One is from your mother. It's her birthday tomorrow. I sent her an online card and flowers for you, bur give her a call. Another e-mail is from your credit card company. The payment is due. I tried to pay it but your bank account in empty. What's going on?

Your morning schedule looks pretty light. You have a math class at 8:30 and then a historical tour of Paris at 10:00. Be sure to work on the science project. It has to be sent in by Friday.

Now I'll shut down until you finish exercising. You'll need to have a pulse rate of at least 120 heartbeats per minute to turn me on again. Happy jogging! Bye.

Review

□

M : What kind of job are you interested in, Mary?

W : I want to be a computer technician, John.

M : Really? I thought you wanted to be a librarian.

W : I did, John, but soon librarians may not even be needed.

M : That's true. Computers may replace librarians in the future.

W : You know, I just want a job with a future, and technicians will always be needed.

M : Yes, we'll need computer technicians as long as there are computers.

본문

Q : What are computer testers likely to do?

1

Ten years ago, who would have dreamed that web designing would be one of today's most popular jobs? Technology is changing not only the way we communicate and entertain ourselves, but also the way we work. What does the future hold? Take a trip into the future and look at this version of the seven most popular jobs in the year 2025!

Computer Testers

More than fifty years ago, scientists suggested that computers would one day think and act like people. In the future, computers will be able to answer telephones, reply to e-mails and even give advice! Until that day arrives, testers and researchers will be needed. They will need to fine-tune the programs which make our 'electronic versions' more like us.

Q : What is likely to happen to soap operas?

2

Data Hunters

In the past, people hunted for food, but now they hunt for valuable information. The human race now puts our more information in one year than it did in its entire history before 1950. It's an information explosion! Who will go through it all and find what's valuable? In the future, companies will pay people to find that perfect piece of marketing information which will make their company a success.

Virtual Reality Actors

As people try to find new and exciting ways to entertain themselves, interacting with professional actors in cyberspace will become popular. Watching soap operas and adventure show will be replaced by sitting at the computer screen and actively participating in the plot and dialog. Why watch a TV show when you can act in your own, private drama? As customized entertainment becomes popular, virtual reality actors will be more and more in demand.

Q : What will make personalized medical treatments possible?

3

Organ Growers

Scientists will be growing more and more body parts to replace people's organs. Do you think it's a joke? Artificial skin is already available, and researchers have grown new intestines and other parts inside animals! As science progresses, people's search for a long and healthy life will involve more and more replacement of used or sick organs. Someone will have to grow them all.

DNA Doctors

The future will see a great demand for doctors and other health professionals who specialize in gene treatments. Medical treatments will become personalized to suit each person's unique body structure. With the genetic map of the body now complete, doctors will be able to predict how certain treatments and drugs interact with individuals' bodies.

New-age Farmers

Genetic research will cause a revolution in how we grow food. In addition to vitamins, common foods such as tomatoes or milk can be genetically engineered to include drugs or vaccines. Rather than go to a doctor for shots, you may head for the supermarket for a special fruit or vegetable which will help prevent disease. There techniques can also create stronger crops and foods which last longer.

Bio-monitors

With so many new foods and animals on the market, someone will need to watch out for problems. When is a fast-growing fish growing so much it kills the other fish? When is it that the development and protection of one specific species harms the other species living near it? Professionals in environmental management will be needed to maintain the balance in a new, man-made biosphere.

Q : What jobs are likely to disappear?

4

And now for the losers. Some jobs have had their golden age and are now on the way out. In our new society there will be now place for them. here are some jobs which will probably fade out, the way shoemakers and blacksmiths did earlier.

Paperboys

Home delivery of newspapers will end. In fact, with so many people getting their information online, there may not be a need for traditional newspapers at all. The same goes for books. In the future, people will carry small electronic readers, each containing 100 or more books, in their pockets.

Housekeepers

The houses of the future will clean and manage themselves. Even today, a refrigerator can be programmed to buy more milk by ordering it through the internet. In the Internet. In the future, there may be electronic dust-finders and robots which decide if your floor is dirty and then clean it, eliminating the need for a human housekeeper.

Parents

With babies being made in test tubes and cloning now possible, Dad's role already seems to be fading. Soon there may be electronic wombs, too, where babies can grow instead of inside their mothers! But will parents really become dinosaurs? Probably not. After all, how can a machine love a baby and comfort it when it cries?

Unit 9  Keep Your Eye on Sound

Listen

□

1. W : How was your trip to the science museum?

M : Better than I thought. Some of the experiments on sound were amazing.

W : Did you walk inside the big model of a heart? Everyone says that's really fun.

M : Actually, that part wasn't as interesting as I'd expected it to be.

It's just a big read model that makes some noises, that's all.

2. W : Can you spend some time with me in the lab tomorrow?

M : Sure, why?

W : Well, I want to make some recordings of human breathing and compare them to other sounds.

M : You mean all I have to do is sit there and Breathe? That should be easy enough!

3. M : Look at this! It's going higher and higher, but I don't hear a thing.

W : The sound is too high for humans to hear.

M : Unbelievable! have you been doing these experiments long?

W : For about a year. Sound is a really interesting field of research.

□

Sound waves work through movements in the air. When you hit a drum, it vibrates. That vibration hits the air molecules next to the drum, pushing them away. Then they hit other molecules, causing continuous movement in the air. When these vibrations finally hit your ears, your brain interprets them as sound.

□

M : Will you be participating in the science contest this year?

W : Yes, I'm submitting an experiment on sound and distance.

M : That sounds interesting. How does it work?

W : It's very simple. I'm going to stand close to a wall and clap my hand. Then I'll stand for away from the wall and clap my hands.

M : What does that experiment show?

W : The relationship between sound and distance. The closer you are, the faster the echo returns.

□

Close your eyes and sit back comfortable. Lift your arms a little. Now put them down again. Move you head a little back and forth. Relax your back and take in a deep breath. Feel your chest expand. Now let it out slowly, slowly, letting your mind clear. Imagine yourself on a quiet mountain. A soft breeze is blowing through the trees above. There's a small river. hear the water. Fell the soft wind on you face and the grass below your feet. Imagine stepping into the water. Fell the cool, water on you feet, relaxing them. the sun is shining on your back, warm and comforting. Relax a few moments and enjoy the feeling. Now imagine yourself leaving the mountain and going back to your routine life. You are relaxed and come back with new energy and peace. Slowly, slowly open your eyes and look around. Stay quiet. And when you are ready, write down what you felt and what you saw.

Review

□

M : Are you going to the rock concert tonight?

W : Yes. I've been looking forward to it all week.

M : Can I come with you? I'd really like to hear that group.

W : Sorry to disappoint you, but I don't have any extra tickets.

M : Oh, well, have a good time then and be sensible.

W : Uh, what do you mean by 'be sensible?

M : Protect your ears. Loud music can damage them.

W : Oh, I will, and thanks for the advice.

본문

Q : What did Dr. Rudnick try to use to boil an egg?

1

The sensible way to boil an egg is in a pot of water on a hot stove. Dr. Irving Rudnick of the University of California, however, thought he could boil an egg just by talking to a pot of water. He figured he would have to keep on saying, "Boil, boil, boil!" for the next twenty thousand years.

Since he wouldn't be around quite that long, he did some more thinking. This time he came up with another idea. he thought he could make the water boil if he had thirty-five million people all say, "Boil!" at the same time through a telephone receiver pointed at the water. But, of course, this wouldn't work either. Next, the scientist had a steel siren made. Its sound was like thirty-five million voices all saying, "Boil!" at the same time. And it worked.

Q : What is 'ultrasound'?

2

This is the secret: Sound moves in waves, and when sound waves travel through the air fast enough, they heat up anything they hit. Dr. Rudnick's siren pushes the sound waves along so fast that people cannot hear the sound, although dogs, cats dolphins, and bats may. Sound waves that travel so fast that people cannot hear them are called 'ultrasound.'

frequencies of Sounds Made and heard by Humans and Other Animals (unit: decibels)

사람           고양이             강아지            돌고래             박쥐

Made          Made              Made             Made              Made

85-1,100       7,000-120,000       452-1,080         760-1,520          10,000-120,000

Heard          Heard             Heard             Heard             Heard

20-20,000      150-150,000        15-50,000          60-65,000          1,000-120,000

At first, ultrasonic waves did not seem to be of much use. Scientists knew they were a new source of power but did not put them to work. Then the scientists learned how to point these waves, like a flashlight, at any object or spot.

What good is this siren? Well, when the sound waves from the siren are turned on a pot of water, the water will boil in two minutes. Pater held in front of the siren goes up in flames in a few seconds.

Q : What are the uses of ultrasonic sound waves?

3

What can you do with ultrasonic sound waves? Plenty! One of their early uses was in locating submarines. They are still used for the same purpose, but now they are also used to find the depth of the ocean and to locate schools of fish and objects in the deep sea. A pulse of ultrasound is sent out into the water, reflected from some object and then received back at ship. The time taken for the pulse to return is measured and used to calculate the distance of the object from the ship.

Ultrasound can be used in industry for a number of purposes as well. It can help find flaws in metals. A pulse of ultrasound is aimed at the metal and any flaws reflect the pulse, allowing their size and location to be determined. Ultrasound is also used for delicate cleaning. Objects are placed in a liquid and subjected to ultrasound, which loosens the dirt particles.

Q : What are the next three paragraphs about?

4

In medicine, ultrasound is used to obtain pictures of internal parts of the body. Ultrasonic pulses are sent into the body by a transmitter attached to the skin and are reflected from parts inside the body that are of a different density, structure, or elasticity. All the reflected information is processed to give a picture of the parts of the body.

Ultrasound is also thought to be less harmful than X-rays and is used in situations where X-rays are considered dangerous such as looking at an unborn baby. Using ultrasonic imaging of the baby, doctors can determine its stage of development, identify twins and find any problems in the baby's development.

Also, ultrasound enables doctors to perform 'trackless' surgery, which does not require cutting the skin. it is seen as safer and more effective than other techniques.

Q : At what stage is the science of ultrasonics now?

5

Ultrasonic sound waves can also clear away fog. The ultrasound waves shake the tiny drops of fog together into heave raindrops, which fall to the ground, and the sky clear. They can also clear the smoke, making the tiny bits of carbon in the smoke come together to from heavier prices. Then they fall to the ground, and the skies are free from smoke. This costs a lot of money, though. Perhaps a cheaper way of cleaning the sky will be found.

Ultrasonics is at present a young science. It si at a very exciting point in its development. scientists have lots of new ideas about it. Keep your eyes open for the new and amazing discoveries that are sure to be made.

Unit 10   the Stolen Jewels

Listen

□

1. M : Guess what? Our house was robbed. The robbers took all my mom's jewelry.

W : Oh, I'm so sorry to hear that. I hope no one was hurt.

M : No one was home, luckily. We discovered the break-in when we got home form a concert.

W : That's terrible. I hope that police can recover what was stolen.

2. M : ma'am, we'd like you to come down to the police station and hand in a detailed description of what was stolen. Can you come right away?

W : I'm sorry, Officer. I have to go to work right now. How about tomorrow?

M : Tomorrow would be all right if it's in the morning. If you'd like to meet me personally, you'll have to come in before 9:30.

W : OK. I can be there as early as 8:30. Is that a good time for you?

3. M : Now, team, let's not wast time. We really need to get moving. The crime is already a few hours old.

W : What do you suggest we do first, Sergeant? I was thinking we could ask the neighbors.

M : Lets do this. Two of you interview the neighbors and two look for physical clues. I'll call in the fingerprinting team.

W : We already did that, Sergeant. They'll be here in an hour.

□

I have some suggestions for keeping our dormitory safe from robbers. Let's do this. first, let's not lend our keys to anyone. Since someone is usually here, that shouldn't cause too much inconvenience. Next, let's agree to close and lock all the windows when we go out. Open Windows invite robbers. finally, let's make sure the front door is locked, even if we are here. We don't want any surprise visitors!

□

W : I really appreciate your helping me look for my lost keys. When can we meet?

M : Well, what time is consentient for you?

W : The sooner the better. How about in half an hour, about eight?

M : Good. Do you want to meet at the library or somewhere else?

W : Well, I'm pretty sure I dropped them somewhere around or in the library, so let's just meet there.

M : OK, see you in front of the library at 8:00 sharp.

□

1. M : You say you saw the thief?

W : Yes, briefly. he was running out of the store, carrying a bag.

M : Would you describe him?

W : He was rather tall and slim. I didn't see his face. he was too fast.

M : Did you see what he was wearing?

W : A jacket, yes, a black leather jacket.

M : Thank you, ma'am. You've been helpful.

2. M1: Did you get a good look at the thief?

M2: Oh, yes, I saw his face. I was coming into the store as he ran out!

M1: Would you describe him, please?

M2: Well, he had a round face, with glasses. And a mustache.

M1: What was he wearing?

M2: Oh, I have no idea. He ran so fast.

M1: Can you tell me anything else?

M2: Well, he was rather tall. And about twenty-five or thirty years old. And ho, yes, he had rather long hair.

M1: Thank you, sir.

3. M1: Did you get a look at the thief?

M2: Well, kind of. He knocked me down as he was running down the street.

M1: Can you describe him?

M2: Yes, he was about thirty years old, with long, greasy hair. At least that is what he looked like from down on the ground.

M1: Did you see what he was wearing?

M2: jeans and a dark jacket of some kind, may be leather. And glasses. He dropped those and had to pick them up again.

M1: Thank you, sir.

Review

□

W : Yujin can't come today. Her apartment was broken into last night.

M : Really? I hope no one was hurt.

W : As a matter of fact, her father was hit on the head.

M : I'm so sorry to hear that. Is he going to be all right?

W : Oh, yes, he's at home now. He's still very upset because the robber took his laptop computer and some money.

M : Let's try to think of something to do to cheer them up.

W : That's a great idea.

본문

Q : Is Joe likely to call Any?

1

In the red-carpeted entrance of a New York hotel stood the famous detective, Joe Smith. he was staring down at Amy, a young intelligent woman, standing before him.

"Mr. Smith," she was saying, "I know a lot about detective work."

"Indeed, Miss?" Joe said as he listened politely.

"Give me a chance," she continued, "here. This is my phone number. Call me if you need an assistant! You won't regret it!"

"Well, to be frank with you, I don't think detective work is a job for a young woman. Since you insist, however, I'll call you if anything comes up," he replied, knowing he never would.

Q : Why does Mrs. Oliver want a woman detective?

2

Joe might not have thought of Any again, but a few months later he was called to the hotel manager's office.

"One of our regular guests, Mrs. Liver, has been robbed," he explained. "jewelry was stolen from a safe in her house. The police have been searching for a month and have found nothing. Not even a suspect."

"Well, I'm free these days," replied Joe, "I'll take the case myself."

"That won't do," said the manager, "The men working on it haven't' found the jewels and now Mrs. Oliver insists that a woman take over. She says women are more detail-oriented and precise. Do you know any female investigators?

Q : Who thinks Pat stole the jewels?

3

Joe called Any. He made it clear that he did not want her to do any real work, only keep Mrs. Oliver happy while he found the jewels. She was to spend her time at the old woman's house, trying to look busy.

At the end of the first day, Any surprised Joe with an announcement.

"I've got a hot lead!" she said, "Just before mrs. Oliver's jewels were stolen, an electrician did a repair job at her residence. I called around and learned his name: Pat Peterson. And," she smiled broadly, "he has no criminal record, but he is an expert in opening locks!"

Joe checked out Peterson.

"I checked him out and he didn't do it," he told Any the next day.

"Yes, he did!" replied Any. "I'm sure of it. We need to keep checking."

"Look," said Joe, getting annoyed, "I've been doing this more years than you've been alive, and I'll handle this case my way."

"Sorry, but I have strict orders from mrs. Oliver to handle this my way."

"OK, you win!" snapped Joe, turning red. "You do what you want, while I find the jewels!"

Q : What problem did the Petersons have?

4

That afternoon Amy appeared in front of Peterson's house. A woman answered the door.

"Mrs. Peterson? I saw the sign advertising that you have a room for rent. Is it still available?'

That night Any moved into the electrician's home. Even at the first meal, Any could feel that there was a mystery in this house. The two daughters exchanged quick glances with each other when they thought no one was looking. Mrs. Peterson spoke little and her husband looked downright miserable.

The two girls gave any the first inkling of what was wrong: "Mom is seriously ill. If she doesn't have an operation soon, it might be too late."

Later from Mrs. Peterson, Any learned another secret: "I"m sicker than the others think. I'm dying of cancer. But don't tell them. It would only worry them more."

Q : Why do you think Pat sat up?

5

Now Amy could guess what had happened. Obviously, Pat had been worried about the money for his wife's operation and had stolen the jewels without really thinking about the consequences. Then he'd realized he'd be caught if he tried to sell them.

Amy thought of a plan and waited until one evening when she and Pat were watching the news.

"You seem really interested in crime," observed Pat.

"Well, maybe I have my reasons," replied Any, trying to sound casual.

"Such as what?"

"Promise not to tell? Well, it's because my brother stole once."

"Really?"

"He happened to see money in his boss's desk drawer. The temptation was irresistible for him. After he took it, he didn't know what to do with it. but one night he talked to me about it and I found a way to ease my brother's feelings of guilt."

"By doing what?"

"Putting it back, of course. No one ever knew."

Pat sat up and looked straight at Amy. Then he sat back and started at the TV contemplatively.

"How?" he asked quietly.

"Well, he called a firm that hired out messenger boys, and asked them to send one to meet him on a street corner. he gave the boy the package of money and paid him to take it back to the owner. The owner was happy about the swift recovery, and my brother was off the hook."

"Is that right?" replied Pat and stood up. And that was the last thing he said all night.

Q :What made Any stop working as Joe's assistant?

6

Two days later, Any quit her job as Joe's assistant.

"You're right," she said. "Detective work is no job for me. Also, you were right about peterson. he's not the one you're looking for."

Joe was pleased. "That's all right. When I do find the jewels, I'll let you know how I did it." he patted her gently on the shoulder, and then watched her walk away through the reception area.

As Joe turned to leave, the hotel manager stopped him.

"Never mind the jewels," he said, "They were returned last night. it was the strangest thing - a messenger boy just appeared with them!"

Unit 11  Living in Space

Listen

□

1. M: Did you hear about the new space station? I'm so excited!

W : No, which space station is that?

M : The international space station, Alpha. there's a tour on the Internet we can download. Want to see it?

W : Sure. I'd love to see how the astronauts live in space.

2. M: It must be hard to keep healthy in space.

W : Yes, that's what I've heard. the astronauts really have to watch their diets and exercise a lot.

M : Do you think they have to eat any special foods?

W : I read that they have to have extra calcium for their bones. Other than that, I'm not sure.

3. W : You know, NASA has decided to let a millionaire go up to Alpha after all.

M : Really? that's so surprising. I thought NASA was completely against taking tourists to Alpha.

W : Yes, but it's so expensive to run a space station. They finally decided to try it.

M : Well, it'll be interesting to see how it goes.

□

I was surprised to learn some of the facts about the Mir space station. I thought it was just a Russian project but in fact, specialists from dozens of nations lived on the station during its fifteen years in space. It was a very international place. I was also surprised to learn that it had traveled so much. Did you know that Mir completed 86,325 trips around the earth?

□

W : It must be hard to get along all the time when you live in space.

M : What do you mean?

W : I mean, it must be hard to live in such a small space with the same people all the time. don't the astronauts ever fight?

M : Well, as I understand it, only people who are pretty optimistic are allowed to go up in space.

W : But it still must be hard to live so close together.

M : Actually, the space station is about the size of a three-bedroom house. The astronauts can get some privacy if they need it.

□

W : You were in space some years ago, weren't you?

M : yes, I was the pilot on several space missions in 1990 and 1993.

W : Have you noticed any changes since then?

M : Yes, I have, and they concern the view of the earth from space. It's different from before.

W : What exactly have you noticed?

M : There's smoke and dust in a wider area than I've ever seen before, especially in dry areas such as Africa. And it is clear that more and more trees are being destroyed. The earth is not as green as it was.

W : Anything else?

M : Yes. There are many more lights on at night. It's amazing to realize how many people live on the earth.

Review

□

M : I'd love to go to Mars one day. It must be an exciting place.

W : Really? I didn't know you were so adventurous.

M : Well, I'm not really but I guess Mars is so different from earth that I'd like to see it for myself.

W : I'm surprised you aren't more interested in traveling on earth first. There are so many countries you've never been to.

M : That's true. but, at the same time, the countries on earth have a lot in common. Mars, on the other hand, is a mysterious place I know little about.

W : I hope you have a chance to visit it.

본문

The Mir Space Station spent a decade and a half years floating 390 kilometers above us. In its fifteen years in orbit, it completed over 86,325 trips around the Earth. Astronauts from dozens of nations lived on the station and performed experiments of historical significance. Shannon W. Lucid, a veteran female astronaut, describes her life on Mir.

Q : How was Mir different from the space shuttle?

Interviewer : Ms. Lucid, would you tell us something about a typical day on the Mir space Station?

Ms. Lucid : Sure. Most mornings during my six-month stay on Mir, the alarm went off at eight o'clock. In about twenty minutes the two Russian cosmonauts and I were dressed and ready to start the day.

The first thing we usually did was put on our headsets to talk to mission control. Unlike the space shuttle, which sends messages via a pair of communications satellites, Mir was not in constant contact with the ground. The astronauts could talk to mission control only when the space station passed over one of the communications ground sites in Russia. These 'commpasses' occurred once an orbit - about every ninety minutes - and generally lasted about ten minutes.

Commander Onufriyenko wanted each of us to be 'on comm' every time it was available, in case the ground needed to talk to us. We gathered in the Base Block and socialized a bit before and after talking with mission control.

Q : Why were sticky foods best in space?

2

Interviewer : What and how did you eat?

Ms. Lucid : One of the most pleasant aspects of being part of the Mir crew was that we ate all our meals together, floating around a table in the Base Block. We ate both Russian and American dried food that we prepared with hot water. Many foods had the water removed so they weighed less and took up less room. Before eating, we added water and squished the food and water around in a plastic bag so it was not too dry to eat. We could add hot water if we wanted hot food, but there was no refrigerator in the space, so no cold drinks!

We had to be careful while eating because out food could float away. Sticky foods were vest and crumbly food wasn't sent into space. Can you imagine crumbs floating around and getting into tue equipment and people's faces? It would be like being in a dusty room all the time!

Q : Why was it important to exercise daily?

3

Interviewer : Was there a lot of work to do after breakfast?

Ms. Lucid : Sometimes. Our work schedule was detailed in a daily timeline called the Form 24. the cosmonauts typically spent most of their day maintaining Mir's systems, while I conducted experiments.

We had to exercise every day to prevent our muscles from weakening in the weightless environment.

usually, we all exercised just before lunch. We followed three exercise routines developed by physiologist; we did a different one each day, then repeated the cycle. Each routine took about forty-five minutes and alternated periods of treadmill running with exercises that involved pulling against bungee cords to simulate the gravitational forces we were no longer feeling. Toward the end of my stay on Mir, I felt that I needed to be working harder, so after I finished my exercises I ran additional kilometers on the treadmill.

Interviewer : Did you enjoy exercising in space?

Ms. Lucid : I'll be honest: the daily exercise was what I liked least about living on Mir. first, it was just downright hard. I had to put on a harness and then connect it with bungee cords to the treadmill. Working against the bungees allowed me to stand flat on the treadmill. With a little practice, I learned to run. Second, it was boring. The treadmill was so noisy you could not carry on a conversation. To keep my mind occupied, I listened to music while running. I had packed very few tapes with a fast beat, but luckily, there was a large collection of music tapes on Mir. During my six-month stay, I worked through most of them.

Q : What happened to waste and trash?

4

Interviewer : What did you do in the afternoon?

Ms. Lucid : When we had finished exercising, we usually enjoyed a long lunch, then returned to our work. many times in the late afternoon we had a short tea break, and in the late evening we shared supper. By this point we had usually finished all the assignments on the Form 24, but there were still many housekeeping chores that needed to be done: collecting the trash, organizing the food supply, sponging up the water that had collected on cool surfaces.

Also, space was a problem on Mir. After we had unloaded new supplies from the unmanned Progress spacecraft that docked with the space station once every few months, we could put human waste and trash into the Earth's atmosphere. But there was usually no room left on Progress for the many pieces of scientific equipment that were no longer in use. It was hard to find space for everything.

Q : How were letters delivered to her family?

5

Interviewer : How did you relax?

Ms. Lucid : If there was time, we had tea and a small treat before the last comm pass of the day, which usually occurred between ten and eleven at night. Then we said good night to one another and went to our separate sleeping areas.

Sleeping in space is an adventure in a sense. Some astronauts like to float free in the space station to sleep, gently bouncing off a wall once in a while. Other astronauts sleep better in a sleeping bag. This feels more like sleeping in a bed on earth.

As for me, I floated into the other section of the space station, unrolled my sleeping bag and tied it to a handrail. I usually spent some time reading and typing letters home on my computer. The messages were sent to the ground controllers, who then sent them to my family by e-mail. At midnight I turned out the light and floated into my sleeping bag.

Unit 12   Kimchi: How it Evolved

Listen

□

1. W : Would you like some more of these rice cakes?

M : Sure. I had no idea how good they were. What's the filling made of?

W : Red beans. We crush them into a paste and use it as a filling sometimes.

M : Really? Well, it's surprisingly good. I've never had anything sweet with a bean filling before.

2. M : You don't like raw fish, do you?

W : Now, I don't. It's not something I'm used to. How did you know?

M : Well, I noticed that every time I ordered it, you ordered something else. And I've never even seen you taste it.

W : I did taste it once when I first got here, but I decided it's not for me. I like other foods a lot better.

3. M : Well, here we are at the museum. What are you interested in seeing first?

W : How about the clothes? They're so colorful.

M : OK. It says here that there is a display of royal clothing from about two hundred years ago. It's right next to a food display.

W : That sounds great. let's go in that direction and take a look at both of them.

□

I'm very interested in Korean history, especially in the history of kimchi. Even in ancient times people ate pickled cabbage. Did you know that the workers who built the Great Wall of China were kept strong with cabbage pickled in salt and rice wine, and that Genghis Khan later fed that to his soldiers? Over time, Koreans developed the special pickling and seasoning methods that have now made kimchi a famous and uniquely Korean food.

□

W : Thanks for letting me interview you about Korean holidays.

M : You're welcome. What's the first question?

W : Well, what's your favorite thing about new Year's Day?

M : I guess I like the traditional games best. The food is great, too.

W : Are there any special New Year's Day foods you like?

M : Yes, several. One is tteokguk, which is a thick soup made with rice cake cut into small pieces. Everyone eats that on New Year's Day.

□

Now we will go on to talk about some of kimchi's nutritional qualities and the proper way to store it. Kimchi contains several key vitamins, including vitamin C. It also contains calcium and iron and gets a significant amount of vitamin E from its red pepper. In addition to that, kimchi is high in fiber, which aids digestion and it contains only thirty-three calories per cup. All in all, it is fair to say that kimchi is very good for the human body.

In order to keep the flavor and nutritional value of kimchi, it is important to store it at a constant temperature, about five degrees Celsius. If kept properly at this temperature, it will probably last four to six weeks. However, one must also be careful to prevent air from entering the container, as that will cause the kimchi to sour. Traditional kimchi jars were wrapped in straw and then buried to maintain the best conditions for storing kimchi.

Review

□

W : We've finished! Let's go out for dinner to celebrate.

M : Good idea. Where should we go?

W : Well, let's see. There's a new Italian restaurant near here.

M : I ate there last week and frankly, the food wasn't too good.

W : Really? I didn't know that. Well, There's Korean Palace. They are really famous for their fusion food, in particular kimchi steak. Have you ever tried it?

M : Not yet, but I would really like to try that. I like spicy food very much.

W : Great. Let's go and have dinner there.

본문

The following is part of Junho's homework about kimchi, which will be included on his school's English homepage.

Q : Why did early Koreans develop kimchi?

1

It is believed that kimchi first appeared on the Korean Peninsula some 3,000 years ago. As fresh vegetables were too hard to come by during the cold winter, it was necessary to find ways to preserve them until spring came. Pickling them in salt was one such way people found. Diggings from the Three Kingdom Period (4th to 7th century) suggest that vegetables kept in salt existed almost 1,500 years ago, Large jars made of earth are often dug up on the peninsula. They measure some 90 centimeters in height and 220 centimeters around the middle, large enough to store lots of vegetables in salted water. On one jar was written: A family of ten needs eight jars to make it through the winter.

Q : Why was red pepper used for kimchi?

2

Salted vegetables are found in major cultures around the world, including China, japan, Germany, and the Netherlands. What sets kimchi apart from other salted vegetables is its use of red pepper, the element that produces the pungent smell and red color. Red pepper also cuts the need for salt. In the old days when salt was very expensive, people ;suffered from the effects of salt deficiency. The large amount of vegetables in ordinary Korean meals made the dificiency worse. It was discovered that red pepper could not only improve the flavor of kimchi but also reduce the need for salt by three to six percent. Thus, people didn't have to use much salt to pickle vegetables, and could still prevent salt deficiency. In jjanji, the modern salted radish, the salt density is about twenty percent, roughly five times higher than normal cabbage kimchi with red pepper.

Q : Since when has kimchi been spicy?

3

The spicy red kimchi we consume today has been part of Korean culture since the 17th century. One historical record describes eleven types of kimchi at the end of the century. Whole-cabbage kimchi and other spicy red varieties appear to have become popular after the middle of the Joseon Kingdom (1392-1910). Red pepper was first added for taste, without knowledge of its nutritional value or preservation qualities. Later red pepper was found to help digest carbohydrates as well as control the growth of harmful microorganisms that form during the fermentation process of kimchi. It has become an essential ingredient for almost all kinds of kimchi.

Q : What varieties of kimchi are mentioned below?

4

Koreans make kimchi not only out of cabbage but also out of other vegetables. The purpose of pickling these vegetables is no longer limited to storing them during the cold season, though. The process of pickling is done in all seasons for a special spicy taste at all meals. A good example is yeolmu kimchi, made of small radishes. It si eaten mainly in the summer. Cucumber kimchi is another variety favored during the summer and early fall. The association of kimchi with cabbage is strong, especially for non-Koreans. Some other forms of pickled vegetables have names other than kimchi. Radish pickled with red pepper in small, square pieces is called kkakdugi. Whole-radish pickled in pepper free salt water and stored in cold places is called dongchimi. It is extremely refreshing when eaten while sitting on  hot floor in the cold winter.

Q : What is the difference between Korean kimchi and kimchi made abroad?

5

Kimchi is no longer limited to Korea but has become a world food. It is served in many restaurants in other countries like the United States, Australia, and Japan. This practice began in order to meet the demands of Korean travelers abroad, but soon people from those countries started to like the flavor and taste of kimchi. Some businesses abroad have attempted to copy Korean kimchi, but they have not succeeded in imitating the true flavor and taste. Most people agree that only the cabbage and peppers grown on Korean soil make the best kimchi. there is a big difference between authentic kimchi and its imitations. Despite the continued influence of fast food, kimchi will remain a truly Korean dish, of which Koreans can be proud.