법문사(박영식외)

Lesson 1. Do You Want to Improve Your English?

Lesson 2. What Jane Goodall Discovered about Chimpanzees

Lesson 3. Behind the Scenes

Lesson 4. Medical Emergencies : What to do

Lesson 5. Come and Join Us

Project Activity Ⅰ: Learning English by Action

Lesson 6. Say Yes to Yourself

Lesson 7. Jeju-do, the Jewel in the Crown of Korea

Lesson 8. Reading English Newspapers]

Lesson 9. 15-Minute Miracles to Change the World

Lesson 10. The Wandering Continents

Project Activity Ⅱ: Damon and Pythias

Lesson 1 Do you want to Improve Your English

<Do you want to Improve Your English>

Dear Semi,

It was so nice to get a letter from you. I'm glad that you are starting high school today. Congratulations ! It's nice to hear your news.

You asked me to give you some advice on how to improve your English. Well, I can give you some, but the rest is up to you. There are five steps. You seem to have already taken the first two steps. First, you understand the importance of studying English. Second, you really want to learn it. You have a goal !

The third step is doing something about it. Developing different language skills is a lot of hard work and it can be quite boring at times.

I know because I'm Canadian and, like you, I had to study very hard to learn how to speak, read, write and listen to French. I studied  French in high school from grade nine until grade twelve. When I was at university, I went to a language institute. After university, I lived in a French community.

No one spoke English, so I too had to speak French. My brief stay there helped me. Living in a place where English is spoken would be a great way to improve your English, too. So if you have an opportunity to travel abroad, you should.

I did all sorts of things to develop my listening skills because this skill is so difficult. Try listening to an English radio station at home or on your way to school. You spend a lot of time going to and from school. Take your walkman with you and listen to an English language cassette tape or English music. When you are at home, watch the English news on television.

In order to develop your speaking ability, take whatever opportunity you have to speak. I did when I was learning French. I was so nervous and so shy in the classroom, but I did it anyway. Talk! Don't be silent! Ask and answer questions in class even if your English is not good. Don't worry about making mistakes. If you get a chance to talk to a native English speaker that  you see on the street, do it. Don't be shy.

Reading is also a good way to develop your skills. It helps to improve your vocabulary a lot. Start with some simple stories, even stories from children's books. If you choose stories that are difficult, you might get discouraged. English newspapers are, perhaps, the most difficult to read, but reading about what's going on in Korea is important. It's real life and can be interesting. Reading the newspaper will increase your vocabulary and, also, help you understand English television news because you will already be aware of what's going on.

As for developing your English writing skills, keep a diary as we did last year. It's a great way to develop your English writing skills. Don't worry if what you write is not grammatically correct.

The fourth step is to find new ways to use such skills as listening, speaking, reading and writing. For example, you might try to always think in English. I had a little trick when I was in high school. Whenever I would say something in English, I would translate it into French in my head.

The final step is making it a rule to study English every day. We are never finished products.

Sincerely,

Andy

Lesson 2 What Jane Goodall Discovered about Chimpanzees

<What Jane Goodall Discovered about Chimpanzees>

"Man is a tool-using animal. Without tools he is nothing, with tools he is all." This was first said by Thomas Carlyle, the Scottish historian, and repeated by many others. We have always believed that only humans can make and use tools. However, when Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees in Africa, she found that they too use tools.

As a child in England, Jane Goodall loved all kinds of animals. When she grew up, she wanted to become a scientist and go to Africa to study the wild animals there. She wasn't able to go to a university because her parents couldn't support her. So she became a secretary instead.

A few years later, a school friend invited Jane to visit her in Africa. Jane worked hard for a year, saving money to go to Kenya. In Kenya, she met Dr. Louis Leakey, a well-known scientist. Dr. Leakey needed a secretary. He offered the job to Jane, who eagerly accepted. The first part of her dream had come true: She was living in Africa. She told Dr. Leakey about her wish to observe animals. Dr. Leakey told her about a group of chimpanzees that lived by Lake Tanganyika. "If you could study those chimps in the wild," he said, "it would help us to know more about early humans, who are supposed to be our ancestors. You will have to watch carefully and keep an accurate record. Above all, you will need a lot of patience." Jane knew that she was the perfect person for the job.

On July 14, 1960, Jane arrived at the place where the chimpanzees lived. Day after day, she walked through the mountains, without seeing the chimps. She could hear them calling in the distance, but they saw her before she saw them, and they didn't want to meet her. One day she found a high place on a rocky mountain. She could see the chimps through her binoculars as they ate fruit in the trees below her. It was perfect. She was close enough to see them, but far enough away to watch without scaring them. From this place, she saw how chimpanzees sleep at night. At dusk, each chimp picks a tree and makes a kind of nest for the night high in the trees. Sometimes Jane didn't want to leave the chimps in the evening. So she wrapped herself in a blanket and slept near them under the stars.

By and by the chimps allowed her to follow them. She saw that they lived together in close family groups as humans do. Each day she picked a family to watch and followed it. She saw the chimps greet each other with hugs and kisses. She found that they hold hands and pat each other on the back.

One morning she saw a chimp sitting by an ants' nest. The chimp picked a piece of grass and carefully put it into the nest. Then he pulled it out and ate all the ants on the grass. He repeated this many times. Jane wrote everything she saw in her notebook. She didn't know, as she watched the chimp eat his breakfast that morning, that he would make her famous. But that's exactly what happened.

Jane became the first person ever to see and write about a wild chimpanzee making and using a tool. After that, she saw chimps make and use another tool: this time a kind of sponge to get rainwater from small holes in trees. A chimp will pick the leaves off a small branch and then put the leaves into its mouth. After chewing them for a while, the chimp takes the leaves from its mouth and puts the ball of leaves into the water. The leaves soak up the water like a sponge. Then the chimp sucks on the sponge. The chimp continues to do this until the water has gone.

Soon the whole world learned about Jane's work in the jungle from television programs and magazine articles. She was finally able to go to university. Her study of wild chimpanzees earned her the title of Dr. Jane Goodall.

She likes to share her knowledge with ordinary people, not just with scientists. "I have been very lucky in my life," she says. "I have known the excitement of watching wild free animals. Thousands of people can never know that joy. But at least I can tell them about it."

Jane's findings led people to a new world of knowledge about wild animals in Africa. Had it not been for her efforts, scientific knowledge about chimpanzees would be more limited than it is today.

Lesson 3 Behind the Scenes

<Behind the Scenes>

What is Hollywood?

When people throughout the world think of Hollywood, they think of movies and movie stars. Actually, Hollywood is a rather ugly suburb of Los Angeles with many cheap hotels and clubs. The Americans who live in Hollywood are more likely to be poor than rich and no movie stars live there. However, Hollywood is the place where many of the early American film companies set up their headquarters and still today 'Hollywood' and 'American movies' mean almost the same thing, even though many American movies are not made in Hollywood anymore.

When was the first movie made?

The first successful 'motion picture' was made in 1893 at Thomas Edison's laboratories in New Jersey, USA. It was a very short film of a sneeze. The first movies shown at a public movie theater were in Paris, France in 1895. Ten very short films were shown, each film lasting only about two minutes and showing various scenes from everyday life such as factory workers leaving their factory at lunch time. People were fascinated by this new technology, despite the boring scenes shown in the films.

The early silent films were shown to the accompaniment of music played by pianists or organists in the movie theaters. The larger theaters had orchestras. Dialogue was shown by subtitles.

What is the best Hollywood movie?

In terms of 'Academy Awards' (Oscars) two films tied for the most number of Academy Awards won. Both Titanic (1997) and Ben-Hur (1959) won 11 Oscars, but Titanic received 14 nominations to Ben-Hur's 12. In terms of the number of people who bought tickets at movie theaters, the number one movie is Gone With the Wind. However, deciding which Hollywood movie is the best is a matter of individual opinion. Casablanca starring Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman is at  the top of the list of many people's favorite movies. Some film critics think that Citizen Kane is the greatest American movie ever made. Orson Wells wrote, directed and starred in this movie when he was only twenty-six.

Hollywood Superstars

Success comes to Hollywood superstars at different ages. Macaulay Culkin became a big star at the age of ten in 1990 in Home Alone, and two years later in Home Alone 2. He continued making films until 1994, but once he was in his teens and no longer a cute kid, it seemed that Hollywood no longer wanted him.

Leonardo Dicaprio, star of Titanic, was also successful at a young age, but unlike Macaulay Culkin, he went on to become even more successful as an adult. When he was 14, he appeared in a famous children's TV series about a dog. Soon after that he began to appear regularly in films and by 1996, at the age of 22, when he was a big hit in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, he was a superstar.

Harrison Ford had to wait much longer to achieve success and he nearly gave up. One summer at college he did some acting and decided that he wanted to become an actor. Like thousands of others he headed for Hollywood to pursue his dream. Also, like thousands of others, he found it very difficult to earn a living from acting. He began to earn a good living as a freelance carpenter, often building things for Hollywood stars.

A turning point in Harrison Ford's life came in 1973 when he was 31. A young director, George Lucas, whom Ford had worked for as a carpenter, offered him a part in a film called American Graffiti. At first Harrison Ford turned down the part because the pay was much less than what he could earn as a carpenter. He finally accepted and the film was a great success. Two years later George Lucas offered him the lead role in Star Wan, which was a smash hit.

What about movies made in other countries?

Everyone knows that the American film industry is by far the biggest in the world. But wait a minute, that isn't true. In terms of the number of films made, India produces more films each year than America, although most Indian films are only shown in India. In terms of films exported to other countries, America is definitely number one. But to our surprise, a close second is Hong Kong. This is a great achievement by such a small place. Korea should take heart from the success of Hong Kong films. If the Hong Kong film industry can be an international success, why not Korea, too?

Lesson 4 Medical Emergencies : What to Do

<Medical Emergencies : What to Do>

Do you know what to do in a medical emergency? By knowing a little about first aid, we can save lives, perhaps the lives of family members or friends. Here are a few common medical emergencies. Would you like to know what to do?

Car Accidents

You are the first to arrive at the scene of a serious car accident. A person is seriously injured. What should you do? The rule is : if the patient is seriously hurt, don't move him. Many people in this situation want to put the patient in the back seat of a car and take him to the nearest hospital. This may be fine if the injuries are not serious. However, if there is a serious back injury, you can make the patient much worse, or even kill him by moving him. You should only move the patient if he is in danger from fire or something else. Otherwise, you should call the emergency medical service. These people are specially trained and have special equipment to carry the patient safely. While waiting for the ambulance to arrive, you should keep the patient warm and comfortable.

Drowning

If you rescue someone from drowning and the patient is not breathing, you should begin mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing immediately. First you should put the patient on his back with his head back. Next hold his nose closed. Then put your mouth over the patient's mouth and blow hard enough to make his chest rise. You should blow into the patient's mouth twelve times every minute. If the patient is a small child, you should be careful not to blow too hard.

Choking

You and some friends are having a meal together. You are having a good time talking and laughing. All of a sudden one of your friends starts to choke. A piece of meat is stuck in her throat. What should you do? First, ask her if she can speak. And if she can still speak, hit her hard on the back between her  shoulders. After a few slaps on the back, your friend may be able to cough up the piece of meat. However, sometimes this method does not work and the person continues to choke. In this case, it is necessary to use a special technique called the 'Heimlich Maneuver.' Heimlich is the name of the doctor who first used this method. Look at the picture to see what you should do. Stand behind the patient and wrap your arms around her waist. Make a fist with one hand and place it in the middle of her stomach. Hold your fist with your other hand and press upward hard. Repeat until the lump of food is forced out.

Burns

For less serious burns where the skin is only red, keep the burned area covered with cold water or ice. This takes away the heat from the skin and prevents the skin  from becoming more damaged. Serious burns are where the skin looks definitely burned or a white color. You should cover the burned area lightly with a clean cotton cloth and get the patient to a hospital as soon as possible.

Electric Shock

If the patient is still in contact with electricity, do not touch him. You too may get an electric shock. Pull the plug at once, or turn off the powers. If this is not possible, try to break the patient's contact with electricity. Use a wooden stick, a heavy coat or something similar to knock the patient away from his contact with electricity. Never use a metal object.

Knowing what to do in an emergency can be very helpful. With a little information you could save a life. However, the best way to become an effective lifesaver is to take a first-aid course.

Lesson 5 Come and Join Us

<Come and Join Us>

Every culture celebrates special days-holidays. From one country to another people might celebrate similar reasons for holidays, but usually they do so in a way that reflects their unique culture. Well, North American young people have a unique way of celebrating these special days.

Each holiday has its own special meaning and different rituals are performed for each. Special clothes might be worn, special drinks and foods are prepared and served, and sometimes festivals are held.  Throughout the year, of course, birthday parties are held and surprise birthday parties are quite common. Other reasons to party come up year round. We will start at the beginning.

New Year's Day is a traditional holiday celebrating the first day of each year according to the solar calendar. It stands for change, opportunity and hope. However, the last day of the year, December 31, is when North Americans really begin to celebrate.

Young people ring in the New Year at midnight, and stay out all night. Just before the clock strikes midnight, there is a count down of the last ten seconds of the year. Everybody shouts together, 10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1 followed by cheers, whistles and noisemakers. They hug and kiss the people they are with and wish them a Happy New Year.

Valentine's Day is the most romantic holiday of the year and another good reason to party. The custom of lovers exchanging cards originated from an ancient Roman festival celebration. It is a day set aside for showing love to others. The symbols of this holiday are hearts and cupids. On this day, young people show their love for one another with gifts of cards, flowers and chocolate or candy. It is also a very popular day for men to propose marriage to women and nowadays for women to propose to men. But this is usually not on the minds of most young people.

Not much happens after this until the end of May or beginning of June, when parties are held to mark the end of the school year. Graduation dances are also held at this time. During the summer, there are pool parties, beach parties and house parties to go to. In September students have Back to School Parties to mark the beginning of a new school year and make up for lost time.

Halloween is another holiday of tricks. It is celebrated on October 31. It is also known as the Eve of All Saints' Day. Young people dress up in all sorts of costumes, usually as witches and ghosts, especially in the symbolic colors, black and orange. Some begin the day wearing costumes to school. However, most high school students don't wear a costume to school. After dark, young people go door to door in their neighborhoods. They usually go trick or treating until they are in their mid-teens, but some older high school students continue to join in the fun. They knock on doors and hold up empty pillowcases or garbage bags. They yell out 'trick or treat', then the person who answers the door places candy in their bags. Most young people go to parties, bars or to their school's Halloween Dance. Sometimes costumes are worn to these places, but sometimes they are not.

Thanksgiving is celebrated as an official holiday on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It began around 1621 when the settlers had a good harvest in the New World. They thanked God and celebrated it with Indians. In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Thanksgiving a national day. It is time to express one's thanks for good fortune throughout the year. It is also a time of family gatherings and holiday meals. People sometimes invite their friends or neighbors. Turkey and pumpkin pie are the traditional Thanksgiving dinner. There are parades in New York City and college football games on Thanksgiving.

During the Christmas season in December there are a new set of reasons to party. Young people go to house parties and dances put on by their schools as well as their places of work. From mid-December to the end of the year there always seems to be a party or simple gathering of friends. On the 31st day of December it's time to start all over again, beginning with a New Year's Eve party.

Project Activity Ⅰ

Let's use English through the Internet!

Hi, everyone! My name is Song Minho. I'm happy to meet you at this speech contest. Today, I want to talk about how we can improve our English. As you know, the best way of learning English is by using it. But we have only a few opportunities to speak, read or write English. Of course, we study English hard for school examinations, or the college entrance examination. But we do not study English for fun.

However, I've found a good way to improve my English. I like using computers very much as I'm sure most of you do. I have been surfing the Internet for three months. I've found that Internet resources are wonderful for practicing English. We can improve our English skills quickly when we use English for a purpose. When you want to download some information from around the world, English is a must. If you can read English at the speed that English is normally spoken, it is easy to make full use of the Internet.

Before using the Internet, English was a headache. Now, however, it's more fun. In learning English, tons of materials suitable for reading and listening are available on the Net. You can get the materials you want to read about easily through the Net. I have made my own homepage to help those who want to improve their English skills (especially reading). If you can get on the Internet, why don't you use it for improving your English? Let's get started now! Thank you for listening.

You Can Make Bulgogi with Us!

Mina : Hello, everyone! I'm Mina. Today I'll show you how easy it is to cook bulgogi. Now I'd like to introduce my assistant. This is Junho.

Junho : Hi, I'm Junho. I'm here to help Mina. Today Mina and I are going to make a special dish that will make your mouth water.

Mina : Why don't we get started?

Junho : Okay, first we have to wash our hands. Well, Mina, why don't you tell everyone about the ingredients for bulgogi?

Mina : Yes. To make bulgogi, you need 600 grams of sliced beef, 2 tablespoons of chopped green onion, 1 tablespoon of chopped garlic, 4 tablespoons of sugar, 3 tablespoons of sesame oil, one tablespoon of rice wine and 5 or 6 tablespoons of soy sauce. Put all the ingredients except the beef into a bowl.

Junho : Yes, you can use red wine instead of rice wine. Mina, what is the next step?

Mina : After that, mix the beef with the other ingredients until all sides of the beef are coated. And leave it for about three hours.

Junho : Why can't we cook it immediately?

Mina : You can cook it immediately if you like. But if you wait, the taste will be better.

Junho : Hmm, I see.

Mina : And grill the bulgogi until the red meat color has changed to brown.

Junho : It smells great. Can I try some?

Mina : Sure. Here you go. How do you like it?

Junho : Umm, it's delicious. If you try bulgogi, you'll never forget the taste! It's just wonderful.

Mina : Yeah, everybody in the world likes bulgogi. Oh, it's already time to say goodbye. Thank you for joining us. Have a nice day.

Mina and Junho : Bye.

Commercial Advertisement

Five students are at a party. Everybody is talking cheerfully. Jaemin comes into the room. He's a good-looking boy and is wearing a black suit. He looks neat. He walks up to one student.

Jaemin : (In a fiendly manner) How are you, Hansu?

Hansu : (Avoiding him and leaning back) Oh, okay, Excuse me.

Jaemin : (Feeling down, he goes to another friend) Hi, Jiho! How are you doing?

Jiho and his friend, who were chatting, avoid Jaemin and lean back.

Jiho : Oh, hi! Bye!

Jiho's friend  : (Holding his nose) Oh, I need some fresh air!

Both of them avoid Jaemin, and all of them leave the room. Jaemin is left alone.

(Holding his arms high in the air) Why do they hate me? I'm a good person. I didn't do any harm to them. Then why? Why? Why?

With a loud noise, a ghost with a white beard and a long stick, appears.

Ghost : Know yourself. Smell your breath.

Jaemin : (Breathing deeply) Oh, no. It's disgusting. What can I do?

Ghost : Don't worry. Use 'Fresh Breeze.' It'll change your life.

Jaemin takes it and breathes. With a happy face, he goes to his friends, puts his am around one of them, and breathes in his face.

Hansu : Oh, what's the secret?

Jaemin : ( Taking out a bottle from his pocket) 'Fresh Breeze!' It'll change your life.

Advertisement Campaign

One person is dressed up as Dracula. He is trying to catch two students, who are passing by.

Boys : Help! It's Dracula! Help!

The two boys run away and find a dark room, where a woman in white is lying. The two boys are clutching each other in fear. When the room is lit we can see that the room is in a hospital and that the woman in white is a patient receiving someone else's blood.

Boys : Blood!

The pale patient opens her eyes.

Woman : Yes, blood saves lives.

Boys : (Surprised) Blood saves lives?

Woman : (Determined) Yes!

They run out of the room together. Dracula has his back to the boys. He turns around when the two boys approach. Suddenly, Dracula has changed into an angel.

Boys : Oh, you're an angel!

Angel : Give blood! Save lives!

Quiz Show : Fun Quiz

1. Opening

Mc 1 : Good morning, everybody. Now it's time for Fun Quiz.

MC 2 : It's July already.

MC 1 : Yes, the summer vacation is just around the corner.

MC 2 : That's right. Spring semester is almost over.

MC 1 : We are going to have a great time with Fun Quiz.

Mc 2 : Okay, Everybody, are you ready?

Class : Yes, we're ready.

2. True or False Round

MC 1 : Let's begin Fun Quiz with the True or False section.

MC 2 : Listen carefully. If you think the answer is true, go to the right side of the classroom. There's an O sign on the right side of the wall. And if you think the answer is false, go to the left side of the classroom. There's an X sign on the left side of the wall.

MC 1 : Every time you have the right answer, you can have a sticker. You win by getting as many stickers as possible. And we will choose the top five students to play the second round.

MC 2 : So don't lose your stickers. Now, let's begin with question number 1.

MC 1 : Here's the first question. Jane Goodall went to Indonesia to study chimpanzees. True or False? If you think the answer is true, go to the right side of the classroom. If you think it's false, go to the left side of the classroom.

MC 2 : You have five seconds. One, two, three, four, five. Now, don't move, please. The correct answer is...

MC 1 : False.

Class : Whoa!

MC 2 : Yes, Jane Goodall went to Africa.

MC 1 : Now, here are stickers for those who answered correctly.

3. Choose the Top Five Students

MC 2 : Well, does anyone have fifteen stickers? Raise your hands. Okay, we have two students. And the students who have fourteen stickers? Yes, there are three students.

MC 1 : Then we have five students here.

MC 2 : Jinsu, Nami, Sunho, Gyeongsu and Hyejin, You're the top five students.

He class claps.

MC 1 : Okay, let's go to the final round.

4. Speed Quiz Round

MC 1 : Now, our final round is...

MC 2 : Speed Quiz Round.

MC 1 : Yeah, listen carefully to the questions. If you know the answer, say your name as soon as possible. Let's get started!

MC 2 : Here's the first question. In which country did the French painter Paul Gauguin paint many of his well-known works?

Jinsu : Jinsu.

MC 1＞Okay, Jinsu.

Jinsu : France.

MC 2 : Well, sorry, but that's not correct.

Hyejin : Hyejin!

MC 1 : Hyejin, go ahead.

Hyejin : Tahiti.

MC 2 : Dingdong. Good answer. Good job, Hyejin. You've got 20 points.

5. Choose the Winner

MC 1 : Now we've asked all the questions. Let's see how many points you've got.

MC 2 : Jinsu and Nami have 20 points each. And Sunho has 40 points.

MC 1 : And Hyejin, you've got 80 points. Terrific.

MC 2 : So, the winner of Fun Quiz is Hyejin Kim. Good job, Hyejin.

MC 1 : Congratulations, Hyejin.

The class claps.

6. Ending

MC 1 : Well, it's time to finish.

MC 2 : Yes. Have a nice summer vacation and bye, everybody.

MC 1 : Bye. Take care!

Lesson 6 Say Yes to Yourself

<Say Yes to Yourself>

Two teachers are about to teach the same new class of students for the first time. One teacher is told that the students are bright and study hard. The other teacher is told that the students are not bright and do not study hard. The students make much more progress in the first teacher's class than in the second teacher's class.

This is the subject of a famous experiment that has been repeated many times with similar results. Why do the students do better in the class taught by the teacher who is told that the students are bright? The answer is that the teacher has a positive attitude towards the students and expects them to do well. The other teacher has a negative attitude towards the students and does not expect them to do well.

From one teacher the students hear positive words which give them confidence and encouragement. From the other teacher the students hear negative words which lessen their confidence and discourage them.

This is a simple example of the power of positive thinking. The words we hear from our parents and teachers can affect how successful we are.

But so can the words we hear from ourselves. If you say to yourself, "English is too difficult. I'll never be able to speak English well," you are thinking negatively and this is likely to result in a negative achievement. On the other hand, if you say to yourself, "English is difficult,  but my English is definitely better now than it was last year," you are thinking positively. This is likely to result in a positive accomplishment.

The words we say to ourselves, our thoughts, affect our achievement. And if we want to achieve more, we need to pay careful attention to our thoughts. Here is how to do that:

1. Become conscious of your thoughts. Most people do not realize how many negative thoughts they have about themselves. Pay attention to your thoughts about yourself. Are they mainly positive or negative? You may be surprised at the number of negative thoughts.

2. Pay attention to negative words and phrases. Hansu kept telling himself, "I am 'just' an average student." Semi's inner voice kept telling her, "I 'only' have a few friends." The words, 'just' and 'only' are negative.

Hansu could look at his situation more positively by saying, for example, "I'm pretty good at history:" And Semi could do the same thing by saying, "Grace is a really good friend." In any case, being an average student, or even a below average student need not be negative at all. Sir Winston Churchill, the great British Prime Minister, was a below average student at school. Even Albert Einstein, one of the greatest geniuses of all time, was a below  average student at school. Similarly,  having a few good and thoughtful friends is much better than having many superficial friends.

3. Stop the negative thought. Cut short negative thoughts as soon as they start by using the one-word

command Stop!

"What will I do if...?" Stop!

Stopping may seem a simple thing to do. Actually it's not as easy as it sounds. To be effective at stopping, you have to be forceful and stubborn. Raise your voice when you give the command. Picture yourself shouting down the inner voice of fear.

4. Emphasize the positive. We have already seen in the example of Hansu and Semi how their negative thoughts can be turned into positive thoughts. Sometimes when we are depressed, everything can seem gloomy. In this situation, it is a good idea to think about good things that have happened to us. Think about the good grade you got in the exam, of the great time you had with your friends hiking in the mountains.

5. Change the direction of your thinking. Have you ever been feeling down, when a friend suddenly said, "Let's go out"? Remember how your mood changed and brightened. You changed the direction of your thinking, and your mood brightened. Life suddenly seemed good again. By changing the direction of your thinking, you can learn to see yourself and the world around you differently. If you think you can do something, you increase your chances of doing it. Optimism gets you moving. Depressing thoughts hold you back, because you are thinking, "What's the use?"

Make it a habit to remember your best self, the you that you want to be. In particular, remember things for which you have been praised. That's the real you.

Imagine yourself reaching your goals, and you will feel a force like that of a magnet pulling you toward them.

When you think differently, you feel and act differently. It's all about controlling your thoughts. As the English poet John Milton said, "The mind can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven."

The choice is yours.

Lesson 7 Jeju-do the Jewel in the Crown of Korea

<Jeju-do the Jewel in the Crown of Korea>

The writer is an Englishman who has been teaching at a university in Korea for more than fifteen years. He visited Jeju-do for the first time. He was very impressed by the beautiful sights of the island.

I have lived in Korea quite a long time and have been to most of the well-known tourist spots, Gyeongju, Seoraksan, Jirisan, Muju and Yongpyeong. However, one place I had not been to until this year was Jeju-do. Both Koreans and other foreign people had told me many times, "You must go to Jeju-do." Well, now at last I had the chance. My family and I were finally going to the place that many foreigners described as the 'Jewel in the Crown of Korea.'

During the taxi ride from Jeju airport to our hotel the taxi driver, who was very friendly and sociable, gave us a short lesson on some of the differences between the local Jeju dialect and standard Korean. We learned that Jeju people say harubang instead of halabeoji and halmang instead of halmeoni.

As the taxi drove through the city, we noticed the palm trees that lined the streets. This made us feel that we were in an exotic place which was very different from the rest of Korea. Outside of the city I noticed how much greener the countryside was compared with the mainland of Korea and in many places we could see horses eating the green grass.

I knew before coming to Jeju that the island was famous for horses. My two daughters love horses and they went horseback riding everyday during our stay. The other things Jeju was famous for are stone, women, and wind. Fortunately, I didn't experience any of Jeju's famous winds. During my stay the weather was calm, sunny and hot. However, I did manage to see plenty of stones and rocks, and even some of the legendary women divers.

We went on a tour of the island and our guide was a taxi driver. Jeju taxi drivers are accustomed to guiding tourists around the island and our driver had a camera in the trunk of his car. He told us he had attended a special course on tourist  photography. We gave him a film and he took pictures of us at all of the sights we visited. At the end of the day he gave us back the film so we could have it developed.

One of the most interesting places was Manjanggul which is the longest lava tunnel in the world. Outside the cave the temperature was more than 30 degrees, but just a short distance into the cave the temperature suddenly dropped to 18 degrees. It was like entering a huge refrigerator. Inside the cave I tried to imagine what this tunnel must have been like about 25,000 years ago. At that time a river of lava rushed through it with more energy than an atomic bomb.

Another amazing creation of volcanic energy is Seongsan Ilchulbong (Sunrise Peak). This is a huge volcanic cone rising 182 meters from the sea. One morning we got up very early and climbed to the top to watch the sun rise. What an incredible sight!

Very near Ilchulbong we saw some of the famous women divers called haenyeo. We saw some of them diving and others going home after their day's work. Our taxi driver guide told us that his mother was a hareneyeo, so he was able to tell us a lot about their way of life. The haenyeo I saw did not look anything like those in the guide book. They were much older and they were not wearing swimming costumes but wearing wet suits.

Our taxi driver guide told us that the youngest of divers today are in their mid-thirties and the oldest grandmothers in their seventies. Despite their age these women are able to dive down to depths of 10 meters and stay under water for 3 minutes by holding their breath. Our guide told us that the haenyeo are very independent and proud of their way of life. There are no men divers and the women have their own buildings where men are not allowed to enter. The women learned to dive when they were girls of about 10 by helping their mothers who were divers. There are now no girls or young women learning to dive. When the present generation of divers disappears, there will be no more haenyeo. But I'm sure the haenyeo will live on in legend.

I don't want you to think that we spent all of our time at Jeju sightseeing, We had a great time playing and relaxing on the beach and swimming in the crystal clear sea. Yes, Jeju is a great place for beaches and swimming, but it has a lot more to offer than just sun, sand and sea. Jeju-do is unique and memorable. I can't wait to go back.

Lesson 8 Reading English Newspapers

<Reading English Newspapers>

First Asian to Reach World's 14 Highest Peaks

"This is the summit. There are no more mountains to climb," Um Honggil radioed to his fellow climbers at a base camp at K2 on July 31, 2000.

Um, a professional climber from Korea, recently climbed his way up K2, completing his dream of climbing all 14 peaks in the Himalayas that are more than 8,000 meters above sea level. The achievement made him the eighth person in the world and the first in Asia to have climbed all 14 peaks.

Um's success in climbing all 14 peaks has opened a new chapter in the history of Korean mountain climbing. Um said climbing all 14 peaks has a special meaning for him and the country. "The accomplishment of climbing all 14 peaks above 8,000 meters has enhanced the status of Korea," said Um.

It took 12 years for Um to climb all 14 peaks, starting with his successful climbing of Mt. Everest in 1988. The most difficult peak for Um to conquer was Annapurna. He failed to reach the summit four times in a row and on the fourth attempt was badly injured and nearly died. As a result, he had to spend a year in the hospital in Korea. Finally on his fifth attempt he reached the summit.

With his determination to overcome all challenges, however difficult, Um serves as a role model to the youth of today. "The younger generation give up rather easily. They like things to be easy," said Um. "I hope that young people will do their best to achieve their dreams and will not give up when the going gets hard."

Source : The Korea Times

(August 24th, 2000)

Families Catch Up on 55 Lost Years

"Mom, why did you pass away so early? Maybe you were too exhausted, spending every night without sleep. You had to go back and forth between Daejeon and Pyeongyang in your dreams every night". This is what a North Korean son said, as he read a poem he had prepared for his dead mother. With weeping South Korean family members looking on, Oh Yeongjae, a 64-year-old poet, performed a personal ceremony in a room of the Sheraton Walker Hill Hotel. He poured liquor into a crystal cup in front of a specially made 'stone photo' of his parents he had also brought from Pyeongyang. Oh was born in Gangjin, Jeollanam-do, and was taken to the North Korean military when he was only 15. He has now returned home after half a century as one of the most famous poets in North Korea.

Some of the other visitors from North Korea had a happier experience than Mr. Oh as they met family members that they had thought were dead. "Thank you so much for being alive!" Hong Gilsun, 87, exclaimed as she embraced her daughter, Kim Okbae. In one heart-breaking scene after another mothers embraced sons and daughters that they had thought were dead. Brothers and sisters struggled to recognize adults they only blew as small children.

The meetings were arranged by Red Cross talks between North and South Korea. The Korean people have begun to break down the barriers that divide their people. Everyone hopes this will lead to reunifying North and South Korea.

Source : The New York Times

(August 15th, 2000)

PC Game Rooms

Lee Giryung wakes up at 5 p.m., arrives at work at 7:30 p.m. and finishes work at 9:00 a.m. His schedule may be similar to that of a night security guard, but in fact, he is running one of the most dynamic businesses in South Korea.

Lee owns a 'PC room,' or cyber cafe, where one can surf the web or play computer games, and though his place is open 24 hours a day, it gets busiest from 7:30 p.m. Lee, who started his game room a few years ago in Apgujeong-dong, southern Seoul, says he was the first to open in the district but adds there are now 25 rooms operating on the same block.

"I used to only come here to play games. But I now use it for various reasons like doing my homework and online chatting," says a 21-year-old college student Shin Dongyoon, who visits game rooms at least four time a week.

Owner Lee says only teens came when he first started his business but now his customers range between those over 40 and preschool children. A 45-year-old man says he stops by a game room every evening after he finishes supper.

The PC room may be the next major Korean export to the world. Many venture capital companies that are developing programs especially for PC rooms say they are planning to sell their technology in Japan and China.

"There are problems with PC rooms, especially with teenagers who spend too much time playing games, but they should not affect the good side of the industry," says Cho Migang, a researcher at a venture capital company that is developing a PC room business.

"You never know. PC rooms may in the near future become another global made-in-Korea bestseller, next to cellular phones and memory chips," he said.

Source :  The Korea Herald

(November 10th, 1999)

Lesson 9 15-Minute Miracles to Change the World

<15-Minute Miracles to Change the World>

People sometimes complain that the younger generation are selfish, that they are more concerned about receiving rather than giving, that they don't care about anything except their own pleasure. This is definitely not true of Danny Seo. Danny cares about protecting the environment, saving animals from cruelty, and helping people less fortunate than himself. He has been inspiring others to do the same since the age of 12 and his success has won him many awards, including the Albert Schweitzer Reverence for Life Award. He was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People magazine.

Danny Seo became an activist for the environment on his 12th birthday. His birthday falls on Earth Day and when his friends came over that day he told them that they needed to form a group to save the world. He called the group 'Earth 2000' and within a few years it grew from a handful of friends to a nationwide organization of 25,000 members, campaigning to protect the environment and animals.

Danny's activism was a shock at first to his parents who moved from Korea. And like all Korean parents, they expected their children to study hard at high school and go to college. Danny, however, was so busy with his campaigns to save the environment that he had little time to study. He had already decided that his goal in life was to teach other people about how they can become active and make the world a better place.

Danny wrote his first book in 1997, Generation React: Activism for Beginners. The book is based on Danny's experience as an extremely effective activist.

An important event in Danny's life came when he won an award presented by Oprah Winfrey, America's most famous talk show host. Danny won the award for raising 30,000 dollars in 30 days. The money was used to pay for a house as part of a community project to help poor people. He appeared on the Oprah show to explain how he had raised the money. He delivered personal letters to members of Congress asking each for 10 dollars. He persuaded building managers to let him have coins thrown into public fountains. He got the Gap clothing store to give him free T-shirts, then sold them at less than normal price. He got Starbucks coffee shop and Fresh Fields to donate 5 percent of one day's receipts.

After he appeared on the Oprah talk show, he received many letters from viewers saying "I was inspired by what you did, but I could never do anything like that." This made Danny think that his next big task was to convince people that they didn't have to be full-time activists to get involved in making the world a better place. Danny's next book was Heaven on Earth : 15-Minute Miracles to Change the World, in which he gave many examples of how people could make a difference by giving up only 15 minutes of their time. Here are some examples of "15-minute miracles." :

·Collect your spare change for a whole month in a jar. At the end of the month, have it counted at a bank that has a change-counting machine. You can use the money to help poor people.

·Send your old sneakers to shoe companies. They will grind down the rubber and use it to build basketball courts, running tracks, tennis courts and playgrounds all around the country.

·Donate used cellular telephones. Telephone companies in the US will reprogram the phones to dial 911 (the emergency service) to help community safety guards.

These are things, Danny says, that anyone can do which takes up so little time.

Some people may find Danny's lifestyle inconvenient. He does not consume any animal products at all. This means that he not only does not eat meat or fish but also does not eat eggs, milk or any other dairy products. He doesn't wear leather shoes or belts or even wool  sweaters. His latest project is called "Conscious Style" in which he aims to convince people that they can wear beautiful clothes, eat great food and enjoy their life while still protecting animals and the environment. He is convinced that this project will be at least as successful as his previous projects. One thing you can be sure about is that we will be hearing a lot more about Danny Seo in the future.

Lesson 10 The Wandering Continents

<The Wandering Continents>

Did you know that the United States and Europe are slowly moving apart (about 2.5 centimeters every year)? Did you also know that Los Angeles is slowly moving towards San Francisco? The warm sunny place we call Australia was once very cold and much closer to the South Pole than it is now. On the other hand, parts of the land in Antarctica, the coldest place on earth where nothing will grow, was once warm enough to be covered with thick forests. Even fifty years ago the idea that continents move from one place to another over millions of years seemed like the fantasy of a 'crazy' man. The crazy man who first put forward the idea of 'continental drift' was a German scientist named Alfred Wegener. He studied about the weather.

One day in 1911, as Wegener was studying in the library, he discovered some books that showed the locations of fossils found around the world. Until then no scientists had proved their ideas explaining why fossils of certain animals, such as some dinosaurs and snails, were found on lands so far apart. The animals couldn't have swum across the Atlantic Ocean. Some scientists wondered if 'bridges' of land once connected the great land masses. Others thought that, if the continents were once part of a giant land mass, animals could have walked across before the land split up. Wegener became convinced that this had happened.

Wegener drew a map. It showed the Earth as he thought it must have looked more than two hundred million years ago, with one huge supercontinent in the middle of a great ocean. He called the land Pangaea, a word meaning 'all lands,' and he called his theory 'continental drift.'

But other scientists did not agree with him. "You know about the weather, but what do you know about geology?" they said. "Your theory would mean that entire continents have moved through the ocean floor. Impossible!"

Years later, in the early 1950s, new evidence for Wegener's ideas began to turn up. With modern equipment, ships could collect pictures of the ocean floor, and those pictures forever changed the way we looked at our planet. They revealed underwater chains of mountains, called ridges, forty-six thousand miles long, which wind around the Earth like the lines on a baseball.

Those pictures were the start of even more discoveries. Finally, geologists realized that Wegener was right. The continents did break up long ago and move away from one another. The Earth didn't always look the way it does today.

As Wegener had thought, the Earth's land was once a huge supercontinent, surrounded by the ocean. During the time of the dinosaurs, large cracks somehow formed throughout the continent. Pangaea started to split apart, and water filled the gaps between land masses. Over millions of years the gaps widened into a narrow sea, which split the northern lands from those to the south.

What makes the continents move from one place to another? The crust or outer shell of the Earth is cracked in many places. All these cracks separate the crust into twelve or more big pieces, called plates. If you could look sixty miles down into one of the cracks, you would see a deep layer of hot rock that is softer than the solid crust. The plates of the crust float on this soft rock, much as crackers float on a bowl of thick soup.

As the soft rock deep in the Earth moves around in great, slow moving currents, it drags the plates along. Some of the plates move away from each other. For example, the plates that carry Africa, North America and South America are slowly drawing away from one another. As these plates move, new lava flows up through the widening cracks, creating new ocean floor. Other plates crash into or grind against each other, causing earthquakes.

The plates below the earth are still changing our Earth. The United States and England are creeping away from each other at a pace of almost 2.5 centimeters a year. Along one crack, called the San Andreas fault, lower California is being pulled north and away from the rest of  the United States. In about fifty million years, Los Angeles might be next to San Francisco.

No one knows where today's continents will end up. But one thing is certain: Our planet will continue to change. One hundred million years from now, a map of the Earth will look very different from the map you use today.

Project Activity Ⅱ

Damon and Pythias

Narrator : This is a story about two young men named Damon and Pythias who were famous for their friendship. They lived on the island of Sicily where the king was a tyrant who made cruel laws. One day a soldier overhears Pythias complaining about a new law the king has made.

Soldier : Hey, you! Who are you?

Pythias : My name is Pythias.

Soldier : How dare you speak like that about our king? You are under arrest! Let's see what the king thinks about your opinion.

Narrator : Pythias is brought before the king.

King : So, Pythias! I hear you do not like the laws I make.

Pythias : I am not the only one, Your Majesty, who thinks your laws are cruel.

King : (Angry) And you think you have the right to speak for the people. Are you their leader?

Pythias : No, Your Majesty. I speak only for myself. But I believe that the people are suffering under your rule.

King : So, you think I am a tyrant! Well, you shall see for yourself how a tyrant treats a man who opposes the king! Soldier! Throw this man into prison!

Pythias : How long will I be in prison, Your Majesty?

King : Not very long, Pythias. Two weeks from today, at noon, you will be put to death in the public square, as an example to anyone else who dares to question my laws. Take him to prison, soldier!

Narrator : When Damon hears what has happened to his friend Pythias, he is shocked. He runs to the prison and persuades the guard to let him speak to his friend.

Damon : Oh, Pythias! This is terrible! I wish I could do something to save you!

Pythias : It's all right, Damon, I am prepared to die. But I'm worried about what will happen to my mother and sister when I'm gone.

Damon : I'll take care of them, Pythias, as if they were my own mother and sister.

Pythias : Thank you, Damon. But there are things I must arrange. If only I could go to see them before I die! But they live two days' journey away from here.

Damon : I'll go to the king and beg him to give you your freedom for a few days. You'll give your word to return at the end of that time. Everyone in Sicily knows that you are a man who has never broken his word.

Pythias : Do you believe for one moment that the king would agree to that?

Damon : I'll tell him that I will take your place in this prison cell. I'll tell him that if you do not return in time, he may kill me in your place!

Pythias : No, no Damon! I cannot let you do this! Damon! Damon! Don't go!

Narrator : Damon hurries to the king to ask this special favor for his friend.

Damon : Your Majesty! I beg you! Let Pythias go home for a few days to say farewell to his mother and sister. He gives his word that he will return at the time you fixed. Everyone knows that his word can be trusted.

King : But Pythias is under sentence of death. He would never come back!

Damon : Your Majesty! I will take his place in prison until he comes back. If he does not return, then you may take my life in his place.

King : I can't believe you really mean it!

Damon : I do mean it, Your Majesty. All right. Let's see if Pythias is indeed a man of his word. But Pythias must be back two weeks from today, at noon.

Damon : Thank you, Your Majesty!

King : But I warn you, if your friend does not return on time, you will definitely die in his place!

Narrator : Pythias does not like the agreement between the king and Damon. He does not want to leave his friend in prison, with the chance that he might die if something goes wrong. But at last Damon persuades him to leave and Pythias sets out for his home.

Narrator : More than a week goes by. The last day for Damon draws near Pythias has not returned. Two days before the time is up, the king himself visits Damon in his prison cell.

King : You see now, Damon, that you were a fool to make this bargain. Your friend has tricked you! He will not come back here to be killed! He has deserted you.

Damon : (Calm and firm) I have faith in my friend, I know he will return.

King : We shall see!

Narrator : Meanwhile, when Pythias reaches his family's home, he arranges his business affairs so thats his mother and sister will be able to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. Then he says a last goodbye to them before starting back to the city.

Mother : [In tears] Pythias, it will take you only two days to get back. Stay another day, please!

Pythias : I cannot stay longer, Mother. Remember Damon is locked up in my prison cell while I'm gone. Please don't make it harder for me! Goodbye! Don't cry. My death may help to bring better times for all our people.

Narrator : So Pythias begins his return journey in plenty of time. But in the early evening of the first day as he is walking through a lonely wood, a rough voice calls out.

First Robber : Hey, you. Stop!

Pythias : What do you want?

Second Robber : Your money.

Pythias : I'll give you my money, but don't make me late. I am to die by the king's order three days from now. If I don't return to prison on time, my friend will die in my place.

Narrator : The two robbers laugh at this story. They take Pythias's money, tie him to a tree and go off as fast as they can. Pythias struggles to free himself. He cries out for  help as loud as he can. But no one is travelling through that lonely wood after dark. It is not until the afternoon of the next day that he finally manages to hee himself loom the ropes that tie him to the tree. Weak from hunger and thirst and the struggle to free himself, he sets off again.

Narrator : Day and night he travels without stopping, desperately trying to reach the city in time to save Damon's life.

Narrator : On the last day, half an hour before noon, Damon's hands are tied behind his back and he is taken into the public square. The people speak angrily as Damon is led in by the jailer. Then the king enters and seats himself on a high platform.

Soldier : (Loud) Long live the king!

First Vice : [Softly] The longer he lives, the more miserable our lives will be!

King : Well, Damon, your time is nearly up. Where is your good friend Pythias now?

Damon : I have faith in my friend. If he has not returned, I'm sure it is not his fault. I am ready, and happy, to die in his place.

King : Jailer, lead the prisoner to the gallows.

First Voice : (Shouting) Look! It's Pythias!

Second Voice : Pythias has come back!

Pythias : (Breathless) Let me through!

Damon : Damon!

Pythias : Pythias! Thank goodness! I'm not too late!

Damon : I would have died for you gladly, Pythias, if you had not returned.

Crowd Voices : (Loud) Set them free! Set them both free!

King : (Loud) People of Sicily! I have never in all my life seen such friendship between two men. I cannot kill any man who shows such strong and true friendship for another. Damon and Pythias, I set you both free I am king. I command a great army. I have stores of gold and precious jewels. But I would give all my money and my power if I had one friend like Damon or Pythias!