한국교육미디어 (고2)

Lesson 1 The Future World

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Ji-su : Hi, Brian. I haven't seen you for a long time. What did you do last week?

Brian : I read some books on the future and watched an old movie, "Back to the                Future".

Ji-su : What was it about?

Brian : It was about a time machine. It was really interesting.

2.

Ji-su : A computer might be able to recognize any voice command in the near future.

Brian : You mean we won't need a keyboard?

Ji-su : Right! No more typing! We'll use speech recognition software instead!

Brian : Computers are going to be more and more convenient.

3.

Brian : Could you tell me what a virtual human being is?

Ji-su : A whole human being made of information on a computer!

Brian : Well, thanks for your explanation. But I still don't get it.

Ji-su : You're made of DNA information. What if all that information was on a                 computer?

Step 3

Q1. What did the man do last week?

Q2. Does the woman know about the future computer?

Q3. What does the man want to know about?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Min-gi : What is the Genome Project?

Sarah : I'm not really sure. It has something to do with mapping all the DNA in                 humans.

Min-gi : What will that mean?

Sarah : Lots of things. It may mean medicines for cnacer. A longer life for everyone!

Min-gi : I doubt it. There will always be smoking, drinking, crimd and fast cars.

Sarah : There might be a gene for those things too!

Task 2

Clerk : What are you looking for?

So-ra : I'm looking for a new cell phone.

Clerk : How about this one? It's a cell phone with PDA.

So-ra : What does PDA mean?

Clerk : It stands for Personal Digital Assistant.

It's a kind of mobile computing.

So-ra : It's perfect for me. I appreciate your help.

Task 3

Cars will use new, clean fuels and they will go very fast. Cars will have computers to control their speed and there won't be any accidents. Many cars will have computers that tell drivers exactly where the driver will be. In 100 years, a car will be able to fly all over the world and you will se them on the ocean, too.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct1

1.

W : I haven't seen you for ages. Where have you been?

M : I've been to Canada. I attended a workshop about the future.

2.

M : Robots might be able to recognize your face.

W : Oh, really? Can they tell the difference between a robot and a man?

3.

W : Let me e-mail you my notes from the workshop.

M : I appreciate your kindness.

B. InterAct2

M : Are people going to live longer in the future?

W : Of course, they are.

M : How many people will be on earth in 50 years?

W : There might be over 12 billion people.

M : Why do you think population is increasing?

W : Because health care is getting better and better.

M : I know it, but some people smoke and drink a lot.

W : Anyway, generally speaking, the population will increase.

Level-Up

Corner A

Chen : I think life will be much better. I'm sure people won't have to work so hard             and they will have more free time. I expect we will have a lot of new jobs by          the year 2020. But there will be fewer jobs in manufacturing because machines          or robots will do most of the boring jobs. I think medicine will get better too.           Fewer people will die of terrible diseases, like cancer or AIDS and we will all           live longer lives. I suppose there will be a cure for them by then. People will           travel much faster, perhaps to other planets and the moon.

Judy : I hope life will be better for our environment. I expect that the protection of our         environment will become an important political issue. This will lead to big              changes in our lifestyles. We will have to consume less and recycle more.               Because telecommunications are getting better, there will be few households             without a computer. This means that more people will be able to work at home,         which is good news for the environment because it menas that fewer people will         drive to work. If there are only a few cars on the road, there will be little traffic         and pollution and the air will be healthier and cleaner.

Self-Study

B.

M : I'm not a real person any more. In fact, there are no real people.

We are entirely composed of information held in great computers.

W : What about sports?

M : We don't have muscles, so of course we don't have sports.

W : I don't understnad. If you don't have bodies, how do you wear clothes when you        want? And what are we looking at?

M : Well as you see, we can wear clothes and bodies when we want.

C.

M : I haven't seen you for ages. What did you do during the vacation?

W : I read a good book on medical technology.

M : Did you find out anything special?

W : Yes, I found that scientists might be able to control genes.

M : I heard that they have already produced clones of animals.

W : Scientist will also be able to produce clones of people in the near future.

M : It makes me more confused.

W : Never mind. Let's talk more about it.

Communicator Ⅰ

A

Min-gi : I haven't seen you for ages. What did you do during the vacation?

Jennifer : I read a good book on medical technology.

Min-gi : Did you find out anything special?

Jennifer : Yes, I found that scientists might be able to control genes.

Min-gi : I heard they've already produced clones of animals.

Jennifer : Yes, and scientists will also be able to produce clones of people in the near             future.

Min-gi : That confuses me. ____________________

Jennifer : Never mind. Let's talk more about it later.

Min-gi : I wish I could clone myself! Then I would give you a copy and give another            one to Jennifer!

Jennifer : ______________________

본문

□We cannot be sure about anythin in the new millennium," said Jinho's physics teacher. "But we can be fairly sure that time travel is not possible. In fact, we can be fairly sure that it never will be possible."

Jin-ho was absolutely sure of one thing about the new millennium. Physics was still the most boring thing in school. He was falling asleep.

"Because ... if it were possible ... we would have time travelers right here among us now, people from the future, who would ..."

Suddenly, Jin-ho heard a loud explosion. When he looked up, his physics teacher was gone. In his place stood a strange man dressed entirely in plastic. Even his skin seemed to be made of plastic. He didn't look like a real man at all, but moe like a cyber character.

"I am your new physics teacher," said the strange man. "I'm Mr. Plastic from the 29th century, and I am here to explain to you how time travel works."

"Woaaah!" shouted Jin-ho's classmates. "Are you for real?" asked Jin-ho.

"Yes and no," said the strange man. "Let me explain. In the 21st century, your century, we developed many ways of improving the boday. We helped blind people see. deaf people hear. We gave people with physical disabilities bodies that were better than those of healthy people. Soon everybody wanted a new body. People spent so much time planning their bodies that they stopped using their brains. So we got rid of bodies all together."

"What?" said the kids. "What do you mean?"

"Uh," said Jin-ho. "What about soccer? What about the World Cup?"

"We do not have muscles, so of course we don't have sports. We still play football with each other on the Internet. But now we play in three dimensions."

"That's not what I meant," said Jin'ho, a big footvall fan. "I just want to know who is going to win the next World Cup."

"I don't understnad," said Ji-su. She was the class princess. "If you don't have bodies, how do you wear clothes? And what are we looking at?"

"Well, as you wee, we can wear clothes and bodies whenever we want." Mr. Plastic took out a small pocket computer and pressed a few keys. He changed clothes a hundred times in five seconds, and then put on the body of a famous pop star. Some of the girls screamed. The plastic man then changed his body to that of a beautiful young woman instead.

"How did you do that?" asked Ji-su. "Can I do it, too?"

"I'm afraid not," said the man. "You see, you are made of flesh and blood. But I am a virtual person. I consist of information. This is why it is possible for me to travel in time."

"How can a person be made of information?" asked the class computer wizard, So-ra.

"I'm getting to that. After we got rid of bodies, we found that brains were a lot of trouble too. They kept giving us headaches. So we just downloaded everything on to computers and threw the brains away. I am composed of information downloaded in the 26th century. As of today, I am 314 years and 126 days old."

"Hey," said So-ra. "You look pretty young for your age."

"Thank you," said Mr. Plastic. "Naturally, I will be able to live forever, unless I am reformatted. And of course we don't need to eat at all. That is fortunate, for in the future there is nothing to eat."

"Nothing?" said Frank. He was the class glutton, and it was nearly lunchtime.

"Nothing. You see, by the middle of the 21st century there were over 9 billion people on earth, and there wasn't enough land to raise animals for food. People had to live on vegetables and grain. And the population continued to go up!"

"What about fish?" asked Frank. The idea of eating only vegetables and grain for the next thousand years did not appeal to him.

"Even the seas had been turned into fish farms."

"Why didn't you just travel to other planets?"

"Some people did, you know, But it still took hundreds of years to reach other star systems, so they never came back. They didn't even write letters home!"

Jin-ho thought of Eun-su, who had been his girlfriend in middle school. Her family had moved to the United States. She hadn't written any letters, either.

"Why didn't you get rid of school?" asked Ted. He disliked school and he was always cutting class. "You could just download the textbook!"

"We tried that," said Mr. Plastic. "But it didn't work very well. Although it was very easy to turn people without school into virtual people, they didn't really learn to live together very well. So there were a lot of fights among them."

Ho-bin, who liked history, spoke up. "What about wars? Did they stop completely?"

"Hmm ... well, you are not going to like this," replied Mr. Plastic. "In your century, many countries had developed atomic weapons. Several nuclear wars broke out, and eventually much of the world was destroyed. Many of your children and grandchildren did not survive."

Suddenly there was another explosion. The strange man was replaced by another strange man. This one was not dressed in plastic at all. He was dressed in a very simple hanbok, and he was strong, and healthy.

"Who are you?" asked Sarah. "You're cure!"

"Thank you," said the man in the hanbok. I am from another 29th century ..."

"Another 29th century? How many are there?" asked Sarah.

"My child, there isn't even one yet. You have to build it."

"What are you doing, Jin-ho?" said an angry physics teacher. "Stop daydreaming!" the teacher scolded. Jin-ho was startled and every student in the class got a good laugh.

Jin-ho realized that he had fallen asleep. "Oh, I'm sorry, but ..."Jin-ho scratched his head. "Everybody, be quiet! Please, pay attention to the lecture." The teacher was trying to calm down the class. But Jin-ho, thinking of the plastic man, was still wandering in the world of the 29th century.

Lesson 2   Popular Western Music

Listening focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Frank : What do you do in your spare time?

So-ra : usually I listen to music. Listening to classical music is one of my favorite pastimes.

Frank : Oh, is it? How about jazz?

So-ra : I don't have any interest in jazz.

2.

So-ra : Can you play the violin?

Frank : No. You know, I was dying to learn how to play it when I was a kid.

So-ra : What happened?

Frank : I had to practice two hours a day. Soon I was dying to quit!

3.

So-ra : Wow, this pop song is terrific! How do you feel about this song?

Frank : Well, I have no idea, but isn't it an old song?

So-ra : Yes, it is, but the rhythm is new.

It sounds like some kind of new dance music.

Frank : I don't have much interest in pop music.

Step 3

Q1. What kind of music does the woman like?

Q2. Did the man learn the violin?

Q3. What are they listening to?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Min-gi : I have tickets to a concert on Saturday night. Would you like to go with me?

Sarah : I'd love to. When will the concert start?

Min-gi : It begins at 7:00.

Sarah : I think I can make it. Let's go together.

Min-gi : Great. Why don't we meet at 6:00 then?

Sarah : Okay.

Task 2

Se-min : You sometimes listen to music, don't you?

Jennifer : Yes, a lot.

Se-min : Is there any special music you like?

Jennifer : I like rock and roll.

Se-min : I'm into rock, too. Especially heavy metal!

Jennifer : Not me. I like the original one.

Task 3

Se-min : Julian, do you like pop music?

Jennifer : Yes, but I prefer jazz to pop music. Do you have any favorite pop singer?

Se-min : I'm a fan of the Beatles. I'm dying to see them for real.

Jennifer : I like jazz a lot. How do you like jazz?

Se-min : I sometimes listen to jazz.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct1

1.

M : Playing the guitar is one of my favorite pastimes.

W : Oh, is it? Can you play the bass, too?

M : Oh, yes, Ireally like the bass, too.

2.

W : How do you feel about this song?

M : Weell, I have no idea. I don't have much interest in classical music.

3.

W : What do you want to do this weekend?

M : I'm dying to see the musical, The Phantom of the Opera.

A. InterAct2

Brian : Ji-su, what do you do in your free time?

Ji-su : What I most enjoy is music.

Brian : You like music! What kind of music?

Ji-su : I like Korean traditional music.

Brian : That's good. Have you ever played a Korean traditional instrument?

Ji-su : Yes. I play the Gayageum.

Brian : Sounds difficult ... but interesting!

Guided Writing

A.

Unfortunately, the Mozarts had money problems. Wolfgang made a lot of money, but he was always in debt. Sometimes people didn't pay him with money; they gave him watches or jewelry instead. But when he got money, he usually spent it on expensive clothes and furniture. One story said that once when Mozart had no money to heat his house, he danced with his wife to keep warm. The Mozarts had six children, but only two lived to be adults.

Self-Study

B.

Julia : Hey, Ho-bin, what are you doing tonight? Would you like to go out?

Ho-bin : I can't. I need to study late tonight. I have to finish this report.

Julia : Well, how about tomorrow night? Are you doing anything then?

Ho-bin : No, I'm not. What are you planning to do?

Julian : I'm going to see a musical. Would you like to join me?

Ho-bin : Sure, I'd love to. But let me pay for the tickets this time. It's my turn.

Julia : All right!

C.

My favorite music store is sonic Records. There's one near my school. It's really popular with people of my age. They have a great selection of CDs - a lot more than other stores. That makes it easier to find what I want. They've aloso got lots of listening stations. When I have time, I love to spend an hour or so listening to new releases. Besides CDs, they carry videos, laser discs, and even records. Records aren't as convenient as CDs, but lots of people think the sound is better.

communicator Ⅰ

Se-min : You're going to play the viloin?

Jennifer :  ______________________

Se-min : The names of musical instruments are confusing.

Jennifer : I understnad that.

Se-min : ________________ I can't tell the difference betwween a violin and viola.

Jennifer : Right. It's not easy to tell which one is which.

Se-min : Music ...that's not my life.

Jennifer : Come on! You can enjoy music when you play an instrument. You can begin with an easy one, like a guitar.

Se-min : I was dying to learn the violin.

Jennifer : So? Why didn't you learn?

Se-min : _________________. But after one day of practice, I didn't have much interest in the violin anymore!

본문

Duke Ellington said that there were only two kinds of music: good music and bad music. but if you ask thirty people in your class, you'll probably get thirty different kinds of good music and even more kinds of bad music. In the following readings, we'll gook at just five kinds of music: classical, blues / jazz, rock and roll, country music, and Latin.

Classical Music : Mozart

"Classical" music from Europe is the oldest. Mozart, for example, died when he was only 35. But if he were still alive, he would be almost 250 years old! Of course, he didn't know he was a "classical" musician. In fact, he thought he was writing modern popular music!

In some ways he was right. Before Mozart, the composer wrote the music and then other people perfomrmed it. but for Mozart, singing and playing was just as important as writing, and he often wrote music for "starts" in his days. Before Mozart, classical music was mostly serious music about religion and ancient myths. Mozart wrote that kind too, but he also wrote easy, funny songs about love, youth, and even streetfighting. Before Mozart, classical music was mostly for the very rich or for the king of a country. But Mozart's tunes were world hits - and they still are!

Blues and Jazz : billie Holiday

Nobody really knows where, when, or by whom the love, pain, work and death of black slaves were put into blues music. But we know that Billie Holiday started singing "blues" on street corners in 1929. One of her most famous songs is against the hanging of black people by whites:

Southern trees have strange fruit

Blood on the leaves, and blood at the root

Many white people thought it was just a poetic song about trees!

Billie took the blues and made it jazz. She couldn't sing many notes, but the notes she used were slightly different from the European scale that classical music used. Also, she could swing the words around the beat, never quite hitting the beat, and never singing the same song the same way twice. But, like Mozart, she wrote musci as well as played it, and her songs spread all over the world. And like Mozart, she died young, from drugs and alcohol.

Rock and Roll: Cui Jian

white people began cancing to black music, and in the 1950s, with Elvis Presley, it all became rock and roll, the most popular music in the world today.

Almost every country has many rock bands and singers. But for a long time, China was one of the few places in the world in which rock music was banned. But all of that was changed in 1989 by someone who brought rock and roll to even more people than Elvis: a Chinese-Korean named Cui Jian (Choe Gan)

Like Mozart, Cui Jian's father was a classical musician. Cui Jian learned to play jazz trumpet and many traditional instruments like the "gu-jeng" (similar to the gayageum). but in the late eighties he began to make his own kind of music, full of blues and hard rock and roll rhythms, raw singing, and feeling. His first and biggest hit was "Nothing to My Name.":

You just laugh again and again

That I've got nothing to my name.

Like Billie Holiday, his songs got him into trouble. In 1989 Cui Jian performed during student demonstrations at Tiananmen Square and he has rarely been allowed to perform since then. But he's still the most popular rock musician in China.

Contry Music: Hank Williams

Country music is the "white man's blues", and it sounds like it. It's music by poor, working white people, and so it has a lot of the same themes as black blues: work, pain, and death.

Hank Williams, who wrote many of the country songs people still sing today, learned to play the guitar from a black street musician. When he was sixteen, he left high school and began to appear on the radio. He called his band the "Drifting Cowboys", and they drifted from beer bar to beer bar, playing for cowboys and working people. Like Mozart and Billie Holiday, Hank drank too much, and by the time he was only 29, it killed him. but he left behind a lot of songs that you probably know, like Jambalaya.

Goodbye Joe, I've got to go, Me-oh-my-oh!

I've got to pole the pirogue(boat) down the Bayou(River)!

In 1986, a new song, "Tear in my Beer" was found by his son, and using computer technology, they sang it together: even though Hank had been dead for 26 years!

Latin Music: Ricky Martin

Latin music is both European and American, both very old and very new: some of it, like the Gipsy Kings, goes back to before Mozart. some of it, like the music of Ricky Martin or Jennifer Lopez, is more English than Spanish and really sounds just like ordinary pop music.

Ricky Martin is from Puerto Rico, the largest remaining colony in the world. Because Puerto Rico is a colony of the United States, it speaks both Spanish and English. For this reason, some of Ricky's songs are a little difficult to understnad!

Real Latin music comes from the ocuntries where people speak Spanish or Portuguese: Central and South America, Brazil, and even the Cape Verde Islands off of Africa. It's a mixture of European music and African music. It has a strong beat and it's good for dancing. "Salsa" is one kind of Latin music that is particularly for dance.

What did Duke mean when he said there were only two kinds of music, good and bad? Maybe Duke menat this. Every time and every place produces a different style of music. Some music has the power to make us think new thoughts, even about very old ideas, like pain, love, and death. Some music has the power to swing its melody into a rhythm and make us feel it. Ohter music just has the power to make money. Duke said it best: "It don't mean a thing it it ain't got that swing."

Unit 3

Communicator Ⅰ

Min-gi : Do you have a date for this weekend yet?

Sarah : _______________ that I can find one. Could you introduce someone to me?

Min-gi : What kind of person do you like?

Sarah : I like generous people.

Min-gi : You mean your date should be kind, honest, and ready to help people?

Sarah : That's exactly what I like. I don't like selfish people.

Min-gi : O.K. I know someone who can be your perfect date.

Sarah : What's he like?

Min-gi : He has all your preferences. _______________ that you two have a lot in common.

Sarah : Can you arrange for me to meet him some day?

Min-gi : No problem. It's me!

본문

Love is very motivating. I'm in love, and it sure brings out the best in me! Just ask anyone who knows me! Now that I have a boyfriend, I'm so much more together.

"Are you making the honor roll this quarter?" I asked Kyle Wilson one day in the cafeteria, just to strike up a conversation.

"Sure, aren't you?" he replied.

"Hope so," I said, knowing there was probably a better chance of me winning the lottery - and I'm too young to play. But hearing the expectation in his voice that I would be on the honor roll with him, I was determined that "yes" I would be on the honor roll - even if I'd only made it one other time in the last two years. Then, in the next breath, Kyle asked me if I'd like for him to "swing by my house" to go to the library with him later that evening. From that very "first date," I've taken every single one of my books home, because I decided then and there I was going to study harder than ever! I mean, since Kyle really cares about getting good grades, and his goal is to be on the honor roll, it made me think about my own grades. When I started going out with him, my grades were just average.

I did what I needed to do to get by. but knwoing good grades are important to him, now I work harder on keeping my own grades up.

I've even enlisted the help of my good friends Melinda and Morgan. We always get together after school, just to hang out. We used to listen to music, talk, laugh, and just mess around - but we didn't do homework. Until now! Now, sometimes we get together and really study, especially if one of us is having a difficult time in a subject that another one is good in. It's made our grades better - and our friendship, too.

"Where do you keep the vacuum bags, Mom?" I asked one Saturday last month. "Why do you want to know?" my mother questioned, looking honestly puzzled. Well, she almost fell over when I said I wanted to vacuum the carpet.

"Kyle is picking me up, and I've been to his house - it's perfectly spotless, so I think I'll vacuum, especially the TV room where we ate cookies last night." After the initial shock, my mother walked arond looking like she was the one who had won the lottery. Making her that happy actually felt good. Now I'm in the habit of doing my part to help keep the house picked up and neat.

With Kyle in my life, I'm really getting my act together. And I've discovered it has some really good "side effects." For example, now that I'm getting my homework done each weekday - rathe rthan delaying and letting it go until the weekend - I can spend time with Kyle on weekends. Since my homework is done on time, my parents don't have to constantly remind me to get it on, so we talk more and argue less. It's really cool that once I started acting more responsible, my parents atarted to give me more respect. All these things that they used to have to nag me about, I now find myself doing it make all my relationships better, but I'm really sure I'll be on the honor roll next quarter. About that time, I may even be wearing Kyle's class ring around my neck!

Like I said, love is very motivating!

Unit 4   How to Make a Speech

Listening focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Brian : Hey, what are you listening to now?

So-ra : I'm listening to a famous English speech.

Brian : Oh, really? Can you understand speeches?

So-ra : yes, but not 1000 percent.

Brian : You must have practiced a lot.

2.

Brian : Is it President Lincoln's speech?

So-ra : No. It's Martin Luther King, Jr.'s.

Brian : Martin Luther King, Jr.? I've heard of him.

So-ra : Then, do you know his famous speech "I have a dream"?

Brian : Yes, I've read the speech once. I was deeply moved by it.

3.

Brian : By the way, do you have to make a five-minute speech next English class?

So-ra : Yes. I'm going to make a speech about teen's free time activities.

Brian : Are you ready for it?

So-ra : Yes, but I'm nervous about it.

Brian : I'm sure you'll do fine.

Step 3

Q1. what is the woman doing?

Q2. What is the woman listening to?

Q3. What is the woman's speech about?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Mrs. Jones : Have you decided your subject for the short speech?

Min-gi : I haven't decided yet.

Mrs. Jones : How about music? What kind of music do you like best, Min-gi?

Min-gi : I like rock music. the thoughts of young people are reflected in it.

Mrs. Jones : Are they? Actually I don't feel comfortable with rock music.

Min-gi : Some is pretty poor, but some other is quite good, though.

Mrs. Jones : You must have studied a lot about rock music. Why don't you make a speech about rock music to the class tomorrow?

Min-gi : Rock music? Okay! No problem.

Task 2

Brian : How was your speech?

So-ra : I think your advice was helpful.

Brian : What do you mean?

So-ra : I made several mistakes, but I turned them into a joke.

Brian : Good! You must have worked hard on your speech.

So-ra : Actually, yes. When I finished, my firends all rose and gave me a big hand.

Briand : Congratulations! You'll do even better next time.

Task 3

Use your voice to carry meaning and feeling to all your listeners. If you speak clearly and stress individual words where needed, yor speech will not be boring. Practice using your voice to show your feelings and personality. Then you will find that your ideas flow freely across to your audience.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

W : Did Mr. Davis know about your topic?

M : Yes, he must have read my speech preparation.

2.

W : How did you feel when he won the prize in the English speech contest?

M : I was deeply moved by his achievement.

3.

W : I'll be a chairperson for the next class meeting.

M : Really? I hope you do a good job.

B. InterAct 2

Jennifer : When are you going to make a speech to the class?

Se-min : I'm supposed to make it at the end of this month.

Jennifer : Are you sure you'll make a good speech?

Se-min : Well, it might be possible to get ready for it in a week.

Jennifer : Did you decide your topic?

Se-min : Yes. I'm going to talk about "The Noise Pollution in the Park."

Jennifer : That's great! I'm sure you'll do a good job.

Self-Study

B.

But cheer up! Don't get discouraged! It doesn't have to be that bad all the time. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech-making. first of all, it is important to plan in advance. Do some homework. Find out everything you can about your subject. And, at the same time, find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they? What do they know about your subject? Do they have a common interest? Why are they coming to hear you speak? Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech.

C.

W : When are you going to make a speech to the class?

M : I am supposed to make it at the end of this month.

W : Are you sure you'll make a good speech?

M : Well, it might be possible to get ready for it in a week.

W : Did you decide your topic?

M : Yes, I'm going to talk about making a study group.

W : That's great! I hope you do a good job.

Communicator Ⅰ

Sarah : Why were you absent from history class yesterday?

Min-gi : I was in bed with a bad cold.

Sarah : I'm sorry to hear that. You must take care of yourself.

Min-gi : O.K. I will. Anyway, how was Min-ho's group speech?

Sarah : It was great. I was deeply moved by the story.

Min-gi : _________________________

Sarah : Min-ho used lots of jokes. Everybody laughed and laughed.

Min-gi : Really? _______________________

Sarah : I think it is important not to be shy and to remain calm.

Min-gi : right. We don't have to be perfect all the time.

Sarah : Next Monday our group has to give a speech about the Goguryeo Kingdom, you know?

Min-gi : Yes, I do. I'm sure we'll do better.

본문

□I stood up to speak and my mind went blank." Has this ever happened to you? To some of you it already has, but to most of you it has not happened yet. However, sooner or later, you will find yourself in a position to stand before an audience, large or small, and make a speech of some kind that the occasion calls for.

If you are asked to give a speech unexpectedly, you are most likely to be terrified. You get nervous. You forget what you want to say. You stumble over words. You talk too long and bore your audience. Later you think, "Thank goodness, it's over. I am just no good at public speaking. I hope I never have to do it again."

But cheer up! Don't get discouraged! It doesn't have to be that bad all the time. Here are some simple steps to take the pain out of speech-making.

First of all, it is important to plan in advance. Do some homework. Find out everything you can do about your subject. And. At the same time, find out as much as you can about your audience. Who are they? What do they know about your subject? Do they have a common interest? Why are they coming to hear you speak? Put yourself in their shoes as you prepare your speech.

Ask yourself the purpose of your speech. What is the occasion? Why are you speaking? Are you introducing another speaker? Moderating a discussion? Giving a lecture? Trying to convince someone? There ar emany possible speaking roles, and each one has its own special characteristics. Make sure you know into which category you fit. Don't spoil your speech by confusing one speaking role with another.

Let us suppose that you have been asked to introduce the main speaker at a conference. First, find out the most important and interesting things about the speaker. Then, summarize this information in a few remarks. It is all right to tell a joke or an anecdote if it is in good taste and will not embarrass the speaker. And, most important, be brief. Remember, you are not the main speaker; you are introducing the main speaker.

If you are a moderator, you should begin by giving a quick introduction of the people on the panel. After that, you should try to keep the discussion running smoothly, and you should try to keep it focused on the subject being discussed by maintaining connections between the speakers.

If you are giving a lecture or explaining an idea, gather as many facts as you can on your subject. Spend pletny of time doing your research. Then spend plenty of time organizing your material so that your speech is clear and easy to follow. Use as many examples as possible, and use pictures and charts if they will help you make your points clear. Never forget your audience. Don't talk over their heads, and don't talk down to them. Treat your audience with respect. They will appreciate your thoughtfulness.

When you are making your speech, try to relax. speak slowly and clearly, and look at people in your audience. Use simple vocabulary and expressions whenever possible. Pause for a few seconds now and then to give your audience a chance to think about what you have said. Make sure that everyone in the room can hear you. If it is a large room or an auditorium, you will probably have to use a microphone.

Just remember: be prepared. Understand your subject, your audience, and the occasion. Be brief. Say what you have to say and then stop. And be yourself. Let your personality come through so that you make person-to-person contact with your audience.

If you follow these simple steps, you'll see that you don't have to be sfraid of public speaking. In fact, you may find the experience so interesting that you volunteer to make more speeches. You are not convinced yet? Give it a try and see what happens.

Unit 5   Inventions and inventors

Listening focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Mi-ran : What a terrible traffic accident!

Frank : Yes, but thanks to the safety glass, the driver was not seriously hurt.

Mi-ran : Really? What is safety glass?

2.

Frank : Safety glass is the glass that doesn't have sharp edges when it breaks. You can see it everywhere - in windshields for cars, and windows and doors for many buildings.

Do you see what I mean?

Mi-ran : Oh, I see. It's a special kind of glass!

Frank : That's right.

3.

Mi-ran : How do you know all this?

Frank : My main interest in inventions. I enjoy reading books on inventors.

According to my book, safety glass was the result of a mistake by a scientist.

Mi-ran : What? Tell me the story. It sounds interesting.

Frank : Good. I'm glad that you're interested.

Step 3

Q1. What are they seeing?

Q2. What is the man explaining to the woman?

Q3. What does the man enjoy?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Sarah : Ho-bin, what do you want to be?

Ho-bin : I want to be an inventor.

Sarah : Have you invented anything?

Ho-bin : I'm working on it! I'm designing a folding car.

Sarah : Interesting. You mean, you can fold the car for parking, and unfold it to drive?

Ho-bin : Exactly, See! I've got the first version right here!

Sarah : But ... that's just a drawing of a car!

Ho-bin : I'm half finished: I can fold it! I just can't drive it!

Task 2

Ho-bin : Do you like this jacket?

It's made of Polytec - recycled plastic bottles!

Jennifer : Hey, it's great! How do you take it off?

Ho-bin : With this zipper! Zip, zip, zip!

Jennifer : Great! Why has it got zippers on the arms?

Ho-bin : You can take the arms off and wear it as a vest!

Task 3

Why do we save our coins in a piggy bank? During the Middle Ages, metal was expensive and seldom used for household wares. Instead, dishes and pots were made of clay called pygg. Whenever housewives could save an extra coin, they dropped it into one of their clay jars. They called this their pygg bank. Over the next two hundred to three hundred years, people forgot that "pygg". In the nineteenth century when English potters received requests for piggy banks, they produced banks shaped like a pig.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

A : What a terrible traffic accident!

B : Yes, but thanks to the safety glass, the driver was not seriously hurt.

2.

A : Safety glass in the glass that doesn't have sharp edges when it breaks.

Are you with me?

B : Oh, I see. It's a special kind of glass!

3.

A : My main interest is inventions.

B : Are you going to be an inventor?

A : No, I'm going to be a patent lawyer.

B. InterAct 2

A : Do you know who invented the postage stamp?

B : Yes, I know. Rowland Hill, a British teacher, first had the idea.

A : What a surprise! How do you know that?

B : My hobby is collecting stamps.

A : What else do you know about the stamp?

B : He also invented the idea of a postage stamp with glue on the back.

A : Really? I never knew that!

Level-Up

1. Joseph, a French paper producer started to think about the shape of the balloon he was going to use for  his first experiments. To begin with, he chose one cubic meter globe, made of silk. He heated it above a fire, and it rose thirty meters high. These events happened in November 1782.

2. A Hungarian journalist named Ladislo Biro, invented the first ballpoint pen in 1938. Biro had noticed that the type of ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry. He decided to devise a new type of point. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated picking up ink and leaving it on the paper.

3. In 1973 in the United States, a General Motors research team invented the first air bags used for car safety. They were offered in their cars. At the time, car buyers did not buy the air bags. They were not a commercial success.

4. In 1508, Leonardo da Vinci sketched and described several forms of contact lenses, but it took until 1948 when kevin Tuohy, a doctor in Switzerland, invented the soft plastic lens for contacts to become a reality. The first contact lenses were thick and not very comfortable.

5. The safety pin was the invention of Walter Hunt, a mechanic from New York. He twisted a piece of wire, trying to think of something that would help him pay off a fifteen-dollar debt. On April 10, 1849, tyhe safety pin was patented. Hunt also thought little of his safety pin as an invention and soon sold the patent for four hundred dollars.

Self-Study

B.

Two Hungarian brothers, Ladislo and Georg Biro, invented the ballpoint pen that we all use today. They left Hungary and started making ballpoint pens in England in 1943 during World War Ⅱ. English pilots liked them. They couldn't write with fountain pens in airplanes because the ink leaked out.

C.

M : Do you know who invented the postage stamp?

W : Yes, I know. Rowland Hill, a British teacher, first had the idea.

M : Wow, you're great! How do you know that?

W : My hobby is collecting stamps.

M : What else do you know about the stamp?

W : You can send the mail using an electronic stamp system via the Internet.

You print it out and send the mail. It's so simple.

M : Really? I'd like to learn to use an electronic stamp.

Communicator Ⅰ

Jennifer : Se-min, I'm tired of climbing these stairs - can't we take the elevator?

Se-min : ________________________________ Taking the stairs is good exercise.

Jennifer : That's not what Elisha Otis's thought.

Se-min : ________________________________ who's that?

Jennifer : He's the man who invented the elevator.

Se-min : ________________________________ How do you know that?

Jennifer : My main interest is inventions. I want to invent a balloon car.

Se-min : ____________________________ I think a single wonderful idea can change the whole world.

Jennifer : You can say that again!

본문

Ⅰ. Safety Glass

Today safety glass, which will not splinter when exposed to shock, is everywhere - in windshields for cars, and windows and doors for many public buildings. Essential as it is, safety glass was the result of a mistake. Edouard Benedictus, a French Scientist, was working in his laboratory in 1903.

By accident, he knocked a flask containing celluloid to the floor. Instead of flying all over as dropped flasks usually did, this time the glass stayed in place. It was shattered, but it had not lost its shaped. Mr. Benedictus knew he had discovered something, and he experimented further. Eventually he came up with a process consisting of sealing celluloid between two pieces of glass by heat. you could hit it with a hammer and the glass stayed in place.

Af first, no one was interested in safety glass. During World War Ⅰ, the U.S. army began using safety glass for lenses in gas masks. Finally, the age of automobile changed the picture, and by 1914 cars began to be equipped with Benedictus' invention.

Ⅱ. Adhesive Bandage

Who hasn't used adhesive bandages? In a world full of cuts, scrapes, and blisters, it seems hard to imagine life without those little adhesive bandages.

Back in 1920, Josephine Dickson was living in New Jersey, with her husband Earle, and though married life afreed with her, housekeeping did not. We will never know the reason, but it is a fact that Josephine Dickson was accident-prone. During the first week that she was married to Earle, she cut herself twice with the kitchen knife. After that, it just went from bad to worse. It seemed that Josephine was always cutting herself. Earle had to cut pieces of adhesive tape and cotton gauze to make a bandage for each wound.

Finally, after several weeks of kitchen accidents, Earle hit upon an idea. He sat down with some tape and gauze and a pair of scissors. Then he cut the tape into strips. In the middle of each strip, he stuck a little square of gauze. From then on, whenever Josephine had an accident, ready-made bandages were on hand for her to use quickly and without a lot of fuss. In a way, it was a woman who was responsible for the invention of the adhesive bandage.

Earle told his boss at work about his new invention and soon the first adhesive bandages were being produced and sold under the world famous BAND-AID□ Brand trademark.

Ⅲ. The Zipper

The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? They are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open and close very easily.

Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zipper in 1893. He was an engineer in Chicago. It came about because of a friend's stiff back. The problem was that his friend could not do up his shoes. In the 1890's, people in the United States wore high shoes with a long row of buttons. Women's clothes often had rows of buttons, too. People wanted an easier way to put on and take off clothes. Judson came up with a slide fastener that could be opened or closed with one hand. A zipper has three parts; hooks, cloth strips, and fastener.

This was an absolutely wonderful idea. However, the zipper didn't stay closed very well. This was embarrassing, and people didn't buy many of them. Then Dr. Gideon Sunback from Sweden solved this problem. Dr. Sundback put the hooks on the strips of cloth. The cloth holds all the hooks in place. They don't come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the first zippers. Today the zipper is everywhere, in clothing, luggage and leather goods and countless other objects. Thousands miles of zipper produced daily meet the needs of consumers, thanks to the early efforts of the inventors.

Lesson 6   The First Australians

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Jennifer : Hey, Min-gi. Do you have any plans for this summer?

Min-gi : Yeah, I want to go to Sydney, Australia.

Jennifer : Really? I'm going there also - to visit my uncle! Why don't we meet there?

Min-gi : Great idea. Do you know where to stay there?

2.

Jennifer : Let's get some information about a day tour in Sydney.

Min-gi : Why don't we go to the Information Center?

Jennifer : How do we get there from here?

Can you find one on the map?

Min-gi : Let me see ... here's one!

3.

Jennifer : Can I speak to Mr. Chapelle?

Receptionist : He is out for lunch now. Do you want to leave a message?

Jennifer : Yes. My name is Jennifer. We are scheduled to meet this afternoon.

Could you ask him to call me back?

Receptionist : O.K. I will give him a message.

Jennifer : Thank you.

Step 3

Q1. What is the woman's plan for the summer?

Q2. What information do they want to get?

Q3. Where is Mr. Chapelle?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Ji-su : Do you have time this weekend?

Brian : Yes, I do. Why?

Ji-su : I'm doing a term project on aboriginal art. Could you give me a hand?

Brian : O. K. I'll probably learn something about Australian culture, too. I'll help.

Task 2

So-ra : Do they still celebrate Christmas in Australia?

Key pal : Sure! Everybody goes to the beach!

So-ra : Don't you ever have a "White Christmas"?

Key-pal : Not likely! Down under, it's the middle of summer!

So-ra : Down under?

Key-pal : The Southern Hemisphere! But of course it's really the top of the world as far as we're concerned!

So-ra : That's interesting. I didn't know that! australia is the most attractive land in the world.

Task 3

A : Do you know who discovered Australia?

B : Captain Cook?

A : Wrong! In fact, it was found more than 30,000 years ago.

B : What do you mean?

A : The Aborigines were the first Australians. They had lived there long before the English came to Australia.

A : Really? Thirty thousand years ago? Where did the Aborigines come from?

B : We don't know. They look like Melanesians and Papuans.

But their language are completely different!

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

M : Do you have any plans during the summer vacation?

W : I'm going to Australia to visit my uncle.

2.

M : How can I get to the travel agency?

W : Take number 5 subway line and go to Gwanghwamun Station.

3.

M : Would you like to leave a message?

W : Yes, please. This is Susan Brown. Would you please ask him to call me?

B. InterAct 2

This site contains information about how to travel to Australia based on my experience. I hope you get useful and helpful information form this site while you prepare for your trip. There is nothing to worry about going overseas alone because you have the unlimited capability of youth. Let's go to Australia with backpacks and be full of confidence.

Self-Study

B

A : Do you know the capital of Australia?

B : Sydney, where the 2000 Olympic Games were hosted.

A : Wrong ! It's Canberra, which means 'meeting place' in an Aboriginal language.

B : I didn't know that.

A : Many people simply believe Sydney is the capital of Australia.

B : Because Sydney is the most well-known city in Australia.

C

M : Do you know who the first Americans were?

W : I think the Indians were the first Americans.

M : Then guess who were the first Australians?

W : Hmm ... the first Australians were Captain Cook and his sailors.

M : You have the wrong information. The first Australians were Aborigines.

W : But according to history, Captain Cook discovered Australia.

M : Yes, but Aborigines had lived in Australia for thousands of years before Captain Cook arrived.

Communicator Ⅰ

Frank : What't that? _____________________________

Ji-su : Close ! It's the world's second largest bird - the Emu! It can only be found in Australia.

Frank :  An emu? Wow, but it's an ugly thing, isn't it?

Ji-su : Well, I think it's kind of cute. ____________________________

Frank : Look at these legs! Can it fly?

Ji-su : No - it's too big. But it can run up to fifty kilometers an hour.

Frank : I bet the eggs are big - a meal in itself!

Ji-su : Yes - foxes love them. so the male has to sit on the nest for two months ... and can't eat !

Frank : Hey, that's just like the emperor penguin!

본문

What comes to your mind when you think of an Australian? If a white man with a kind smile is your idea, then you are not alone. Australian men are generally thought to be tall and white, have light colored haired, and smile a lot. But there are Australians who have black hair and brown skin. They are the Aborigines, the first Australians.

Many people also make the mistake of thinking that Australia was discovered in 1770, when the first white people from Europe arrived. In fact, the Aborigines arrived there from Asia at least 40,000 years ago. Australia was the last populated landmass to be discovered by Europeans. Long before the British claimed it as their own, European explorers and traders had been dreaming of the riches to be found in the unknown southern land that was supposed to form a counterbalance to the landmass north of the equator. The continent they eventually found had already been lived on for tens of thousands of years.

Then, in 1770, James Cook landed in eastern Australia and declared that it belonged to Britain. At this time, Britain was looking for a place to send its prisoners and criminals. Australia was the perfect place - far away from Britain. In 1778, the British government began sending the first prisoners to Australia. They sent thousands and thousands to different parts of Australia.

But they were not the first Australians. Forth thousand years before they arrived, the Aborigines, native Australians, had lived there.

Aborigines have had their own special culture and way of thinking. First of all, their way of thinking about the land is unique. They believe that all people can travel when and where they want. This is called "walkabout." When an Aborigine decides to go on a "walkabout", he or she will travel by foot for days, weeks, or even months. For this reason, Aborigines do not believe in owning a lot of things. They feel that the more you own, the more you would have to carry with  you when go on "walkabout." Therefore, houses are not that important to many Aborigines. This also means that people should not own land.

Aborigines respect their ancestors and the homeland of their ancestors. Aborigines consider that Australian, the world, and all of modern experience belong to the "Dreamtime" created by their ancestors. The ancestors are today represented by rivers and mountains. For an Aborigine, the land cannot belong to you, for you belong to the land.

Similarly, Aboriginal people do not divide themselves into artists and non-artists. In Aboriginal society, everyone is an artist. In fact, in Aboriginal art everyone is a work of art! In the past, their drawings were usually made on a person's body. Today, however, you can buy beautiful paintings made by Aboriginal artists.

One of the most intricate and complex works of art created by the Aborigines is language. Aboriginal languages have introduced many words into australian English. At one time, in fact, there were at least 230 different Aboriginal languages and dialects. While many of these languages are no longer spoken, some of their words can still be heard around the country.

It is believed that there were around 500,000 Aborigines in Australia when the white people first arrived. By 1860, however, their number had fallen to 22,000, while the number of Europeans had risen to over on million.

The next chapter of Australian history has much in common with that of North America. Like the native American Indians, Aborigines suffered greatly from European immigration. Sickness brought by the Europeans killed many Aborigines. Human cruelty killed many others. It has been estimated that fifty Aborigines were shot or poisoned every time a European established a sheep farm.

For both the Indians and the Aborigines, special laws were made that discriminated against them. For example, Aborigines were not allowed to vote or live where they wanted. In fact, the white people took away most of their land and made them stay in special areas where they were forced to survive on very little. Just a generation ago, a whole generation of Aboriginal babies was forcibly taken from their parents and raised as whites. Many of these Aborigines are still searching for their real parents.

The history of the Aborigines shows the cruel effects of discrimination. In recent years, however, Australia has been trying to correct many of the problems. The shame felt by most whit Australians today for the discrimination of the past was the first step in this long process.

Aborigines now have the same rights as other Australian citizens, including the right to vote. They are also winning back control over land that once belonged to their ancestors. Their number has increased to more than 230,000 people. Partly, this increase is due to the sense of pride that Aborigines once again feel in their history and culture.

Another step toward equality can be seen in the great interest now shown in Aboriginal art, music, and dance. In recent years, white Australians have been learning a great deal form the Aborigines. The success of Aboriginal art has also helped to give back a sense of pride to Aborigines.

While discrimination is still a problem, it is not as bad as it was 100 or even 50 years ago. For many years, people who were part Aboriginal did not want others to know, because they would then face discrimination. Today, they are proud to say that they are Aboriginal. Most importantly, Aborigines and white Australians have begun to work together, sharing the land they all call home.

Lesson 7  Korean Culture through American Eyes

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

So-ra : How do you feel about Korean girls?

Brian : They are mostly kind, but I don't understand why they try to fix themselves up whenever they go out.

So-ra : Why not? Looking one's best is very good, I think.

Brian : But I also think it's good to show one's own individuality.

2.

Brian : Why do Korean people rarely smile? When I walked down the street, this used          to confuse me.

So-ra : We're apt to conceal our emotions by nature. So it appears we treat people we          have never met in an unfriendly manner.

Brian : I sometimes thought they were angry with me!

So-ra : It's quite possible to think so.

But most Koreans are truly warm-hearted and kind.

3.

So-ra : Do you see the man playing the yangban? He's a "living cultural treasure"!

Brian : A "Living cultural treasure"? What's that?

So-ra : Well, you know Namdaemun in Seoul. That's an official non-living cultural              treasure.

Brian : And this man is also an official treasure of the government? Just like                    Namdaemun?

So-ra : Right! He has revived mask dancing for a long time.

Brian : Well, it's only right to honor and cherish your heritage.

Step 3

Q1. What does the man think of the Korean girl?

Q2. Do Korean people rarely smile?

Q3. What are they talking about?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

After the host asks the guest to begin the meal, both start eating. Conversation is discouraged while eating. Also it is considered to be well mannered for one not to lower his head excessively. If one drops food on the table, he should pick it up and put the piece on an empty lid. Holding a bowl in one's hand while eating is rude and impolite. It is polite, however, for one to hold a wine cup with both hands when it is offered by an elderly person.

Task 2

Frank : I can't understand what people say here!

Mi-ran : Why? What's the matter with you?

Frank : Why don't Koreans say 'No' clearly? Why is it always, "I will if I can..."

Mi-ran : They're being polite.

They don't realize you don't understand.

Frank : English is like that too. You are supposed to say "Sorry, but I'm afraid ..." if           you're saying "no" to a request. And if it's an offer ...

Mi-ran : Do you want an ice cream cone?

Frank : No, thank you!

Task 3

Polite behavior differs from country to country. In Korea, it is polite to be quiet at the dinner table, but is being silent during meals polite behavior everywhere? No, in some Western countries, people might think you're rude if you say nothing at all during dinner. Every country has rules telling people how to behave, but in every country the rules are different.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

A : I don't understand why they try to fix themselves up whenever they go out.

B : Why? Looking one's best is very good, I think.

A : But I also think it's good to show one's own individuality.

2.

A : Why do Korean people rarely smile? I sometimes thought they were angry with          me!

B : Koreans seems to be unfriendly, but they are truly warmhearted and kind.

3.

A : Namdaemun is an official non-living cultural treasure.

B : Well, it's only right to honor and cherish your heritage.

B. InterAct 2

M : I hear Steve is going to work in India.

W : India! Wow! I heard it's a beautiful place, but I don't think I could ever live there.

M : Why not?

W : Well, it's too far from home. I think I'd be nervous and feel depressed. I'd miss         my family.

M : I don't think I'd mind moving to a foreign country. The language is the only thing      that I'd be worried about.

W : Yeah, but wouldn't you feel uncomfortable in the unfamiliar world?

M : Sure, for a while, but I'd be curious, too!

W : You certainly sound very confident.

Self-Study

B.

M : What's the matter with you, Mary? You look upset.

W : Actually, I received an invitation from Jin-ho.

M : That's great! Why are you upset?

W : I want to go Jin-ho's party, but I have a previous engagement.

M : So that's why you're upset.

W : I'm sorry to decline his invitation.

M : But "Regrets only" means you need to respond if you are unable to attend.

Otherwise, the host will assume you have accepted the invitation.

C.

M : Do you see the man playing the yangban? He's a "living cultural treasure"!

W : A "living cultural treasure"? What's that?

M : Well, you know Namdaemun in Seoul. That's an official non-living cultural               treasure.

W : And this man is also an official treasure of the government? Just like Namdaemun?

M : Right! He has revived mask dancing for a long time.

W : Well, you must be proud of your heritage.

Communicator Ⅰ

So-ra : Do you think Americans are very individualistic?

Frank : I think it depends.

So-ra : ____________________ American culture is more individual oriented than Korean.

Frank : Why do you think so?

So-ra : For example, family members in Korea like gathering on some holidays, but             Americans don't.

Frank : American family members also like to get together on Thanksgiving Day or             Christmas eve.

So-ra : Possibly, but most American people are individualistic.

Frank : What do you mean by most people? To my understanding, they are much more          family oriented.

So-ra : ____________________ they are all from many diverse cultural backgrounds, so           they are not ready to commit to their communities.

Frank : I still think it depends.

본문

When I first came to Korea five years ago, many Korean customs and attitudes seemed very strange to me. Often I found myself in uncomfortable or embarrassing situations because I looked at everything through "American" eyes. Not being able to speak the Korean language certainly added to my confusion. To tell the truth, it was several years before I stopped comparing each detail of Korean life with that of my own country. And, when I could finally communicate well enough to understand what was going on around me, I was able to see how wrong many of my perceptions had been.

What struck me first about Korea was the way Koreans, especially some young people, follow the latest fashions. I guess I had expected to find everyone wearing traditional Korean clothing. It surprised me, therefore, when I found instead that most Koreans wear very modern western clothes. As soon as a new style appears, Koreans are quick to adopt it. Korean girls especially seem to enjoy fixing themselves up as nicely as possible when they go out. Such pride in looking one's best is certainly very good, but I also think it's good to show one's own individuality.

Something that always used to surprise me in the beginning was the way Koreans are often curious and direct. When meeting for the first time they often ask many questions, some of which may even be quite personal. How old are you? Why aren't you married yet? In the United States, these kinds of questions are rarely asked. In Korea, they are not uncommon. At first it seemed to me that soem Koreans were impolite, not caring that they night be hurting my feelings. Eventually, I realized that this, of course, isn't true. I came to see that they ask such direct questions precisely because they do care about me.

Koreans rarely smile at me when I ride on the bus or subway, or walk around on the street, and this also used to confuse me. For a foreigner accustomed to the almost universal habit of smiling at strangers, this Korean custom can cause misunderstandings. When I smiled at strangers in Korea and saw their serious expressions, I sometimes thought maybe they were upset with me. After I got to know them better, I could see that this was not the case at all, and I saw that most Koreans are truly warmhearted and kind. It's just not their custom to smile at people they have never met.

Of all the Korean customs that I have observed, the one I most admire is the custom of referring to each person by his or her position in the family and the society. Whereas we often call people in the West by their first name, in Korea, except among close friends, this is almost never done. Grandfather, grandmother; father, mother; elder brother, younger brother; elder sister, younger sister; uncle, aunt, cousin - each is called that specific title by the other members in a family. And, outside the family, people are called such titles as child, student, teacher, doctor, company president, manager, department head, etc. I feel that this was of addressing one another seems much more respectful to Koreans than just calling everyone, regardless of their positions, by their first names. The correct order in every relationship is maintained. This custome helps to keep families and society as a whole from suffering a breakdown in values, as is often the case in the West.

Life in Korea has transformed me into a more complete and understanding person. I now appreciate the beauty and value in many of the Korean customs which, at first, were foreign to me. And, although I may still look like a foreigner, I no longer feel that way myself. In fact, the only culture shock I experience these days is when I watch American television programs and see how strange many American customs appear to me!

Lesson 8   Computers in the Future

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Se-min : How can you contact your friend in the States?

Jennifer : Over the Internet. She wants to do video-chatting, I sometimes get up early             just before she goes to bed.

Se-min : Why do you do that? Because of the time difference?

Jennifer : That's right.

2.

Jennifer : Listen, I've learned how to send a fax using the computer.

Se-min : I think faxes will disappear soon. The internet will replace them in the future.

Jennifer : Is that so? Can you tell me the reason?

Se-min : Because faxes cost too much time and effort, so I never send them.

It looks terrible. I just scan things and make graphic files.

3.

Se-min : I read an article on the future of the human brain. Do you think it will ever             be possible to attach an A drive to the human brain?

Jennifer : You mean directly download your thoughts? Well ... I doubt it. But it's a nice            idea.

Se-min : Yes, but a little scary.

Step 3

Q1. Why does the woman have to get up early to talk to her key pal?

Q2. Does the man send faxes on his computer?

Q3. Does the woman think a brain will be like a computer?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

So-ra : Brian, do you know what virtual reality is?

Brian : Yes, a little bit. It is mainly used in video games.

S-ra : Right. It's an artificial, three-dimensional environment, produced by a computer.          We can see, hear and feel things that don't exist.

Brian : Oh, you talk like a computer expert.

So-ra : I read an article about it. Engineers could show people around houses that have          not been built.

Task 2

Ho-bin : Sarah, do you think a computer can win the Nobel Prize for Literature?

Sarah : Are you out of your mind?

Who ever heard of a computer writing a novel?

Ho-bin : Well, I have. There's an online mystery written by computer.

Sarah : You mean like an e-book? Written by a human but downloaded online?

Ho-bin : No, it's actually written by a computer. It's preety good!

Sarah : Can you tell me why you think so?

Ho-bin : Well, I have no idea how it will come out!

Task 3

Ji-su : Do you use e-mail?

Frank : NO, I send text messages by cell phone.

Ji-su : Yeah, but you can only send short messages that way.

Frank : No, I've got one of the new ones. I can send almost any length.

Ji-su : Wow! I guess cell phones are going to replace e-mail, huh?

Frank : I doubt it. It's pretty slow typing, you know. My thumb gets sore!

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

W : I'd like to have a job where I can use my computer skills.

M : Don't worry. All jobs will require computer skills.

2.

W : Can you tell me the reason why you can't turn off your computer?

M : I don't know. Maybe I'm addicted to the Internet.

3.

M : Our office of the future will have lots of flat screens. They are going to be             everywhere in the future.

W : I doubt it.

B. InterAct 2

Jennifer : What is the functions of the computer in our daily life?

Min-gi : Computers help us do math calculations faster and accurately.

Jennifer : That's not really daily life for me. What about other things?

Min-gi : I think computers can help health professionals handle our illnesses more                 effectively.

Jennifer : You're right. To me, however, computer games are a main concern.

Min-gi : I know you are crazy about computer games.

Self-Study

B.

M : What is the function of the computer in our daily life?

W : Computers help us do math calculations faster and accurately.

M : That's not really daily life for me. What about other things?

W : I think computers can help health professionals handle our illnesses more                 effectively.

M : You're right. To me, however, sports are a main concern.

W : You could play against poopnents before the real game begins.

C.

M : I like the virtual reality on computer screens more than everyday reality.

W : I think you spend too much time on the Internet.

M : Well, I sometims feel uneasy when I am away from the Internet.

W : Can you place limits on the Internet?

M : I don't think it's possible.

W : I think you are addicted to the Internet.

Communicator Ⅰ

Brian : I want to access the Internet faster.

So-ra : ________________________ Come on! You use the Internet too much already!

Brian : I like the virtual reality on computer screens more than everyday reality.

So-ra : You feel unhappy when you are away from the Internet, right?

Brian : ________________________ Well, it's true I feel very comfortable when I'm               working on the Internet. Why do you ask?

So-ra : I think you are addicted to the Internet.

Brian : ________________________ No, I am not.

So-ra : Many addicts don't admit that they are addicted.

Can youu place linits on the amount of time you spend on the Internet?

Brian : Well, I don't think it's possible.

So-ra : Then, you are addicted. You should be careful about Internet addiction.

본문  Interview with Bill Gates

Following is the conversation script between Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft Corporation, and Larry King of CNN. Bill Gates was interviewed about computers in the future.

LARRY KING : I'm having this conversation with you on a computer, and I'm wondering if e-mail is going to replace the telephone or even the post office in the future.

BILL GATES : E-mail won't replace the post office, but it will replace a lot of pater the post office and overnight services carry around today.

KING : Tell me how a computer will be used in the average home thirty years from now.

GATES : You'll have lots of thin flat screens covering walls of your house and you'll carry a hand-held device around with you. The screens will feed whatever visual information you want - live video from a place in the world you like, and art reproduction, or maybe a stock ticker.

KING : Will a person be able to work in the future without having computer skills?

GATES : There will be jobs for people without computer skills, but it will be a smaller percentage than exist today. The proportion of the workforce that lacks computer skills will decrease as people not having those skills get retrained or retire. Most young people have computer skills or at least strong motivation to get them.

KING : Describe an office in the future. Will there be a telephone? A fax machine, or a conference room? Will there be an office building?

Gates : The key element of the office of the future is that it will have lots of flat screens, just like your house will. And these screens are going to be everywhere once they get thin enough, cheap enough, and high enough in quality. You'll carry around a lighweight screen the way you carry a wallet or cell phone or newspaper today.

The notion of a fax will disappear because documents will be transferred electronically withou having to pass through the intermediate stage of being printed on paper. If the recipient needs to read it on paper, he or she will print it.

"Telephone" refers to an audio-only electronic communications link, and we'll continue to have this kind of connection. But I think audio-only communication will be the exception rather than the rule. Communications will usually involve videoconferencing, collaborative work on a document, or some other kind of data interchange beyond audio alone. We'll have conference rooms, but some of the members in a conference may be in other places and hooked in electronically. Some will participate from home when being face-to-face isn't important. Office buildings and even cities may lose some of their importance because the Internet and corporate Intranets will enable workers to communicate, share information, store data, and collaborate regardless of where they are.

Internet Addiction

Maressa Hecht Orzack, a harvard University psychologist, calls computer addiction "a real and growing problem." As the director of Computer Addiction Services at McLean Hospital, a Harvard-affiliated teaching hospital in Belmont, Mass., she receives messages every day from people who ask for help or want information about the signs of computer addiction.

"It's an emerging disorder," Orzack says, "suffered by people who find the virtual reality on computer screens more attractive than everyday reality. Health-care specialists, school counselors, corporate executives, and familites have begun to notice the aberrant behavior and mental health problems of computer addicts. They feel unhappy when they are away from the machine. Some try unsuccessfully to stop using it. Many of them spend constantly-increasing amounts of time and money on computers, often neglecting their familits and work. Then they compound the problem by denying it."

Orzack herself knows how easy it can be to become addicted. A few years ago, she was trying to teach herself to use a new software program. When frustrated with trying to understnad the manuals, Orzack escaped to playing solitaire on the machine.

Soon, Orzack avoided her primary reason for being on the machine. She started staying up late and spending less time at work. Orzack started treating herself by placing limits on the amount of time she played, rather than staying at a game until rewarded by winning.

At first, people thought Orzack was crazy when she talked about people becoming addicted to computers. But several articles in scientific journals and newspapers, as well as anecdotal evidence, convinced her that other professionals were concerned about the problem. Recently, a new scientific journal devoted to this subject, called Cyber Psychology and Behavior, was started.

No one knows how big the problem is. Several research groups have tried to measure it but without remarkable results. "Many addicts don't admit it," notes Orzack, "or they are not aware of it. There isn't a good definition of what is normal and what is pathological use."

Lesson 9  Smart Shopping

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Min-gi : Why don't we take a day off from shopping?

Sarah : What are you talking about?

Min-gi : Well, look at Muslims.

Every year, they spend a whole month not eating in the daytime.

Sarah : Why do they do that?

Min-gi : To remind themselves what it's like to be poor.

So let's not waste money on ourselves while many people are going hungry.

2.

Brian : Sometimes I feel like I was persuaded without noticing. I've got these shoes for          30% off. I never wear them.

So-ra : Why not?

Brian : The first time I wore them, they got hurt my feet!

So-ra : New shoes are always like that. You just have to break them in.

Brian : I know. But I didn't need them. Oh, well, it's too late to regret my past                mistakes.

3.

Clerk : Plastic or paper?

Mrs. Jones : No, thank you. I have a bag.

Clerk : You always bring a bag when you go shopping?

Mrs. Jones : I do. People use too much paper and plastic for wrapping.

Clerk : What do you mean? I can't make out what you're talking about.

Mrs. Jones : I mean paper comes from trees and plastic from oil, and both are                         important resources. We should less of them.

Step 3

Q1. What is the man suggesting?

Q2. What is the reason why the man regrets his purchase?

Q3. Why does the woman bring a shopping bag?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Ji-su : What a nuisance! You call that a department store? I call it theft!

Frank : What happened?

Ji-su : Well, I saw this ad here.

Frank : Hmm. Half price. And it's a good MP3 player, too.

Ji-su : Yeah. So I went. And they told me they were sold out, and tried to sell me a           much more expensive one!

Frank : That's classic! You should shop more carefully.

Task 2

Last week I bought a pocket calculator at your store in Taegu. It seemed to work in the store. When I got home, I found it was defective. It performs calculating functions perfectly well, but the memory function does not work. I took it back to your store in Seoul, but they refused to exchange it. They said that I would have to return it to the store where I had bought it. This is impossible because I do not live in Taegu. I've enclosed the calculator along with the receipt, showing the price and date of purchase. Thank you for your attention to this matter.

Task 3

Buy Nothing Day is a simple idea, which challenges consumer culture by asking us to switch off from shopping for a day. Buy Nothing Day also emphasizes the environmental and ethical consequences of consumerism. The rich western countries - only 20% of the world population are consuming over 80% of the earth's natural resources, causing environmental damage and unfair distribution of wealth. Buy Nothing Day isn't about changing your lifestyle for just one day - it's a lasting relationship! We want you to consume less, recycle more and challenge corporations to clean up and be fair.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

M : Buy Nothing Day is a special campaign day.

W : I like the idea. Let's not waste too much money on ourselves.

2.

M : When you go shopping, make a list of things you want.

W : Sometimes I buy too much, so I often think I wish I'd acted differently.

3.

W : What do you mean?

M : I mean paper comes from trees and plastic from oil and both are important               resources.

B. InterAct 2

Most shoppers need an education on how to buy things and how not to buy thins at the supermarket. First, find the items that are on sale and decide if you really need those things. Next, carefully read the information on the package, and don't let words like "Powerful" or "New" influence you. Instead, read the list of ingredients on the back. Third, compare prices. That is, you should examine both the prices of different brands and different sizes of the same brand. In other words, don't buy anything just because it's cheaper than usual.

Self-Study

B.

Just like Christmas and New Year's, Buy Nothing Day isn't all year round. Like the best traditional holidays, it's a day for thinking holidays, it's a day for thinking about not spending. It's not a campaign against shop-keepers or even against shopping. It's only one day, to encourage people to think before they purchase, to reduce what they find useless in their lives and to reuse and recycle where possible. It's a day to be aware of advertising messages, promotions and marketing skills, to consciously recognize the difference between wanting and needing.

C.

M : I bought a new CD player, but it doesn't work.

W : Really? Why don't you change it for a new one?

M : I went to the store where I had bought it, but the owner insisted that he wouldn't       change it.

W : I have a good idea. Call in a complaint report to the Consumers Union of Korea.         That's all.

M : Can they really solve the problem?

W : Of course, they can do it.

Communicator Ⅰ

Min-gi : _____________________

Mom : Yes, I think so. I've just put away all we've bought in the refrigerator.

Min-gi, what are you doing with those plastic bags?

Min-gi : I'm just throwing them away.

Mom : Oh, no. Let's keep them for shopping next time.

Min-gi : _____________________

Mom : Yes, if we bring them to the supermarket, they put stamps on this card. When          it is full of stamps, they give us some kind of gift.

Min-gi : Really? What a good idea! It's foolish of me to have thrown old bags away.

Mom : I think so, too. With this kind of system, people are encouraged to use less              plastic.

Min-gi : That helps to keep the world nice and clean.

Mom : That's right.

본문

The Habit of Buying Things

Consumerism simply means buying. The pattern of consumerism in Britain, as well as in many other countries, has changed a lot in the last 20 years.

People used to go to several shops to buy their daily goods. They went to one shop to buy meat, another to buy fish, and another to buy vegetables. Salt, sugar, and canned food came froma grocer; toothpaste, cosmetics, and medicines form a chemist.

In the food shps, the goods were weighed on scales and put into a paper bag. Sometimes they were thrown straight into a shopping bag. Meat and fish were often wrapped in special paper.

These days, people usually do their shopping in a supermarket. There, under one roof, they can buy all the goods they want. All the fruit is the same in size and color, and it looks very nice. It looks this way because it has been treated with chemicals to kill insects or to regulate its growth. Some apples, for example, are sprayed twelve times with these chemicals while still on the tree. They are picked and sprayed with another kind of chemical to keep them fresh. Now we know that we are eating such fruit at the risk of taking in all these chemicals at the same time. We should have learned this fact earlier.

It seems that everyone want s to buy nice-looking things. But as we have seen, nice-looking, uniform-sized fruit may be dangerous to our health. Paper nappies for babies are advertised as 'whiter than white,' which means clean and healthy. But do they really need to be so bright and white? These nappies have been bleached with chemicals which are likely to change into dioxin. Dioxin is a highly dangerous material. It is getting into the environment and becoming harmful.

We don't know what the safe level for dioxin is, but it is said that it should be treated with the same care as plutonium. 'Whiter than white,' therefore, does not always mean clean and healthy. Sometimes it menas simply dangerous. Several companies have realized that some people don't want their babies' nappies to be bright and white. These companies have begun to bleach nappies in a safer way.

Packaging is another problem that is beginning to worry people. Supermarkets use too much paper and palstic for packaging. The paper comes from trees and the plastic from oil, and both are important resources. The check-out person will often put something that is already packed into yet another plastic bag. If this happens, we should say that we don't want the extra bag.

The plastic waste produced in Britain each year amounts to 126 pounds for each person. Our dustbins are full of bottles, cans, and plastic bags. Plastics make up 20 percent of Korean rubbish.

There's more to say about our habit of buying things that look nice without thinking of the environmental cost. It allows the trade in fur and ivory to continue. It seems that some people don't mind if some kinds of animals become extinct because of their desire to look beautiful or rich.

It is said that the elephants in Africa are in danger of becoming extinct. If you think about it, you will probably give up buying or wearing ivory. Nobody wants the elephants to disappear from the earth.

Have you ever bought anything you didn't use? Have you ever bought anything you didn't need? Have you ever bought anything you didn;t really want? We all do it. We spend money for no reason and we get nothing useful out of it. When we get home, all we can think is "I wish I hadn't bought this!"

Now is the time when we must think of our habit of buying things from a different point of view. We must learn to think before we buy. Manufacturers spend more money on encouraging us to buy, throw away, and buy again. We must ask ourselves what our consumerism means to the environment.

Lesson 10   Scotland's Cultural Uniqueness

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Ji-su : What are you doing? Playing games again?

Brian : No, I'm trying to look up Scotland.

Ji-su : Scotland? Are you interested in Scotland?

Brian : Yes, I'm going to take a trip to Edinburgh in July.

My grandfather was born there.

2.

Ji-su : I know Scotland and England are both part of the UK. What about Ireland? Is           Ireland an independent country or is it part of England?

Brian : Well, no, not exactly. Let me put it this way. Northern Ireland is part of the            UK. But the southern part of the island is the Republic of Ireland - it's not             part of the UK.

3.

Ji-su : What are you going to do there?

Brian : I'm going to see the Festival. Then I'm going hiking in the Highlands.

Ji-su : That's exactly what I had in mind. Edinburgh will be too crowded with the             festival.

Brian : Yes. But I want to see Edinburgh Castle, too.

Step 3

Q1. Where is the man going to go in July?

Q2. Is the south of Ireland part of the UK?

Q3. Are they going to take a trip to Edinburgh together?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Brian : Hello. I'm planning a trip to Glasgow. I'd like to get some information, please.

Travel Agent : Sure. When do you plan to go?

Brian : Well, I'd like to be there in July.

Travel Agent : OK. And how long do you want to stay there?

Brian : About a week.

Travel Agent : Fine. Where are you interested in going?

Brian : I'd like to make a few stops in Scotland.

Travel Agent : OK. Sure. There's a Scotland package.

Task 2

Situation : It's Brian's first evening at Mrs. Taylor's in Scotland. At the moment Mrs. taylor is getting the tea ready and Brian has just washed his hair.

Mrs. Taylor : Can you come down, Brian? The tea's ready.

Brian : I just have to dry my hair. Oh, that's funny.

Mrs. Taylor : Is something wrong?

Brian : I can't use my hair dryer. the plug is different.

Mrs. Taylor : Use mine for now. You can get an adapter tomorrow.

Brian : All right. Thank you.

Task 3

You can camp for free on any public land in Scotland, unless there's a sign forbidding it. In remote places, you can even find a "Bothie", and unlocked shelter which anyone can use. you just take your own food, cooking equipment and sleeping bag, and be sure to leave the "Bothie" in the same condition for the next person. Farmers will often let you stay in their barns with theiranimals, and there are even special barns that have been changed for backpackers. They cost about three pounds a night.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

W : Are you interested in Scotland?

M : Yes, I'd like to take part in the International Festival in Edinburgh.

2.

W : Did you like the festival?

M : Yes and no. Let me put it this way : it was an interesting mixture.

3.

M : I'm going to take a taxi to Edinburgh Airport.

W : That's exactly what I had in mind.

B. InterAct 2

Mrs. Taylor : Dinner is ready! Can you come down, Brian?

Brian : OK. I'm coming. Oh, what is this?

Mrs. Taylor : It's a good Scottish haggis! Burns called it "that king of food!"

Brian : I have never seen anything like it before.

Mrs. Taylor : And you've never tasted anything like it before either, you poor thing! Let me give you a taste, and if you like it, you can eat the whole thing!

Brian : Thank you.

Guided Writing

A.

Scotland has a long history and there are many unique cultural aspects. Scottish men wear skirts, called kilts. The bagpipe is a unique instrument to Scotland. No scottish festival would be complete without bagpipe music. Haggis is a Scottish dish unlike anything you have ever eaten before. Scotland was an independent country until the 18th century. Many people who have visited Edinburgh consider it to be the most beautiful city in Europe.

Self-Study

B.

Scotland is a country of incredible natural beauty. In central and northern Scotland, there are high mountains and deep valleys, fast rivers and cold lakes. Visitors like fishing in the clean rivers, and skiing on the snow-covered mountains. One reason why Scotland has stayed so different from England is the wildness of the land.

C.

There are many strong, local traditions of music still very much alive in Scotland today. The national instrument is the bagpipe. Not everyone likes the sound it makes, but to the Scots, bagpipe music is the most exciting in the world. For centuries, up to the First World War, Scottish pipers led the soldiers into battle, played for their royal masters and at weddings and funerals. The bagpipes are still very popular, and every town has a bagpipe band.

Communicator Ⅰ

Ji-su : Brian, since you are an expert on Scotland, tell me more about it.

Brian : I'm glad that you brought that up. Any particular information you want to              know?

Ji-su : Yes. I want to know about the Scottish national dress called the kilt.

Brian : _____________________________ Many years ago most families had their own             special colors for their kilts.

Ji-su : Did the colorful stripes have a special meaning?

Brian : right. No other family used stripes with the same exact color pattern. I think the kilt is part of Scottish history.

Ji-su : I think so, too. Does your family have a special color pattern?

Brian : Yes, we do. Did you know a special color pattern is called a "tartan"?

Ji-su : Of course! Thanks, Brian. _________________________________

본문  Scotland's Cultural Uniqueness

Scotland has a long history and there are many interesting aspects to its culture. Here are an introduction to Scotland and some of the things which make its people uniquely Scottish.

In Europe men don't usually wear skirts. But the Scottish national dress for men is a kind of skirt. It is called a kilt. The kilt is a loose skirt that reaches just below the knees. The Scots like to be different. They are proud of their country and its history, and they feel that the kilt is part of that history. That's why the men still wear kilts at traditional dances and on national holidays. The kilt did not become popular until the 18th century. Before 1730, Scottish men wore a long shirt and a blanket around their shoulders. These clothes got in the way when the men started to work in factories. So, in 1730, a factory owner changed the blanket into a skirt. That's how the first kilt was made!

These kilts had colorful stripes going up and down, and across. In the 1700's and early 1800's, the colors of the stripes had no special meaning. Men sometimes owned kilts in several different colors. But later the colors became important to the Scottish families. By about 1850, most families had their own special colors for their kilts. For example, men from the Campbell family had kilts with green, yellow, and blue stripes. No other family used stripes with the same exact color pattern. These colors and the size of the stripes are called tartan. The wearing of tartan became common in the Highlands of Scotland. Today you will see different tartans all over Scotland. There are tartan carpets and curtains, tablecloths and napkins, book covers and bagpipes, socks and hats, shirts and dolls, and of course, kilts. In other words, you will see tartan everywhere you go in Scotland!

You will aoso hear the strange but beautiful sounds of the bagpipe, a musical instrument unique to Scotland. No Scottish festival would be complete without bagpipe music. Playing the bagpipe demands great skill and much practice. You also need a large space because the music from a bagpipe can be very loud. The bagpipe consists of one bass pipe and two tenor pipes, as well as a blow pipe with a mouthpiece. There is aoso a pipe with finger holes upon which different notes are made. These pipes are attached to a large bag of sheepskin or cowhide which the player fills with air before beginning to play music. This supply of air produces the typical, unbroken sound that is unique to the bagpipe. While these pipes were once made of straw, today hardwoods are used. You will see many pipes decorated with plastic, ivory, or silver. Many pipes will last forever but the bag itself has to be replaced every two or three years because it loses its shape through regular use.

Haggis is a Scottish dish unlike anything you have eaten before! Haggis is made from the heart, liver, and lungs of a sheep or calf. This is mixed with oatmeal, fat, and spices. The mixture is boiled in the stomach lining of the animal. It is commonly served with hot potatoes on the side. In the same way that we serve songpueon during Chuseal, haggis is served during two important Scottish festivals. Burns' Night(January 25) is an especially important celebration, as it is the birthday of Robert Burns, Scotland's most famous poet. Hogmanay(December 31) is another important festival celebrating the coming of the new year. At both festivals, a special meal of haggis and potatoes is served along with whisky. On Burns' Night, the haggis is carried into the dining room behind a bagpiper wearing traditional dress. He then reads a poem written especially for the haggis!

Many people think thst Scotland has always been a part of England. In fact, Scotland was an independent country until the 18th century. In 1707, after many wars, the English succeeded at last in making Scotland part of England. The Scottish people, however, are very proud of their history and culture. At any Scottish parade you will see soldiers wearing kilts and marching to the music of babpipes. Scottish soldiers still guard the Edinburgh Castle, and the royal falg of Scotland still flies over the castle walls.

Edinburgh, Scotland's capital, is the center of government and business. Many people who have visited this city consider it to be one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It is surrounded by hills from which you can get a wonderful view of the sea. In the center of Edinburgh is Edinburgh Castle, which was built almost a thousand years ago. An old Scottish guide dressed in a kilt will gladly take you through its many dark hallways. Wherever you stay in Scotland, whether in Edinburgh or the countryside, you will enjoy the beautiful scenery and rich traditions. And you will see for yourself why everyone says that Scotland is so unique.

Lesson 11  Equal Partners

Listening Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Ho-bin : We are graduating! What do you have in mind?

Cindy : I'm going to study political science at the university.

Ho-bin : Political science? Isn't that mostly for men?

Cindy : I don't think so. That kind of thinking died out in the Stone Ages.

2.

Jennifer : What do you like to do the most?

Min-gi : Well, I'm interested in hair or costume designing.

Jennifer : Hmm. It is an unusual job for a man.

Min-gi : Not really. I've seen many professional fashion designers who are not women.

3.

Na-ri : I want to major in civil engineering, but isn't it difficult for women?

Teacher : Don't worry. Whether you're a man or woman isn't important. The important thing is to carry on with what you really want to do.

Na-ri : What should I don first?

Teacher : Well ... why don't you read some books about the field of civil engineering?

Step 3

Q1. Whcih area is the woman interested in?

Q2. What does the man want to be in the future?

Q3. What's the man's advice?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Mr. Jones : Is there anything I can do for you?

Mrs. Jones : What do you like to do most? Could you wash some dishes over there? I               should do laundry right now.

Mr. Jones : O.K. Anything else?

Mrs. Jones : That's all I'm doing tonight. Thanks, honey.

Mr. Jones : No problem! You worked so late last night. You need some rest.

Mrs. Jones : You worked late, too. I think you need a break.

Mr. Jones : When you take a rest, I will too, alright? Let's finish this work quickly!

Task 2

Mrs. Smith : What do you have in mind? It's your turn to wash the dishes, right?

Mr. Smith : Wait, is it? I'm making dinner now.

Mrs. Smith : Come on. We decided to switch every other week.

It's my turn to make dinner this week. I already shopped for dinner.

Mr. Smith : Let's see. What should I do?

Mrs. Smith : You have to wash dishes and clean the bathroom this week.

Mr. Smith : Right. And you have to cook and do laundry this week.

Mrs. Smith : OK, I'll make dinner.

Mr. Smith : Then I'll clean the bathroom before dinner.

Task 3

There's an old saying, "A woman's place is in the home," that isn't true anymore. Most people agree that lifestyles are changing. These days more women go out to work and more men do household jobs like cooking and cleaning. More couples share taking care of the children. Roles are more equal.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

M : I'll be a good husband.

W : What kind of husband can you promise to be?

M : I can be the best friend of my wife.

W : Best friend? What do you have in mind?

2.

M : I won't consider myself the boss in our family.

W : What should your wife do in the family?

M : She and I should work together. We should help each other.

3.

W : What would you like to do the most this Saturday?

M : I have no idea. Why?

W : Shall we watch a movie together?

InterAct 2

Frank : Ji-su, I've read a book which is a well-known psychology book.

Ji-su : Psychology book? What's the title?

Frank : Women Are from Venus, Men Are from Mars.

Ji-su : What is the book about?

Frank : The book tells the difference in the styles of communication between men and           women.

Ji-su : That seems interesting. I'm curious to know why they have such difficulty in            understanding each other.

Frank : I know the reason. Because you are form Venus, and I am from Mars!

Self-Study

B.

M : What should I do?

W : What's the matter?

M : A female driver!

W : It is not unusual now.

M : Do you think you can feel safe riding in a bus driven by a woman?

W : Why not? The more important thing is how skillful the driver is. I'd feel safer          riding in an express bus driven by a woman.

M : Why do think so?

W : I think women are much more careful in driving than men.

C.

M : Believe it or not, I want to be a cook. That's what I want to do in the future.

W : Men can enjoy cooking. You don't have to be ashamed of that!

M : Thank you. I know there are many professional cooks who are male!

W : I know. By the way, do you have any plans to be a cook?

M : I want to study cooking at college.

Communicator Ⅰ

Brian : What would you like to do most this weekend? Shall we go to the movie?

Sarah : ___________________ These floors are really dirty. Maybe we should wash them          this weekend.

Brian : I really hate washing floors.

Sarah : Well, they're not going to get clean by themselves.

Brian : ___________________  Look - I have an idea. If you wash the floors, I'll do the          dishes, uh, every night next week. All week.

Sarah : Hmm. Dishes all week. And what else do you have in mind?

Brian : I'll cook. And you'll wash windows. _______________________

Sarah : O.K. Then I'll wash the floors and windows this weekend, and you have to             cook and do the dishes every night next week. All week!

본문

Ⅰ. Contemporary American marriage

Among married couples in the U.S., one finds a wide range of living patterns. Some older couples still have traditional marriages, with the man as breadwinner (money-earner) and the woman as homemaker. But most younger women today are not content to be full-time homemakers.

The women's liberation movement, which swept the country in the 1960s, changed attitudes and behavior forever. Today's young American woman wants marrigae, but she also wants to keep her own identity. She wants what men have always had - a marriage that is important but still allows time to pursue individual goals. The majority of American wives, even those with children, work outside the home. As a result, the old-fashioned idea that housework, cooking, and child care are "women's work" is being discarded. In the contemporary American marriage, the husband and wife share both financial and domestic responsibilities. In most families, the working wife probably still handles the larger share of the housework, cooking and child care, but she gets some help from her husband.

Sahring money-making and housekeeping responsibilities provides a better life for both parents. The typical American wife enjoys being out in the working world. Her husband discovers that cooking and child care can be fun and can bring him closer to his family. He may also find that it's nice to have his wife's help in supporting the family. Of course, problems can develop in the two-income family if the husband expects his working wife to be the perfect homemaker that his stay-at-home mother was. Also, there may be arguments if the wife expects her husband to help with household chores, but he is unwilling to do so.

The contemporary American marriage is also charcterized by a relationship of equality and shared decision making. Most American women today will not tolerate a husband who considers himself the boss. The American girl is given freedom and education equal to a boy's. After completing her education, she is able to get a job and support herself. She does not need to marry for financial security. She is self-sufficient and will not accept a submissive rold in marriage. When husband and wife are able to share dicision making and respect each other's viewpoints, their marriage is probably closer than those of past generations. When they battle for dominance, they're likely to end up in divorce court.

Ⅱ. Changing roles of Men and Women

Most adult women in the United States today work outside the home. And the majority of men and women believe that when men and women live together, household tasks should be shared by both. But what really happens?

When asked who does the household chores, 41% of all women claim that they do, another 41% say they do a lot and their husbands help some, 15% report the chores are evenly divided, and 3% say the husbands do more. Clearly, there is a gap between deciding that things should be equal and the reality of who, in fact, gets things done.

However, it must be noted that in families where both spouses are employed, 24% of husbands claim that the wife does nearly all the work around the house, 42% report that the wife does most of it but the husband helps some, 28% say that the work is evenly divided, and 6% claim that the husband actually does more around the house. Greater sharing within couples is also seen more among young married families under 30 years of age and among those who are college-educated.

One possible way for men and women to share family responsibilities is for people to chagne roles: the men would stay home and the women would become the breadwinners of the family. This possibility has been surveyed since 1970. Back then, 64% said they would have less respect for a husband who stayed home than for one who had a job outside the home, only 8% would respect him more, and 15% said it would make very little difference. By 1980 things had begun to change. A much lower 41% said they would respect the stay-at-home husband less, 6% more, but 43% about the same. Now, only 30% say they would respect a man who stays home to do household chores less, 15% more, and a big 55% say the same.

Thus the number who say they would think less of a husband who exchanges roles with his wife and stays home to take care of the household has declined from 64% to 30% over a generation's time. What is more, the younger the surveyed people are and the more money they have, the less likely they are to say they would respect a stay-at-home husband less.

Attitudes toward change are usually formed early in life or no later than the teens. Therefore, it is significant to find that teenagers today expect to share almost all household and child-rearing chores in married life.

It seems that the public believes it is very difficult for a young mother to work, take care of the household, and be the primary parent when it comes to raising the children. There simply is not enough time to do it all. There is no doubt that most women in the future are going to choose to work, marry, and be mothers. Therefore, people conclude, tradition must change and male spouses must do many things that their fathers and grandfathers would not have agreed to do.

Women, especially young women, are determined to see the change come about. Even more interesting is that males, particularly teenage boys, agree with the women.

The significance of this is that right in the home, daily, the reality of equality between the sexes is being created. This newfound sharing is not simply something that people say without doing. It is a real revolution.

Lesson 12   Active Citizens and Volunteer Work

Listneing Focus Ⅰ

Step 1

1.

Sarah : Say, Min-gi, what are you doing today? Would you like to go with me?

Min-gi : What are you planning to do?

Sarah : I'm going to volunteer with students who have physical disabilities. Can you            join us next time?

Min-gi : I'm sorry, I can't, but I want to volunteer to help senior citizens.

2.

Officer : You were driving well over the speed limit. Please may I see your driver's               license?

Driver : Yes, Officer. Are you going to give me a ticket?

Officer : I have to check your record before I decide. (after a minute) You are beginner and this is your first time. I'm warning you not to do that again.

3.

Mi-ran : I want to be a teacher, but as you know I don't have enough money to go to           an expensive  college. What would you do if you were in my shoes?

Frank : How about going to college for primary education? If you go there, you'll                probably get a scholarship.

Mi-ran : That's a good idea.

Step 3

Q1. What does the man want to do?

Q2. What is the relationship between the speakers?

Q3. What does the woman want to be?

Listening Focus Ⅱ

Task 1

Jennifer : What did you do last weekend?

Min-gi : I did some volunteer work at the hospital.

Jennifer : Oh, really! What kind of volunteer work do you do?

Min-gi : I help in the lab. Mostly I clean up the lab equipment, but it allows me to see           firsthand what doctors and researchers do.

Jennifer : You must be learning a lot. Do you want to be a doctor?

Min-gi : No, I want to be a genetic engineer.

Jennifer : That sounds very interesting. I want to be a nurse. Maybe I should volunteer at the hospital, too.

Task 2

Frank : Hi, Did you have a good weekend?

Ji-su : Yes, it was great.

Frank : What did you do?

Ji-su : Well, I did volunteer work at a hospital on Saturday night.

Frank : Really? That's great. What did you do there?

Ji-su : I took care of patients. Would you come along with me next weekend?

Frank : Great. I'd love to.

Task 3

Don't put off volunteering because you work full-time! There are many opportunities to volunteer that do not require you to be available Monday to Friday during the day. Many organizations would love to find volunteers that are able to volunteer in evenings, at nights and on weekends. It is important, however, to check out what organization you are interested in and how much time commitment you have in mind.

Additional Practice

A. InterAct 1

1.

M : Would you like to go with me?

W : Thank you, but I have to go home early.

2.

M : You were driving well over the speed limit. I'm warning you not to do that  again.

W : I'm sorry, Officer. I'll drive slowly.

3.

W : What would you do if you were in my shoes?

M : How about going to college for primary education?

l

B. InterAct 2

Jennifer : What are you looking for?

Se-min : Oh, I want to find a place to volunteer.

Jennifer : How about visiting a volunteering center for senior citizens?

Se-min : Well, I really want to help others.

Jennifer : First of all, think over what you really want to do.

Se-min : I like to play with children and teach them.

Self-Study

B.

W : Can students take any classes that they want?

M : Well. Usually, there are required classes.

W : How many required classes are there?

M : It depends on the major.

W : It would be ahrd for me to choose good classes. What would you do if you were        in my shoes?

M : Maybe, you'd better ask your professor. Your professor will help you plan the best       class.

C.

M : Hi. Did you have a good weekend?

W : Yes, it was great.

M : What did you do?

W : Well, I did volunteer work at the hospital on Saturday night.

M : Really? That's great. What did you do there?

W : I took care of patients and read them a story. They were really pleased. Would          you come along with me next weekend?

M : Great, I'd love to.

Communicator Ⅰ

Sarah : Do you know what volunteer work is?

Se-min : Sure. _____________________ It means you work and you don't get paid.

Sarah : What a bad person you are! What about active citizenship?

Se-min : _______________________ Last time I had to clean the streets. It was no fun.

Sarah : Why did you volunteer to do it, then?

Se-min : I had to. It was for my academic scores.

Sarah : That's not really volunteer work. "Volunteer work" means work is voluntary.

Se-min : Voluntary?

Sarah : Right! You have to say "I will!"

Se-min : I think I'll wait until someone tells me "You will!"

Sarah : Too bad! I'm looking for volunteer Ski Guards for the winter. You get a free           lift ticket.

Se-min : I will!

본문

Does Citizenship Just Happen?

There are few places in the world where you really dont' have to do anything to be a citizen. If you are born with German "blood", you are a German. If you are born with a Jewish mother anywhere in the world, you can be a citizen of Israel. To be Japanese, all you need are Japanese ancestors.

This passive idea of citizenship is a very old one; it's like being a member of a very big tribe. A passive citizen is still a citizen, just as a lazy cousin is still your cousin.

It's also a very dangerous idea of citizenship. In 1934, the German government decided that Jews were not real Germans, and by 1944 almost all of the German Jews were dead or overseas. Israel has decided that Palestinians cannot come back to the land of their ancestors. And the mayor of Tokyo has warned the army to be on the look out for "non-Japanese" in the event of an earthquake!

Modern citizenship is not like this. It can't be, because most modern nations are full of people who were born somewhere else. Modern nations need foreign workers to run, just as modern nations send their own people to work abraod. So the old passive, tribal idea of citizenship is dying.

In most modern nations, you don't have to be born a citizen. Instead, you become one by growing up and taking part in a society. Citizenship isn't something to be, it's something to do. And it's not something you do by yourself.

The end of the last century saw active citizens springing up and effecting change everywhere. Active citizens took part in recent events such as WTO protests, fuel and road blockades, union activities, mass bike rides, Greenpeace efforts, and Buy Nothing Day. It wasn't easy and it wasn't bloodless, but active citizens brought democracy to Korea.

Of course, you don't have to fight police officers to be a good citizen. In order to be an active citizen, we need to participate in the society around us. One way to do this is through volunteering.

A "volunteer" is somebody who is willing. There are all manners of voluntary organizations: schools, camps and other community festivals, local clubs and informal arrangements for baby-sitting and helping neighbors. Here in Korea, many volunteers teach Korean to foreign workers, and help them in legal disputes and finding housing. They help foreign tourists on the street and work as interpreters at international sports meetings. Korean volunteers make a vital contribution to all aspects of community life in Korea.

Who can become a volunteer? Anyone and everyone! Whatever your age, background, previous experience or needs, there is an opportunity. Daytime, evening, and weekend opportunities exist. Volunteering projects can be short term, long term, paid, unpaid, skilled, unskilled - it all depends on your needs, qualifications and personal interests. Of course, a lot of this volunteer work takes hard work, and ... good English.

You can even volunteer to work abroad : a number of projects need the skills that Koreans have, from teaching, to doctoring, to constructing the biggest building projects on earth. In return, there are lots of international volunteer agencies working in Korea, particularly in North Korea.

Korea is an old society, but it is becoming a modern society. So of course it is becoming a society with modern citizenship and plenty of foreign-born people. Recently, our citizenship laws were changed so that it is easier for some people without Korean parents to become Korean.

There is a way to go yet. We need to develop modern, active citizens who know that citizenship isn't something that has happened to you. It's something you need to go out and participate in.

a healthy society needs people's participation. The ideas that should drive a 21st century philosophy are that volunteering is about free will and energy, and that people are powerful and competent. Volunteering brings personal development and helps realize your power. Volunteering will bring us together and bring us better social services and universal social security. Why don't you volunteer right now to be an active Korean citizen in the 21st century?