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THE BLUET 1813 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 17:57:48

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1811H3-18

1. I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest.



2. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible.



3. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes.



4. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes.



5. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted.



6. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe.



7. I look forward to your response.




1811H3-19

1. The waves were perfect for surfing.



2. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board.



3. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it.



4. He felt that he would never succeed.



5. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time.



6. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave.



7. One more try!"



8. Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water.



9. He waited for the right wave.



10. Finally, it came.



11. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced.



12. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore.



13. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"




1811H3-20

1. War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy.



2. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war.



3. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt.



4. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'.



5. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:.



6. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'.



7. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way.



8. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.




1811H3-21

1. Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance.



2. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results.



3. Society helps them along in this mad chase.



4. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions.



5. But it's wrong.



6. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions.



7. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery.



8. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance.



9. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result.



10. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."




1811H3-22

1. With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged.



2. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically.



3. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations.



4. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained.



5. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.




1811H3-23

1. We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change.



2. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries.



3. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation.



4. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement.



5. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels.



6. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.




1811H3-24

1. A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences.



2. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses.



3. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately.



4. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption.



5. Many people do not understand large numbers.



6. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling).



7. This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent.



8. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need.



9. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.




1811H3-25

1. The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017.



2. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980.



3. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017.



4. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017.



5. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017.



6. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.




1811H3-26

1. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings.



2. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post.



3. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer.



4. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida.



5. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek.



6. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.



7. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name.



8. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.




1811H3-29

1. "Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art.



2. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt.



3. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect.



4. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size.



5. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality.



6. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance.



7. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight."



8. This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.




1811H3-30

1. Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer.



2. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task.



3. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly.



4. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water.



5. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat.



6. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land.



7. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.




1811H3-31

1. Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens.



2. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared.



3. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event.



4. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory."



5. The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds.



6. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have.



7. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events.



8. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened.



9. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.




1811H3-32

1. Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'.



2. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority?



3. The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across.



4. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence.



5. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change.



6. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view.



7. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change.



8. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.




1811H3-33

1. Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present.



2. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future.



3. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present.



4. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts.



5. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past.



6. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents.



7. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.




1811H3-34

1. The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools.



2. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions.



3. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways.



4. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas.



5. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area.



6. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically.



7. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2.



8. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.




1811H3-35

1. When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis.



2. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could.



3. Some painters made practical use of the invention.



4. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting.



5. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century.



6. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.




1811H3-36

1. Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior.



2. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves.



3. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population.



4. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity.



5. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!).



6. People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings.



7. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;.



8. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.




1811H3-37

1. Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember.



2. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory.



3. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:.



4. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation.



5. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal."



6. Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting.



7. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation.



8. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.




1811H3-38

1. The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves.



2. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth.



3. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember.



4. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error.



5. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale.



6. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.



7. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way.



8. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day.



9. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.




1811H3-39

1. A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography.



2. This can be done in various ways.



3. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land.



4. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines.



5. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation.



6. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top.



7. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler.



8. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography.



9. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.




1811H3-40

1. Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future.



2. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives.



3. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront.



4. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.




1811H3-4142

1. Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term.



2. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours.



3. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work.



4. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off.



5. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production.



6. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements.



7. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure.



8. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes.



9. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises.



10. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible.



11. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.




1811H3-4345

1. Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages.



2. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?"



3. "Yes, I learned about it in biology class.



4. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered.



5. "Right!



6. But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves!



7. So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?"



8. Grandma suggested.



9. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready.



10. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma.



11. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was.



12. There seemed to be a million cabbages.



13. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field.



14. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off.



15. Olivia sighed in despair.



16. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry.



17. We are only working on this first row here today."



18. Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage.



19. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them.



20. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs.



21. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield.



22. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on.



23. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared.



24. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?"



25. Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature?



26. The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower."



27. Olivia realized she was right.



28. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment.



29. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty.



30. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.




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https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1g1SWsf6f3kx-qX0EkWDn5lvBeP2hU_7ttVWv6fh2O-w/edit?usp=sharing

 

2018년 11월 대수능

영문+국문 🧔🏻읽고 또 읽어봅시다!,만든이: 임희재 (wayne36@daum.net) 지문번호,영문장,국문장 1811H3-18,1. I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest.,며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 2. However, I would like to change my recipe if

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1811H3-18::I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe. I look forward to your response.::며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 하지만, 가능하다면 저의 요리법을 바꾸고 싶습니다. 제가 웹사이트를 다시 확인해 보았지만, 대회 날짜와 시간, 그리고 상에 관한 정보만 발견할 수 있었습니다. 요리법을 바꾸는 데에 대한 어떤 정보도 볼 수 없었습니다. 저는 이제 막 훌륭한 새로운 요리법을 만들었는데, 사람들이 제가 이미 제출한 것보다 이것을 더 좋아할 것이라고 믿고 있습니다. 제가 제출한 요리법을 바꿀 수 있는지 저에게 알려 주십시오. 귀하의 응답을 고대하고 있겠습니다.
1811H3-19::The waves were perfect for surfing. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it. He felt that he would never succeed. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave. One more try!" Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water. He waited for the right wave. Finally, it came. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"::파도는 서핑하기에 완벽했다. 하지만 Dave는 자신의 보드 위에 도저히 서 있을 수 없었다. 그는 일어서려고 열 번 넘게 시도해 보았지만 결코 해낼 수 없었다. 그는 자신이 결코 성공할 수 없을 것이라고 느꼈다. 막 포기하려고 할 때 그는 바다를 마지 막으로 한 번 쳐다보았다. 넘실거리는 파도가 "이리와, Dave. 한 번 더 시도해 봐"라고 말하는 것 같았다. 심호흡을 하면서 그는 자신의 보드를 집어 들고 바다로 달려 들어갔다. 그는 적당한 파도를 기다렸다. 마침내 그것이 왔다. 그는 자신이 연습했던 그대로 보드 위로 점프해 올랐다. 그리고 이번에는 똑바로 서서 그는 해안으로 되돌아오는 내내 파도와 싸웠다. 기쁨에 차서 물 밖으로 걸어 나오며 그는 "와, 내가 해냈어"라고 환호성을 질렀다. 
1811H3-20::War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.::전쟁은 적에 대한 '약간의' 이미지, 즉 개념 없이는 생각할 수 없다. 전쟁에 의미와 정당화를 제공하는 것은 바로 적의 존재이다. Carl Schmitt는 이렇게 썼다, '전쟁은 증오감을 따라 나온다. 전쟁은 그 나름의 전략적, 전술적, 그리고 여타의 규칙과 관점을 가지고 있지만, 그것들 모두 적이 누구냐에 대해 정치적인 결정이 이미 내려졌다는 것을 상정하고 있다.' 적의 개념은 전쟁의 도덕적 평가에 핵심적이다. 즉 '적의 이미지를 확립하는 데 있어서 전쟁을 하고 있는 국가의 기본적인 목표는 죽이는 행위와 살인의 행위를 가능한 한 뚜렷이 구별하는 것이다.' 하지만, 우리는 전쟁과 그것에 영향을 미치는 적의 이미지를 추상적이고 획일적인 방식으로 생각하는 것에 대해 주의를 할 필요가 있다. 오히려 둘은 그것들 본연의 문화적이고 불확정적인 현상으로 간주되어야 한다. 
1811H3-21::Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. Society helps them along in this mad chase. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. But it's wrong. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."::비록 명시적인 목표는 아니지만, 최고의 과학은 실제로 무지를 개선하는 것으로 여겨질 수 있다. 과학자들, 특히 젊은 과학자들은 결과에 너무 집착할 수 있다. 사회는 그들이 이런 무모한 추구를 계속하도록 돕는다. 큰 발견들이 언론에 보도되고, 대학의 홈페이지에 등장하고, 보조금을 얻는데 도움을 주고, 승진을 위한 논거를 만든다. 그러나 그것은 잘못된 것이다. 위대한 과학자들, 우리가 존경하는 선구자들은 결과가 아니라 다음 문제에 관심이 있다. 아주 존경 받는 물리학자인 Enrico Fermi는 자신의 학생들에게 가설을 성공적으로 입증하는 실험은 측정이며, 그렇지 않은 것은 발견이라고 말했다. 새로운 무지의 발견, (새로운 무지를) 드러내는 것이라고. 과학적인 성취의 정점인 노벨상은 평생의 과학적인 업적이 아니라 하나의 발견, 결과에 대해 수여된다. 노벨상 위원회조차도 이것이 실제로 과학의 진정한 의미 속에 있는 것이 아니라는 것을 어떤 점에서 인식하고 있으며, 그들의 상에 쓰인 문구들도 흔히 '한 분야를 열었거나,' '한 분야를 변화시켰거나,' 혹은 '한 분야를 새롭고 예상치 못한 방향으로 이끈' 발견을 기리고 있다. 
1811H3-22::With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.::산업 사회가 정보에 기반한 사회로 진화해가면서, 하나의 상품, 그 나름의 가치를 가진 하나의 제품으로서의 정보의 개념이 등장했다. 결과적으로 가장 고품질의 정보를 소유한 그러한 사람, 조직, 그리고 국가들이 경제적으로, 사회적으로, 그리고 정치적으로 번창할 가능성이 높다. 정보의 경제학에 대한 연구는 정보와 정보 서비스의 비용, 정보가 의사 결정에 미치는 영향, 효과적인 정보 취득으로 인한 절약, 정보가 생산성에 미치는 영향, 그리고 (기업, 기술, 혹은 의학 도서관과 같은) 특정한 기관이 조직의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 포함하는 다양한 범주를 망라한다. 이러한 많은 분야들이 서로 겹치는 것은 분명하지만, 정보가 그것이 포함되는 매체를 벗어나 그 나름의 생명력을 얻게 되었다는 것은 분명하다. 정보는 측정되고, 평가되고, 값이 매겨지는 인정받는 실재(독립체)가 되었다. 
1811H3-23::We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.::우리는 정의의 윤리적 원칙이 아직 태어나지 않은 세대와 가장 가난한 나라들을 기후 변화로부터 보호하기 위한 정책에 대한 근본적인 기초를 제공한다고 주장하는 바이다. 농업과 물 공급에 대한 점점 증가하는 위협과 주로 부유한 국가들에게만 이득을 주는 국제 무역의 규칙에 직면하여, 이 (가난한) 국가들을 위한 현재의 끈질기게 부족한 원조와 관련하여 연계된 문제들이 발생한다. 세계의 가장 가난한 국민들에 대한 원조를 증가시키는 것은 효과적인 (탄소 배출) 완화의 필수적인 부분이다. 탄소 배출량의 20%는 (대개 열대 지역의) 벌채로부터 오므로, 삼림 보존을 위한 탄소 배출권은 더 가난한 국가들에 대한 원조와 비용 효율성이 가장 높은 (탄소 배출) 감소의 형태 중의 하나와 결합시켜 줄 것이다. 아마 비용 효율성이 가장 높지만 정치적으로 가장 복잡한 정책 개혁은, OECD에서 두 가지의 가장 큰 수혜 분야, 곧 파괴적인 산업화 농업과 화석 연료로부터 오는 연간 수천억 달러의 직접적인 보조금을 없애는 일일 것이다. 이 돈의 적은 양이라도 보존 농업으로의 근본적인 변화를 촉진할 뿐만 아니라, 많은 지역에서 이미 빠르게 진행되고 있는 재생 가능한 에너지에 대한 기술적 진보와 투자를 가속할 것이다. 
1811H3-24::A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption. Many people do not understand large numbers. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling). This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.::큰 재해를 정의하는 요소 하나는 그 해로운 결과의 거대한 규모이다. 사회가 큰 재해로부터 오는 손실을 방지하거나 줄이는 데 도움을 주기 위해서, 잠재적 혹은 실제적 손실의 규모와 범위를 산정하고 전달하기 위한 대단히 큰 노력과 기술적인 정교한 지식이 자주 사용된다. 이 노력은 사람들이 그 결과로 생기는 수를 이해할 수 있고 그에 의거하여 적절하게 행동할 수 있다는 것을 가정한다. 그러나 최근의 행동 연구는 이러한 근본적인 가정에 의혹을 던진다. 큰 수를 이해하지 못하는 사람들이 많다. 사실상 큰 수는 정서적 반응(감정)을 전달하지 않는다면 의미가 없으며 결정을 할 때 과소평가된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 의사 결정의 이성적인 모델이 표현하지 못하는 역설을 만들어 낸다. 한편으로 우리는 곤궁한 상태에 빠진 한 사람을 돕기 위하여 강렬하게 반응한다. 다른 한편으로 우리는 대량의 비극을 방지하거나 자연재해로부터 잠재적인 손실을 줄이기 위한 적절한 조치를 하지 못할 때가 흔히 있다. 
1811H3-25::The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.::위 표는 1979-1980학년도와 2016-2017학년도의 두 학년도에 미국의 대학과 종합대학에 등록한 상위 10개 출신국과 유학생의 수를 보여준다. 2016-2017학년도의 유학생 총수는 1979-1980학년도 유학생 총수보다 3배 넘게 많았다. 이란, 타이완, 나이지리아는 1979-1980학년도 유학생의 상위 3개 출신국이었는데, 그 중 타이완만이 2016-2017학년도 상위 10개 출신국 목록에 포함되었다. 인도 출신 학생 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 20배 넘게 많았으며, 인도는 2016-2017학년도에 중국보다 순위가 더 낮았다. 대한민국은 1979-1980학년도에는 상위 10개 출신국에 포함되지 않았는데, 2016-2017학년도에는 순위가 3위였다. 일본 출신 학생의 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 더 많았으나, 일본은 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 순위가 더 낮았다.
1811H3-26::Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.::1896년 Washington D.C.에서 태어난 미국 작가인 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings는 시골을 다룬 주제와 배경이 있는 소설을 썼다. 그녀가 어렸을 때, 그녀의 이야기 중 하나가 The Washington Post에 실렸다. 대학교를 졸업한 후 Rawlings는 저널리스트로 일하면서 동시에 소설가로 자리매김하려고 애썼다. 1928년에 그녀는 Florida주 Cross Creek에 있는 오렌지 과수원을 구입했다. 이것은 The Yearling과 자전적인 책인 Cross Creek을 포함해서 그녀의 일부 작품의 영감의 원천이 되었다. 1939년에 한 소년과 어미 잃은 아기 사슴에 관한 이야기였던 The Yearling은 퓰리처상 소설부문 수상작이 되었다. 그후, 1946에 The Yearling은 같은 이름의 영화로 제작되었다. Rawlings는 1953년에 세상을 떠났고, 그녀가 Cross Creek에 소유한 땅은 Florida 주립 공원이 되어 그녀의 업적을 기리고 있다. 
1811H3-29::"Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight." This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.::'기념비적'이라는 말은 이집트 예술의 기본적인 특징을 표현하는 데 매우 근접하는 단어이다. 그 전에도 그 이후에도, 기념비성이라는 특성이 이집트에서처럼 완전히 달성된 적은 한 번도 없었다. 이에 대한 이유는 그들 작품의 외적 크기와 거대함이 아니다―비록 이집트인들이 이 점에 있어서 몇 가지 대단한 업적을 달성했다는 것이 인정되지만 말이다. 많은 현대 구조물은 순전히 물리적인 크기의 면에서는 이집트의 구조물들을 능가한다. 그러나 거대함은 기념비성과는 아무 관련이 없다. 예를 들어, 겨우 사람 손 크기의 이집트의 조각이 Leipzig의 전쟁 기념비를 구성하는 그 거대한 돌무더기보다 더 기념비적이다. 기념비성은 외적 무게의 문제가 아니라 '내적 무게'의 문제이다. 이 내적 무게가 이집트 예술이 지닌 특성인데, 이집트 예술은 그 안에 있는 모든 작품이 단지 폭이 몇 인치에 불과하거나 나무에 새겨져 있을지라도, 마치 산맥처럼 원시 시대의 돌로 만들어진 것처럼 보일 정도이다. 
1811H3-30::Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.::유럽 최초의 '호모 사피엔스'는 주로 큰 사냥감, 특히 순록을 먹고 살았다. 심지어 이상적인 상황에서도, 이런 빠른 동물을 창이나 활과 화살로 사냥하는 것은 불확실한 일이다. 그러나 순록에게는 인류가 인정사정 없이 이용할 약점이 있었는데, 그것은 순록이 수영을 잘 못한다는 것이었다. 순록은 물에 떠 있는 동안, 코를 물 위로 내놓으려고 애쓰면서 가지진 뿔을 높이 쳐들고 천천히 움직이기 때문에, 유례없이 공격받기 쉬운 상태가 된다. 어느 시점에선가, 석기 시대의 한 천재가 수면 위를 미끄러지듯이 움직일 수 있음으로써 자신이 얻을 엄청난 사냥의 이점을 깨닫고 최초의 배를 만들었다. 쉽게 따라잡아서 도살한 먹잇감을 일단 배 위로 끌어 올리면, 사체를 부족이 머무는 곳으로 가지고 가는 것은 육지에서보다는 배로 훨씬 더 쉬웠을 것이다. 인류가 이런 장점을 다른 물품에 적용하는 데는 긴 시간이 걸리지 않았을 것이다. 
1811H3-31::Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory." The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.::Finkenauer와 Rimé는 표본으로 추출된 많은 벨기에 시민들을 대상으로 1993년 벨기에 왕 Baudouin의 예기치 못한 죽음에 대한 기억을 조사했다. 그 자료는 왕의 죽음에 대한 소식이 널리 사회적으로 공유되었다는 것을 나타냈다. 그 사건에 관해 이야기함으로써 사람들은 서서히 그 감정적 사건의 사회적 이야기와 집단 기억을 구축했다. 동시에 그들은 그 사건이 발생했던 개인적 상황에 대한 자신들의 기억을 공고히 했는데, 그것은 '섬광 기억'으로 알려진 효과이다. 한 사건이 사회적으로 더 많이 공유되면 될수록, 그것은 사람들의 마음에 더 많이 고정될 것이다. 사회적 공유는 이런 식으로 사람들이 갖고 있을 수 있는 어떤 자연적인 성향을 중화시키는 데 도움이 될 수도 있다. 자연스럽게 사람들은 바람직하지 않은 사건을 '잊도록' 이끌릴 것이다. 그래서 방금 어떤 나쁜 소식을 들은 어떤 사람은 발생한 일을 처음에는 흔히 부인하고 싶어 한다. 나쁜 소식의 반복되는 사회적 공유는 현실성에 기여한다. 
1811H3-32::Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.::소수 집단은 많은 힘이나 지위를 가지고 있지 않은 경향이 있고 심지어 말썽꾼, 극단주의자, 또는 단순히 '별난 사람'으로 일축될 수도 있다. 그렇다면 대체 그들은 어떻게 다수 집단에 대한 영향력을 행사하는가? 사회 심리학자 Serge Moscovici는 그 답이 그들의 '행동 양식', 즉 소수 집단이 자기네 의견을 이해시키는 '방식'에 있다고 주장한다. 여성 참정권 운동이 성공을 거둔 중대한 요인은 지지자들이 자신들의 관점에서 '일관적'이었다는 것이었는데, 이것이 상당한 정도의 사회적 영향력을 행사하였다. 자신들의 입장을 '일관되게' 옹호하고 방어하는 활동적이고 조직적인 소수 집단이 다수 집단의 구성원 사이에 사회적 갈등, 의심, 그리고 불확신을 만들어 낼 수 있고, 궁극적으로 이것이 사회 변화를 가져올 수도 있다. 그러한 변화가 흔히 일어난 까닭은 소수 집단이 다른 사람들을 자신의 관점으로 바꿔 놓았기 때문이다. 소수 집단의 영향 없이는 우리에게 어떤 혁신, 어떤 사회 변화도 없을 것이다. 우리가 현재 '주요' 사회 운동(예를 들어, 기독교 사상, 노동조합 운동, 또는 남녀평등주의)으로 여기는 많은 것이 본래는 거침없이 말하는 소수 집단의 영향력 때문에 생겨났다. 
1811H3-33::Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.::문화유산은 매우 선별적인 물질적 인공물, 신화, 기억, 그리고 전통이 현재를 위한 자원이 되는 방식과 관련이 있다. 그 자원의 내용, 해석, 표현은 현재의 요구에 따라 선택되며, 상상된 과거는 상상된 미래로 전해질 수 있는 유산을 위한 자원을 제공한다. 그것은 또한 기억과 전통의 의미와 기능들이 현재에 와서 정의된다는 말이 된다. 게다가, 유산은 물질적 인공물보다 의미와 더 많이 관련된다. 후자(물질적 인공물)에게 문화적 혹은 재정적 가치를 부여하고 거의 무한하게 많은 과거의 것들로부터 왜 그것들이 선택되었는지 설명해 주는 것은 바로 전자(의미)이다. 결국, 현재 사회의 요구가 변화함에 따라, 혹은 심지어, 구 동유럽에서 현재 일어나고 있는 것처럼, 새로운 현재를 반영하기 위해서 과거가 재창조되어야 할 때, 그것들은 나중에 버려질 수도 있다. 따라서 유산은 과거를 기억하는 것만큼 과거를 잊는 것에 관한 것이다. 
1811H3-34::The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.::인간은 새로운 문화적 도구를 발명함으로써 자신의 기능성을 확장하는 능력에 있어서 독특하다. 쓰기, 산수, 과학, 이 모든 것은 최근에 발명된 것이다. 우리의 뇌가 그것들을 위해 진화할 충분한 시간이 없었으나, 나는 우리가 우리의 오래된 영역들을 새로운 방식으로 동원할 수 있기 때문에 그것들이 가능하게 되었으리라고 추론한다. 우리가 읽는 것을 배울 때, 우리는 시각적인 단어-형태 영역이라고 알려진 우리의 시각 시스템의 특정 영역을 재활용하는데, 이것이 우리가 일련의 문자를 인식하고 그것들을 언어 영역에 연결할 수 있게 해 준다. 마찬가지로, 우리가 아라비아 숫자를 배울 때 우리는 그러한 모양들을 빠르게 수량으로 변환하는 회로를 만드는데, 이것은 양측 의 시각 영역을 정수리 부분의 수량 영역과 빠르게 연결하는 것이다. 손가락으로 헤아리기와 같은 기본적인 발명조차도 우리의 인지 능력을 극적으로 변화시킨다. 수를 세는 것을 발명하지 않은 아마존 사람들은, 예를 들어, 6 빼기 2처럼 간단한 것을 정확하게 계산할 수 없다. 이러한 '문화적 재활용'은 인간의 두뇌의 기능적 구조가 생물학적, 문화적 제약의 복잡한 혼합물로부터 생겨난 것이라는 것을 암시한다. 
1811H3-35::When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.::사진술이 19세기에 나타났을 때, 회화는 위기에 처했다. 사진은 여태까지 화가가 할 수 있었던 것보다 자연을 모방하는 일을 더 잘하는 것처럼 보였다. 몇몇 화가들은 그 발명품(사진술)을 실용적으로 이용했다. 자신들이 그리고 있는 모델이나 풍경 대신에 사진을 사용하는 인상파 화가들이 있었다. 하지만 대체로, 사진은 회화에 대한 도전이었고 회화가 직접적인 표현과 복제로부터 멀어져 20세기의 추상 회화로 이동해 가는 한 가지 원인이었다. 사진은 사물을 세상에 존재하는 대로 아주 잘 표현했기 때문에, 화가들은 내면을 보고 자신들의 상상 속에서 존재하는 대로 사물을 표현할 수 있게 되어, 화가의 그림에 고유한 색, 양감, 선, 그리고 공간의 배치로 감정을 표현하였다. 
1811H3-36::Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.::심리학 연구자들은 인간의 행동을 설명하는 데 도움을 주고 예측할 수 있는 연구를 수행하기 위해 과학적인 방법을 따른다. 이것은 달팽이나 음파를 연구하는 것보다 훨씬 더 어려운 작업이다. 이것은 자연적인 환경보다 실험실 내에서의 행동을 검사하는 것, 그리고 모집단의 대표적인 실제 예에서 데이터를 모으기보다 (심리학 입문을 공부하는 학생들처럼) 쉽게 구할 수 있는 사람들에게 참여하도록 요청하는 것과 같은 절충이 자주 필요하다. 사람들의 생각을 바꾸는 것, 즉 반응성이라 불리는 것 없이 그들이 생각하고 있는 것에 최대한 접근할 방안을 생각해 내는 것은 많은 경우 대단히 교묘한 솜씨가 필요하다. 단지 자신들이 관찰되고 있다는 것을 아는 것은 사람들이 (더욱 공손하게 하는 것처럼) (평소와) 다르게 행동하는 것을 유발할 수 있다. 사람들은 자신들의 실제 생각보다 더 사회적으로 바람직하다고 생각하는 답을 할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 심리학에 대한 모든 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고, 과학적인 방법의 이점은 연구 결과가 반복 가능하다는 것이다. 즉 같은 절차를 따르면서 같은 연구를 다시 진행하면, 같은 결과를 얻을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다. 
1811H3-37::Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal." Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.::분명히, 도식적인 지식은 여러분의 이해를 이끌어주고 기억할 수 없는 것들을 재구성하게 하여 여러분에게 도움을 준다. 하지만 도식적인 지식은 또한 인식과 기억에 오류를 조장하여 여러분에게 해를 끼칠 수 있다. 게다가, 도식에 의해서 발생하는 오류의 '유형'은 상당히 예측 가능하다. 도식이 여러분의 경험의 광범위한 유형을 요약하며 그래서 그것(도식)이 본질적으로 주어진 상황에서 무엇이 전형적이거나 평범한 것인지 여러분에게 말해 준다는 것을 명심하라. 따라서, 도식에 대한 어떠한 의존이라 하더라도, 그것은 어떤 것이 '정상적'인 것인지에 대한 이러한 정보에 의해 형성될 것이다. 따라서 어떤 상황이나 사건을 보면서 여러분이 알아차리지 못하는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 상황에서 일반적으로 무엇이 어울리는지에 관한 지식으로 이러한 '공백'을 채우도록 여러분을 이끌어줄 것이다. 마찬가지로, 여러분이 기억할 수 없는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 공백을 그 상황에서 어떤 것이 일반적인 것인지에 대한 지식으로 채워 줄 것이다. 결과적으로, 도식에 의존하는 것은 불가피하게 세상을 실제보다 더 '정상적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이고, 과거를 실제보다 더 '규칙적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이다. 
1811H3-38::The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.::인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장시켰다. 비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다. 이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것으로 제한했다. 그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다. 구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리와 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 탄생은 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나가는 능력을 강화했다. 그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다. 잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다. 
1811H3-39::A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography. This can be done in various ways. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.::지도 제작자들의 커다란 도전은 집합적으로 지형이라고 불리는 언덕과 계곡, 경사지와 평지의 묘사이다. 이것은 여러 방법으로 할 수 있다. 한 가지 방법은 지형의 주름이 번갈아 빛이 비치고 그늘지게 빛과 그림자의 이미지를 만들어, 땅의 모양을 시각적으로 표현하는 것을 만들어 내는 것이다. 기술적으로 더 정확한 또 다른 방법은 등 고선을 그리는 것이다. 등고선은 동일한 고도에 있는 모든 점을 연결한다. 따라서 평야 위로 솟은 둥그런 산은 가장 큰 동심원이 맨 아랫부분에 그리고 가장 작은 동심원은 꼭대기 근처에 있는 일련의 동심원으로 지도에 나타날 것이다. 등고선이 서로 가깝게 배치되면 산의 경사가 가파르고, 등고선이 더 멀리 떨어져 있으면 기울기가 더 완만하다. 등고선은 지역 지형의 가파른 비탈, 분지, 계곡을 나타낼 수 있다. 한눈에, 그것들은 지도로 그려진 지역의 고저가 큰지 작은지를 드러내는데, '복잡한' 등고선 지도는 많은 높은 기복을 의미한다. 
1811H3-40::Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.::시장 시스템이 있거나 없는 두 가지 인간 사회를 다 포함한 생물학적 유기체들은 불확실한 미래와 관련된 위험에 기초하여 현재 이용할 수 있는 생산물보다 (시간상으로) 멀리 있는 것들을 평가 절하한다. 투입과 생산의 시기가 에너지 유형에 따라 크게 다르기 때문에, 대체 에너지를 평가할 때 시간을 통합하려는 강력한 사례가 있다. 예를 들어 대부분의 투자가 생산하기 전에 발생하는 태양 전지판이나 풍력 엔진으로부터의 에너지 생산은 대부분의 화석 연료 추출 기술과 비교했을 때 다르게 평가될 필요가 있을 수 있는데, 화석 연료 추출 기술에서는 많은 비율의 에너지 생산이 훨씬 더 빨리 가능하고, 더 큰 (상대적) 비율의 투입이 추출 과정 동안에 적용되고 선행 투자되지는 않는다. 따라서 화석 연료, 특히 석유와 천연가스는 많은 재생 가능 기술보다 에너지 품질 이점(비용, 저장성, 운송 가능성 등)이 있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 소비/수익에 대한 인간의 행동 선호를 설명하는 것에 비추어 보면 '시간적 이점'도 또한 갖는다. 
1811H3-4142::Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.::산업 자본주의는 일거리를 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라, 그 말의 현대적 의미로의 '여가'도 또한 만들어 냈다. 이것은 놀라운 것으로 보일 수 있는데, 초기의 목화 농장주들은 자신들의 기계를 가능한 한 오랫동안 가동하기를 원했고, 자신들의 일꾼들에게 매우 오랜 시간을 일하도록 강요했기 때문이다. 하지만 근무 시간 동안 지속적인 일을 요구하고 비업무 활동을 배제함으로써 고용주들은 여가를 업무와 분리했다. 어떤 사람들은 공장이 문을 닫는 별도의 휴가 기간을 만듦으로써 이 일을 매우 명시적으로 했는데, 왜냐하면 이렇게 하는 것이 그때그때 휴가를 내는 것에 의해 일을 중단시키는 것보다 더 나았기 때문이었다. 휴일의 형태이건, 주말의 형태이건, 혹은 저녁이라는 형태이건, 일하지 않는 별도의 기간으로서의 '여가'는 자본주의 생산으로 만들어진 통제되고 제한된 근로 시간의 결과였다. 그 후 노동자들은 더 많은 여가를 원했고, 여가 시간은 노동조합 운동에 의해 확대되었는데, 이 일은 면화 산업에서 맨 처음 시작되었고, 결국 노동 시간을 제한하고 노동자들에게 휴가의 권리를 주는 새로운 법이 통과되었다. 다른 의미에서 여가는 또한 여가의 상업화를 통한 자본주의의 창조였다. 이것은 더 이상 전통적인 스포츠와 여가 활동에의 참여를 의미하지 않았다. 노동자들은 자본주의 기업이 조직한 여가 활동에 돈을 지불하기 시작했다. 사람들에게 입장료를 받을 수 있는 관중 스포츠, 특히 축구와 경마로의 대중의 이동이 이제는 가능했다. 이것의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않는데, 왜냐하면 완전히 새로운 산업이 출현해 서 레저 시장을 개발하고 발전시키고 있었기 때문이었으며, 그 시장은 나중에 소비자의 수요, 고용, 그리고 이익의 거대한 원천이 될 것이었다. 
1811H3-4345::Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" "Yes, I learned about it in biology class. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered. "Right! But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves! So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?" Grandma suggested. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was. There seemed to be a million cabbages. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off. Olivia sighed in despair. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry. We are only working on this first row here today." Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?" Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature? The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower." Olivia realized she was right. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.::Olivia와 그녀의 여동생 Ellie는 양배추의 한가운데 할머니와 함께 서 있었다. 갑자기 할머니가 "양배추 화이트가 뭔지 아니"라고 물었다. "네, 저는 생물 시간에 그것에 대해 배웠어요. 그것은 아름다운 하얀 나비예요"라고 Olivia가 대답했다. "맞아! 하지만 그것은 양배추에 알을 낳고, 그러고 나서 애벌레는 양배추 잎을 먹지! 그러니, 내가 애벌레를 잡는 것을 도와주지 않겠니"라고 할머니가 제안했다. 두 자매는 기꺼이 동의했고 준비를 위해 집으로 돌아갔다. 곧, 각자 작은 양동이를 갖춘 채 Olivia와 Ellie는 할머니에게 다시 갔다. 그들이 양배추 밭을 보았을 때, 그들은 갑자기 그것이 얼마나 넓은지 생각이 났다. 백만 개의 양배추가 있는 것 같았다. Olivia는 끝없는 양배추 밭을 보고 입을 벌린 채 서 있었다. 그녀는 그들이 아마도 애벌레를 모두 다 떼어낼 수 없으리라고 생각했다. Olivia는 절망감에 한숨을 쉬었다. 할머니는 그녀를 보고 미소를 지으며 "걱정하지 마라. 우리는 단지 오늘 여기 첫 번째 줄에서만 일할 거란다"라고 말했다. 안도한 채 그녀와 Ellie 는 첫 번째 양배추에서 시작했다. 양배추 화이트들이 그들 주위의 하늘을 가득 메운 채 애벌레들이 잡히면서 꿈틀거렸다. 마치 그 나비들은 Olivia를 놀리고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 그것들은 수백만 개 의 알을 더 낳겠다고 암시하면서 그녀를 비웃는 것처럼 보였다. 양배추 밭은 마치 전쟁터처럼 보였다. Olivia는 싸움에서 지고 있다고 느꼈지만, 그녀는 계속 싸웠다. 그녀는 (양동이) 바닥이 모습을 감출 때까지 계속해서 자신의 양동이를 애벌레로 채웠다. 지치고 낙담한 채 그녀는 할머니에게 "나비를 모두 없애서 더 이상의 알이나 애벌레가 생기지 않게 하면 어때요"라고 물었다. 할머니는 부드럽게 미소를 지으며 "왜 대자연과 싸우려고 하니? 나비들은 이 꽃에서 저 꽃으로 꽃가루를 옮기기 때문에 우리가 다른 식물들을 키우는 데 도움을 준 단다." Olivia는 그녀가 옳다는 것을 깨달았다. 할머니는 애벌레가 양배추에게 해를 끼친다는 것을 알지만 자연환경의 자연스러운 균형을 방해하고 싶지 않다고 덧붙였다. Olivia는 이제 나비의 진정한 아름다움을 깨달았다. Olivia와 Ellie는 자신들의 가득 찬 양동이를 보고 웃었다.



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EBS 1-18::Paul has been doing well in class and seems interested in the material. I find him to be one of the most interesting students in my class. Lately, Paul seems to be having a problem handing in homework assignments on time or completing them fully. When I asked him about it, he said he was having a problem finding what he needed to get the work done at home. I was wondering if you could help us both out by establishing a small "homework box" that keeps all the things Paul needs for work together at home — pencils, rulers, paper, etc. I'm also going to check and make sure he's writing down his assignments in the agenda book, and I'll make sure I post the assignments on my website. Thank you so much for your help and support. I'm sure this will help get Paul back on track with his assignments. Please let me know if I can help you in any way.::Paul은 수업에 잘 임해 오고 있으며 (학습) 자료에 관심을 갖고 있는 것 같습니다. 저는 그가 제 학급에서 가장 재미있는 학생들 중 하나라고 생각합니다. 최근에 Paul은 과제를 제 때에 제출하거나 그것을 완수하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있는 것 같습니다. 제가 그에게 그것에 대해 물었을 때, 그는 집에서 과제를 끝마치기 위해서 필요한 것을 찾는 데 어려움을 겪고 있다고 말했습니다. 저는 학부모님께서 Paul이 집에서 과제를 하기 위해 필요로 하는 모든 것들, 즉 연필, 자, 종이 등을 한데 보관하는 작은 '과제용 상자'를 만들어서 저희 둘을 다 도와주실 수 있는지 묻고 싶었습니다. 저는 또한 그가 과제를 수첩에 적고 있는지 점검하고 확인하겠으며, 제 웹사이트에 과제물들을 꼭 게시하도록 하겠습니다. 학부모님의 도움과 지원에 대해 대단히 감사드립니다. 저는 이것이 Paul의 과제와 관련해서 그를 다시 정상적인 상태로 돌려놓는 데 도움이 될 거라고 확신합니다. 제가 어떤 식으로든 학부모님을 도와 드릴 수 있다면 저에게 알려 주십시오. 
EBS 1-19::The fight went to the judges' scorecards. Chaos engulfed the arena as the fight fans — and fighters — awaited the decision. The announcer reentered the ring, and the spectators fell silent for the first time all night. "Ladies and gentlemen, after four rounds of boxing, we go to the scorecards. Judge McCowan scores the bout 37-39. Judges McCullough and Martin score the bout 39-37 for your winner, by split decision, 'El Matador' Chavez!" The audience clapped and cried with delight;. they got their money's worth. Chavez's parents and brother climbed into the ring. Chavez had won his first professional fight. El Matador blew kisses to his hometown folks. He had managed to overcome incredible odds and had beaten an up-and-coming contender in a strange city.::그 권투 경기는 심판들의 채점표에 맡겨졌다. 권투 경기의 팬들—그리고 권투 선수들—이 판정을 기다리고 있을 때 혼돈이 경기장을 휩쓸었다. 아나운서가 링으로 다시 들어왔고, 관중들은 그날 밤 처음으로 조용해졌다. "신사 숙녀 여러분, 4라운드의 권투 경기가 끝난 후에 우리는 채점표로 판정을 하게 되었습니다. McCowan 심판은 경기를 37-39로 채점하고 있습니다. 심판 McCullough와 Martin은 경기를 39-37로 채점하여, 불일치 판정으로 승자는 'El Matador, Chavez입니다!" 관중들은 손뼉을 치고 기뻐서 소리를 질렀다. 그들은 자신들이 지불한 돈의 가치를 보상받았다. Chavez의 부모와 형은 링 안으로 올라갔다. Chavez는 자신의 첫 번째 프로 경기에서 승리했다. El Matador는 자기 고향 사람들에게 키스를 날렸다. 그는 믿을 수 없는 역경을 용케도 이겨 냈으며 떠오르는 경쟁자를 낯선 도시에서 물리쳤다.
EBS 1-20::Most high schools divide students' studies into "subjects," most commonly titled English, social studies, mathematics, science, foreign language, art, music, and so on. However, the situations that both get the interest of adolescent learners and provide them with rich intellectual challenge rarely fall neatly within the boundaries of these traditional subject matters. The world operates as a whole. When students are taught connections among subject areas, they can better understand that their learning has application to the world outside of the classroom and is not simply a collection of isolated facts. Conversely, when subjects are taught in isolation, the focus often becomes accumulating and repeating information. An integrated curriculum demands higher-order thinking skills that synthesize material in order to promote long-term understanding, where students go beyond isolated facts to place issues in context.::대부분의 고등학교에서는 학생들의 학습 활동을 가장 흔하게 영어, 사회, 수학, 과학, 외국어, 미술, 음악 등의 이름이 붙는 '교과목'으로 나눈다. 그러나 청소년 학습자들의 관심을 얻기도 하고 그들에게 풍부한 지적 도전 과제를 제공하기도 하는 상황은 이러한 전통적인 교과목의 범위 안에 깔끔하게 들어가는 경우는 거의 없다. 세상은 전체로서 돌아간다. 학생들에게 교과목 영역 사이의 연관성을 가르칠 때, 그들은 자신들의 학습 내용이 교실 밖의 세계에 적용이 되며, 그것이 단지 고립된 사실들을 모아 놓은 것이 아니라는 것을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다. 반대로, 교과목들을 별개로 가르칠 때, 정보를 축적하고 반복하는 것이 흔히 초점이 된다. 통합 교육과정은 학생들이 고립된 사실에서 벗어나 문제들을 관련이 있는 모든 요소들과 함께 고려하는, 장기적인 안목의 이해를 촉진하기 위해 자료를 종합하는 높은 수준의 사고력을 요구한다.
EBS 1-21::Another class I had was an ESL class. The students came in and a boy and girl were yelling at each other. Then, they started swinging at each other. I didn't know them, and I wasn't getting in the middle, so I went into the hall and called for help. A male teacher came out of his room and separated them. Another teacher escorted them down to the office. I went back into the room to try and do the lesson, not very successfully, I must add. At the end of the day, the principal said that he thought I had done very well, and he hoped that I would return to substitute soon. I looked at him and said with all seriousness, "Take a good look at this face because you're never going to see it again." I walked out of the office and left. I never again accepted a substitute job at a junior high. It was going to be high school or nothing.::내가 맡은 또 다른 하나의 수업은 ESL 수업이었다. 학생들이 들어왔고 한 소년과 소녀가 서로에게 소리를 지르고 있었다. 그러고 나서, 그들은 서로를 향해 주먹을 휘두르기 시작했다. 나는 그들을 알지 못했고, 중간에 끼어들지 않고 있었으므로, 나는 복도로 나가서 도움을 청했다. 한 남자 교사가 자신의 교실에서 나와 그들을 떼어 놓았다. 또 다른 교사가 그들을 교무실로 데리고 내려갔다. 나는 교실로 돌아가 수업을 하려고 해 보았지만, 덧붙이자면 그다지 성공적이지 못했다. 그날 하루가 끝났을 때, 교장은 내가 아주 잘했다고 생각한다고 말했으며, 내가 곧 대체 교사로 돌아오기를 기대했다. 나는 그를 바라보며 최대한 진지하게 "다시는 그것(이 얼굴)을 볼 수 없으실 테니 이 얼굴을 잘 살펴 봐주십시오"라고 말했다. 나는 교무실에서 걸어 나와서 떠났다. 나는 결코 다시는 중학교에서 하는 대체 교사 업무를 받아들이지 않았다. 고등학교가 아니면 안 할 생각이었다.
EBS 1-22::In social work, as in other areas of life, there are many interventions which may be highly beneficial and desirable if undertaken properly, but which are better not attempted at all if they are not adequately resourced. A decision as to whether or not a given course of action is appropriate therefore often depends in part on whether or not the resources — money, time or expertise — are available to carry it out properly. The duty of realism requires that a responsible social worker pay due attention to these considerations before embarking on a piece of work. This is very obvious if we think about contexts other than social work. Imagine, for instance, that the slates on the roof of your house were getting old and the roof was beginning to leak. It might be desirable to replace them, but you would certainly not consider removing them unless you had first ensured that you had the funds to pay for new ones. A leaky roof, after all, is a lot better than no roof at all.::삶의 다른 분야에서처럼, 사회 복지 사업에서도 적절하게 수행된다면 매우 유익하고 바람직할 수 있지만, 자원이 적절하게 공급되지 않으면 아예 시도하지 않는 것이 더 나은 개입 행위들이 많이 있다. 따라서 주어진 행동 방침이 적절한지 여부에 대한 결정은 흔히 자원, 즉 돈, 시간, 또는 전문 지식 등이 그것을 적절하게 수행하도록 마련되어 있는지 여부에 부분적으로 달려 있다. 현실주의의 의무는 책임이 있는 사회 복지사가 어떤 일에 착수하기 전에 이러한 고려 사항에 적절한 주의를 기울일 것을 요구한다. 우리가 사회 복지 사업 외의 상황에 대해 생각해 보면 이것은 매우 명백하다. 예를 들어, 여러분의 집 지붕의 슬레이트가 낡고 있어서 지붕에서 물이 새기 시작한다고 상상해 보라. 그것을 교체하는 것이 바람직할 수도 있지만, 여러분이 먼저 새것을 살 자금을 갖고 있다는 것을 확인하지 않았다면 여러분은 분명 그것을 제거하는 것을 고려하지 않을 것이다. 어쨌든, 물이 새는 지붕이 아예 없는 것보다 훨씬 더 낫다.
EBS 1-23::The word ''rational'' is based upon the concept of reason. And it needs to be understood that reason is not even thinkable, apart from the use of logic. Therefore, if mathematics has any basis which is rational, then its foundation has to inhere in (or, at least, be in conformity with) logical principles. It is quite evident that no mathematical activity could even conceivably occur, without dependence upon logic. Logic involves the very building blocks, so to speak, for all of mathematics. It is sometimes thought that logic is a branch of mathematics. But this view is greatly erroneous. No mathematics whatsoever could ever be developed, without its reliance upon logical principles as its very foundational structure.::'합리적인'이라는 단어는 이성이라는 개념에 기초한다. 그리고 논리의 사용이 없으면, 이성은 생각조차도 할 수 없다는 것을 이해할 필요가 있다. 그러므로 만약 수학이 합리적인 어떤 기반을 갖고 있다면, 그것[수학]의 기초는 논리적인 원칙이 본래 갖추어져 있어야 (혹은 최소한 그것을 따라야) 한다. 논리에 의존하지 않고서는 생각건대 어떤 수학적 활동도 일어날 수 없을 것임은 아주 명백하다. 논리는 말하자면, 수학의 모든 것들을 위한 바로 그 구성 요소들을 포함한다. 때때로 논리는 수학의 한 분야라고 여겨진다. 그러나 이 견해는 매우 잘못된 것이다. 그 어떤 수학도 그것의 바로 그 기초적인 구조로서 논리적인 원칙에 의존하지 않고서는 결코 발전될 수 없을 것이다.
EBS 1-24::One hotel received a number of complaints about the long wait times for the elevators in the lobby. The hotel researched the equipment, and there was not much improvement to be made. The hotel manager then thought that perhaps if the guests were distracted from waiting, they might not perceive the wait as long and — voila! — the hotel installed mirrors around the elevator bank. This was the magic distraction; it allowed the customers a beautiful reflection of themselves and the environment, which kept them from counting the minutes while waiting for the elevator to arrive. The complaints stopped, and the hotel had started a trend: improving elevator experiences for customers. This urban legend has spurred many innovations in elevator comfort we experience today.::한 호텔이 로비에서 승강기를 기다리는 긴 대기 시간에 관한 많은 항의를 받았다. 호텔은 그 설비를 조사했는데, 개선될 수 있는 것이 많지 않았다. 그러자 호텔 매니저는 아마도 손님들이 기다림으로부터 관심을 다른 곳으로 돌리면, 기다림을 그렇게 길다고 인식하지 않을지도 모른다고 생각했으며—보라!—호텔 측에서는 일렬로 늘어선 승강기 주변에 거울을 설치했다. 이것은 마법의 주의 산만이었다. 그것은 고객들에게 고객과 주변 환경이 아름답게 비친 모습을 제공해 주었으며, 고객들이 승강기가 도착하기를 기다리는 동안 시간을 세고 있지 않게 해 주었다. 항의는 중단되었고, 호텔은 고객들을 위해 승강기 이용 경험을 개선하는 흐름을 시작하게 되었다. 이 도시형 전설이 오늘날 우리가 경험하는 승강기의 편안함에서의 많은 혁신을 촉발했다.
EBS 1-25::The graph above shows the top ten countries with the largest exclusive economic zones (EEZ), which grant special rights to resources such as fishing and mineral extraction in an area extending 200 nautical miles (370km) from a country's coast, as of 2015. Among the ten countries, the United States had the largest EEZ and Chile the smallest. While Russia had the largest land area among the ten countries, the size of its EEZ was only the fourth largest. In contrast, Britain had the smallest land area among the ten countries, but the size of its EEZ was the fifth largest. The land area of Indonesia was larger than that of New Zealand, but the size of Indonesia's EEZ was smaller than that of New Zealand's.::위의 도표는 2015년 현재 가장 큰 배타적 경제 수역(EEZ)을 가진 상위 10개국을 보여 주는데, EEZ는 한 나라의 해안으로부터 200해리(370km)까지 펼쳐진 지역에서 어업 및 광물 채취와 같은 자원에 대한 특별 권리를 인정한다. 10개국 중에서 미국이 가장 큰 EEZ를 가지고 있었고 칠레가 가장 작은 EEZ를 가지고 있었다. 러시아는 10개국 중 가장 큰 국토 면적을 갖고 있었던 반면, EEZ의 크기는 겨우 네 번째로 컸다. 그에 반해, 영국은 10개국 중에서 가장 작은 국토 면적을 갖고 있었지만, EEZ의 크기는 다섯 번째로 컸다. 인도네시아의 국토 면적은 뉴질랜드의 그것보다 더 컸지만, 인도네시아의 EEZ 크기는 뉴질랜드의 그것보다 더 작았다.  
EBS 1-26::Jorge Luis Borges was born in 1899, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was a teacher. His English-born grandmother told him many stories. Borges was educated at home by an English governess and learned English before Spanish. At age 20 Borges started writing poems, essays, and a biography. However, when his father died in 1938, Borges had to take up a job as a librarian to support the family. The same year, Borges suffered a severe head wound that left him near death, unable to speak, and afraid he was insane. Later, he wrote political articles that angered the Argentine government and cost him his library job. In 1956 Borges received Argentina's national prize for literature. Unfortunately, he had been losing his eyesight for decades because of a rare disease, and by this time he was completely blind. Still, he created stories by having his mother and friends write as he dictated.::Jorge Luis Borges는 1899년에 아르헨티나의 Buenos Aires에서 태어났다. 그의 아버지는 변호사였고, 그의 어머니는 교사였다. 그의 영국 태생 할머니는 그에게 많은 이야기를 들려주었다. Borges는 집에서 영국인 여자 가정교사에 의해 교육을 받았고 스페인어보다 영어를 먼저 배웠다. 스무 살에 Borges는 시, 수필, 전기를 쓰기 시작했다. 하지만 1938년에 그의 아버지가 사망했을 때, Borges는 가족을 부양하기 위해 사서로서의 직업을 가져야만 했다. 같은 해에, Borges는 머리를 심하게 다쳤으며 그로 인해 거의 죽을 뻔했으며, 말을 할 수 없었고, 자신이 정신 이상이 될까 봐 두려워했다. 나중에, 그는 아르헨티나 정부를 화나게 하여 자신의 도서관 일자리를 잃게 한 정치적인 기사들을 썼다. 1956년에 Borges는 아르헨티나 국가 문학상을 받았다. 불행하게도, 그는 희귀병으로 인해 수십 년 동안 시력을 잃어가고 있었고, 이때쯤에는 완전히 시력을 잃었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그는 자신의 어머니와 친구들에게 자신이 불러 주는 대로 받아 적게 함으로써 소설을 창작했다.
EBS 1-29::The birth rate and fertility rate are benchmark statistics that help to illuminate potential future trends in the size of a country's population. The birth rate, which is the number of births per 1,000 people and the fertility rate, which estimates the number of children each woman is likely to give birth to throughout her reproductive years, both help to analyze past trends and forecast future trends not just in the number of people in a country, but the number of children in a population at various points in the future. Nearly always, birth rates and fertility rates in developing countries are higher than those in industrial, or developed, countries, because there is a need for as many children as possible to undertake subsistence work and contribute economically to their families and households. Further, reliable birth control is less available and less easily obtainable in poorer countries, where most health services are often inaccessible.::출생률과 출산율은 한 나라의 인구 규모의 잠재적인 미래의 추세를 설명하는 데 도움이 되는 기준 통계이다. 인구 1,000명당 출생아 수인 출생률과 각 여성이 가임 기간 동안 내내 출산하게 될 자녀의 수를 추산하는 출산율은 과거의 추세를 분석하고 미래의 다양한 시점에서 한 나라의 인구수뿐만 아니라, 인구 내의 아동의 수에 있어서도 미래의 추세를 예측하는 데 둘 다 도움이 된다. 생계 활동을 담당하고 자신들의 가족과 가정에 경제적으로 기여할 가능한 한 많은 아이들에 대한 필요가 있기 때문에, 거의 항상 개발 도상국의 출생률과 출산율은 산업 국가, 즉 선진국의 그것들보다 더 높다. 게다가, 더 가난한 나라에서는 신뢰할 만한 산아 제한 방법이 덜 보급되었고 획득하는 것이 덜 쉬운데, 이러한 나라에서는 흔히 대부분의 공공 의료 서비스를 이용할 수 없다.
EBS 1-30::Europeans produce virtually the same per worker hour as Americans, even though their per capita income is about a third less. Why? They work fewer hours. Europeans prefer to work less, earn less, live more simply, and play more. When the French government instituted the 35-hour workweek in 1998, it correctly figured that with each worker working fewer hours, there would be a need for more workers, which would in turn alleviate unemployment. The government subsidized companies to pay workers the same for 35 hours as for the previous 39-hour workweek. Employers were skeptical at first about the new seven-hour workday, but they found that happier, more rested workers accomplished virtually as much as they used to in more time. Employers were rewarded with more flexibility to assign workers for weekends or evenings, or to limit vacations to more efficient times. The result is a more relaxed populace.::유럽인들은 1인당 소득이 약 3분의 1이 더 적음에도 불구하고, 미국인들과 근로 시간당 거의 동일한 양을 생산한다. 왜일까? 그들은 더 적은 시간 동안 일한다. 유럽인들은 덜 일하고, 덜 벌고, 더 검소하게 살고, 더 많이 노는 것을 선호한다. 프랑스 정부가 1998년에 주 35시간 근무제를 도입했을 때, 프랑스 정부는 각 노동자들이 더 적은 시간 일하게 되면, 더 많은 노동자들이 필요하게 될 것이고, 이것은 결과적으로 실업률을 완화시킬 것이라고 정확히 판단했다. 정부는 기업이 이전에 주당 39시간 근무할 때 지불한 것과 같은 임금을 35시간 근무자에게 지불하도록 기업에 보조금을 지급했다. 고용주들은 처음에는 새롭게 실시하는 하루 7시간 근무하는 것에 대해 회의적이었지만, 그들은 더 행복하고 더 많은 휴식을 취한 근로자들이 거의 더 오랜 시간 동안에 성취했던 것만큼 많은 것을 성취했다는 것을 발견했다. 고용주들은 주말이나 저녁 시간에 근로자를 배정하거나 휴가를 더 효율적인 시간으로 제한할 수 있는 융통성을 더 많이 얻는 보상을 받았다. 그 결과는 더 느긋한 대중이다.
EBS 1-31::There is one advantage possessed by Mr. Darwin over his predecessors. He abhors mere speculation as nature abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable of being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path he bids us follow professes to be not a mere airy track, fabricated of ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts. If it be so, it will carry us safely over many a chasm in our knowledge, and lead us to a region free from the snares of those fascinating but barren Virgins, the Final Causes, against whom a high authority has so justly warned us. "My sons, dig in the vineyard," were the last words of the old man in the fable;. and, though the sons found no treasure, they made their fortunes by the grapes.::전임자들에 비해 Darwin 씨가 지닌 한 가지 장점이 있다. 자연이 공백 상태를 싫어하듯이 그는 단순한 추측을 혐오한다. 그는 어떤 합법적인 변호사 못지않게 사례와 선례를 갈망하며, 그가 정하는 모든 원칙은 관찰과 실험의 테스트를 받을 수 있다. 그가 우리에게 따르도록 명령하는 길은 관념적인 거미줄로 만들어진, 한갓 공허한 길이 아니라, 사실들로 이루어진 견고하고 넓은 다리라고 공언한다. 만약 그렇다면, 그것은 지식의 갈라진 많은 깊은 틈들 위로 우리를 안전하게 운반하여, 우리를 매혹적이지만 불모지인 원래의 것, 즉 궁극 원인의 올가미로부터 자유로운 지역으로 인도할 것인데, 그것(의 위험)에 대해 높은 권위를 지닌 사람이 우리에게 아주 합당하게 경고를 했었다. "나의 아들들아, 포도밭을 파라"는 우화 속 노인의 마지막 말이었다. 그리고 그 아들들은 보물을 찾지는 못하였지만, 포도 수확으로 엄청난 재산을 모았다.
EBS 1-32::Physical or daily-life abstractions differ considerably from mathematical abstractions. Let us take any actual object; for instance, what we call a pencil. Now, we may describe or 'define' a 'pencil' in as great detail as we please, yet it is impossible to include all the characteristics which we may discover in this actual objective pencil. If the reader will try to give a 'complete' description or a 'perfect' definition of any actual physical object, so as to include 'all' particulars, he will be convinced that this task is humanly impossible. These would have to describe, not only the numerous rough, macroscopic characteristics, but also the microscopic details, the chemical composition and changes, sub-microscopic characteristics and the endlessly changing relationship of this objective something which we have called pencil to the rest of the universe, an inexhaustible array of characteristics which could never be terminated. In general, physical abstractions, including daily-life abstractions are such that particulars are left out.::물리적인 혹은 일상적인 추상적 개념은 수학적인 추상적 개념과 상당히 다르다. 실제의 아무 물건, 이를테면 우리가 연필이라고 부르는 것을 예로 들어 보자. 자, 우리는 '연필'을 우리가 원하는 만큼 아주 자세히 설명하거나 '정의할' 수 있지만, 이 실제로 실재하는 연필에서 우리가 발견할 수 있는 '모든' 특성들을 포함시키는 것은 불가능하다. 독자가 '모든' 세부 사항을 포함시키기 위해 어떤 실제의 물리적인 물체에 대한 '완전한' 설명이나 '완벽한' 정의를 제시하려고 한다면, 그는 이 과업이 인간의 능력으로는 불가능하다는 것을 확신할 것이다. 이것들은 수많은 대략적인, 거시적인 특성들뿐만 아니라 미세한 세부 사항들, 화학적 구성과 변화들, 초미세한 특성들, 그리고 우리가 연필이라고 부르게 된 이 실재하는 물체와 나머지 우주와의 끊임없이 변화하는 관계, 즉 결코 끝날 수 없는 무궁무진하게 많은 특성들에 대해서도 설명해야 할 것이다. 일반적으로, 일상적인 추상적 개념을 포함하여 물리적인 추상적 개념은 너무나 크기 때문에 세부 사항들이 생략된다.
EBS 1-33::Most distortions are in our favor. When I had a disagreement with an academic paper coauthor about the ordering of our names (based on our respective contributions to the research), it was because our minds "overclaimed" credit. This is common. Our minds exaggerated our own contributions, so both of us were wrong. Perhaps our overclaiming is no surprise, considering that 94 percent of college professors think they do above-average work. Husbands and wives engage in the same mental exaggeration when they overestimate their contribution to housework. The estimates of MBA students' percentage contributions to a team assignment have totaled 139 percent. Concerning athletic prowess, 60 percent of high school students saw themselves above average, 6 percent below. Judging their ability to get along with others, 60 percent saw themselves to be in the top 10 percent, and 25 percent considered themselves in the top 1 percent. Most people see themselves as having above-average intelligence. Ninety percent of drivers consider themselves to be safer than average. The departure from reality is revealed in nearly everyone's rating himself or herself above average on something.::대부분의 왜곡은 우리에게 유리하다. 내가 학술 논문 공동 저자와 (연구에 대한 우리들 각자의 기여를 근거로 하는) 우리의 이름 배열 순서에 대해 의견 차이를 보였을 때, 그것은 우리의 마음이 기여를 '과도하게 주장했기' 때문이었다. 이것은 흔한 일이다. 우리의 마음은 우리 자신의 기여를 과장하였으므로, 우리는 둘 다 틀렸다. 94퍼센트의 대학교수가 자신이 평균 이상의 일을 한다고 생각한다는 것을 고려하면, 아마도 우리의 과도한 주장은 놀랄 일이 아닐 것이다. 남편과 아내가 가사 노동에 대한 자신들의 기여를 과대평가할 때 동일한 마음속 과장을 한다. MBA(경영학 석사 과정) 학생들의 팀 과제에 대한 기여 비율 추정치를 합쳤더니 총 139%가 되었다. 운동 기량과 관련하여, 고등학교 학생의 60%가 자신이 평균을 넘는다고 보았으며, 6%의 학생들이 평균 아래라고 보았다. 다른 사람들과 잘 지내는 능력을 판단하면서, 60%는 자신이 상위 10%에 속한다고 여겼으며, 25%는 자신이 상위 1%에 속한다고 여겼다. 대부분의 사람들은 자신이 평균을 상회하는 지능을 지니고 있다고 여긴다. 운전자의 90%는 자신이 평균보다 더 안전한 운전자라고 여긴다. 현실과 동떨어진 것이 거의 모든 사람이 무엇인가에 대해서 자신이 평균을 상회한다고 간주하는 것에서 드러난다.
EBS 1-34::It is important to monitor the quality of your understanding continually. You should not be too concerned if you have to read some academic texts several times to comprehend them properly. For one thing, academic texts are often difficult and complex, and several readings are sometimes needed to sift out the main ideas and to understand the interrelationships between them. This will often necessitate backtracking and re-reading. For example, when you realise you are not grasping a point you may need to clarify it by going back over text you have already read in order to determine how this point relates to what has gone before. Occasionally something will also strike you as being odd, and you may have to spend time sorting out something that is inconsistent or puzzling. In addition, careful scrutiny of texts, termed 'critical thinking', often requires checking back through the text to assess such things as logic, coherence and completeness. All these processes are both necessary and time-consuming.::여러분의 이해의 질을 지속적으로 추적 관찰하는 것이 중요하다. 몇몇 학문적인 글을 제대로 이해하기 위해 몇 차례 그것을 읽어야 한다고 해도 여러분은 너무 걱정하지 말아야 한다. 우선, 학문적인 글은 흔히 어렵고 복잡하여, 주요 개념들을 걸러 내고 그것들 사이의 상호 관계를 이해하기 위해서는 때로 몇 번 읽는 것이 필요하다. 이것은 흔히 되짚어 가기와 다시 읽기를 필요로 할 것이다. 예를 들어, 여러분이 어떤 요점을 파악하지 못하고 있다는 것을 깨달을 때, 이 요점이 앞서 지나간 부분과 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 알아내기 위해서 이미 읽은 글을 다시 검토함으로써 그것을 분명하게 해야 할 필요가 있을 수도 있다. 가끔 어떤 내용이 여러분에게 이상하다고 느껴지기도 할 텐데, 그러면 여러분은 일관성이 없거나 혼란스럽게 하는 것을 해결하는 데 시간을 보내야만 할 것이다. 게다가, '비판적인 사고'라고 불리는 글에 대한 면밀한 정밀 조사는 흔히 논리, 응집성, 완결성과 같은 것들을 평가하기 위해 글 전체에 대한 재점검을 필요로 한다. 이 모든 과정들은 필요하기도 하고 시간도 많이 소비된다.
EBS 1-35::Research in sport studies is not only for academia, and the skills associated with research are not just important for those wishing to publish in academic journals. The enormous growth in sports employment in recent years has led to countless professions where a knowledge of research methods is important. Those employed in the sports marketing industry, for example, may need to be able to assess the effectiveness of a particular promotional strategy. Sports development officers may need to assess the reasons for non-participation in physical activity by members of a particular community. Governments may wish to measure the economic impacts of a particular sporting event, and so on. To be able to carry out such tasks, a wide range of research skills are required.::스포츠학에서의 연구는 학계만을 위한 것이 아니며, 연구와 관련된 기술은 학술지에 게재하기를 원하는 사람들에게만 중요한 것이 아니다. 최근 몇 년간 스포츠 분야 고용의 엄청난 성장으로 인해 연구 방법에 대한 지식이 중요한 수많은 직업들이 생겨나게 되었다. 예를 들어, 스포츠 마케팅 산업에 종사하는 사람들은 특정한 홍보 전략의 유효성을 평가할 수 있어야 할 필요가 있을 수 있다. 스포츠 개발 담당자들은 특정 공동체의 구성원들이 신체 활동에 참여하지 않는 이유를 평가할 필요가 있을 수 있다. 정부는 특정 스포츠 행사의 경제적 영향을 측정하기를 원할 수 있으며, 그 외에도 다른 사례들이 있다. 그러한 과제를 수행할 수 있으려면 폭넓은 연구 기술이 요구된다.
EBS 1-36::As your toddler communicates with you in increasingly complex (though still nonverbal) ways, she's starting to know what emotional or social patterns to expect from you. For example, she's beginning to notice which of her actions win hugs and kisses from you, and which ones are met by your angry voice or sagging shoulders. When you come home from work with a playful look in your eye and a lilt in your voice, your daughter recognizes that she's seen this happy sequence of behaviors before and can anticipate some fun. She may mischievously drag your briefcase down the hall, giggling to herself because she knows an exciting game of catch-me-if-you-can will follow. On the other hand, if your mouth is usually set in a grim line when you come in the door, and you collapse on the sofa with a sigh of exhaustion, your daughter will instead come to recognize a different pattern of behavior that may lead her to shy away from you.::걸음마를 배우는 여러분의 아기가 점점 더 복잡한 방식(비록 여전히 비언어적인 방식이기는 하지만)으로 여러분과 의사소통할 때, 아기는 여러분에게 어떤 감정적, 사회적 패턴을 기대해야 하는지를 알게 되기 시작한다. 예를 들어, 아기는 자신의 행동 중 어떤 행동이 여러분으로부터 포옹과 입맞춤을 얻어 내며, 어떤 행동이 여러분의 화난 목소리와 축 처진 어깨와 마주치게 되는지 알아차리기 시작한다. 여러분이 눈에 장난기 어린 표정을 짓고 목소리에 듣기 좋은 억양이 들어 있는 상태로 직장에서 집으로 돌아오면, 여러분의 딸은 자신이 전에 이런 행복한 일련의 행동들을 본 적이 있었다는 것을 인식하고, 약간의 재미있는 일을 기대할 수 있다. 여러분의 딸은 신나는 나 잡아 봐라 게임이 뒤따를 것임을 알고 있으므로 스스로 낄낄거리며 장난삼아 여러분의 서류 가방을 현관 입구 안쪽으로 끌고 갈지도 모른다. 반면에, 여러분이 문에 들어설 때, 여러분의 입술선이 보통 엄숙한 모양을 하고 있고 여러분이 기진맥진한 한숨 소리를 내며 소파에 맥없이 주저앉는다면, 대신에 여러분의 딸은 여러분을 피하게 만들 수 도 있는 다른 패턴의 행동을 인식하게 될 것이다.
EBS 1-37::The issue of how much use can (should) ultimately be accommodated in parks and protected areas is conventionally called carrying capacity in the professional literature, and the National Park Service (NPS) resolved in the early 1990s to address this issue. This effort was led by a group of NPS planners and was supported by several government and university scientists. Based on the scientific and professional literature, a framework was devised to analyze and manage carrying capacity in the national parks and related areas. The framework was called Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (now commonly referred to by its acronym VERP) as a positive expression of its intentions:. the framework was designed to identify and protect what is important about parks and not to inherently limit visitor use (though such limits are needed in some places and at some times). VERP defines indicators and standards for park resources and the quality of the visitor experience, establishes procedures for monitoring those conditions, and requires management actions to ensure that standards are maintained.::공원 및 보호 구역에서 궁극적으로 얼마나 많은 이용을 수용할 수 있느냐(해야 하느냐)의 문제는 통상적으로 전문 문헌에서 '수용력'이라고 불리며, 1990년대 초에 국립공원 관리 공단(NPS)에서 이 문제를 해결하기로 결정했다. 이 같은 노력은 NPS 기획자 단체가 주도하여 몇몇 정부 및 대학 과학자들의 지원을 받았다. 과학 및 전문 문헌을 바탕으로 국립공원과 관련 지역의 수용력을 분석하고 관리하기 위한 틀이 마련되었다. 그 틀은 그 의도의 긍정적인 표현으로 (요즘 흔히 그것의 축약어인 VERP로 언급되는) '방문자 체험 및 자원 보호'라고 불린다. 그 틀은 공원의 중요한 것을 파악하고 보호하며 방문객의 이용을 본질적으로 제한하지 않도록 (비록 일부 장소와 시기에 있어서 그러한 제한이 필요하기는 하지만) 설계되었다. VERP는 공원 자원에 대한 지표 및 기준 그리고 방문객 체험의 품질을 정의하고, 그러한 상태를 감시하기 위한 절차를 수립하며, 기준이 확실히 유지되도록 하기 위한 관리 조치를 요구한다.
EBS 1-38::John boarded a plane in San Francisco heading for Chicago. A broken toilet delayed the departure. The pilot and crew made an announcement about the problem and said that the flight would leave as soon as it was fixed. The pilot and crew gave frequent updates to the passengers and told them that the pilot was seeking permission to leave without one toilet operating. Every twenty minutes John received a text message on his cell phone updating the departure time. After an hour of unsuccessful effort to repair the toilet, the pilot announced that he had decided the plane would not fly with only one toilet working. Instead, he told the passengers that they would have to disembark and leave later on another plane. Despite the uncertainty and annoyance over the broken fixture, the passengers were calm and understanding. John's seatmate said he found it reassuring that the captain himself had made the final announcement and explained his reasoning.::John은 샌프란시스코에서 시카고로 향하는 비행기에 탑승했다. 고장 난 변기로 인해 출발이 지연되었다. 조종사와 승무원들은 그 문제에 대해 알렸으며 그것이 수리되는 대로 비행기가 출발할 것이라고 말했다. 조종사와 승무원들은 승객들에게 자주 최근 상황을 알려 주었으며, 기장이 변기가 하나 작동되지 않는 상태에서 출발할 수 있는 허가를 구하고 있다고 그들에게 말해 주었다. 20분마다 John은 자신의 휴대 전화로 새로 변경된 출발 시간을 알려 주는 문자 메시지를 받았다. 변기를 수리하려는 성공적이지 못한 한 시간의 노력 후에, 조종사는 한 개의 변기만 작동하는 상태로는 비행기가 비행하지 않기로 결정했다고 알렸다. 대신에, 그는 승객들이 (비행기에서) 내려서 나중에 다른 비행기로 출발해야 할 것이라고 승객들에게 말했다. 고장 난 시설물에 대한 불확실성과 성가심에도 불구하고 승객들은 침착하고 이해심이 있었다. John의 옆 좌석에 앉은 사람은 기장이 직접 최종 공지를 하고 자신의 추론을 설명한 것이 마음이 놓이게 해 주었다고 말했다.
EBS 1-39::Scientists are experimenting with modifying animals' genes so that they produce more growth hormone, a substance produced in the body that causes it to grow. Putting out more growth hormone would cause food animals to produce more meat. Another way to produce more meaty animals is being explored in pigs. Sows have been genetically modified to produce milk that is more easily digested by piglets. The piglets absorb more nutrients from such milk and grow larger than piglets that suckle on non-GMO sows. But volume is not the only area being worked on. Scientists are also working to improve the quality of meat. For instance, they are experimenting with genetic modification to make animals produce leaner meat by making them grow less fat.::과학자들은 몸을 성장하게 하는 몸속에서 만들어지는 물질인 성장 호르몬을 더 많이 만들어 내도록 동물의 유전자를 변형하는 실험을 하고 있다. 성장 호르몬을 더 많이 분비하게 되면 식용 동물이 더 많은 고기를 만들어 낼 것이다. 고기가 더 많은 동물을 생산하는 또 다른 방법이 돼지에서 연구되고 있다. 새끼 돼지에 의해 더 쉽게 소화되는 젖을 생산하도록 암퇘지가 유전적으로 변형되었다. 새끼 돼지는 그러한 젖으로부터 더 많은 영양분을 흡수하고 유전자가 변형되지 않은 암퇘지의 젖을 먹는 새끼 돼지보다 더 크게 자란다. 하지만 양이 연구되고 있는 유일한 분야는 아니다. 과학자들은 또한 고기의 질을 향상시키기 위해서 노력하고 있다. 예를 들어, 그들은 동물들로 하여금 더 적은 지방을 축적하게 함으로써 지방이 더 적은 고기를 만들도록 하기 위해 유전자를 변형하는 실험을 하고 있다.
EBS 1-40::Contemporary societies are characterized by increasing individualism and priority on freedom of choice. Mass media, travel, the Internet (e-commerce) and other organizational and technological improvements have rapidly expanded the amount of information available on places, activities and lifestyles, so choices have expanded. The perception of the needs for leisure is not constrained anymore to the basics: a place in the sun on the seaside, vacations once a year, etc. Contemporary tourists have multiple needs (relaxation plus culture, health, and so on) nowadays and increasing demands. Many are not first time visitors, and, as experienced tourists, they can compare places and look for better options which satisfy multiple needs and new preferences. There will be further growth of special types of tourism. There would be pressures for the tourism product to become increasingly complex, diversified and of high quality. This would require careful management of tourism destinations.::현대 사회는 증가하는 개인주의와 선택의 자유를 우선시하는 것이 특징이다. 대중 매체, 여행, 인터넷(전자 상거래) 그리고 여타의 조직적, 기술적 향상으로 인해 장소, 활동, 생활 방식에 관한 이용 가능한 정보의 양이 빠르게 확대되어 선택의 폭이 넓어졌다. 여가의 필요성에 대한 인식은 더 이상 해변의 햇빛이 비치는 장소, 일 년에 한 번 가는 휴가 등 기본적인 것으로 제한되지 않는다. 현대의 관광객들은 요즘 다양한 욕구(휴식에 문화, 건강 등을 더한)와 증가하는 수요를 갖고 있다. 많은 사람들이 처음 방문하는 사람들이 아니며, 경험 많은 관광객으로서 그들은 장소들을 비교하고 다양한 욕구와 새로운 선호를 만족시키는 더 나은 선택을 찾을 수 있다. 특별한 유형의 관광이 더욱 증가할 것이다. 관광 상품이 점점 복잡해지고, 다양해지고, 품질이 좋아져야 한다는 압력이 있을 것이다. 이것은 관광지에 대한 세심한 관리를 필요로 할 것이다.
EBS 1-4142::An especially terrible myth about evolution is the presumption that animals and humans are inherently selfish and that nature, in Tennyson's memorable description, is "red in tooth and claw." After The Origin of Species was published, the British philosopher Herbert Spencer immortalized natural selection in the phrase "survival of the fittest," one of the most misleading descriptions in the history of science that has been embraced by social Darwinists ever since, applying it inappropriately to racial theory, national politics, and economic doctrines. Even Darwin's bulldog, Thomas Henry Huxley, reinforced what he called this "gladiatorial" view of life in a series of essays, describing nature "whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningest live to fight another day." This view of life need not have become the dominant one. In 1902 the Russian anarchist and social commentator Petr Kropotkin published an article in opposition to Spencer and Huxley. Kropotkin notes: "If we... ask Nature: 'who are the fittest: those who are continually at war with each other, or those who support one another?' we at once see that those animals which acquire habits of mutual aid are undoubtedly the fittest. They have more chances to survive, and they attain the highest development of intelligence and bodily organization." In numerous trips to the wild hinterlands of Siberia, Kropotkin discovered that animal species there were highly social and cooperative in nature, an adaptation for survival that he deduced played a vital role in evolution. "In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense — not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species."::진화에 대한 특히 끔찍한 잘못된 믿음은 동물과 인간이 본질적으로 이기적이며, 자연은, Tennyson의 기억에 남는 서술에 의하면, '인정사정 봐주지 않는다'는 가정이다. '종의 기원'이 출판된 후, 영국의 철학자 Herbert Spencer가 '적자생존'이라는 문구로 자연 선택에 영원성을 부여했으며, 그것을 인종 이론, 국가 정치학, 경제 원칙에 부적절하게 적용하였는데, 그 말은 과학의 역사상 가장 오해하게 만드는 서술 중 하나이며 그 이후로 사회 진화론자들에 의해 받아들여져 왔다. 심지어 다윈의 불도그와 같은 사람이었던 Thomas Henry Huxley조차도 일련의 수필에서 자신이 이른바 '검투사와 같다고' 한 이 생명에 대한 견해를 강화시켰으며, 자연을 '그것에 의하여 가장 강하고, 가장 빠르고, 가장 교활한 자가 굴하지 않고 열심히 사는' 것으로 묘사했다. 생명체에 대한 이런 견해가 지배적인 것이 될 필요는 없었다. 1902년에 러시아의 무정부주의자이자 사회 논평가인 Petr Kropotkin은 Spencer와 Huxley에게 반대하는 논문을 발표했다. Kropotkin은 다음과 같이 언급한다: "만약 우리가 '끊임없이 서로 싸우는 자들, 혹은 서로를 지원해 주는 자들 중 누가 최적자인가?'라고 자연에게 물어보면, 상호 원조의 습관을 획득하는 동물들이 의심할 여지없이 최적자라는 것을 우리는 즉시 알게 된다. 그들이 생존할 가능성이 더 크며, 자신들의 각 부류에서 지능과 신체 조직의 가장 높은 발전에 도달한다." 시베리아의 야생 내륙 지역들을 여러 차례 여행하면서, Kropotkin은 그곳의 동물 종들이 자연에서 매우 사회적이고 협력적이라는 것을 발견했는데, 그것이 그가 추론하기로는 진화에서 중요한 역할을 한 생존을 위한 적응이었다. "동물 세계에서 우리는 아주 많은 대다수의 종들이 사회를 이루어 살고 있으며, 그것들은 유대 속에서 삶의 투쟁을 위한 가장 좋은 무기를 발견한다는 것을 보아 왔는데, 물론 그 투쟁이란 넓은 의미의 다윈의 진화론적 의미에서, 순전히 생존의 수단을 위한 투쟁으로서가 아니라, 그 종에게 불리한 모든 자연 조건들에 대한 투쟁으로서의 의미로 이해되는 것이다."
EBS 1-4345::Once upon a time, there was a proud man named Carl who loved to ride his horse through his vast estate, and to congratulate himself on his enormous wealth. One day he came upon Hans, an old tenant farmer, who had sat down to eat his lunch in the shade of a great oak tree. Hans's head was bowed in prayer. When Hans looked up, he said, "Oh, excuse me, sir. I didn't see you. I was giving thanks for my food." "Humph!" snorted the rich man noticing the coarse dark bread and cheese that made up the old man's lunch. "If that were all I had to eat," he sneered, "I don't think I'd feel like giving thanks." "Oh," replied Hans, "it's quite sufficient. But it's remarkable that you should come here today because I feel that I have to tell you something. I had a strange dream just before awakening this morning." "And what did you dream?" Carl asked with an amused smile. The old man answered, "There was beauty and peace all around, and yet I could hear a voice saying, 'The richest man in the valley will die tonight.'" "Ah, dreams!" cried Carl. "Nonsense!" He turned and galloped away, and Hans prayed as he watched the horse and its rider disappear. "Die tonight!" muttered Carl. "It's ridiculous! No use going into a panic." The best thing to do, he decided, was to forget the old man's dream. And yet, he couldn't forget it. He had felt fine, at least until Hans described that crazy dream of his. Now he wasn't sure that he felt all that well. So that evening he called his doctor, who was a personal friend. He asked him to come over right away, for he had to speak with him. When the doctor arrived, Carl told him of the old man's dream. "Ah," replied the doctor, "sounds like nonsense to me, but for your own peace of mind, let me examine you." A little later, the examination complete, the doctor was full of smiles and assurances. He said, ''Carl, you're as strong and healthy as that horse you ride. There's no way you're going to die tonight." The doctor was just closing his bag when a messenger arrived out of breath at the manor door. "Doctor, doctor," he cried, "come quick! It's old Hans. He just died in his sleep!"::옛날에 자신의 방대한 사유지를 말을 타고 다니며 자신의 엄청난 부를 자랑스러워하는 것을 몹시 좋아하는 Carl이라는 이름의 교만한 남자가 있었다. 어느 날 그는 늙은 소작농 Hans를 우연히 만났는데, 그는 거대한 오크 나무 그늘에 앉아 점심을 먹으려 하고 있었다. Hans는 머리를 숙여 기도를 하고 있었다. Hans가 고개를 들었을 때, 그는 말했다, "아, 죄송합니다, 나리. 저는 나리를 보지 못했습니다. 제 음식에 대한 감사 기도를 하는 중이었습니다." "흥!" 부자는 노인의 점심 식사를 구성하고 있는 치즈를 곁들인 거친 흑빵을 보며 코웃음을 쳤다. "내가 먹을 게 그것뿐이라면 나는 감사 기도를 할 기분이 나지 않을 거야"라고 그는 비웃었다. Hans가 대답했다, "아, 그거면 아주 충분합니다. 하지만 제가 나리께 말씀드릴 것이 있다는 생각을 하고 있는데 오늘 나리께서 여기에 오신 것은 놀랍습니다. 저는 오늘 아침 잠에서 깨기 직전에 이상한 꿈을 꿨습니다." "그래 무슨 꿈을 꾸었나?" Carl이 재미있다는 듯이 미소를 지으며 물었다. 노인이 대답하였다, "주변에 온통 아름다움과 평화가 있었지만, 저는 어떤 목소리가 '계곡에서 가장 부유한 사람이 오늘 밤에 죽을 것이다'라고 말하는 소리를 들을 수 있었습니다." "아, 꿈!" Carl이 소리쳤다. "말도 안 돼!" 그는 돌아서서 전속력으로 떠났고, Hans는 그 말과 말을 탄 사람이 사라지는 것을 지켜보면서 기도했다. "오늘 밤에 죽는다고!" Carl이 중얼거렸다. "말도 안 돼! 두려워해 봤자 소용없어." 그 노인의 꿈을 잊어버리는 것이 가장 좋은 방법이라고 그는 마음먹었다. 하지만 그는 그것을 잊을 수가 없었다. 그는 적어도 Hans가 그에 관한 그 말도 안 되는 꿈에 대해 말해 주기 전까지는 기분이 좋았었다. 이제 그는 자신이 그다지 기분이 좋다고는 확신할 수 없었다. 그래서 그는 그날 저녁 자신의 개인적인 친구인 자신의 의사를 불렀다. 그와 이야기해야 할 것이 있으니, 그는 그에게 당장 와 달라고 요청했다. 그 의사가 도착했을 때, Carl은 그 노인의 꿈에 대해 그에게 말해주었다. "아, 내게는 말도 안 되는 소리 같기는 하지만, 자네 자신의 마음의 평화를 위해서 내가 자네를 진찰해 보겠네"라고 의사가 대답했다. 잠시 후, 검진이 끝났을 때, 의사는 미소와 확언으로 가득 차 있었다. 그는 말했다, "Carl, 자네는 자네가 타는 저 말만큼이나 강하고 건강하네. 오늘 밤 자네는 전혀 죽을 리가 없네." 의사가 막 가방을 닫고 있을 때 소식을 전하는 사람이 숨을 헐떡이며 영주의 저택 문에 도착했다. 그가 외쳤다, "의사 선생님, 의사 선생님, 빨리 오세요! Hans 노인입니다요. 주무시다가 방금 돌아가셨어요!"

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1811H3-18::I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe. I look forward to your response.::며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 하지만, 가능하다면 저의 요리법을 바꾸고 싶습니다. 제가 웹사이트를 다시 확인해 보았지만, 대회 날짜와 시간, 그리고 상에 관한 정보만 발견할 수 있었습니다. 요리법을 바꾸는 데에 대한 어떤 정보도 볼 수 없었습니다. 저는 이제 막 훌륭한 새로운 요리법을 만들었는데, 사람들이 제가 이미 제출한 것보다 이것을 더 좋아할 것이라고 믿고 있습니다. 제가 제출한 요리법을 바꿀 수 있는지 저에게 알려 주십시오. 귀하의 응답을 고대하고 있겠습니다.
1811H3-19::The waves were perfect for surfing. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it. He felt that he would never succeed. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave. One more try!" Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water. He waited for the right wave. Finally, it came. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"::파도는 서핑하기에 완벽했다. 하지만 Dave는 자신의 보드 위에 도저히 서 있을 수 없었다. 그는 일어서려고 열 번 넘게 시도해 보았지만 결코 해낼 수 없었다. 그는 자신이 결코 성공할 수 없을 것이라고 느꼈다. 막 포기하려고 할 때 그는 바다를 마지 막으로 한 번 쳐다보았다. 넘실거리는 파도가 "이리와, Dave. 한 번 더 시도해 봐"라고 말하는 것 같았다. 심호흡을 하면서 그는 자신의 보드를 집어 들고 바다로 달려 들어갔다. 그는 적당한 파도를 기다렸다. 마침내 그것이 왔다. 그는 자신이 연습했던 그대로 보드 위로 점프해 올랐다. 그리고 이번에는 똑바로 서서 그는 해안으로 되돌아오는 내내 파도와 싸웠다. 기쁨에 차서 물 밖으로 걸어 나오며 그는 "와, 내가 해냈어"라고 환호성을 질렀다. 
1811H3-20::War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.::전쟁은 적에 대한 '약간의' 이미지, 즉 개념 없이는 생각할 수 없다. 전쟁에 의미와 정당화를 제공하는 것은 바로 적의 존재이다. Carl Schmitt는 이렇게 썼다, '전쟁은 증오감을 따라 나온다. 전쟁은 그 나름의 전략적, 전술적, 그리고 여타의 규칙과 관점을 가지고 있지만, 그것들 모두 적이 누구냐에 대해 정치적인 결정이 이미 내려졌다는 것을 상정하고 있다.' 적의 개념은 전쟁의 도덕적 평가에 핵심적이다. 즉 '적의 이미지를 확립하는 데 있어서 전쟁을 하고 있는 국가의 기본적인 목표는 죽이는 행위와 살인의 행위를 가능한 한 뚜렷이 구별하는 것이다.' 하지만, 우리는 전쟁과 그것에 영향을 미치는 적의 이미지를 추상적이고 획일적인 방식으로 생각하는 것에 대해 주의를 할 필요가 있다. 오히려 둘은 그것들 본연의 문화적이고 불확정적인 현상으로 간주되어야 한다. 
1811H3-21::Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. Society helps them along in this mad chase. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. But it's wrong. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."::비록 명시적인 목표는 아니지만, 최고의 과학은 실제로 무지를 개선하는 것으로 여겨질 수 있다. 과학자들, 특히 젊은 과학자들은 결과에 너무 집착할 수 있다. 사회는 그들이 이런 무모한 추구를 계속하도록 돕는다. 큰 발견들이 언론에 보도되고, 대학의 홈페이지에 등장하고, 보조금을 얻는데 도움을 주고, 승진을 위한 논거를 만든다. 그러나 그것은 잘못된 것이다. 위대한 과학자들, 우리가 존경하는 선구자들은 결과가 아니라 다음 문제에 관심이 있다. 아주 존경 받는 물리학자인 Enrico Fermi는 자신의 학생들에게 가설을 성공적으로 입증하는 실험은 측정이며, 그렇지 않은 것은 발견이라고 말했다. 새로운 무지의 발견, (새로운 무지를) 드러내는 것이라고. 과학적인 성취의 정점인 노벨상은 평생의 과학적인 업적이 아니라 하나의 발견, 결과에 대해 수여된다. 노벨상 위원회조차도 이것이 실제로 과학의 진정한 의미 속에 있는 것이 아니라는 것을 어떤 점에서 인식하고 있으며, 그들의 상에 쓰인 문구들도 흔히 '한 분야를 열었거나,' '한 분야를 변화시켰거나,' 혹은 '한 분야를 새롭고 예상치 못한 방향으로 이끈' 발견을 기리고 있다. 
1811H3-22::With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.::산업 사회가 정보에 기반한 사회로 진화해가면서, 하나의 상품, 그 나름의 가치를 가진 하나의 제품으로서의 정보의 개념이 등장했다. 결과적으로 가장 고품질의 정보를 소유한 그러한 사람, 조직, 그리고 국가들이 경제적으로, 사회적으로, 그리고 정치적으로 번창할 가능성이 높다. 정보의 경제학에 대한 연구는 정보와 정보 서비스의 비용, 정보가 의사 결정에 미치는 영향, 효과적인 정보 취득으로 인한 절약, 정보가 생산성에 미치는 영향, 그리고 (기업, 기술, 혹은 의학 도서관과 같은) 특정한 기관이 조직의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 포함하는 다양한 범주를 망라한다. 이러한 많은 분야들이 서로 겹치는 것은 분명하지만, 정보가 그것이 포함되는 매체를 벗어나 그 나름의 생명력을 얻게 되었다는 것은 분명하다. 정보는 측정되고, 평가되고, 값이 매겨지는 인정받는 실재(독립체)가 되었다. 
1811H3-23::We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.::우리는 정의의 윤리적 원칙이 아직 태어나지 않은 세대와 가장 가난한 나라들을 기후 변화로부터 보호하기 위한 정책에 대한 근본적인 기초를 제공한다고 주장하는 바이다. 농업과 물 공급에 대한 점점 증가하는 위협과 주로 부유한 국가들에게만 이득을 주는 국제 무역의 규칙에 직면하여, 이 (가난한) 국가들을 위한 현재의 끈질기게 부족한 원조와 관련하여 연계된 문제들이 발생한다. 세계의 가장 가난한 국민들에 대한 원조를 증가시키는 것은 효과적인 (탄소 배출) 완화의 필수적인 부분이다. 탄소 배출량의 20%는 (대개 열대 지역의) 벌채로부터 오므로, 삼림 보존을 위한 탄소 배출권은 더 가난한 국가들에 대한 원조와 비용 효율성이 가장 높은 (탄소 배출) 감소의 형태 중의 하나와 결합시켜 줄 것이다. 아마 비용 효율성이 가장 높지만 정치적으로 가장 복잡한 정책 개혁은, OECD에서 두 가지의 가장 큰 수혜 분야, 곧 파괴적인 산업화 농업과 화석 연료로부터 오는 연간 수천억 달러의 직접적인 보조금을 없애는 일일 것이다. 이 돈의 적은 양이라도 보존 농업으로의 근본적인 변화를 촉진할 뿐만 아니라, 많은 지역에서 이미 빠르게 진행되고 있는 재생 가능한 에너지에 대한 기술적 진보와 투자를 가속할 것이다. 
1811H3-24::A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption. Many people do not understand large numbers. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling). This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.::큰 재해를 정의하는 요소 하나는 그 해로운 결과의 거대한 규모이다. 사회가 큰 재해로부터 오는 손실을 방지하거나 줄이는 데 도움을 주기 위해서, 잠재적 혹은 실제적 손실의 규모와 범위를 산정하고 전달하기 위한 대단히 큰 노력과 기술적인 정교한 지식이 자주 사용된다. 이 노력은 사람들이 그 결과로 생기는 수를 이해할 수 있고 그에 의거하여 적절하게 행동할 수 있다는 것을 가정한다. 그러나 최근의 행동 연구는 이러한 근본적인 가정에 의혹을 던진다. 큰 수를 이해하지 못하는 사람들이 많다. 사실상 큰 수는 정서적 반응(감정)을 전달하지 않는다면 의미가 없으며 결정을 할 때 과소평가된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 의사 결정의 이성적인 모델이 표현하지 못하는 역설을 만들어 낸다. 한편으로 우리는 곤궁한 상태에 빠진 한 사람을 돕기 위하여 강렬하게 반응한다. 다른 한편으로 우리는 대량의 비극을 방지하거나 자연재해로부터 잠재적인 손실을 줄이기 위한 적절한 조치를 하지 못할 때가 흔히 있다. 
1811H3-25::The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.::위 표는 1979-1980학년도와 2016-2017학년도의 두 학년도에 미국의 대학과 종합대학에 등록한 상위 10개 출신국과 유학생의 수를 보여준다. 2016-2017학년도의 유학생 총수는 1979-1980학년도 유학생 총수보다 3배 넘게 많았다. 이란, 타이완, 나이지리아는 1979-1980학년도 유학생의 상위 3개 출신국이었는데, 그 중 타이완만이 2016-2017학년도 상위 10개 출신국 목록에 포함되었다. 인도 출신 학생 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 20배 넘게 많았으며, 인도는 2016-2017학년도에 중국보다 순위가 더 낮았다. 대한민국은 1979-1980학년도에는 상위 10개 출신국에 포함되지 않았는데, 2016-2017학년도에는 순위가 3위였다. 일본 출신 학생의 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 더 많았으나, 일본은 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 순위가 더 낮았다.
1811H3-26::Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.::1896년 Washington D.C.에서 태어난 미국 작가인 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings는 시골을 다룬 주제와 배경이 있는 소설을 썼다. 그녀가 어렸을 때, 그녀의 이야기 중 하나가 The Washington Post에 실렸다. 대학교를 졸업한 후 Rawlings는 저널리스트로 일하면서 동시에 소설가로 자리매김하려고 애썼다. 1928년에 그녀는 Florida주 Cross Creek에 있는 오렌지 과수원을 구입했다. 이것은 The Yearling과 자전적인 책인 Cross Creek을 포함해서 그녀의 일부 작품의 영감의 원천이 되었다. 1939년에 한 소년과 어미 잃은 아기 사슴에 관한 이야기였던 The Yearling은 퓰리처상 소설부문 수상작이 되었다. 그후, 1946에 The Yearling은 같은 이름의 영화로 제작되었다. Rawlings는 1953년에 세상을 떠났고, 그녀가 Cross Creek에 소유한 땅은 Florida 주립 공원이 되어 그녀의 업적을 기리고 있다. 
1811H3-29::"Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight." This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.::'기념비적'이라는 말은 이집트 예술의 기본적인 특징을 표현하는 데 매우 근접하는 단어이다. 그 전에도 그 이후에도, 기념비성이라는 특성이 이집트에서처럼 완전히 달성된 적은 한 번도 없었다. 이에 대한 이유는 그들 작품의 외적 크기와 거대함이 아니다―비록 이집트인들이 이 점에 있어서 몇 가지 대단한 업적을 달성했다는 것이 인정되지만 말이다. 많은 현대 구조물은 순전히 물리적인 크기의 면에서는 이집트의 구조물들을 능가한다. 그러나 거대함은 기념비성과는 아무 관련이 없다. 예를 들어, 겨우 사람 손 크기의 이집트의 조각이 Leipzig의 전쟁 기념비를 구성하는 그 거대한 돌무더기보다 더 기념비적이다. 기념비성은 외적 무게의 문제가 아니라 '내적 무게'의 문제이다. 이 내적 무게가 이집트 예술이 지닌 특성인데, 이집트 예술은 그 안에 있는 모든 작품이 단지 폭이 몇 인치에 불과하거나 나무에 새겨져 있을지라도, 마치 산맥처럼 원시 시대의 돌로 만들어진 것처럼 보일 정도이다. 
1811H3-30::Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.::유럽 최초의 '호모 사피엔스'는 주로 큰 사냥감, 특히 순록을 먹고 살았다. 심지어 이상적인 상황에서도, 이런 빠른 동물을 창이나 활과 화살로 사냥하는 것은 불확실한 일이다. 그러나 순록에게는 인류가 인정사정 없이 이용할 약점이 있었는데, 그것은 순록이 수영을 잘 못한다는 것이었다. 순록은 물에 떠 있는 동안, 코를 물 위로 내놓으려고 애쓰면서 가지진 뿔을 높이 쳐들고 천천히 움직이기 때문에, 유례없이 공격받기 쉬운 상태가 된다. 어느 시점에선가, 석기 시대의 한 천재가 수면 위를 미끄러지듯이 움직일 수 있음으로써 자신이 얻을 엄청난 사냥의 이점을 깨닫고 최초의 배를 만들었다. 쉽게 따라잡아서 도살한 먹잇감을 일단 배 위로 끌어 올리면, 사체를 부족이 머무는 곳으로 가지고 가는 것은 육지에서보다는 배로 훨씬 더 쉬웠을 것이다. 인류가 이런 장점을 다른 물품에 적용하는 데는 긴 시간이 걸리지 않았을 것이다. 
1811H3-31::Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory." The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.::Finkenauer와 Rimé는 표본으로 추출된 많은 벨기에 시민들을 대상으로 1993년 벨기에 왕 Baudouin의 예기치 못한 죽음에 대한 기억을 조사했다. 그 자료는 왕의 죽음에 대한 소식이 널리 사회적으로 공유되었다는 것을 나타냈다. 그 사건에 관해 이야기함으로써 사람들은 서서히 그 감정적 사건의 사회적 이야기와 집단 기억을 구축했다. 동시에 그들은 그 사건이 발생했던 개인적 상황에 대한 자신들의 기억을 공고히 했는데, 그것은 '섬광 기억'으로 알려진 효과이다. 한 사건이 사회적으로 더 많이 공유되면 될수록, 그것은 사람들의 마음에 더 많이 고정될 것이다. 사회적 공유는 이런 식으로 사람들이 갖고 있을 수 있는 어떤 자연적인 성향을 중화시키는 데 도움이 될 수도 있다. 자연스럽게 사람들은 바람직하지 않은 사건을 '잊도록' 이끌릴 것이다. 그래서 방금 어떤 나쁜 소식을 들은 어떤 사람은 발생한 일을 처음에는 흔히 부인하고 싶어 한다. 나쁜 소식의 반복되는 사회적 공유는 현실성에 기여한다. 
1811H3-32::Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.::소수 집단은 많은 힘이나 지위를 가지고 있지 않은 경향이 있고 심지어 말썽꾼, 극단주의자, 또는 단순히 '별난 사람'으로 일축될 수도 있다. 그렇다면 대체 그들은 어떻게 다수 집단에 대한 영향력을 행사하는가? 사회 심리학자 Serge Moscovici는 그 답이 그들의 '행동 양식', 즉 소수 집단이 자기네 의견을 이해시키는 '방식'에 있다고 주장한다. 여성 참정권 운동이 성공을 거둔 중대한 요인은 지지자들이 자신들의 관점에서 '일관적'이었다는 것이었는데, 이것이 상당한 정도의 사회적 영향력을 행사하였다. 자신들의 입장을 '일관되게' 옹호하고 방어하는 활동적이고 조직적인 소수 집단이 다수 집단의 구성원 사이에 사회적 갈등, 의심, 그리고 불확신을 만들어 낼 수 있고, 궁극적으로 이것이 사회 변화를 가져올 수도 있다. 그러한 변화가 흔히 일어난 까닭은 소수 집단이 다른 사람들을 자신의 관점으로 바꿔 놓았기 때문이다. 소수 집단의 영향 없이는 우리에게 어떤 혁신, 어떤 사회 변화도 없을 것이다. 우리가 현재 '주요' 사회 운동(예를 들어, 기독교 사상, 노동조합 운동, 또는 남녀평등주의)으로 여기는 많은 것이 본래는 거침없이 말하는 소수 집단의 영향력 때문에 생겨났다. 
1811H3-33::Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.::문화유산은 매우 선별적인 물질적 인공물, 신화, 기억, 그리고 전통이 현재를 위한 자원이 되는 방식과 관련이 있다. 그 자원의 내용, 해석, 표현은 현재의 요구에 따라 선택되며, 상상된 과거는 상상된 미래로 전해질 수 있는 유산을 위한 자원을 제공한다. 그것은 또한 기억과 전통의 의미와 기능들이 현재에 와서 정의된다는 말이 된다. 게다가, 유산은 물질적 인공물보다 의미와 더 많이 관련된다. 후자(물질적 인공물)에게 문화적 혹은 재정적 가치를 부여하고 거의 무한하게 많은 과거의 것들로부터 왜 그것들이 선택되었는지 설명해 주는 것은 바로 전자(의미)이다. 결국, 현재 사회의 요구가 변화함에 따라, 혹은 심지어, 구 동유럽에서 현재 일어나고 있는 것처럼, 새로운 현재를 반영하기 위해서 과거가 재창조되어야 할 때, 그것들은 나중에 버려질 수도 있다. 따라서 유산은 과거를 기억하는 것만큼 과거를 잊는 것에 관한 것이다. 
1811H3-34::The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.::인간은 새로운 문화적 도구를 발명함으로써 자신의 기능성을 확장하는 능력에 있어서 독특하다. 쓰기, 산수, 과학, 이 모든 것은 최근에 발명된 것이다. 우리의 뇌가 그것들을 위해 진화할 충분한 시간이 없었으나, 나는 우리가 우리의 오래된 영역들을 새로운 방식으로 동원할 수 있기 때문에 그것들이 가능하게 되었으리라고 추론한다. 우리가 읽는 것을 배울 때, 우리는 시각적인 단어-형태 영역이라고 알려진 우리의 시각 시스템의 특정 영역을 재활용하는데, 이것이 우리가 일련의 문자를 인식하고 그것들을 언어 영역에 연결할 수 있게 해 준다. 마찬가지로, 우리가 아라비아 숫자를 배울 때 우리는 그러한 모양들을 빠르게 수량으로 변환하는 회로를 만드는데, 이것은 양측 의 시각 영역을 정수리 부분의 수량 영역과 빠르게 연결하는 것이다. 손가락으로 헤아리기와 같은 기본적인 발명조차도 우리의 인지 능력을 극적으로 변화시킨다. 수를 세는 것을 발명하지 않은 아마존 사람들은, 예를 들어, 6 빼기 2처럼 간단한 것을 정확하게 계산할 수 없다. 이러한 '문화적 재활용'은 인간의 두뇌의 기능적 구조가 생물학적, 문화적 제약의 복잡한 혼합물로부터 생겨난 것이라는 것을 암시한다. 
1811H3-35::When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.::사진술이 19세기에 나타났을 때, 회화는 위기에 처했다. 사진은 여태까지 화가가 할 수 있었던 것보다 자연을 모방하는 일을 더 잘하는 것처럼 보였다. 몇몇 화가들은 그 발명품(사진술)을 실용적으로 이용했다. 자신들이 그리고 있는 모델이나 풍경 대신에 사진을 사용하는 인상파 화가들이 있었다. 하지만 대체로, 사진은 회화에 대한 도전이었고 회화가 직접적인 표현과 복제로부터 멀어져 20세기의 추상 회화로 이동해 가는 한 가지 원인이었다. 사진은 사물을 세상에 존재하는 대로 아주 잘 표현했기 때문에, 화가들은 내면을 보고 자신들의 상상 속에서 존재하는 대로 사물을 표현할 수 있게 되어, 화가의 그림에 고유한 색, 양감, 선, 그리고 공간의 배치로 감정을 표현하였다. 
1811H3-36::Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.::심리학 연구자들은 인간의 행동을 설명하는 데 도움을 주고 예측할 수 있는 연구를 수행하기 위해 과학적인 방법을 따른다. 이것은 달팽이나 음파를 연구하는 것보다 훨씬 더 어려운 작업이다. 이것은 자연적인 환경보다 실험실 내에서의 행동을 검사하는 것, 그리고 모집단의 대표적인 실제 예에서 데이터를 모으기보다 (심리학 입문을 공부하는 학생들처럼) 쉽게 구할 수 있는 사람들에게 참여하도록 요청하는 것과 같은 절충이 자주 필요하다. 사람들의 생각을 바꾸는 것, 즉 반응성이라 불리는 것 없이 그들이 생각하고 있는 것에 최대한 접근할 방안을 생각해 내는 것은 많은 경우 대단히 교묘한 솜씨가 필요하다. 단지 자신들이 관찰되고 있다는 것을 아는 것은 사람들이 (더욱 공손하게 하는 것처럼) (평소와) 다르게 행동하는 것을 유발할 수 있다. 사람들은 자신들의 실제 생각보다 더 사회적으로 바람직하다고 생각하는 답을 할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 심리학에 대한 모든 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고, 과학적인 방법의 이점은 연구 결과가 반복 가능하다는 것이다. 즉 같은 절차를 따르면서 같은 연구를 다시 진행하면, 같은 결과를 얻을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다. 
1811H3-37::Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal." Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.::분명히, 도식적인 지식은 여러분의 이해를 이끌어주고 기억할 수 없는 것들을 재구성하게 하여 여러분에게 도움을 준다. 하지만 도식적인 지식은 또한 인식과 기억에 오류를 조장하여 여러분에게 해를 끼칠 수 있다. 게다가, 도식에 의해서 발생하는 오류의 '유형'은 상당히 예측 가능하다. 도식이 여러분의 경험의 광범위한 유형을 요약하며 그래서 그것(도식)이 본질적으로 주어진 상황에서 무엇이 전형적이거나 평범한 것인지 여러분에게 말해 준다는 것을 명심하라. 따라서, 도식에 대한 어떠한 의존이라 하더라도, 그것은 어떤 것이 '정상적'인 것인지에 대한 이러한 정보에 의해 형성될 것이다. 따라서 어떤 상황이나 사건을 보면서 여러분이 알아차리지 못하는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 상황에서 일반적으로 무엇이 어울리는지에 관한 지식으로 이러한 '공백'을 채우도록 여러분을 이끌어줄 것이다. 마찬가지로, 여러분이 기억할 수 없는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 공백을 그 상황에서 어떤 것이 일반적인 것인지에 대한 지식으로 채워 줄 것이다. 결과적으로, 도식에 의존하는 것은 불가피하게 세상을 실제보다 더 '정상적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이고, 과거를 실제보다 더 '규칙적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이다. 
1811H3-38::The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.::인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장시켰다. 비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다. 이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것으로 제한했다. 그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다. 구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리와 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 탄생은 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나가는 능력을 강화했다. 그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다. 잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다. 
1811H3-39::A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography. This can be done in various ways. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.::지도 제작자들의 커다란 도전은 집합적으로 지형이라고 불리는 언덕과 계곡, 경사지와 평지의 묘사이다. 이것은 여러 방법으로 할 수 있다. 한 가지 방법은 지형의 주름이 번갈아 빛이 비치고 그늘지게 빛과 그림자의 이미지를 만들어, 땅의 모양을 시각적으로 표현하는 것을 만들어 내는 것이다. 기술적으로 더 정확한 또 다른 방법은 등 고선을 그리는 것이다. 등고선은 동일한 고도에 있는 모든 점을 연결한다. 따라서 평야 위로 솟은 둥그런 산은 가장 큰 동심원이 맨 아랫부분에 그리고 가장 작은 동심원은 꼭대기 근처에 있는 일련의 동심원으로 지도에 나타날 것이다. 등고선이 서로 가깝게 배치되면 산의 경사가 가파르고, 등고선이 더 멀리 떨어져 있으면 기울기가 더 완만하다. 등고선은 지역 지형의 가파른 비탈, 분지, 계곡을 나타낼 수 있다. 한눈에, 그것들은 지도로 그려진 지역의 고저가 큰지 작은지를 드러내는데, '복잡한' 등고선 지도는 많은 높은 기복을 의미한다. 
1811H3-40::Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.::시장 시스템이 있거나 없는 두 가지 인간 사회를 다 포함한 생물학적 유기체들은 불확실한 미래와 관련된 위험에 기초하여 현재 이용할 수 있는 생산물보다 (시간상으로) 멀리 있는 것들을 평가 절하한다. 투입과 생산의 시기가 에너지 유형에 따라 크게 다르기 때문에, 대체 에너지를 평가할 때 시간을 통합하려는 강력한 사례가 있다. 예를 들어 대부분의 투자가 생산하기 전에 발생하는 태양 전지판이나 풍력 엔진으로부터의 에너지 생산은 대부분의 화석 연료 추출 기술과 비교했을 때 다르게 평가될 필요가 있을 수 있는데, 화석 연료 추출 기술에서는 많은 비율의 에너지 생산이 훨씬 더 빨리 가능하고, 더 큰 (상대적) 비율의 투입이 추출 과정 동안에 적용되고 선행 투자되지는 않는다. 따라서 화석 연료, 특히 석유와 천연가스는 많은 재생 가능 기술보다 에너지 품질 이점(비용, 저장성, 운송 가능성 등)이 있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 소비/수익에 대한 인간의 행동 선호를 설명하는 것에 비추어 보면 '시간적 이점'도 또한 갖는다. 
1811H3-4142::Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.::산업 자본주의는 일거리를 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라, 그 말의 현대적 의미로의 '여가'도 또한 만들어 냈다. 이것은 놀라운 것으로 보일 수 있는데, 초기의 목화 농장주들은 자신들의 기계를 가능한 한 오랫동안 가동하기를 원했고, 자신들의 일꾼들에게 매우 오랜 시간을 일하도록 강요했기 때문이다. 하지만 근무 시간 동안 지속적인 일을 요구하고 비업무 활동을 배제함으로써 고용주들은 여가를 업무와 분리했다. 어떤 사람들은 공장이 문을 닫는 별도의 휴가 기간을 만듦으로써 이 일을 매우 명시적으로 했는데, 왜냐하면 이렇게 하는 것이 그때그때 휴가를 내는 것에 의해 일을 중단시키는 것보다 더 나았기 때문이었다. 휴일의 형태이건, 주말의 형태이건, 혹은 저녁이라는 형태이건, 일하지 않는 별도의 기간으로서의 '여가'는 자본주의 생산으로 만들어진 통제되고 제한된 근로 시간의 결과였다. 그 후 노동자들은 더 많은 여가를 원했고, 여가 시간은 노동조합 운동에 의해 확대되었는데, 이 일은 면화 산업에서 맨 처음 시작되었고, 결국 노동 시간을 제한하고 노동자들에게 휴가의 권리를 주는 새로운 법이 통과되었다. 다른 의미에서 여가는 또한 여가의 상업화를 통한 자본주의의 창조였다. 이것은 더 이상 전통적인 스포츠와 여가 활동에의 참여를 의미하지 않았다. 노동자들은 자본주의 기업이 조직한 여가 활동에 돈을 지불하기 시작했다. 사람들에게 입장료를 받을 수 있는 관중 스포츠, 특히 축구와 경마로의 대중의 이동이 이제는 가능했다. 이것의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않는데, 왜냐하면 완전히 새로운 산업이 출현해 서 레저 시장을 개발하고 발전시키고 있었기 때문이었으며, 그 시장은 나중에 소비자의 수요, 고용, 그리고 이익의 거대한 원천이 될 것이었다. 
1811H3-4345::Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" "Yes, I learned about it in biology class. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered. "Right! But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves! So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?" Grandma suggested. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was. There seemed to be a million cabbages. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off. Olivia sighed in despair. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry. We are only working on this first row here today." Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?" Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature? The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower." Olivia realized she was right. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.::Olivia와 그녀의 여동생 Ellie는 양배추의 한가운데 할머니와 함께 서 있었다. 갑자기 할머니가 "양배추 화이트가 뭔지 아니"라고 물었다. "네, 저는 생물 시간에 그것에 대해 배웠어요. 그것은 아름다운 하얀 나비예요"라고 Olivia가 대답했다. "맞아! 하지만 그것은 양배추에 알을 낳고, 그러고 나서 애벌레는 양배추 잎을 먹지! 그러니, 내가 애벌레를 잡는 것을 도와주지 않겠니"라고 할머니가 제안했다. 두 자매는 기꺼이 동의했고 준비를 위해 집으로 돌아갔다. 곧, 각자 작은 양동이를 갖춘 채 Olivia와 Ellie는 할머니에게 다시 갔다. 그들이 양배추 밭을 보았을 때, 그들은 갑자기 그것이 얼마나 넓은지 생각이 났다. 백만 개의 양배추가 있는 것 같았다. Olivia는 끝없는 양배추 밭을 보고 입을 벌린 채 서 있었다. 그녀는 그들이 아마도 애벌레를 모두 다 떼어낼 수 없으리라고 생각했다. Olivia는 절망감에 한숨을 쉬었다. 할머니는 그녀를 보고 미소를 지으며 "걱정하지 마라. 우리는 단지 오늘 여기 첫 번째 줄에서만 일할 거란다"라고 말했다. 안도한 채 그녀와 Ellie 는 첫 번째 양배추에서 시작했다. 양배추 화이트들이 그들 주위의 하늘을 가득 메운 채 애벌레들이 잡히면서 꿈틀거렸다. 마치 그 나비들은 Olivia를 놀리고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 그것들은 수백만 개 의 알을 더 낳겠다고 암시하면서 그녀를 비웃는 것처럼 보였다. 양배추 밭은 마치 전쟁터처럼 보였다. Olivia는 싸움에서 지고 있다고 느꼈지만, 그녀는 계속 싸웠다. 그녀는 (양동이) 바닥이 모습을 감출 때까지 계속해서 자신의 양동이를 애벌레로 채웠다. 지치고 낙담한 채 그녀는 할머니에게 "나비를 모두 없애서 더 이상의 알이나 애벌레가 생기지 않게 하면 어때요"라고 물었다. 할머니는 부드럽게 미소를 지으며 "왜 대자연과 싸우려고 하니? 나비들은 이 꽃에서 저 꽃으로 꽃가루를 옮기기 때문에 우리가 다른 식물들을 키우는 데 도움을 준 단다." Olivia는 그녀가 옳다는 것을 깨달았다. 할머니는 애벌레가 양배추에게 해를 끼친다는 것을 알지만 자연환경의 자연스러운 균형을 방해하고 싶지 않다고 덧붙였다. Olivia는 이제 나비의 진정한 아름다움을 깨달았다. Olivia와 Ellie는 자신들의 가득 찬 양동이를 보고 웃었다.

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1933 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 190310 21:26:29

모바일 가로모드 최적화
 🧔🏻 단뜻 
   분석하라.

✈︎ 1933-18

(1)
indicating
1. 방향 지시등을 깜빡거리다 2. (손가락·손으로) …을 가리키다
(2)
preference
1. 선호 2. 좋아하기
(3)
reliable
1. 신뢰할 만한 2. 믿을 만한
(4)
via
1. 통하여 2. 이용한

✈︎ 1933-19

(1)
disbelief
1. 불신 2. 믿지 않기
(2)
enough
1. 충분히 2. 충분한
(3)
lungs
1. 폐 2. 폐낭, 서폐(書肺)
(4)
overtook
1. (주로 영) (다른 차 등을) 추월하다 2. …을 따라잡다
(5)
overwhelmed
1. …을 압도하다 2. (정신적으로) 억누르다

✈︎ 1933-20

(1)
contemplate
1. 생각하다 2. 심사숙고하다
(2)
credentials
1. 자격 2. 자격 인증서, 자격증
(3)
analytical
분석적인
(4)
internships
1. intern의 지위 2. 병원 실습 보조금
(5)
liberal
1. 진보적인 2. 자유로운
(6)
seek
1. 추구하다 2. 찾다
(7)
statistics
1. 통계학 2. 통계

✈︎ 1933-21

(1)
approach
1. 접근하다 2. 접근법
(2)
criticized
1. 비평하다 2. 흠을 찾다
(3)
forcing
1. 강제 2. 폭행
(4)
isolation
1. 소외 2. 고립
(5)
multiple
1. 다_ 2. 다수의
(6)
seek
1. 추구하다 2. 찾다
(7)
standardized
1. 표준화하다 2. …을 표준화하다
(8)
statistically
1. 통계적으로 2. 통계상
(9)
trade
1. 무역 2. 거래

✈︎ 1933-22

(1)
casual
1. 캐주얼의 2. 편한
(2)
colleague
동료
(3)
extract
1. 추출하다 2. 농축액
(4)
photocopiers
사진 복사기
(5)
launch
1. 발사하다 2. 시작하다
(6)
stimuli
stimulus의 복수형
(7)
informal
1. 비공식 2. 비형식
(8)
install
1. 설치하다 2. 장착하다
(9)
jammed
1. 빽빽 2. 가득
(10)
maintenance
1. 유지 2. 관리
(11)
periodic
1. 주기적인 2. 정기적인
(12)
policy
1. 정책 2. 제도
(13)
relevant
1. 관련있는 2. 적절한
(14)
specialized
1. 전문의 2. 분화한

✈︎ 1933-23

(1)
accomplishments
김 씨의 이력서에 쓰여진 성과들
(2)
addictive
1. 중독성의 2. 습관화된
(3)
advent
1. 출현 2. 도래
(4)
anticipation
1. 기대 2. 예상
(5)
contributes
1. 기부하다 2. 기고하다
(6)
deeds
1. (미) 증서를 작성하여 양도하다 2. 행위
(7)
dopamine
도파민
(8)
feature
1. 특징 2. 출연하다
(9)
impatient
1. 참을성 없는 2. 서두르는
(10)
receipt
1. 영수증 2. 증서
(11)
reveal
1. 보여주다 2. 드러내다
(12)
stimulating
1. 활기를 주는 2. 자극을 주는

✈︎ 1933-24

(1)
cosmetics
1. 화장품 2. 결점을 감추는 것
(2)
formula
1. 공식 2. 방식
(3)
respondents
1. 응답하는 2. 피고의 입장에 선

✈︎ 1933-25

(1)
consignment
1. 위탁 2. 탁송
(2)
inspector
1. 검사자 2. 감독관
(3)
loan
1. 대출 2. 빌려 주다
(4)
petroleum
석유

✈︎ 1933-26

(1)
duration
1. 지속기간 2. …동안
(2)
permitted
1. 허용하다 2. 인가(서)
(3)
recommended
1. 추천하다 2. …을 권하다

✈︎ 1933-27

(1)
indicate
1. 나타내다 2. 가리키다
(2)
indicators
수위계
(3)
interactive
1. 대화식의 2. 쌍방향의
(4)
medium
1. 중간 2. 배지
(5)
metallic
금속의
(6)
presses
1. …을 누르다 2. …을 (다리미 등으로) 눌러 펴다
(7)
seek
1. 추구하다 2. 찾다
(8)
seeker
1. 수색자 2. 찾는 사람
(9)
transmitted
1. 부치다 2. (종종 수동태) 옮기다
(10)
upright
1. 똑바로 2. 직립한

✈︎ 1933-28

(1)
confirm
1. 확인하다 2. 확정하다
(2)
investigated
1. 연구하다 2. 심사하다
(3)
specific
1. 특정한 2. 구체적인

✈︎ 1933-29

(1)
accomplish
1. 성취하다 2. 이루어 내다
(2)
collective
1. 집단적인 2. 공동의
(3)
context
1. 문맥 2. 상황
(4)
eccentric
1. 별난 2. 괴짜
(5)
collaborations
1. 협력 2. 공동
(6)
integration
1. 통합 2. 융합
(7)
notable
1. 주목할 만한 2. 유명한
(8)
novelty
1. 새로움 2. 신기함
(9)
perception
1. 인식 2. 지각
(10)
phenomenon
1. 현상 2. 장관
(11)
possession
1. 소유 2. 재산
(12)
reject
1. 거부하다 2. 거절하다

✈︎ 1933-30

(1)
appendix
1. 부록 2. 맹장
(2)
appendectomy
1. 충수 절제 2. 맹장 수술
(3)
physician
의사
(4)
politician
정치가
(5)
procedure
1. 절차 2. 과정
(6)
remarked
1. 감상을 말하다 2. 한마디하다
(7)
surgeon
1. 외과의사 2. 군의관
(8)
surgeons
1. 외과 의사. PHYSICIAN 2 2. 군의관

✈︎ 1933-31

(1)
credited
1. 신용 2. (신용에서 생기는) 명성
(2)
critical
1. 비판적인 2. 중요한
(3)
eliminated
1. …을 제거하다 2. (보통 수동태) …을 실격시키다
(4)
extensive
1. 광범위한 2. 대규모의
(5)
expectancy
1. 기대 2. 예상
(6)
feared
1. 무서워하다 2. (비격식) 염려하다
(7)
hemisphere
반구
(8)
interventions
1. 개재 2. 개입
(9)
majority
1. 다수의 2. 대부분
(10)
measles
1. 홍역 2. 발진성 질병의 총칭
(11)
occurrence
1. 발생 2. 양상
(12)
polio
1. 소아마비 2. 척수성 소아마비
(13)
smallpox
1. 천연두 2. 마마
(14)
vaccine
백신
(15)
vehicle
1. 차량 2. 자동차

✈︎ 1933-32

(1)
approach
1. 접근하다 2. 접근법
(2)
claim
1. 주장하다 2. 말하다
(3)
constructed
몸매가 좋은
(4)
context
1. 문맥 2. 상황
(5)
contributions
1. 기부 2. 기부금
(6)
critical
1. 비판적인 2. 중요한
(7)
objectivity
1. 객관성 2. 객관적인 것
(8)
injustice
1. 부정 2. 부당
(9)
integral
1. 완전한 2. 필수의
(10)
neutral
1. 중립 2. 중성
(11)
reflective
1. 투영된 2. 반사하는
(12)
theorists
1. 이론가 2. 공론가
(13)
transmission
1. 전송 2. 방송
(14)
universal
1. 보편적인 2. 전 세계의

✈︎ 1933-33

(1)
aspirations
고결한 염원
(2)
classify
1. 분류하다 2. 기밀 취급하다
(3)
command
1. 명령하다 2. 사령부
(4)
confusion
1. 혼란 2. 혼동
(5)
contemporary
1. 현대의 2. 동시대의
(6)
distinction
1. 구별 2. 차이
(7)
ethics
1. 윤리 2. 윤리학
(8)
glimpse
1. 보다 2. 잠깐보다
(9)
objection
1. 반대 2. 이의
(10)
perplexed
1. 어찌할 바를 모르는 2. 당혹한
(11)
realities
1. 현실(성) 2. 실물과 꼭 같음
(12)
refusal
1. 거부 2. 거절
(13)
reveals
1. 드러내다 2. 나타내다
(14)
superficial
1. 피상적인 2. 겉으로 드러나는
(15)
traced
1. 자취 2. (사람·짐승·물건이 지나간) 자취
(16)
valid
1. 유효한 2. 타당한

✈︎ 1933-34

(1)
admit
1. 인정하다 2. 시인하다
(2)
bias
1. 편견 2. 치우침
(3)
centered
1. 중앙에 있는 2. 중축을 가지는
(4)
claim
1. 주장하다 2. 말하다
(5)
constitutes
1. …을 구성하다 2. (종종 수동태) (…에) 임명하다
(6)
embrace
1. 포용하다 2. 받아들이다
(7)
glance
1. 흘끗 보다 2. 곁눈질
(8)
individualism
1. 개인주의 2. 개체주의
(9)
intentions
좋은 의도
(10)
motives
1. 동기 2. (미술·문학·음악 등에서의) 주제
(11)
tug
1. 잡아당기다 2. 끌다
(12)
unbiased
1. 편견 없는 2. 공정한

✈︎ 1933-35

(1)
alter
1. 바꾸다 2. 변경하다
(2)
behavioral
1. 행동의 2. 행동에 관한
(3)
beverages
1. (격식) (물 이외의) 마실 것 2. 음료
(4)
calculators
1. 계산하는 사람 2. 계산기
(5)
consumption
1. 소비 2. 소비량
(6)
electronic
1. 전자기기 2. 전자의
(7)
encounter
1. 만나다 2. 마주치다
(8)
mathematical
1. 수학의 2. 수리적인
(9)
policy
1. 정책 2. 제도
(10)
protein
단백질

✈︎ 1933-36

(1)
agents
1. (일정한 권한을 가진) 대리인 2. 앞잡이
(2)
earliest
1. 가장 앞선 2. 초기의
(3)
conversely
1. 거꾸로 2. 역관계에 있어서
(4)
favorably
1. 호의적으로 2. 좋게
(5)
hence
1. 그러므로 2. 앞으로
(6)
neglect
1. 무시 2. 방치하다
(7)
perceive
1. 인지하다 2. 인식하다
(8)
punish
1. 처벌하다 2. 벌을 주다
(9)
socialization
1. 사회화 2. 사회주의화
(10)
symbolic
상징적인
(11)
unfavorable
1. 불리한 2. 적개심이 있는

✈︎ 1933-37

(1)
archaeological
1. 고고학적인 2. 고고학상의
(2)
assume
1. 가정하다 2. 생각하다
(3)
detailed
1. 상세한 2. 세목에 걸친
(4)
earliest
1. 가장 앞선 2. 초기의
(5)
managing
1. 관리 2. 간부
(6)
problematic
1. 문제의 2. 의문의
(7)
specific
1. 특정한 2. 구체적인

✈︎ 1933-38

(1)
conveying
1. 전달하다 2. 전하다
(2)
excessive
1. 과도한 2. 지나친
(3)
secrecy
1. 내밀 2. 비밀을 지키는 능력
(4)
historian
1. 역사가 2. 사학자
(5)
thrifty
1. 검소한 2. 절약하는
(6)
unaware
1. 모르는 2. 알지 못하는

✈︎ 1933-39

(1)
alter
1. 바꾸다 2. 변경하다
(2)
ultimate
1. 궁극적인 2. 최종의

✈︎ 1933-40

(1)
crude
1. 천연 그대로의 2. 조잡한
(2)
dispersing
1. (사방으로) 흩어지게 하다 2. 퍼뜨리다
(3)
weakened
1. 약해지다 2. 무력해지다
(4)
prone
1. 쉬운 2. 더
(5)
ripped
1. 마약에 취한 2. 마약에 취해 기분이 좋은
(6)
sophistication
1. 지적 교양 2. 가짜
(7)
technical
1. 기술의 2. 전문의

✈︎ 1933-4142

(1)
conscious
1. 의식한 2. 친화적
(2)
consumption
1. 소비 2. 소비량
(3)
critical
1. 비판적인 2. 중요한
(4)
discipline
1. 학문 2. 규율
(5)
enhancing
1. …을 높이다 2. 화질을 향상시키다
(6)
predecessors
1. 전임자 2. 전신
(7)
favorably
1. 호의적으로 2. 좋게
(8)
gender
1. 성별 2. 성
(9)
implies
1. (격식) …의 뜻을 함축하다 2. …을 암시하다
(10)
impress
1. 인상 2. 감명을 주다
(11)
intake
1. 섭취 2. 흡입
(12)
observations
1. 관찰 2. 주목
(13)
participant
1. 참가자 2. 참여자
(14)
participants
1. 참가자 2. 관여하는
(15)
presence
1. 존재 2. 영향력
(16)
restrain
1. 제한하다 2. 자제하다

✈︎ 1933-4345

(1)
acquainted
1. 사귀게 된 2. 알고 있는
(2)
ambassador
1. 대사 2. 대표
(3)
examine
1. 조사하다 2. 검토하다
(4)
instructed
교육을 받은
(5)
rapport
1. 관계 2. 협조
(6)
texture
1. 질감 2. 씹히는 느낌

detailed
1. 상세한 2. 세목에 걸친
(6)
distant
1. 먼 2. 원격의
(7)
earliest
1. 가장 앞선 2. 초기의
(8)
folded
1. 접다 2. 끼다
(9)
hollow
1. 공허한 2. 우묵해지다
(10)
implied
1. 내재 2. 함축된
(11)
managing
1. 관리 2. 간부
(12)
problematic
1. 문제의 2. 의문의
(13)
relatives
1. 친척 2. 동류(同類)
(14)
specific
1. 특정한 2. 구체적인

✈︎ 1933-38

(1)
apparently
1. 분명히 2. 명백히
(2)
conveying
1. 전달하다 2. 전하다
(3)
establishment
1. 설치 2. 구성
(4)
excessive
1. 과도한 2. 지나친
(5)
secrecy
1. 내밀 2. 비밀을 지키는 능력
(6)
historian
1. 역사가 2. 사학자
(7)
intended
1. 하려고 2. 의도된
(8)
thrifty
1. 검소한 2. 절약하는
(9)
unaware
1. 모르는 2. 알지 못하는

✈︎ 1933-39

(1)
alter
1. 바꾸다 2. 변경하다
(2)
engaged
1. 통화 중인 2. 바쁜
(3)
intended
1. 하려고 2. 의도된
(4)
obtain
1. 얻다 2. 입수하다
(5)
obtaining
1. (격식) (종종 수동태) (노력·의뢰하여) …을 획득하다 2. 손에 넣다
(6)
ultimate
1. 궁극적인 2. 최종의

✈︎ 1933-40

(1)
atom
1. 원자 2. 원자력
(2)
atoms
1. 원자 2. 원자력
(3)
bubble
1. 거품 2. 기포
(4)
crack
1. 균열 2. 크랙
(5)
crude
1. 천연 그대로의 2. 조잡한
(6)
dispersing
1. (사방으로) 흩어지게 하다 2. 퍼뜨리다
(7)
weakened
1. 약해지다 2. 무력해지다
(8)
prone
1. 쉬운 2. 더
(9)
ripped
1. 마약에 취한 2. 마약에 취해 기분이 좋은
(10)
sophistication
1. 지적 교양 2. 가짜
(11)
technical
1. 기술의 2. 전문의

✈︎ 1933-4142

(1)
anxiety
1. 불안 2. 걱정
(2)
conscious
1. 의식한 2. 친화적
(3)
consumption
1. 소비 2. 소비량
(4)
critical
1. 비판적인 2. 중요한
(5)
discipline
1. 학문 2. 규율
(6)
enhancing
1. …을 높이다 2. 화질을 향상시키다
(7)
predecessors
1. 전임자 2. 전신
(8)
favorably
1. 호의적으로 2. 좋게
(9)
gender
1. 성별 2. 성
(10)
implies
1. (격식) …의 뜻을 함축하다 2. …을 암시하다
(11)
impress
1. 인상 2. 감명을 주다
(12)
intake
1. 섭취 2. 흡입
(13)
modest
1. 겸손한 2. 적당한
(14)
observations
1. 관찰 2. 주목
(15)
occur
1. 발생하다 2. 일어나다
(16)
participant
1. 참가자 2. 참여자
(17)
participants
1. 참가자 2. 관여하는
(18)
presence
1. 존재 2. 영향력
(19)
prior
1. 전의 2. 앞서
(20)
restrain
1. 제한하다 2. 자제하다
(21)
starving
1. 몹시 허기진 2. 배고픈

✈︎ 1933-4345

(1)
acquainted
1. 사귀게 된 2. 알고 있는
(2)
ambassador
1. 대사 2. 대표
(3)
briefly
1. 잠시동안 2. 간단히
(4)
examine
1. 조사하다 2. 검토하다
(5)
examined
1. 검사하다 2. 시험하다
(6)
instructed
교육을 받은
(7)
frequent
1. 자주 2. 잦은
(8)
marble
1. 대리석 2. 구슬
(9)
marbles
1. 대리석 무늬를 넣다 2. 대리석(조각)
(10)
rapport
1. 관계 2. 협조
(11)
texture
1. 질감 2. 씹히는 느낌




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필수 단어

 


absolutely 절대적으로/전혀

 

acceptable 받아들일 만한

 

accommodations 숙박/숙식

 

accounted 계산/회계

 

achieve 달성하다

 

adjust 적응시키다 조정하다

 

adulthood 성인임

 

advances 발전하다/진보하다

 

aesthete 심미가

 

affect 영향을 주다/작용하다

 

afford ~할 여유가 있다/주다

 

ahead 앞서/앞에

 

allow 하게하다/허용하다

 

allowed 하게하다/허용하다

 

alternative 대안/대체

 

analysts 분석가

 

application 지원/응용

 

appreciate 감사하다

 

appropriate 적절한

 

argue 논하다

 

argued 논하다

 

arise 발생하다

 

artistic 예술적인/미술적인

 

aspects 양상/국면

 

assigns 부여하다/할당하다

 

assisting 돕다

 

associated 관련시키다/연관

 

assumes 가정하다

 

assumption 가정/추측

 

astronomers 천문학자/천문대장

 

attempt 시도하다

 

attitude 태도

 

audience 관객/청중

 

availability 이용가능성

 

aware 알고 있는/인식하는

 

based 기초/기반

 

basis 근거/기준기초

 

battlegrounds 전장

 

behavior 행동/태도

 

belief 믿음/신념

 

bends 구부러지다/휘다

 

benefits 이익/ 이익이되다

 

bias 편견/치우침

 

billions 10억/막대한 수

 

biodiversity 생물학적 다양성

 

biological 생물학의/생물학적

 

bossy 거만한

 

broadway 브로드웨이

 

budget 예산(안)

 

capable ~할 수 있는/유능한

 

caregivers 돌보는 사람

 

catholic 가톨릭 교회의/천주교의전반적인

 

championing 지키다

 

cheaper 더 싼

 

chemical 화학적인/화학물질

 

circumstances 상황/환경

 

civil 시민의/국내의

 

civilization 문명

 

claimed 요구하다

 

clearance 제거

 

colony 식민지/거류지

 

coloured 색깔/color

 

combined 결합시키다/합치다

 

comedian 희극 배우/코미디언

 

committed 위원회/헌신적~

 

comparable 비교할 만한/~에 비해

 

compensation 보상/보상금

 

complex 복잡한

 

component 부품/구성 요소성분

 

conclude 결론짓다/체결하다

 

concretely 구체적으로

 

conflicting 갈등/분쟁

 

confused 혼란스럽다/혼동하다

 

connection 연결/관련

 

conservation 보존/보호

 

consider 고려하다

 

consideration 고려/배려

 

constancy 불변/항구성

 

construct 건설하다

 

constructive 건설적인

 

consumers 소비자/고객

 

continuation 연속/지속

 

contrary 반대의/반대

 

control 제어하다/통제하다

 

convenient 편리한/간편한

 

convertible 바꿀 수 있는

 

corruption 부패/비리

 

cortex 피질

 

creativity 창의성

 

crisis 위기

 

critic 비평가/비판가

 

critique 비평

 

cuisine 요리(법)

 

cultivable 경작 가능한

 

cultivators 경작자

 

culturally 문화적으로

 

debt 부채/빚

 

decade 10년

 

dedicate 헌신하다

 

deficit 적자/결손

 

definitively 확실히

 

demands 요구/수요

 

denied 부인하다

 

depleting 감소 시키다

 

depths 깊이/깊음

 

derive 유래하다

 

describe 묘사하다

 

designated 가리키다/나타내다지정하다

 

desire 바라다

 

details 상세

 

determined 결정하다

 

development 개발/발전

 

devices 고안/장치

 

devote 바치다

 

directly 직접적으로/똑바로

 

disaster 재난/재앙

 

disclosures 폭로

 

disconnect 연결을 끊다

 

discoveries 발견

 

disposal 처리/처분

 

disrespectful 경의를 표하지 않는/실례되는

 

distinguishes 구별하다

 

distribution 분배/유통

 

disvalue 얕보다/무시

 

diversity 다양성/상이

 

divorce 이혼/분리

 

domain 영토

 

donate 기부하다

 

donations 기부(금)

 

dumb 멍청한/바보벙어리의

 

eaters 먹는사람

 

economic 경제의/경제학

 

edited 편집하다

 

editing 편집하다

 

effort 노력

 

emergence 출현/발생

 

emotional 감정적인/감정의

 

employed 정규직/고용하다

 

enjoyment 즐거움/즐김

 

entrusted 맡기다/위임하다

 

environment 환경

 

environmentalists 환경 운동가

 

equipped 장비를 갖춘

 

eras 시대/시절

 

escape 탈출하다

 

essentially 본질적으로/근본적으로

 

establishment 설립/시설

 

ethnic 민족의/혈통의

 

eventually 결국/마침내

 

evolution 진화

 

evolving 발전시키다/고안하다

 

exacerbate 악화시키다

 

exchanges 교환

 

exhausted 다 써 버리다

 

existed 존재하다

 

expansion 확장

 

expenditures 지출/소비

 

explore 탐구하다/탐험하다

 

explosive 폭발적인/폭발물

 

extracted 뽑다

 

extremely 매우/극도로

 

factors 요인/요소

 

factual 사실의

 

famine 기근

 

fascinating 매료시키다/사로잡다

 

fatherland 모국/부조의 땅

 

fatigue 피로

 

favored 부탁/선호하다

 

feature 특징/용모

 

feminine 여성의

 

fiction 소설/허구

 

filter 필터/여과하다

 

financed 재정

 

finer 양질의

 

following 뒤따르다

 

forward 앞으로/발전한

 

framework 근거/체제

 

frustrated 좌절시키다

 

fulfill 실행하다/수행하다

 

functions 기능 역할 작용하다

 

fundamental 근본적인

 

gender 성/성별

 

generated 낳다/발생하다

 

generativity 다음세대에 대한 고려

 

genetic 유전의

 

growth 성장/발전

 

guidance 지도/지침

 

habitat 서식지/생태

 

hectic 매우흥분한

 

hierarchical 계급제의

 

hive 벌집/벌떼

 

huge 껴안다/포옹하다

 

humanitarian 인도주의적인/인도주의자

 

hunger 기아/갈망

 

hyperthermia 고열

 

hypothermia 저체온증

 

identification 신분증/표시

 

identity 신원 정체 동일성

 

ignorance 무지

 

imagery 상/표상

 

immediately 즉시

 

imperceptible 미세한/근소한알아차릴수 없는

 

implacably 무자비하게

 

improvement 개선/향상

 

inability 무능 무력

 

inactive 활발하지 않은/활동하지 않는

 

inadequately 부적당하게

 

inborn 타고난 선천적인

 

including 포함하여

 

income 소득/수입

 

indicate 나타내다/가리키다

 

indigenous 고유의/토착의

 

individual 개인의

 

influenced 영향을 미치다

 

informed 알리다

 

infrastructure 기간 시설/기반

 

ingenuity 발명의 재간/창의력

 

ingredients 성분/요소재료

 

initial 처음의

 

insights 통찰력

 

installing 설치하다

 

instrumental 주된 역할을 하는/기악

 

insulation 단열재

 

intellect 지성

 

interaction 상호작용

 

interpretation 해석/통역

 

interpreted 통역하다

 

intrinsic 본질적인/고유한본

 

involve 관련되다/참여하다

 

irrationality 비합리성

 

irrespective 상관없는

 

isolation 고립/소외

 

issue 논쟁

 

issues 논쟁

 

jokes 농담/장난

 

judgments 판단/심판

 

keen 날카로운

 

kinship 유사/친척 관계

 

largely 주로/대량으로

 

likely 가능성 있는/할 것 같은

 

link 연결/링크

 

location 장소/위치

 

logic 논리(학)

 

loyalty 충성/성실

 

maintain 유지하다

 

majority 다수의/대부분

 

malevolent 악의 있는/남의 불행을 기뻐하는악의있는

 

manageable 관리할수 있는

 

management 경영/관리

 

manufactured 제조~

 

mass 대규모의/거대한

 

material 물질/물질적인

 

medial 중간의

 

medicare 건강 보험 제도

 

metabolism 신진대사

 

microclimates 좁은 지역내의 기후

 

mindless 지성이없는/무심한

 

misinformation 오보

 

motivation 동기

 

mounds 마운드/흙무더기

 

mutually 서로/상호간에

 

narrative 이야기/설명적인

 

necessarily 반드시/꼭

 

negative 부정의/음성의

 

negotiations 협상

 

neurons 뉴런/신경 단위

 

notions 개념/생각

 

nourishes 기르다

 

nuclear 핵의

 

numerous 매우 많은

 

obesity 비만

 

object 물건/대상

 

objects 물건/대상

 

observer 관측자/전문가

 

obsessing 지배하다/사로잡히다

 

obvious 명백한

 

occupy 점령하다

 

occurs 발생하다

 

opinion 의견/생각

 

opportunity 기회

 

organic 유기적인/근본적인

 

organization 기관

 

origin 기원/원산

 

overeating 과식하다

 

overflowing 넘치다/범람하다

 

overweight 중량이초과된/뚱뚱한

 

owes 빚지다/신세지다

 

parenthood 어버이됨

 

participating 참가하다

 

partly 부분적으로/일부

 

patronage 후원/애고

 

pattern 모범/모형패턴

 

pave 길을 열다/기반을 닦다

 

perceived 인지하다/인식하다

 

perceptions 지각/인식

 

performance 공연/실적

 

performing 공연하다

 

personal 개인의/자신의

 

perspectives 가망/전망

 

pesticide 농약

 

phase 국면/양상

 

phenomena 현상(복수)

 

physical 물리적인/육체의

 

polarization 극성/분열

 

political 정치적인

 

politics 정치/정계

 

polls 여론조사/선거

 

population 인구/사람들

 

positive 긍정적인/확신있는

 

possessed 보유하다

 

possibly 아마

 

practical 실용적인/실제적인

 

precisely 정확히/정밀하게

 

precondition 필수조건

 

predictable 예측가능한

 

prefer 선호하다

 

preoccupying 마음을 빼앗다/먼저 차지하다

 

preservation 보존/보호

 

pressure 압력/압박

 

pricier 값비싼

 

primary 제일의/주요한

 

prioritize 우선순위를 매기다

 

process 경과/과정

 

product 제품/상품

 

products 제품/상품

 

projections 전망/예상

 

prompted 신속한/즉시의

 

proper 적절한/제대로

 

protection 보호/경호

 

protestant 신교도

 

proved 증명하다

 

provide 제공하다

 

proving 증명하다

 

psychological 심리학의/정신의

 

publicly 공개적으로/공식적으로

 

purposes 목적

 

radioactive 방사능의

 

ranked 열/지위 계급

 

rapid 급속한/빠른

 

rational 합리적인 이상적인

 

realism 현실주의/사실주의

 

recall 상기하다

 

receiving 받다/수상하다

 

recession 후퇴

 

recollection 기억/회상

 

reconstructed ~을 재건하다

 

recovered 회복하다

 

recycled 재활용하다

 

refined 정제하다

 

reflexivity 재귀성

 

refrigeration 냉장

 

refusal 거부/거절

 

regarding 관련되다/간주하다

 

regional 지방의

 

regret 후회(하다)

 

regular 정규의/정기의

 

reject 거부하다

 

relationship 관계

 

relief 구제 안심

 

remainder 나머지/남은

 

remarks 말(하다)

 

reminded 상기시키다/생각나게 하다

 

renewable 재생가능한

 

represent 나타내다/묘사하다/

 

reprocessing 재가공

 

reproduction 번식/복제

 

requirements 요건/요구

 

resentment 분노/적의

 

resource 자원/부

 

resources 자원/부

 

respective 각각의/각자의

 

response 반응/대응

 

retirees 퇴직자

 

revealed 나타내다 누설하다

 

rewrite 다시 쓰다

 

righteous 공정한/바른

 

risk 위험/리스크

 

safe 안전한

 

safely 안전하게/무사히

 

safer 더 안전한

 

salient 현저한/두드러진

 

scale 계급/저울

 

secure 안전한/획득하다

 

selection 선택/선발

 

sensual 관능적인

 

separated 개별적인/분리하다

 

shortage ~난/부족

 

significance 의의 중요성

 

similar 비슷한

 

similarly 비슷하게/마찬가지로

 

situations 상황/사태

 

smoothly 순조롭게/원활하게

 

soared 치솟다 날아 올라가다

 

social 사회의/소셜

 

soil 흙 땅

 

solution 해결/용해

 

species 종/종류

 

spoil 망치다 손상하다

 

starvation 기아/궁핍

 

statement 발표/진술

 

statistician 통계학자

 

stimulate 자극하다

 

storage 저장/보관

 

strategies 전략들

 

struggle 분투노력하다

 

subjective 주관의

 

subsequently 그 후에/이어서

 

substance 물질/본질

 

sufficient 충분한

 

support 지원하다/지지하다

 

surrounded 둘러싸다

 

suspected 의심하다

 

synthetic 통합의/합성의

 

systematically 조직적으로/체계적으로

 

tactic 작전/전략

 

tasteless 무미 건조한/멋이 없는

 

tastings 시음회

 

technological 기술적인

 

telescope 망원경/현미경

 

tendency 경향

 

term 임기/용어

 

terrace 테라스

 

theory 이론

 

threaten 위협하다

 

timber 목재 

 

tourism 여행

 

toxic 유독한/중독성의

 

transfer 넘겨주다/옮기다

 

translate 번역하다

 

trigger 유발하다

 

truth 진실/사실

 

unable 할 수 없는

 

unacceptable 받아들일 수 없는

 

uncontrolled 억제되지 않은/방치된

 

unmanaged 관리하지 않다

 

vaccines 백신

 

value 가치/가치관

 

values 가치/가치관

 

variants 변형/별형

 

vary 다양하다

 

vehicle 자동차/차량탈 것

 

vital 생명의/중요한

 

vulgar 저속한/천박한천한

 

welfare 복지

 

wholeness 전체

 

workload 일의 양



필! 어휘의 이해

 


Belief

 

Broadway

 

Catholic

 

Compensation

 

Consider

 

Consumers

 

Creativity

 

Critiques

 

Emotional

 

Environmentalists

 

Individuals

 

Initially

 

Medicare

 

Perceptions

 

Projections

 

Protestant

 

Psychological

 

Radioactive

 

Security

 

Similarly

 

Social

 

Starvation

 

Subsequently

 

Surrounded

 

Technological

 

absolutely

 

acceptable

 

accommodations

 

accounted

 

achieve

 

adjust

 

adulthood

 

advances

 

aesthete

 

affect

 

afford

 

ahead

 

allow

 

alternative

 

analysts

 

application

 

appreciate

 

appropriate

 

argue

 

arise

 

artistic

 

aspects

 

assigns

 

assisting

 

associated

 

assumes

 

astronomers

 

attempt

 

attitude

 

audience

 

availability

 

aware

 

based

 

basis

 

battlegrounds

 

behavior

 

bends

 

benefits

 

bias

 

billions

 

biodiversity

 

biological

 

bossy

 

budget

 

capable

 

caregivers

 

championing

 

cheaper

 

chemical

 

circumstances

 

civil

 

civilization

 

claimed

 

clearance

 

colony

 

coloured

 

combined

 

comedian

 

committed

 

comparable

 

complex

 

component

 

conclude

 

concretely

 

conflicting

 

confused

 

connection

 

conservation

 

considerably

 

considered

 

constancy

 

construct

 

constructive

 

continuation

 

contrary

 

control

 

convenient

 

convertible

 

corruption

 

cortex

 

crisis

 

critic

 

cuisine

 

cultivable

 

cultivators

 

culturally

 

debt

 

decade

 

dedicate

 

deficit

 

definitively

 

demands

 

denied

 

depleting

 

depths

 

derive

 

describe

 

designated

 

desire

 

details

 

determine

 

development

 

devices

 

devote

 

directly

 

disaster

 

disclosures

 

disconnect

 

disposal

 

disrespectful

 

distinguishes

 

distribution

 

disvalue

 

diversity

 

divorce

 

domain

 

donate

 

dumb

 

eaters

 

economic

 

edited

 

effort

 

emergence

 

emotional

 

employed

 

enjoyment

 

entrusted

 

environment

 

equipped

 

eras

 

escape

 

essentially

 

establishment

 

ethnic

 

eventually

 

evolution

 

evolving

 

exacerbate

 

exchanges

 

exhausted

 

existed

 

expansion

 

expenditures

 

explore

 

extracted

 

extremely

 

factors

 

factual

 

famine

 

fascinating

 

fatherland

 

fatigue

 

favored

 

feature

 

feminine

 

fiction

 

filter

 

financed

 

finer

 

following

 

forward

 

framework

 

frustrated

 

fulfill

 

functions

 

fundamental

 

gender

 

generated

 

genetic

 

growth

 

guidance

 

habitat

 

hectic

 

hierarchical

 

hive

 

huge

 

humanitarian

 

hunger

 

hyperthermia

 

hypothermia

 

identification

 

ignorance

 

imagery

 

immediately

 

imperceptible

 

implacably

 

improvement

 

inability

 

inactive

 

inadequately

 

inborn

 

including

 

income

 

indicate

 

indigenous

 

individual

 

influenced

 

informed

 

infrastructure

 

ingenuity

 

ingredients

 

initial

 

insights

 

installing

 

instrumental

 

insulation

 

intellect

 

interaction

 

interpretation

 

intrinsic

 

involve

 

irrationality

 

irrespective

 

isolation

 

issue

 

jokes

 

judgments

 

keen

 

kinship

 

largely

 

lie

 

likely

 

link

 

location

 

logic

 

loyalty

 

maintain

 

majority

 

malevolent

 

manageable

 

management

 

manufactured

 

mass

 

material

 

medial

 

metabolism

 

microclimates

 

mindless

 

misinformation

 

motivation

 

mounds

 

mutually

 

narrative

 

necessarily

 

negative

 

negotiations

 

neurons

 

notions

 

nourishes

 

nuclear

 

numerous

 

obesity

 

object

 

objects

 

observer

 

obsessing

 

obvious

 

occupy

 

occurs

 

opinion

 

opportunity

 

organic

 

organization

 

origin

 

overeating

 

overflowing

 

overweight

 

owes

 

parenthood

 

participating

 

partly

 

patronage

 

pattern

 

pave

 

perceived

 

performance

 

personal

 

perspectives

 

pesticide

 

phase

 

phenomena

 

physical

 

polarization

 

political

 

polls

 

population

 

positive

 

possessed

 

possibly

 

pot

 

practical

 

precisely

 

precondition

 

predictable

 

prefer

 

preoccupying

 

preservation

 

pressure

 

pricier

 

primary

 

prioritize

 

process

 

product

 

products

 

prompted

 

proper

 

protection

 

proved

 

provide

 

psychological

 

publicly

 

purposes

 

ranked

 

rapid

 

rational

 

realism

 

recall

 

receiving

 

recession

 

recollection

 

reconstructed

 

recovered

 

recycled

 

refined

 

reflexivity

 

refrigeration

 

refusal

 

regarding

 

regional

 

regret

 

regular

 

reject

 

relationship

 

relief

 

remainder

 

remarks

 

reminded

 

renewable

 

represent

 

reprocessing

 

reproduction

 

requirements

 

resentment

 

resource

 

resources

 

respective

 

response

 

retirees

 

revealed

 

rewrite

 

righteous

 

risk

 

safe

 

safer

 

salient

 

scale

 

secure

 

selection

 

sensual

 

separated

 

shortage

 

significance

 

similar

 

situations

 

smoothly

 

soared

 

social

 

soil

 

solution

 

species

 

spoil

 

starvation

 

statement

 

statistician

 

stimulate

 

storage

 

strategy

 

struggle

 

subjective

 

subserve

 

substance

 

sufficient

 

support

 

surrounding

 

suspected

 

synthetic

 

systematically

 

tactic

 

tag

 

tasteless

 

tastings

 

technological

 

telescope

 

tendency

 

term

 

terrace

 

theory

 

threaten

 

timber

 

tourism

 

toxic

 

transfer

 

translate

 

trigger

 

truth

 

unable

 

unacceptable

 

uncontrolled

 

unmanaged

 

vaccines

 

value

 

variants

 

vary

 

vehicle

 

vital

 

vulgar

 

welfare

 

wholeness

 

workload



필! 문법영재


♕ Ving 

연구결과, <동→명→형→부>?의 빈도로 나타난다. ▽


1.  Feeling frustrated, she began to think about giving up on the race.
2. Over and over, Emma imagined herself running smoothly and breathing easily.
3. About thirty minutes later, she found herself crossing the finish line with a big smile on her face.
4. [명-주어] Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things that are important to us can lead to unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.
5. [명-주어] Building in regular "you time," however, can provide numerous benefits, all of which help to make life a little bit sweeter and a little bit more manageable.
6. Unfortunately, many individuals struggle with reaching goals due to an inability to prioritize their own needs.
7. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a creative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong.
8. Csikszentmihalyi's point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made.
9. In 2008, American food and wine critics teamed up with a statistician from Yale and a couple of Swedish economists to study the results of thousands of blind tastings of wines ranging from $1.65 to $150 a bottle.
10. 1950s critics separated themselves from the masses by [명-전명] rejecting the 'natural' enjoyment afforded by products of mass culture through judgments based on a refined sense of realism.
11. For example, in most critics championing Douglas Sirk's films' social critique, self-reflexivity, and, in particular, distancing effects, there is still a refusal of the 'vulgar' enjoyments suspected of soap operas.
12. But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than [명-전명] assisting it.
13. Learning English by watching movies, he soon managed to translate his jokes for the American audience.
14. Starvation helps filter out those less fit to survive, those less resourceful in finding food for themselves and their young.
15. The motor vehicle industry initially denied that cars caused air pollution, then claimed that no technology existed to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued that installing devices to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.
16. Among the most fascinating natural temperature-regulating behaviors are those of social insects such as bees and ants.
17. In other words, each issue calls forth somewhat different identities that help explain the political preferences people have [전] regarding those issues.
18. Modern psychological theory states that the process of [명-전명] understanding is a matter of construction, not reproduction, which means that the process of [명-전명] understanding takes the form of the interpretation of data coming from the outside and generated by our mind.
19. For example, the perception of a moving object as a car is based on an interpretation of [명-전명] incoming data within the framework of our knowledge of the world.
20. The development and improvement of transportation was one of the most important factors in allowing modern tourism to develop on a large scale and become a regular part of the lives of billions of people around the world.
21. Many people who struggle with difficult emotions also struggle with eating problems.
22. Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe eating that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.
23. People of any size may try to escape an emotional experience by preoccupying themselves with eating or by [명-전명] obsessing over their shape and weight.
24. The huge recent federal deficits have pushed the federal debt to levels not seen since the years immediately following World War II.
25. The rapid growth of baby-boomer retirees in the decade immediately ahead will mean higher spending levels and larger and larger deficits for both Social Security and Medicare.
26. All of these factors [동] are going to make it extremely difficult to slow the growth of federal spending and keep the debt from [명-전명] ballooning out of control.
27. We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of [명-전명] reproducing is joined with the events of [명-전명] participating in a committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of [명-전명] living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.
28. These differences in attitudes and values lie at the root of [명-전명] conflicting management strategies and stimulate protest groups such as the Chipko movement.
29. Compensation in the form of [명-전명] planting on terrace edges occurs to make up for the clearance.
30. In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of [명-전명] editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.
31. The two sets of memories ― the person talking about his or her family and the partner's edited version of this story ― go into the 'cooking-pot' of the couple's new construct system.
32. She may protest or attempt to rewrite this version of her story, thereby possibly adding further material that Harry could use in this way.

♕ Ved/PP 

#동→형→부? #Had_pp


1. There are two locations [분사구-수동] designated for donations: Adams Children's Library and Aileen Community Center.
2. Our days [동] are filled with so many of the "have tos" that we feel there's no time [분사구-수동] left for the "want tos.
3. Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things that are important to us can lead to [형=분-수동] unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.
4. Belief that the wine is more expensive turns on the neurons in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the brain [분사구-수동] associated with pleasure feelings.
5. In 2008, American food and wine critics teamed up with a statistician from Yale and a couple of Swedish economists to study the results of thousands of blind tastings of wines ranging from $1.65 to $150 a bottle.
6. 1950s critics separated themselves from the masses by rejecting the 'natural' enjoyment afforded by products of mass culture through judgments [분사구-수동] based on a [형=분-수동] refined sense of realism.
7. The process of taste-making operated, then, to create hierarchical differences between the aesthete and the masses through the construction of aesthetic positions contrary to the [형=분-수동] perceived tasteless pleasures of the crowd.
8. This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing.
9. One avenue that [동] has been explored is the reprocessing of [형=분-수동] spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.
10. Some of the [형=분-수동] recovered material can [동] be recycled as fuel.
11. Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.
12. In 1996, the share of the group of university graduates aged 18 to 21 was 7.7%, and the share of the same age group was 6% in 2001.
13. In 2007, the [형=분-수동] combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over [형=분-수동] accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.
14. Initially a concert musician, Victor Borge soon developed a performance style that combined comedy with classical music.
15. When the Nazis invaded Denmark in 1940, he was performing in Sweden, and a short time later managed to escape to America.
16. Learning English by watching movies, he soon managed to translate his jokes for the American audience.
17. At the age of 90, he still performed 60 times a year.
18. Not all organisms are able to find sufficient food to survive, so starvation is a kind of disvalue often found in nature.
19. The chemical industry denied that there were practical alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, predicting not only economic disaster but numerous deaths because food and vaccines would spoil without refrigeration.
20. The motor vehicle industry initially [형=분-수동] denied that cars caused air pollution, then claimed that no technology existed to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued that installing devices to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.
21. Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans [동] are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.
22. Modern psychological theory states that the process of understanding is a matter of construction, not reproduction, which means that the process of understanding takes the form of the interpretation of data coming from the outside and generated by our mind.
23. While the interpretation of simple objects is usually an [형=분-수동] uncontrolled process, the interpretation of more complex phenomena, such as interpersonal situations, usually requires active attention and thought.
24. Technological advances provided the basis for the explosive expansion of local, regional, and global transportation networks and made travel faster, easier, and cheaper.
25. This not only [형=분-수동] created new tourist-generating and tourist-receiving regions but also prompted a host of other changes in the tourism infrastructure, such as accommodations.
26. Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe eating that [동] is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.
27. Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed that most Americans are at best poorly [형=분-수동] informed about politics, analysts [동] have asked whether citizens [동] are equipped to play the role democracy assigns them.
28. However, there is something worse than an inadequately [형=분-수동] informed public, and that's a [형=분-수동] misinformed public.
29. We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of reproducing [동] is joined with the events of participating in a [형=분-수동] committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.
30. That is, under increasing population pressure and growing demands for cultivable land, the conversion of forest into cultivated terraces means a much higher productivity can [동] be extracted from the same area.
31. What each of them will remember is selective and coloured by their family's constructs system.
32. In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other [동] is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.

♕ To 

<명→형→부→전명→5V보어>?


1. Thank you for your question about [의+투=명] how to donate children's books for our book drive.
2. She started 명[to] feel better.
3. "Further, spending all our time with others doesn't give us the ability [형] to hit the reset button and relax.
4. Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things that are important [전명] to us can lead [전명] to unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.
5. Unfortunately, many individuals struggle with reaching goals due [전명] to an inability to prioritize their own needs.
6. Alone time, however, forces you to take a break from everyday responsibilities and the requirements of others so you can dedicate time to move forward with your own goals, meet your own personal needs, and further explore your personal dreams.
7. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.
8. In 2008, American food and wine critics teamed up with a statistician from Yale and a couple of Swedish economists to study the results of thousands of blind tastings of wines ranging from $1.65 to $150 a bottle.
9. They found that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.
10. This refusal again functions to divorce the critic from an image of a mindless, pleasure-seeking crowd he or she has actually manufactured in order [부] to definitively secure the righteous logic of 'good' taste.
11. Critiques of mass culture seem always to bring to mind a disrespectful image of the feminine to represent the depths of the corruption of the people.
12. This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing.
13. One avenue that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.
14. Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.
15. The second largest single share of university graduates in each of the three years was held by those who were 25 to 29 years old.
16. In 1996, the share of the group of university graduates aged 18 to 21 was 7.7%, and the share of the same age group was 6% in 2001.
17. In 2007, the combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.
18. When the Nazis invaded Denmark in 1940, he was performing in Sweden, and a short time later managed to escape [전명] to America.
19. Learning English by watching movies, he soon managed to translate his jokes for the American audience.
20. In some circumstances, it may pave the way for genetic variants [진주=명] to take hold in the population of a species and eventually allow the emergence of a new species in place of the old one.
21. For every toxic substance, process, or product in use today, there is a safer alternative ― either already in existence, or waiting to be discovered through the application of human intellect, ingenuity, and effort.
22. The motor vehicle industry initially denied that cars caused air pollution, then claimed that no technology existed [전명] to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued that installing devices [전명] to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.
23. The pesticide industry argues that synthetic pesticides are absolutely necessary to grow food.
24. In fact, many animals decrease their activity in the heat and increase it in the cold, and people who are allowed [수동+5V보] to choose levels of physical activity in hot or cold environments adjust their workload precisely to body temperature.
25. For instance, when issues arise that touch on women's rights, women start 명[to] think of gender as their principal identity.
26. Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders [전] toprovide humanitarian relief.
27. The development and improvement of transportation was one of the most important factors in allowing modern tourism [5V보] to develop on a large scale and become a regular part of the lives of billions of people around the world.
28. Most of us have a general, rational sense of [의+투=명] what to eat and when ― there is no shortage of information on the subject.
29. Emotional eating is a popular term used [수동+5V보] to describe eating that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.
30. Individuals who struggle with obesity tend to eat in response to emotions.
31. Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed that most Americans are at best poorly informed about politics, analysts have asked whether citizens are equipped [수동+5V보] to play the role democracy assigns them.
32. Our misinformation owes partly to psychological factors, including our tendency to see the world in ways that suit our desires.
33. The huge recent federal deficits have pushed the federal debt to levels not seen since the years immediately following World War II.
34. All of these factors are going to make it extremely difficult [진목=명] to slow the growth of federal spending and keep the debt from ballooning out of control.
35. Projections indicate that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.
36. A central component of this attitude is the desire 명[to] care for others.
37. For the majority of people, parenthood is perhaps the most obvious and convenient opportunity to fulfill this desire.
38. We become entrusted to teach culturally appropriate behaviors, values, attitudes, skills, and information about the world.
39. Perceptions of forest use and the value of forests as standing timber vary considerably from indigenous peoples to national governments and Western scientists.
40. Compensation in the form of planting on terrace edges occurs to make up for the clearance.
41. This contrasts with the national view of the value of forests as a renewable resource, with the need or desire 명[to] keep a forest cover over the land for soil conservation, and with a global view of protection for biodiversity and climate change purposes, irrespective of the local people's needs.
42. As a couple start 명[to] form a relationship, they can be seen to develop a set of constructs about their own relationship and, in particular, how it is similar or different [전명] to their parents' relationship.
43. She may protest or attempt [형] to rewrite this version of her story, thereby possibly adding further material that Harry could use in this way.

♕ Being/Been 

#Be_being_pp #Have_been_ing #Have_been_pp


1. She couldn't remember ever being so exhausted.
2. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo [긴동-완수] had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.
3. Radioactive waste disposal has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power [긴동-완수] has been fought.
4. But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution [긴동-완수] has been found.
5. As a result, most spent fuel [긴동-완수] has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced.
6. One avenue that [긴동-완수] has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.
7. As a result, the availability of transportation infrastructure and services [긴동-완수] has been considered a fundamental precondition for tourism.
8. It's one thing when citizens don't know something, and realize it, which has always been a problem.
9. Such factors, however, can explain only the misinformation that has always been with us.
10. We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of reproducing is joined with the events of participating in a committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.
11. By assuming the responsibilities of being primary caregivers to children through their long years of physical and social growth, we concretely express what Erikson believes to be an inborn desire to teach.
12. For example, Harry may say to Doris that she is being 'bossy ― just like her mother'.

♕ Conj 

<명접→형접→부접>? ex)that=접/관/동/부


1. Thank you for your question about how to donate children's books for our book drive.
2. Our days are filled with so many of the "have tos" [부사] that we feel there's no time left for the "want tos.
3. Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things [관] that are important to us can lead to unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.
4. Building in regular "you time," however, can provide numerous benefits, all of which help to make life a little bit sweeter and a little bit more manageable.
5. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a creative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong.
6. Csikszentmihalyi's point is [접] that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made.
7. Belief [동격] that the wine is more expensive turns on the neurons in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with pleasure feelings.
8. They found [접] that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.
9. A wine that cost ten times more than another was ranked by experts only seven points higher on a scale of one to one hundred.
10. Environmentalists argue that no system of waste disposal can be absolutely safe, either now or in the future.
11. But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution has been found.
12. As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced.
13. One avenue [관] that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.
14. In 2007, the combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.
15. Initially a concert musician, Victor Borge soon developed a performance style [관] that combined comedy with classical music.
16. It also is part of the process of selection by which biological evolution functions.
17. Thus starvation is a disvalue [관] that can help make possible the good of greater diversity.
18. The statement remains implacably true, even though starvation also may sometimes subserve ends [관] that are good.
19. The chemical industry denied [접] that there were practical alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, predicting not only economic disaster but numerous deaths because food and vaccines would spoil without refrigeration.
20. The motor vehicle industry initially denied [접] that cars caused air pollution, then claimed [접] that no technology existed to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued [접] that installing devices to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.
21. The pesticide industry argues that synthetic pesticides are absolutely necessary to grow food.
22. It is only when a political issue affects the welfare of those in a particular group that identity assumes importance.
23. For instance, when issues arise that touch on women's rights, women start to think of gender as their principal identity.
24. Whether such women are American or Iranian or whether they are Catholic or Protestant matters less than the fact [동격] that they are women.
25. Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.
26. In other words, each issue calls forth somewhat different identities [관] that help explain the political preferences people have regarding those issues.
27. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
28. "Such keen connection between food and national or ethnic identification clearly indicates the truth that cuisine and table narrative occupy a significant place in the training grounds of a community and its civilization, and thus, eating, cooking, and talking about one's cuisine are vital to a community's wholeness and continuation.
29. In other words, the destiny of a community depends on how well it nourishes its members.
30. Modern psychological theory states that the process of understanding is a matter of construction, not reproduction, which means that the process of understanding takes the form of the interpretation of data coming from the outside and generated by our mind.
31. Psychological studies indicate [접] that it is knowledge possessed by the individual that determines which stimuli become the focus of that individual's attention, what significance he or she assigns to these stimuli, and how they are combined into a larger whole.
32. While the transportation infrastructure may shape where we travel today, in the early eras of travel, it determined whether people could travel at all.
33. Most of us have a general, rational sense of what to eat and when ― there is no shortage of information on the subject.
34. Yet there is often a disconnect between what we know and what we do.
35. Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe eating [관] that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.
36. Feelings may affect various aspects of your eating, including your motivation to eat, your food choices, where and with whom you eat, and the speed at which you eat.
37. Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed [접] that most Americans are at best poorly informed about politics, analysts have asked whether citizens are equipped to play the role democracy assigns them.
38. Whatever else one might conclude about self-government, it's at risk when citizens don't know what they're talking about.
39. Our misinformation owes partly to psychological factors, including our tendency to see the world in ways that suit our desires.
40. Such factors, however, can explain only the misinformation [관] that has always been with us.
41. Projections indicate [접] that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.
42. Erikson believes [접] that when we reach the adult years, several physical, social, and psychological stimuli trigger a sense of generativity.
43. Erikson believes [접] that another distinguishing feature of adulthood is the emergence of an inborn desire to teach.
44. According to Erikson, by becoming parents we learn that we have the need to be needed by others who depend on our knowledge, protection, and guidance.
45. By assuming the responsibilities of being primary caregivers to children through their long years of physical and social growth, we concretely express what Erikson believes to be an inborn desire to teach.
46. As a couple start to form a relationship, they can be seen to develop a set of constructs about their own relationship and, in particular, how it is similar or different to their parents' relationship.
47. The couple's initial disclosures involve them forming constructs about how much similarity there is between them and each other's families.
48. In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.
49. For example, Harry may say to Doris that she is being 'bossy ― just like her mother'.
50. Since this is probably based on what Doris has told Harry, this is likely to be a very powerful tactic.
51. She may protest or attempt to rewrite this version of her story, thereby possibly adding further material that Harry could use in this way.
52. These reconstructed memories can become very powerful, to a point where each partner may become confused even about the simple factual details of what actually did happen in their past.

♕ It 

① 대명사(해석) → ② it v x to v x → ③ v it a → ④ it v ad that


1. She knew she would regret it later, but it seemed like there was nothing she could do.
2. It was working!
3. Consumers like a bottle of wine more if they are told it cost ninety dollars a bottle than if they are told it cost ten.
4. It also pushes negative notions of female taste and subjectivity.
5. As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced.
6. The remainder must be stored safely until [대명] it has become inactive.
7. As a result, it too appears publicly unacceptable.
8. It also is part of the process of selection by which biological evolution functions.
9. In some circumstances, it may pave the way for genetic variants to take hold in the population of a species and eventually allow the emergence of a new species in place of the old one.
10. Starvation can be of practical or instrumental value, even as [대명] it is an intrinsic disvalue.
11. In fact, many animals decrease their activity in the heat and increase [대명] it in the cold, and people who are allowed to choose levels of physical activity in hot or cold environments adjust their workload precisely to body temperature.
12. It is only when a political issue affects the welfare of those in a particular group that identity assumes importance.
13. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
14. In other words, the destiny of a community depends on how well it nourishes its members.
15. Psychological studies indicate that [강조] it is knowledge possessed by the individual [강조] that determines which stimuli become the focus of that individual's attention, what significance he or she assigns to these stimuli, and how they are combined into a larger whole.
16. While the transportation infrastructure may shape where we travel today, in the early eras of travel, it determined whether people could travel at all.
17. All of these factors are going to make [가목] it extremely difficult  [진목] to slow the growth of federal spending and keep the debt from ballooning out of control.
18. Projections indicate that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.
19. As a couple start to form a relationship, they can be seen to develop a set of constructs about their own relationship and, in particular, how it is similar or different to their parents' relationship.
20. In turn [강조] it is likely [강조] that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.

♕ If 

<부사절→명사절→가정과거→가정과거완료→가정혼합→가정미래>


1. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they [가정법] were, the culture of artistic patronage [가정법] would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.

♕ 부접 

<조.부.시.양.이>


1. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.
2. Their discoveries could not have happened unless centuries of technological development of the telescope and evolving knowledge of the universe had come before them.
3. They found that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.
4. Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.
5. When the Nazis invaded Denmark in 1940, he was performing in Sweden, and a short time later managed to escape to America.
6. When he arrived in the US, he didn't speak a word of English.
7. The statement remains implacably true, even though starvation also may sometimes subserve ends that are good.
8. The chemical industry denied that there were practical alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, predicting not only economic disaster but numerous deaths because food and vaccines would spoil without refrigeration.
9. When the surrounding temperature increases, the activity in the hive decreases, which decreases the amount of heat generated by insect metabolism.
10. Although most people, including Europe's Muslims, have numerous identities, few of these are politically salient at any moment.
11. It is only when a political issue affects the welfare of those in a particular group that identity assumes importance.
12. For instance, when issues arise that touch on women's rights, women start to think of gender as their principal identity.
13. Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.
14. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
15. While the interpretation of simple objects is usually an uncontrolled process, the interpretation of more complex phenomena, such as interpersonal situations, usually requires active attention and thought.
16. While the transportation infrastructure may shape where we travel today, in the early eras of travel, it determined whether people could travel at all.
17. Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed that most Americans are at best poorly informed about politics, analysts have asked whether citizens are equipped to play the role democracy assigns them.
18. It's one thing when citizens don't know something, and realize it, which has always been a problem.
19. It's another thing when citizens don't know something, but think they know it, which is the new problem.
20. Whatever else one might conclude about self-government, it's at risk when citizens don't know what they're talking about.
21. When fact bends to fiction, the predictable result is political distrust and polarization.
22. The huge recent federal deficits have pushed the federal debt to levels not seen since the years immediately following World War II.
23. Moreover, more than half of Americans age 18 and older derive benefits from various transfer programs, while paying little or no personal income tax.
24. Projections indicate that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.
25. Erikson believes that when we reach the adult years, several physical, social, and psychological stimuli trigger a sense of generativity.
26. We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of reproducing is joined with the events of participating in a committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.
27. For indigenous peoples forests serve as a source of transformable resources, while national and global perspectives prioritize the preservation of forests, despite the local needs.
28. Since this is probably based on what Doris has told Harry, this is likely to be a very powerful tactic.

♕ as/than 

부접→전→동등비교→비교급 (생략,도치!!)


1. Csikszentmihalyi's point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made.
2. Consumers like a bottle of wine more if they are told it cost ninety dollars a bottle than if they are told it cost ten.
3. A wine that cost ten times more than another was ranked by experts only seven points higher on a scale of one to one hundred.
4. But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than assisting it.
5. Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.
6. The share of university graduates who were 30 years old and over was higher than 20% in each of the three years.
7. In 2007, the combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.
8. Whether such women are American or Iranian or whether they are Catholic or Protestant matters less than the fact that they are women.
9. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
10. This subjective world, interpreted in a particular way, is for us the "objective" world; we cannot know any world other than the one we know as a result of our own interpretations.
11. Most overeating is prompted by feelings rather than physical hunger.
12. However, there is something worse than an inadequately informed public, and that's a misinformed public.
13. Moreover, more than half of Americans age 18 and older derive benefits from various transfer programs, while paying little or no personal income tax.

♕ 접접 


1. They found that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.
2. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
3. Erikson believes that when we reach the adult years, several physical, social, and psychological stimuli trigger a sense of generativity.
4. In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.


필! 모든 문장


1. Thank you for your question about how to donate children's books for our book drive.
저희의 도서 기부 운동을 위해 아동 도서를 기부하는 방법에 대한 귀하의 질문에 감사드립니다.
2. The event will take place for one week from September 10th to 16th.
이 행사는 9월 10일부터 16일까지 일주일간 열립니다.
3. Books can be dropped off 24 hours a day during this period.
이 기간 동안 하루 24시간 도서를 가져다 주실 수 있습니다.
4. There are two locations designated for donations: Adams Children's Library and Aileen Community Center.
기부를 위해 지정된 장소로는 Adams 어린이 도서관과 Aileen 커뮤니티 센터 등 두 군데가 있습니다.
5. At each location, there are blue donation boxes at the main entrance.
각 장소마다 정문에 파란색 기부 상자가 있습니다.
6. If you are unable to visit these locations, books can be mailed directly to our organization.
귀하께서 이곳을 방문하실 수 없다면, 도서를 저희 기관에 우편으로 직접 보내실 수 있습니다.
7. Your donations will help support children in our community who may not be able to afford books.
귀하의 기부는 도서를 살 여유가 없을지도 모르는 저희 지역 사회의 어린이를 지원하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다.
8. We hope this information makes your donation easier.
저희는 이 정보가 귀하의 기부를 더 용이하게 하기를 바랍니다.
9. We appreciate your support.
귀하의 성원에 감사드립니다.
10. 'How much farther to the finish line?
'결승선까지 얼마나 더 남았지?
11. Can I make it?
내가 해낼 수 있을까?
12. 'Emma felt pain in her legs and was breathing heavily.
'Emma는 다리에 통증을 느꼈고 숨을 가쁘게 쉬고 있었다.
13. She couldn't remember ever being so exhausted.
그녀는 한 번이라도 그렇게 지쳤던 것을 생각해 낼 수 없었다.
14. Feeling frustrated, she began to think about giving up on the race.
좌절감을 느끼면서 그녀는 경주를 포기하는 것에 대해 생각하기 시작했다.
15. She knew she would regret it later, but it seemed like there was nothing she could do.
그녀는 그러면 나중에 후회하리라는 것을 알았지만 자신이 할 수 있는 일이라곤 아무것도 없는 것 같았다.
16. Then, she remembered a strategy she had learned.
그때 그녀는 자신이 배웠던 전략이 기억났다.
17. By having strong imagery control, she could help herself achieve her goal.
강력한 이미지 제어를 통해 그녀는 자신의 목표를 달성하는 데 스스로 도움을 줄 수 있었다.
18. Over and over, Emma imagined herself running smoothly and breathing easily.
몇 번이고 반복해서 Emma는 자신이 순조롭게 달리고 있고 숨을 쉽게 쉬고 있는 것을 상상했다.
19. It was working!
그것은 효과가 있었다!
20. She started to feel better.
그녀는 기분이 좋아지기 시작했다.
21. About thirty minutes later, she found herself crossing the finish line with a big smile on her face.
약 30분 후 그녀는 얼굴에 환한 미소를 띠고 자신이 결승선을 통과하는 것을 발견했다.
22. Surrounded by cheering friends, she enjoyed her victory full of joy.
환호하는 친구들에게 둘러싸여 그녀는 기쁨으로 가득 찬 승리를 즐겼다.
23. Life is hectic.
삶은 매우 바쁘다.
24. Our days are filled with so many of the "have tos" that we feel there's no time left for the "want tos.
우리의 하루는 너무 많은 '해야 하는 것들'로 가득 차서 우리는 '하고 싶어 하는 것들'을 할 시간이 없다고 느낀다.
25. "Further, spending all our time with others doesn't give us the ability to hit the reset button and relax.
게다가, 다른 사람들과 함께 우리의 모든 시간을 보내는 것은 우리에게 리셋 버튼을 누르고 쉴 수 있는 능력을 주지 않는다.
26. Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things that are important to us can lead to unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.
우리 자신이나 우리에게 중요한 것들을 위해 시간을 거의 또는 전혀 남겨놓지 않는 것은 관리되지 않는 스트레스, 좌절감, 피로, 분노, 또는 더 나쁜 것은, 건강 문제로 이어질 수 있다.
27. Building in regular "you time," however, can provide numerous benefits, all of which help to make life a little bit sweeter and a little bit more manageable.
그러나 규칙적인 '여러분의 시간'을 구축하는 것은 많은 이득을 제공할 수 있는데, 이 모든 것들이 삶을 좀 더 달콤하고 좀 더 관리하기 쉽게 하는데 도움을 준다.
28. Unfortunately, many individuals struggle with reaching goals due to an inability to prioritize their own needs.
안타깝게도, 많은 사람은 자신만의 필요한 사항에 우선순위를 매기지 못해 목표에 도달하는 일로 고심하고 있다.
29. Alone time, however, forces you to take a break from everyday responsibilities and the requirements of others so you can dedicate time to move forward with your own goals, meet your own personal needs, and further explore your personal dreams.
하지만, 혼자만의 시간은 여러분이 자신만의 목표를 향해 나아가고, 자신만의 개인적인 필요 사항들을 충족시키며, 더 나아가 자신의 개인적인 꿈을 탐험하기 위해 시간을 바칠 수 있도록 일상적인 책임과 다른 사람들의 요구 사항으로부터 강제로라도 잠시 휴식을 취할 수 있게 한다.
30. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a creative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong.
심리학자 Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi는 창의적인 개인이 혼자서 위대한 통찰력, 발견 물, 작품 또는 발명품을 생각해낸다는 일반적인 생각이 잘못된 것이라고 말한다.
31. Creativity results from a complex interaction between a person and his or her environment or culture, and also depends on timing.
창의성은 어떤 사람과 그의 환경 또는 문화 사이의 복잡한 상호 작용에서 비롯되며, 그것은 또한 시기에 따라 달라진다.
32. For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.
예를 들어, Ghiberti나 Michelangelo와 같은 르네상스 시대의 위대한 예술가들이 그들이 태어난 시기보다 단지 50년 전에 태어났다면, 그들의 위대한 업적에 자금을 제공하거나 구체화해 줄 예술 후원의 문화는 자리를 잡지 않았을 것이다.
33. Consider also individual astronomers.
또한 개별적인 천문학자들을 생각해 보라.
34. Their discoveries could not have happened unless centuries of technological development of the telescope and evolving knowledge of the universe had come before them.
여러 세기에 걸친 망원경의 기술적인 발전과 우주에 관한 진화하는 지식이 그들 이전에 생기지 않았다면 그들의 발견은 일어날 수 없었을 것이다.
35. Csikszentmihalyi's point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made.
Csikszentmihalyi의 요점은 우리가 어떤 분야에서 일하는 사람들에게 주의를 기울이는 것처럼 그 분야의 발전에 많은 주의를 기울여야 한다는 것인데, 이는 단지 이것만이 진보가 어떻게 만들어지는지를 적절히 설명할 수 있기 때문이다.
36. Individuals are only "a link in a chain, a phase in a process," he notes.
개인은 단지 '사슬의 한 연결 고리, 과정의 한 단계'일 뿐이라고 그는 언급한다.
37. Consumers like a bottle of wine more if they are told it cost ninety dollars a bottle than if they are told it cost ten.
소비자들은 와인 한 병이 병당 90달러라는 말을 들으면 병당 10달러라는 말을 듣는 경우보다 그것을 더 좋아한다.
38. Belief that the wine is more expensive turns on the neurons in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with pleasure feelings.
그 와인이 더 비싸다는 믿음은 쾌락 감각과 관련된 뇌의 영역인 내측 안와 전두 피질의 신경 세포를 작동시킨다.
39. Wine without a price tag doesn't have this effect.
가격표가 없는 와인은 이런 효과가 없다.
40. In 2008, American food and wine critics teamed up with a statistician from Yale and a couple of Swedish economists to study the results of thousands of blind tastings of wines ranging from $1.65 to $150 a bottle.
2008년에 미국의 음식과 와인 비평가들은 예일 대학교의 통계학자 한 명 및 스웨덴 경제학자 두 명과 한 팀을 이루어 병당 1.65달러에서 150달러에 이르는 와인에 대한 수천 가지의 블라인드 시음의 결과를 연구했다.
41. They found that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.
그들은 사람들이 가격표를 볼 수 없을 때 더 값비싼 병보다 더 싼 와인을 선호한다는 것을 발견했다.
42. Experts' tastes did move in the proper direction: they favored finer, more expensive wines.
전문가들의 미각은 적절한 방향으로 움직였는데, 그들은 더 고급스럽고 더 비싼 와인을 선호했다.
43. But the bias was almost imperceptible.
그러나 선입관은 거의 감지할 수 없었다.
44. A wine that cost ten times more than another was ranked by experts only seven points higher on a scale of one to one hundred.
다른 와인보다 10배 넘게 더 비싼 와인이 1점에서 100점까지 있는 척도에서 전문가들에 의해 단지 7점 더 높게 평가되었다.
45. 1950s critics separated themselves from the masses by rejecting the 'natural' enjoyment afforded by products of mass culture through judgments based on a refined sense of realism.
1950년대 비평가들은 사실주의의 고상한 의식에 기초한 판단을 통해 대중문화의 산물들이 제공하는 '자연적인' 즐거움을 거부함으로써 스스로를 대중들과 분리시켰다.
46. For example, in most critics championing Douglas Sirk's films' social critique, self-reflexivity, and, in particular, distancing effects, there is still a refusal of the 'vulgar' enjoyments suspected of soap operas.
예를 들어, Douglas Sirk가 만든 영화의 사회 비평, 자기 반영성, 그리고 특히 거리두기 효과를 옹호하는 대부분의 비평가들에게는, 연속극에 있지 않을까 하고 생각되는 '저속한' 즐거움에 대한 거부가 여전히 있다.
47. This refusal again functions to divorce the critic from an image of a mindless, pleasure-seeking crowd he or she has actually manufactured in order to definitively secure the righteous logic of 'good' taste.
이런 거부는 다시, '훌륭한' 취향의 정당한 논리를 분명히 확보하기 위해 실제로는 비평가가 만들어낸 아무 생각 없고 즐거움만 추구하는 군중의 이미지로부터 그를 분리하는 기능을 한다.
48. It also pushes negative notions of female taste and subjectivity.
그것은 또한 여성 취향과 주관성이라는 부정적인 개념을 강요한다.
49. Critiques of mass culture seem always to bring to mind a disrespectful image of the feminine to represent the depths of the corruption of the people.
대중문화의 비평들은 항상 사람들의 타락의 깊이를 나타내기 위해 여성성의 경멸적 이미지를 상기시키는 것 같다.
50. The process of taste-making operated, then, to create hierarchical differences between the aesthete and the masses through the construction of aesthetic positions contrary to the perceived tasteless pleasures of the crowd.
그런 다음 취향 만들기의 과정이 작용하여, 군중의 인지된 무취향적 즐거움과는 상반되는 미학적 입장의 구축을 통해서, 심미주의자들과 대중 사이에 위계상의 차이를 만들어 냈다.
51. Radioactive waste disposal has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power has been fought.
방사능 폐기물 처리는 원자력의 미래에 맞서 싸워 온 핵심적인 환경 문제의 전쟁터 (논쟁거리) 중의 하나가 되었다.
52. Environmentalists argue that no system of waste disposal can be absolutely safe, either now or in the future.
환경운동가들은 지금이든 미래에서든 어떤 폐기물 처리 체제도 절대적으로 안전할 수는 없다고 주장한다.
53. Governments and the nuclear industry have tried to find acceptable solutions.
정부와 원자력 산업은 수용될 수 있는 해결책을 찾으려고 노력해 왔다.
54. But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution has been found.
그러나 여론이 고려되는 국가에서는 서로가 받아들일 수 있는 해결책이 전혀 발견되지 않았다.
55. As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced.
그 결과, 대부분의 사용된 연료는 그것이 생산되었던 핵발전소에 저장되어 왔다.
56. This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing.
몇 년간의 폐기물을 저장하기 위해 만들어진 저장조가 가득 차거나 넘쳐나면서 이것이 이제 그 자체의 문제를 일으키고 있다.
57. One avenue that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.
탐색되어 온 한 가지 방안은 활성 성분을 제거하기 위해 사용된 연료를 재처리하는 것이다.
58. Some of the recovered material can be recycled as fuel.
복구된 물질의 일부는 연료로 재활용될 수 있다.
59. The remainder must be stored safely until it has become inactive.
나머지는 그것이 비활성화 될 때까지 안전하게 저장되어야 한다.
60. But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than assisting it.
그러나 재처리는 비용이 많이 드는 것으로 판명되었고 처리 문제를 도와주기보다는 그것을 악화시킬 수 있다.
61. As a result, it too appears publicly unacceptable.
그 결과 그것 또한 대중에게 인정받지 못하는 것 같다.
62. This graph shows the distribution of university graduates in Canada by age group in 1996, 2001, and 2007.
이 그래프는 1996년, 2001년, 그리고 2007년의 캐나다 대학 졸업생의 연령 집단별 분포를 보여주고 있다.
63. Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.
세 연도의 각각에서 22세에서 24세 사이의 대학 졸업생 집단은 50% 미만이었지만, 그것은 그 각각의 해에 가장 큰 단일 비율을 차지했다.
64. The second largest single share of university graduates in each of the three years was held by those who were 25 to 29 years old.
세 연도의 각각에서 두 번째로 가장 큰 단일 비율은 25세에서 29세 사이의 졸업생들이 차지했다.
65. The share of university graduates who were 30 years old and over was higher than 20% in each of the three years.
30세 이상의 대학 졸업생들의 비율은 세 연도의 각각에서 20%가 넘었다.
66. In 1996, the share of the group of university graduates aged 18 to 21 was 7.7%, and the share of the same age group was 6% in 2001.
1996년에 18세에서 21세 사이의 대학 졸업생의 비율은 7.7%였고, 2001년에는 같은 연령 집단의 비율이 6%였다.
67. In 2007, the combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.
2007년에, 25세에 29세 사이와 30세 이상의 졸업생들의 비율을 합친 것은 그 해의 대학 졸업생들의 50%미만인 비율을 차지했다.
68. Victor Borge, born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1909, was a comedian and pianist.
1909년에 덴마크의 코펜하겐에서 태어난 Victor Borge는 코미디언이자 피아니스트였다.
69. Initially a concert musician, Victor Borge soon developed a performance style that combined comedy with classical music.
처음에 연주회 음악가였던 Victor Borge는 곧 코미디와 고전 음악을 결합한 공연 스타일을 개발했다.
70. When the Nazis invaded Denmark in 1940, he was performing in Sweden, and a short time later managed to escape to America.
1940년에 나치가 덴마크를 침공했을 때, 그는 스웨덴에서 공연하고 있었는데, 얼마 후에 용케도 미국으로 탈출하였다.
71. When he arrived in the US, he didn't speak a word of English.
미국에 도착했을 때, 그는 영어를 한마디도 하지 못했다.
72. Learning English by watching movies, he soon managed to translate his jokes for the American audience.
영화를 보면서 영어를 배워, 그는 곧 미국 청중들을 위해서 자신의 조크를 영어로 어떻게든 바꿀 수 있었다.
73. In 1948, Victor Borge became an American citizen and a few years later was offered a show of his own, Comedy in Music.
1948년에 Victor Borge는 미국 시민이 되었으며, 몇 년 후에 자신이 진행하는 프로인 Comedy in Music을 제안 받았다.
74. The show remains the longest-running one-man show in Broadway history.
그 프로는 브로드웨이 역사상 가장 오래 공연된 1인 진행 프로로 남아 있다.
75. At the age of 90, he still performed 60 times a year.
90세에도 그는 여전히 일 년에 60회의 공연을 했다.
76. He died on December 23rd, 2000 at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut, US.
그는 2000년 12월 23일에 미국 코네티컷 주의 Greenwich에 있는 자신의 집에서 사망했다.
77. Not all organisms are able to find sufficient food to survive, so starvation is a kind of disvalue often found in nature.
모든 유기체가 생존에 충분한 먹이를 구할 수는 없으므로, 기아는 자연에서 흔히 발견되는 일종의 반가치(反價値)이다.
78. It also is part of the process of selection by which biological evolution functions.
그것은 또한 생물학적 진화가 기능하게 되는 선택 과정의 일부이기도 하다.
79. Starvation helps filter out those less fit to survive, those less resourceful in finding food for themselves and their young.
기아는 살아남기에 덜 적합한 것들, 즉 자신과 자신의 새끼들을 위한 먹이를 찾는 수완이 모자라는 것들을 걸러 내는 데 도움을 준다.
80. In some circumstances, it may pave the way for genetic variants to take hold in the population of a species and eventually allow the emergence of a new species in place of the old one.
몇몇 상 황에서 기아는 유전적 변종들이 종의 개체군을 장악할 수 있는 길을 열어 주고 결국 에는 이전의 종을 대신하여 새로운 종이 출현할 수 있게 할지도 모른다.
81. Thus starvation is a disvalue that can help make possible the good of greater diversity.
따라서 기아는 더 큰 다양성이 주는 이익을 가능하게 하는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 반가치이다.
82. Starvation can be of practical or instrumental value, even as it is an intrinsic disvalue.
기아가 고유한 반가치가 되는 바로 그 순간, 실용적인, 즉 도구적인 가치를 지닐 수 있 다.
83. That some organisms must starve in nature is deeply regrettable and sad.
일부 유기체들이 자연에서 기아를 겪어야 한다는 것은 매우 유감스럽고 슬프다.
84. The statement remains implacably true, even though starvation also may sometimes subserve ends that are good.
기아가 때로 좋은 목적에 공헌할 수도 있기는 하지만, 그 말은 여전히 확고하게 진실이다.
85. For every toxic substance, process, or product in use today, there is a safer alternative ― either already in existence, or waiting to be discovered through the application of human intellect, ingenuity, and effort.
오늘날 사용 중인 모든 독성 물질, 공정, 혹은 제품에는 ― 이미 존재하거나 인간의 지력, 창의력, 그리고 노력의 적용을 통해 발견되기를 기다리고 있는 ― 더 안전한 대안이 있다.
86. In almost every case, the safer alternative is available at a comparable cost.
거의 모든 경우에, 더 안전한 대안이 비슷한 비용으로 이용될 수 있다.
87. Industry may reject these facts and complain about the high cost of acting, but history sets the record straight.
업계는 이러한 사실을 거부하고 높은 실행 비용에 대해 불평할지도 모르지만, 역사가 그런 내용을 바로잡는다.
88. The chemical industry denied that there were practical alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, predicting not only economic disaster but numerous deaths because food and vaccines would spoil without refrigeration.
화공업계에서는 냉장하지 않으면 식품과 백신이 상할 것이라는 이유로 경제적인 재앙뿐만 아니라 수많은 사망자를 예측하면서 오존을 고갈시키는 화학 물질에 대한 실용적인 대안이 있다는 것을 부인했다.
89. They were wrong.
그들은 틀렸다.
90. The motor vehicle industry initially denied that cars caused air pollution, then claimed that no technology existed to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued that installing devices to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.
자동차 업계에서는 처음에 자동차가 대기 오염을 유발한다는 것을 부인하였고, 그 다음에는 자동차로부터의 오염을 줄이는 어떤 기술도 존재하지 않는다고 주장했으며, 나중에는 대기 오염을 줄이는 장치를 설치하면 자동차가 엄청나게 비싸질 것이라고 주장했다.
91. They were wrong every time.
그들은 매번 틀렸다.
92. The pesticide industry argues that synthetic pesticides are absolutely necessary to grow food.
살충제 업계에서는 합성 살충제가 식량을 재배하기 위해 절대적으로 필요하다고 주장한다.
93. Thousands of organic farmers are proving them wrong.
수많은 유기농 농부들은 그들이 틀렸음을 입증하고 있다.
94. Among the most fascinating natural temperature-regulating behaviors are those of social insects such as bees and ants.
가장 흥미 있는 자연의 체온 조절 행동 중에는 벌과 개미와 같은 사회적 곤충들의 행동이 있다.
95. These insects are able to maintain a nearly constant temperature in their hives or mounds throughout the year.
이 곤충들은 일 년 내내 자신들의 벌집이나 개미탑에서 거의 일정한 온도를 유지할 수 있다.
96. The constancy of these microclimates depends not just on the location and insulation of the habitat, but on the activity of the insects in the colony.
이러한 미기후의 지속성은 서식지의 위치와 단열뿐만 아니라, 군체 내에서 하는 이 곤충들의 활동에도 달려 있다.
97. When the surrounding temperature increases, the activity in the hive decreases, which decreases the amount of heat generated by insect metabolism.
주변 온도가 올라가면, 벌집 안에 서의 활동은 줄어드는데, 이는 곤충의 신진대사에 의해 발생하는 열의 양을 감소시킨다.
98. In fact, many animals decrease their activity in the heat and increase it in the cold, and people who are allowed to choose levels of physical activity in hot or cold environments adjust their workload precisely to body temperature.
사실상, 많은 동물은 더위 속에서는 자신들의 활동을 줄이고 추위 속에서는 활동을 늘리는데, 덥거나 추운 환경에서 신체적 활동 수준을 선택할 수 있는 인간은 자신 들의 작업량을 정확하게 체온에 맞추어 조절한다.
99. This behavior serves to avoid both hypothermia and hyperthermia.
이러한 행동은 저체온증과 고체온증을 둘 다 피하는 데 도움이 된다.
100. Although most people, including Europe's Muslims, have numerous identities, few of these are politically salient at any moment.
비록 유럽의 이슬람교도들을 포함한 대부분의 사람들이 다수의 정체성을 가지기는 하지만, 이들 중에서 언제 어느 때나 정치적으로 두드러지는 정체성은 거의 없다.
101. It is only when a political issue affects the welfare of those in a particular group that identity assumes importance.
정체성이 중요성을 띠는 것은 바로 어떤 정치적 문제가 특정 집단의 사람들의 행복에 영향을 주는 경우뿐이다.
102. For instance, when issues arise that touch on women's rights, women start to think of gender as their principal identity.
예를 들어 여성의 권리에 관련된 문제가 생기는 경우, 여성들은 성을 자신들의 주된 정체성으로 생각하기 시작한다.
103. Whether such women are American or Iranian or whether they are Catholic or Protestant matters less than the fact that they are women.
그런 여성들이 미국인인지 이란인인지, 혹은 그들이 가톨릭 신자인지 개신교도인지의 여부는 그들이 여성이라는 사실보다 덜 중요하다.
104. Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.
마찬가지로 기근과 내전이 사하라 사막 이남의 아프리카 사람들을 위태롭게 하는 경우, 많은 아프리카계 미국인들은 수세기 이전에 자기 조상들이 기원했던 대륙과의 혈족 관계가 생각나서 자신들의 지도자들에게 인도주의적 구호를 제공하라는 압력을 가한다.
105. In other words, each issue calls forth somewhat different identities that help explain the political preferences people have regarding those issues.
다시 말해서 각각의 문제는 그 문제들에 관해 사람들이 가지는 정치적인 선호를 설명하는 데 도움을 주는 다소 서로 다른 정체성을 이끌어 낸다.
106. Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.
음식은 먹는 사람을 구별 지을 뿐만 아니라 결속하기도 하는데, 이는 사람이 먹는 것과 먹는 방식이, 그 정체성이 국가든 민족의식이든, 집단 정체성에 대한 그 사람의 정서적 유대의 많은 부분을 형성하기 때문이다.
107. The famous twentieth-century Chinese poet and scholar Lin Yutang remarks, "Our love for fatherland is largely a matter of recollection of the keen sensual pleasure of our childhood.
저명한 20세기 중국의 시인이자 학자인 Lin Yutang은 "조국에 대한 우리의 사랑은 대개 우리의 유년기에 대한 육체적 감각의 강렬한 만족을 기억하는 문제입니다.
108. The loyalty to Uncle Sam is the loyalty to American doughnuts, and the loyalty to the Vaterland is the loyalty to Pfannkuchen and Stollen.
미국 정부에 대한 충성은 미국 도넛에 대한 충성이고, '조국'에 대한 충성은 'Pfannkuchen(도넛의 일종)'과 'Stollen(빵의 일종)'에 대한 충성입니다"라고 말한다.
109. "Such keen connection between food and national or ethnic identification clearly indicates the truth that cuisine and table narrative occupy a significant place in the training grounds of a community and its civilization, and thus, eating, cooking, and talking about one's cuisine are vital to a community's wholeness and continuation.
음식과 국가 혹은 인종과의 동일시 간의 그런 강한 연관성은 음식과 요리 이야기가 한 공동체와 그 공동체의 문화의 훈련장에서 중대한 위치를 차지하고, 그래서 먹고, 요리하고, 요리에 대해서 이야기하는 것이 한 공동체의 완전함과 지속에 지극히 중요하다는 진리를 분명히 나타내 준다.
110. In other words, the destiny of a community depends on how well it nourishes its members.
다시 말하자면 한 공동체의 운명은 그 공동체가 얼마나 잘 그 구성원들을 기르는지에 달려 있다.
111. Modern psychological theory states that the process of understanding is a matter of construction, not reproduction, which means that the process of understanding takes the form of the interpretation of data coming from the outside and generated by our mind.
현대의 심리학 이론은 이해의 과정은 재생이 아니라 구성의 문제라고 말하는데, 그것은 이해의 과정이 외부로부터 들어오고, 우리 마음에 의해 생성되는 정보의 해석이라는 모습을 취한다는 말이다.
112. For example, the perception of a moving object as a car is based on an interpretation of incoming data within the framework of our knowledge of the world.
예를 들어 움직이는 물체를 차라고 인식하는 것은 세상에 대한 우리의 지식이라는 틀 안에서, 들어오는 정보를 해석하는 것에 근거한다.
113. While the interpretation of simple objects is usually an uncontrolled process, the interpretation of more complex phenomena, such as interpersonal situations, usually requires active attention and thought.
간단한 물체의 해석은 대개 통제되지 않는 과정이지만, 대인 관계의 상황 같은 더 복잡한 현상에 대한 해석은 대개 적극적인 주의 집중과 사고를 필요로 한다.
114. Psychological studies indicate that it is knowledge possessed by the individual that determines which stimuli become the focus of that individual's attention, what significance he or she assigns to these stimuli, and how they are combined into a larger whole.
심리학 연구는 어떤 자극이 그 개인의 주의에 초점이 되는지, 그 사람이 이 자극에 어떤 의미를 부여하는지, 그리고 그 자극들이 어떻게 결합되어 더 커다란 전체를 이루는지를 결정 하는 것은 바로 그 개인이 소유하고 있는 지식이라는 점을 보여준다.
115. This subjective world, interpreted in a particular way, is for us the "objective" world; we cannot know any world other than the one we know as a result of our own interpretations.
특정한 방식으로 해석되는 이 주관적 세계는 우리에게 있어 '객관적인' 세계인데, 우리는 우리 자신의 해석의 결과로 알고 있는 세계 외에는 그 어떤 세계도 알 수 없다.
116. While the transportation infrastructure may shape where we travel today, in the early eras of travel, it determined whether people could travel at all.
교통 기반 시설이 오늘날에는 우리가 여행하는 '곳'을 정할 수 있지만, 여행의 초기 시대에는 사람들의 여행 가능 여부를 결정했다.
117. The development and improvement of transportation was one of the most important factors in allowing modern tourism to develop on a large scale and become a regular part of the lives of billions of people around the world.
교통의 발전과 향상은 현대의 관광 산업이 대규모로 발전해서 전 세계의 수십억 명의 사람들의 삶의 일상적인 부분이 될 수 있게 하는 데 가장 중요한 요인 중 하나였다.
118. Technological advances provided the basis for the explosive expansion of local, regional, and global transportation networks and made travel faster, easier, and cheaper.
기술적 진보가 지방과 지역, 그리고 전 세계의 교통망이 폭발적으로 확대되는 토대를 제공했고, 여행을 더 빠르고, 더 쉽고, 더 값싸게 만들었다.
119. This not only created new tourist-generating and tourist-receiving regions but also prompted a host of other changes in the tourism infrastructure, such as accommodations.
이것은 관광객을 창출하고 받아들이는 새로운 지역을 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라 숙박 시설 같은 관광 산업 기반 시설에서의 여타의 많은 변화를 유발했다.
120. As a result, the availability of transportation infrastructure and services has been considered a fundamental precondition for tourism.
그 결과 교통 기반 시설과 서비스의 이용 가능성이 관광 산업의 기본적인 전제 조건으로 간주되어 왔다.
121. Most of us have a general, rational sense of what to eat and when ― there is no shortage of information on the subject.
우리 대부분은 무엇을 먹을지, 그리고 언제 먹을지에 대한 일반적이고 합리적인 관념을 갖고 있는데, 그 문제에 관한 정보는 부족하지 않다.
122. Yet there is often a disconnect between what we know and what we do.
하지만 우리가 알고 있는 것과 우리가 행하는 것 사이에는 흔히 단절이 존재한다.
123. We may have the facts, but decisions also involve our feelings.
우리가 사실을 가지고 있을 수는 있지만, 결정은 또한 우리의 감정을 수반한다.
124. Many people who struggle with difficult emotions also struggle with eating problems.
힘겨운 감정과 씨름하는 많은 사람들은 또한 섭식 문제와 씨름한다.
125. Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe eating that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.
'감정적 식사'는 긍정적 감정과 부정적 감정 모두에 의해 영향 받는 식사를 설명하기 위해 사용되는 일반적인 용어이다.
126. Feelings may affect various aspects of your eating, including your motivation to eat, your food choices, where and with whom you eat, and the speed at which you eat.
감정은 여러분의 식사 동기, 여러분의 음식 선택, 어디서 누구와 여러분이 식사할지, 그리고 여러분이 식사하는 속도를 포함하여, 여러분의 식사의 여러 측면에 영향을 줄 수 있다.
127. Most overeating is prompted by feelings rather than physical hunger.
대부분의 과식은 신체의 배고픔이 아니라 감정에 의해 유발된다.
128. Individuals who struggle with obesity tend to eat in response to emotions.
비만과 씨름하는 사람들은 감정에 반응하여 먹는 경향이 있다.
129. However, people who eat for emotional reasons are not necessarily overweight.
그러나 감정적인 이유로 먹는 사람이 반드시 과체중인 것은 아니다.
130. People of any size may try to escape an emotional experience by preoccupying themselves with eating or by obsessing over their shape and weight.
신체 크기와 관계없이 사람들은 먹는 것에 몰두하거나 자기 몸매와 몸무게에 대해 강박감을 가짐으로써 감정적인 경험에서 벗어나려고 할 수 있다.
131. Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed that most Americans are at best poorly informed about politics, analysts have asked whether citizens are equipped to play the role democracy assigns them.
첫 번째 과학적 여론 조사가 대부분의 미국인이 정치에 대해서 기껏해야 형편없이 알고 있다는 것을 밝힌 이후에, 시민들이 민주주의가 자신들에게 부여한 역할을 할 능력이 있는지 분석가들이 물었다.
132. However, there is something worse than an inadequately informed public, and that's a misinformed public.
그런데 불충분하게 알고 있는 대중보다 더 해로운 것이 있는데, 그것은 잘못 알고 있는 대중이다.
133. It's one thing when citizens don't know something, and realize it, which has always been a problem.
시민들이 어떤 것을 모르고 있다가 그것을 깨닫는 경우가 하나의 경우인데, 그것은 늘 문제가 되어 왔다.
134. It's another thing when citizens don't know something, but think they know it, which is the new problem.
시민들이 어떤 것을 알지 못하지만 그것을 알고 있다고 생각하는 경우는 또 다른 경우인데, 그 것은 새로운 문제이다.
135. It's the difference between ignorance and irrationality.
그것은 무지와 불합리 간의 차이이다.
136. Whatever else one might conclude about self-government, it's at risk when citizens don't know what they're talking about.
자치에 관해 다른 어떤 것으로 결론을 내리든, 시민들이 자신들이 말하고 있는 바를 모르는 경우는 위 험하다.
137. Our misinformation owes partly to psychological factors, including our tendency to see the world in ways that suit our desires.
우리가 잘못 아는 것은 부분적으로는 우리의 갈망에 맞는 방식으로 세상을 바라보는 우리의 경향을 포함하는 심리적 요인의 탓이다.
138. Such factors, however, can explain only the misinformation that has always been with us.
하지만 그런 요인들은 늘 우리와 함께 있어 온 잘못 아는 것만 설명할 수 있다.
139. The sharp rise in misinformation in recent years has a different source: our media.
최근에 잘못 아는 것의 급 격한 증가에는 다른 원인이 있는데, (그것은) 우리의 미디어이다.
140. "They are making us dumb," says one observer.
"그들은 우리를 어리석게 만들고 있습니다"라고 한 논평자는 말한다.
141. When fact bends to fiction, the predictable result is political distrust and polarization.
사실이 허구에 굴복하면, 예견 가능한 결과는 정치적 불신과 대립이다.
142. Both the budget deficit and federal debt have soared during the recent financial crisis and recession.
최근의 재정 위기와 경기 침체 동안에 재정 적자와 연방 정부의 부채가 모두 치솟았다.
143. During 2009-2010, nearly 40 percent of federal expenditures were financed by borrowing.
2009년~2010년 동안에 연방 정부 지출의 거의 40퍼센트가 대출에 의해 자금이 충당되었다.
144. The huge recent federal deficits have pushed the federal debt to levels not seen since the years immediately following World War II.
최근의 막대한 연방 재정 적자는 제2차 세계대전 직후에 이어진 기간 이후로 본 적이 없었던 수준으로 연방 정부의 부채를 밀어 올렸다.
145. The rapid growth of baby-boomer retirees in the decade immediately ahead will mean higher spending levels and larger and larger deficits for both Social Security and Medicare.
바로 이어질 향후 10년 동안 베이비붐 세대 퇴직자의 빠른 증가는 사회 보장 연금과 노인 의료 보험 제도의 더 높은 지출 수준과 점점 더 커지는 적자를 의미할 것이다.
146. Moreover, more than half of Americans age 18 and older derive benefits from various transfer programs, while paying little or no personal income tax.
더욱이, 18세 이상 의 미국인들 중 절반이 넘는 사람들이 개인 소득세를 거의 혹은 전혀 내지 않으면서, 다양한 (소득) 이전 지원 프로그램으로부터 보조금을 얻어낸다.
147. All of these factors are going to make it extremely difficult to slow the growth of federal spending and keep the debt from ballooning out of control.
이러한 모든 요인들은 연방 정부의 재정 지출 증가를 늦추고 부채가 통제 불능 상태로 불어나지 않도록 막는 것을 대단히 어렵게 만들 것이다.
148. Projections indicate that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.
2019년쯤에는 연방 정부의 순부채가 국내 총생산의 90퍼센트까지 증가하리라는 것을 예측들이 보여주고 있으며, 많은 사람들은 곧 건설적인 조치가 취해지지 않으면 그것이 훨씬 더 높아질 것이라고 믿고 있다.
149. Erikson believes that when we reach the adult years, several physical, social, and psychological stimuli trigger a sense of generativity.
Erikson은 우리가 성년에 이를 때, 몇 가지 신체적, 사회적, 그리고 심리적 자극이 '생식성'에 대한 인식을 촉발한다고 믿는다.
150. A central component of this attitude is the desire to care for others.
이러한 태도의 한 가지 중심적인 구성요소는 다른 사람들을 돌보고자 하는 욕구이다.
151. For the majority of people, parenthood is perhaps the most obvious and convenient opportunity to fulfill this desire.
대다수 사람에게서, 부모가 되는 것이 아마 이러한 욕구를 충족할 가장 분명하고 편안한 기회일 것이다.
152. Erikson believes that another distinguishing feature of adulthood is the emergence of an inborn desire to teach.
Erikson은 성인 의 또 다른 독특한 특징은 가르치고자 하는 타고난 욕구의 출현이라고 믿는다.
153. We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of reproducing is joined with the events of participating in a committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.
신체적으로 자손을 퍼뜨릴 수 있는 일이 헌신적인 관계, 성인 생활 패턴의 정착, 그리고 업무 책임 떠맡기에 참여하는 일들과 결합할 때 우리는 이 욕구를 인식하게 된다.
154. According to Erikson, by becoming parents we learn that we have the need to be needed by others who depend on our knowledge, protection, and guidance.
Erikson에 따르면, 부모가 됨으로써 우리는 우리의 지식, 보호, 그리고 지도에 의존 하는 다른 사람들에 의해 필요해지고 싶은 욕구가 있다는 것을 알게 된다.
155. We become entrusted to teach culturally appropriate behaviors, values, attitudes, skills, and information about the world.
우리는 문화적으로 적절한 행동, 가치, 태도, 기술, 그리고 세상에 대한 정보를 가르치는 일을 위임 받게 된다.
156. By assuming the responsibilities of being primary caregivers to children through their long years of physical and social growth, we concretely express what Erikson believes to be an inborn desire to teach.
아이들이 신체적, 사회적으로 성장하는 긴 세월 동안 그들에게 일차적인 돌봄 제공자가 되는 책임을 떠맡음으로써, 우리는 Erikson이, 가르치고자 하는 타고난 욕구라고 믿는 것을 구체적으로 표현한다.
157. Perceptions of forest use and the value of forests as standing timber vary considerably from indigenous peoples to national governments and Western scientists.
서 있는 수목으로서 숲의 사용과 숲의 가치에 대한 인식은 토착민에서 중앙정부와 서구의 과학자에 이르기까지 상당히 다르다.
158. These differences in attitudes and values lie at the root of conflicting management strategies and stimulate protest groups such as the Chipko movement.
태도와 가치에서의 이러한 차이는 상충하는 관리 전략의 뿌리에 놓여 있고 Chipko 운동과 같은 항의 집단들을 자극한다.
159. For example, the cultivators of the Himalayas and Karakoram view forests as essentially a convertible resource.
예를 들어 히말라야와 카라코람 지역의 경작자들을 숲을 근본적으로 바꿀 수 있는 자원이라고 생각한다.
160. That is, under increasing population pressure and growing demands for cultivable land, the conversion of forest into cultivated terraces means a much higher productivity can be extracted from the same area.
다시 말해, 늘어나는 인구 압박과 경작할 수 있는 땅에 대한 커지는 수요 아래에서, 숲을 경작된 계단식 농경지로 바꾸는 것은 같은 지역에서 훨씬 더 높은 생산성을 끌어낼 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
161. Compensation in the form of planting on terrace edges occurs to make up for the clearance.
산림벌채를 벌충하기 위해 계단식 농경지의 가장자리에 (농작물을) 심는 형태의 보상이 일어나고 있다.
162. This contrasts with the national view of the value of forests as a renewable resource, with the need or desire to keep a forest cover over the land for soil conservation, and with a global view of protection for biodiversity and climate change purposes, irrespective of the local people's needs.
이것은 지역민의 필요와 관계없이 숲의 가치를 다시 쓸 수 있는 자원으로 보는 국가적 관점, 토양 보존을 위해 땅 위에 덮여 있는 숲을 유지하려는 필요나 욕구, 그리고 생명 다양성과 기후 변화의 목적을 위한 보호라는 세계적인 관점과 뚜렷이 대조된다.
163. For indigenous peoples forests serve as a source of transformable resources, while national and global perspectives prioritize the preservation of forests, despite the local needs.
토착민에게 숲은 바꿀 수 있는 자원의 역할을 하지만, 지역적인 필요에도 불구하고, 국가적이고 세계적인 관점은 숲의 보존을 우선시한다.
164. As a couple start to form a relationship, they can be seen to develop a set of constructs about their own relationship and, in particular, how it is similar or different to their parents' relationship.
한 커플이 관계를 형성하기 시작할 때 그들이 자신들의 관계에 대해 그리고 특히 그것(그들의 관계)이 그들의 부모의 관계와 어떻게 비슷하거나 다른지에 대해 일련의 구성 개념을 발전시키는 것을 볼 수 있다.
165. The couple's initial disclosures involve them forming constructs about how much similarity there is between them and each other's families.
그 커플이 처음에 터놓는 이야기에서 그들은 그들과 각자의 가족들 사이에 얼마나 많은 유사점이 있는지에 대한 구성 개념을 형성 하게 된다.
166. What each of them will remember is selective and coloured by their family's constructs system.
그들 각자가 기억하게 될 것은 선택적이고 그들 가족의 구성 개념 체계에 의해 채색된다.
167. In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.
결국 그들이 각자에게 자신들의 이미 편집된 이야기를 들려줄 때 그 들 둘이 서로에게서 듣는 내용이 그들 각자의 원가족의 구성 개념 체계 내에서 다시 해석되는 두 번째 편집 과정이 있게 된다.
168. The two sets of memories ― the person talking about his or her family and the partner's edited version of this story ― go into the 'cooking-pot' of the couple's new construct system.
자신의 가족에 관해 이야기하는 사람과 이 이야기를 파트너가 편집한 버전이라는 두 세트의 기억이 그 커플의 새로운 구성 개념 시스템이라는 '요리용 냄비'로 들어간다.
169. Subsequently, one partner may systematically recall a part of the other's story as a tactic in negotiations.
그 후, 한 파트너가 상대방의 이야기 일부분을 체계적으로 상기하여 협상 전술로 쓸 수도 있다.
170. For example, Harry may say to Doris that she is being 'bossy ― just like her mother'.
예를 들어 Harry는 Doris에게 그녀가 '그녀의 어머니처럼 남을 쥐고 흔들고' 있다고 말할 수도 있다.
171. Since this is probably based on what Doris has told Harry, this is likely to be a very powerful tactic.
이것은 아마 Doris가 Harry에게 했던 말을 바탕으로 하고 있기 때문에, 이것은 매우 강력한 전략이 될 가능성이 있다.
172. She may protest or attempt to rewrite this version of her story, thereby possibly adding further material that Harry could use in this way.
그녀는 이의를 제기하거나 자신의 이야기의 이 버전을 다시 쓰려고 시도할 수도 있는데, 그렇게 함으로써 어쩌면 Harry가 이런 식으로 이용할 수도 있을 더 나아간 자료를 추가하게 될 수도 있다.
173. These exchanges of stories need not always be employed in such malevolent ways.
이야기들을 이렇게 주고받는 것이 항상 그러한 악의 있는 방식으로 이용될 필요는 없다.
174. These reconstructed memories can become very powerful, to a point where each partner may become confused even about the simple factual details of what actually did happen in their past.
이러한 재구성된 기억들은 매우 강력할 수 있어서, 각 파트너가 그들의 과거에 실제 정말로 일어났던 일의 간단한 사실적 세부사항에 대해서조차 혼란스러워하는 지경까지 이를 수 있다.

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<영잘알 위스마트 임희재의 띵작워크북>








1711H3 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | 제작일 20180819


1711H3 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | 제작일 20180819


낙관주의는 성공으로 인도하는 믿음이다. 희망과 자신감이 없으면 아무것도 이루어질 수 없다. Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. -헬렌 켈러

주간 필수어휘
 

Apocalypse
 
Archaeology
 
Consumer
 
Control
 
Copyright
 
Darkness
 
Experiments
 
Extension
 
Facilitating
 
Further
 
Growth
 
Individual
 
Institute
 
Journalism
 
Mercury
 
Nautical
 
Professional
 
Psychologists
 
Review
 
Sensory
 
Strictly
 
Subscriptions
 
Summit
 
Supporters
 
Term
 
abundance
 
account
 
accumulated
 
acquire
 
actively
 
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adjust
 
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advances
 
advertisements
 
advertising
 
advisories
 
affecting
 
agriculturalists
 
agriculture
 
airborne
 
alerted
 
allows
 
apparent
 
appear
 
appetite
 
archaeologist
 
archaeology
 
archives
 
argued
 
argument
 
arrival
 
artifacts
 
artificial
 
aspects
 
assistants
 
associations
 
attributes
 
audiences
 
available
 
aware
 
awareness
 
behavior
 
behaviour
 
beneficiaries
 
benefit
 
bet
 
bioaccumulated
 
biological
 
bitter
 
boundaries
 
bullying
 
caloric
 
capitalist
 
cart
 
category
 
characteristics
 
charity
 
circulating
 
circulation
 
civilisation
 
coexist
 
comfort
 
commercial
 
compete
 
concentrate
 
concern
 
confront
 
consequences
 
conservation
 
construction
 
consume
 
consumer
 
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contain
 
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context
 
continually
 
contracts
 
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conventional
 
cooperate
 
coordinate
 
copyright
 
creative
 
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declining
 
defend
 
deficiency
 
deficits
 
define
 
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deliver
 
demonstrate
 
depleted
 
deranged
 
describe
 
dessert
 
details
 
devote
 
dialogue
 
diminishing
 
direct
 
disabling
 
disappeared
 
discharge
 
display
 
distributed
 
diversity
 
donate
 
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dual
 
duration
 
economics
 
efficiently
 
effort
 
electronic
 
element
 
eliminating
 
emission
 
employed
 
emulate
 
encounters
 
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endeavors
 
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essential
 
established
 
estimate
 
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exceed
 
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factor
 
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flow
 
fluids
 
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gatherers
 
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hedonic
 
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hook
 
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incinerators
 
included
 
includes
 
incorporated
 
indicates
 
individual
 
industrial
 
infants
 
influenza
 
innovate
 
insert
 
intake
 
intellectual
 
intelligence
 
interaction
 
interested
 
internal
 
interpret
 
involved
 
irony
 
issue
 
issues
 
item
 
journalists
 
journey
 
judges
 
lack
 
leadership
 
least
 
legislation
 
lifetimes
 
liquids
 
literacy
 
literal
 
lyrics
 
maize
 
majority
 
mathematical
 
maximum
 
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mechanisms
 
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mental
 
mercury
 
minimize
 
minus
 
misbehavior
 
mixture
 
mode
 
moral
 
motion
 
motivation
 
municipal
 
narrative
 
necessarily
 
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newsstand
 
noticed
 
novel
 
nutrients
 
objectivity
 
occurred
 
offences
 
operations
 
opportunities
 
organic
 
organizational
 
organizations
 
original
 
otherwise
 
outdated
 
overeat
 
overfilter
 
overwhelming
 
painful
 
particular
 
patterns
 
peasant
 
peer
 
percentage
 
permanent
 
phenomenon
 
photographers
 
physical
 
physicists
 
pillars
 
poetry
 
poisoning
 
popularity
 
population
 
positive
 
postulated
 
potential
 
predictable
 
preference
 
preferred
 
preprints
 
preselected
 
prevailing
 
prevention
 
primitive
 
principle
 
processes
 
production
 
productivity
 
professional
 
profit
 
prominent
 
property
 
protecting
 
protection
 
provide
 
psychologists
 
publication
 
published
 
publishers
 
publishing
 
quest
 
radically
 
ratings
 
reality
 
reasonable
 
recall
 
receive
 
receptive
 
recognized
 
recommend
 
recovery
 
reflecting
 
regard
 
regardless
 
reinforce
 
relates
 
release
 
remaining
 
remote
 
replicated
 
represents
 
require
 
response
 
responsibility
 
retreat
 
reveal
 
revenue
 
risk
 
rivals
 
robbers
 
sanction
 
satiety
 
seek
 
seemingly
 
selection
 
sensory
 
separate
 
setting
 
severe
 
shelf
 
shipwrecked
 
social
 
societies
 
sour
 
specialized
 
species
 
specific
 
spiritual
 
stacks
 
standard
 
staple
 
status
 
steadily
 
stopped
 
subjective
 
subscribe
 
subscription
 
subsequently
 
substantial
 
sufficient
 
supernaturalistic
 
supposed
 
surrender
 
symptoms
 
targeted
 
tax
 
teamwork
 
technological
 
tendency
 
term
 
theories
 
tissue
 
tomb
 
toolmakers
 
toxins
 
traces
 
transnational
 
transport
 
tribesmen
 
trivial
 
typical
 
ultimately
 
uneaten
 
utilitarian
 
valuable
 
value
 
variety
 
vast
 
venture
 
virtual
 
vital
 
voluntary
 
widespread
 
wreck


주간 필수문법

♕ Ving 
연구결과, <동→명→형→부>?의 빈도로 나타난다. ▽

∙Psychologists who study giving behavior have noticed that some people give substantial amounts to one or two charities, while others give small amounts to many charities.

∙The essential argument here is that the capitalist mode of production is affecting peasant production in the less developed world in such a way as to limit the production of staple foods, thus causing a food problem.

♕ Ved/PP 
<동→형→부>?

∙Supporters of such legislation like to defend these increases with tales of starving writers and their impoverished descendants, but in reality the beneficiaries are more likely to be transnational publishing companies.

∙The essential argument here is that the capitalist mode of production is affecting peasant production in the less developed world in such a way as to limit the production of staple foods, thus causing a food problem.

♕ To 
<명→형→부→전명→5V보어>?

∙You have to venture beyond the boundaries of your current experience and explore new territory.

∙They also adaptively adjust their eating behavior in response to deficits in water, calories, and salt.

♕ Being/Been 
분석하여 적절한 이름을 쓰고 해석.

∙Mercury was being bioaccumulated in the fish tissue and severe mercury poisoning occurred in many people who consumed the fish.

∙Fish advisories have been issued for many lakes in the United States; these recommend limits on the number of times per month particular species of fish should be consumed.

♕ Conj 
<명접→형접→부접>? ex)that=접/관/동/부

∙Tanzania found that honey was the most highly preferred food item, an item that has the highest caloric value.

∙But a wine that talks: That's unique.

♕ It 
<대명→가주→가목→강조>?

∙This should also be a golden rule with regard to SNS, but for children and young people it is much more difficult to estimate the consequences and potential serious impact of their actions in this environment.

∙Those who donate to one or two charities seek evidence about what the charity is doing and whether it is really having a positive impact.

♕ If 
<부사절→명사절→가정과거→가정과거완료→가정혼합→가정미래>

∙If the evidence indicates that the charity is really helping others, they make a substantial donation.

∙If N equals the number of people in the circle, then the maximum number of balls you can have in motion is N minus 1.


놀라운 일을 하려고 노력조차 하지 않을 거면 살아 있어서 뭐하나. -미상

주간 어려운 문장



<12> The recovery of appetite or the motivation to eat is apparent to anyone who has consumed a large meal and is quite full, and does not require additional energy or nutrients to meet their daily needs, but decides to consume additional calories after seeing the dessert cart. [1711H3-22]

<10> Individual authors and photographers have rights to their intellectual property during their lifetimes, and their heirs have rights for 70 years after the creator's death, so any publication less than 125 years old has to be checked for its copyright status. [1711H3-23]

<10> The duration of copyright protection has increased steadily over the years; the life-plus-70-years standard was set by the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which increased the 50-year limit established by the 1976 Copyright Act. [1711H3-23]

<12> In addition to protecting the rights of authors so as to encourage the publication of new creative works, copyright is also supposed to place reasonable time limits on those rights so that outdated works may be incorporated into new creative efforts. [1711H3-23]

<12> Both describe a physical journey, reflecting the central character's mental and spiritual journey, down a river to confront the deranged Kurtz character, who represents the worst aspects of civilisation. [1711H3-31]

<11> By giving Apocalypse Now a setting that was contemporary at the time of its release, audiences were able to experience and identify with its themes more easily than they would have if the film had been a literal adaptation of the novel. [1711H3-31]

<10> In the less developed world, the percentage of the population involved in agriculture is declining, but at the same time, those remaining in agriculture are not benefiting from technological advances. [1711H3-33]

<11> The typical scenario in the less developed world is one in which a very few commercial agriculturalists are technologically advanced while the vast majority are incapable of competing. [1711H3-33]

<10> The essential argument here is that the capitalist mode of production is affecting peasant production in the less developed world in such a way as to limit the production of staple foods, thus causing a food problem. [1711H3-33]

<10> In the context of SNS, media literacy has been argued to be especially important "in order to make the users aware of their rights when using SNS tools, and also help them acquire or reinforce human rights values and develop the behaviour necessary to respect other people's rights and freedoms". [1711H3-35]

<11> These appear to be specific evolved mechanisms, designed to deal with the adaptive problem of food selection, and coordinate consumption patterns with physical needs. [1711H3-38]

<12> Facilitating the voluntary construction of highly homogeneous social networks of scientific communication therefore allows individuals to filter the potentially overwhelming flow of information. [1711H3-40]

<15> In this regard, even a journey through the stacks of a real library can be more fruitful than a trip through today's distributed virtual archives, because it seems difficult to use the available "search engines" to emulate efficiently the mixture of predictable and surprising discoveries that typically result from a physical shelf-search of an extensive library collection. [1711H3-40]


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