232_s3 본문읽기 35
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-2502
For a long time photographs were understood to be visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of the presented, its "it has been." Therefore, photographs were initially classified as documents, whether used in the media, in the family album, in books, archives or collections. As digitization began to feed into the realm of photography, and the end of the photographic era was proclaimed, it was its documentary qualities, its "ontology" as a chemical-physical symbol, that suddenly lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting of digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the photographic authenticity and evidence, many of its tasks and uses have hardly changed. When we look at a family album created with digital images, closely inspect the X-rays of a broken foot together with the doctor, or view the image of the finish of the 100-meter finals at the Olympic Games, our trust in photography remains. If we trust the use of the images, or more precisely, if we assign them persuasive powers via their use, it does not matter whether they are analog or digital. In other words: We doubt photography, but still use certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce evidence.
23수특-2503
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps the "Holy Grail" of most film-makers and especially the big movie studios. While critical acclaim is always welcome, in the end it is important that a movie makes money. For the big studios ─ now increasingly owned by massive global corporations ─ making movies that deliver wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance. Movies increasingly depend on non-theatrical sources for revenues. This fact does not diminish the continuing significance of solid box office performance. When a movie hits top spot at the box office, not only does this deliver direct revenue yield, it can further promote other income sources over time. A high public profile means not only that its potential as an attractive choice for repeat viewing on other platforms increases but that its potential to yield sequels might increase, too. In the end, nothing breeds success like success. This maxim is probably the main reason why the major movie studios really like making sequels to highly successful movies and really like to hire star actors with a track record of appearing in blockbuster films that generally do well at the box office.
23수특-2601
Learners can improve the effectiveness of their attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided students who demonstrated learned helplessness with both successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically stated that the failure was caused by lack of effort or ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given similar experiences but no training. After 25 sessions, the learners who were counseled about their effort and strategies responded more appropriately to failure by persisting longer and adapting their strategies more effectively. Additional research has corroborated Dweck's findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for students who believed that they were already trying hard. This research suggests that teachers can increase students' motivation to learn by teaching them learning strategies and encouraging them to attribute successes to effort.
23수특-2602
A lot of research discusses what leads to relatively permanent acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You won't be surprised to hear that active learning works far better than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in a classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no matter how interesting the material) isn't nearly as potent as having opportunities to engage actively with the concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice, immersion, or some other form of direct experience. Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new knowledge and skills that all your senses are engaged. It is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if you can become involved emotionally, physically, and interpersonally. In other words, it isn't enough to merely read this material in a book or hear an instructor talk about it in class. You must also have opportunities to practice the skills and make the ideas your own.
23수특-2603
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. In his theory, the actual changes in thinking take place through the process of equilibration ─ the act of searching for a balance. Piaget assumed that people continually test the adequacy of their thinking processes in order to achieve that balance. Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists. If the scheme does not produce a satisfying result, then disequilibrium exists, and we become uncomfortable. This motivates us to keep searching for a solution through assimilation and accommodation, and thus our thinking changes and moves ahead. Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just right or optimal ─ too little and we aren't interested in changing, too much and we may be discouraged or anxious and not change.
For a long time photographs were understood to be visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of the presented, its "it has been." Therefore, photographs were initially classified as documents, whether used in the media, in the family album, in books, archives or collections. As digitization began to feed into the realm of photography, and the end of the photographic era was proclaimed, it was its documentary qualities, its "ontology" as a chemical-physical symbol, that suddenly lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting of digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the photographic authenticity and evidence, many of its tasks and uses have hardly changed. When we look at a family album created with digital images, closely inspect the X-rays of a broken foot together with the doctor, or view the image of the finish of the 100-meter finals at the Olympic Games, our trust in photography remains. If we trust the use of the images, or more precisely, if we assign them persuasive powers via their use, it does not matter whether they are analog or digital. In other words: We doubt photography, but still use certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce evidence.
23수특-2503
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps the "Holy Grail" of most film-makers and especially the big movie studios. While critical acclaim is always welcome, in the end it is important that a movie makes money. For the big studios ─ now increasingly owned by massive global corporations ─ making movies that deliver wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance. Movies increasingly depend on non-theatrical sources for revenues. This fact does not diminish the continuing significance of solid box office performance. When a movie hits top spot at the box office, not only does this deliver direct revenue yield, it can further promote other income sources over time. A high public profile means not only that its potential as an attractive choice for repeat viewing on other platforms increases but that its potential to yield sequels might increase, too. In the end, nothing breeds success like success. This maxim is probably the main reason why the major movie studios really like making sequels to highly successful movies and really like to hire star actors with a track record of appearing in blockbuster films that generally do well at the box office.
23수특-2601
Learners can improve the effectiveness of their attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided students who demonstrated learned helplessness with both successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically stated that the failure was caused by lack of effort or ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given similar experiences but no training. After 25 sessions, the learners who were counseled about their effort and strategies responded more appropriately to failure by persisting longer and adapting their strategies more effectively. Additional research has corroborated Dweck's findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for students who believed that they were already trying hard. This research suggests that teachers can increase students' motivation to learn by teaching them learning strategies and encouraging them to attribute successes to effort.
23수특-2602
A lot of research discusses what leads to relatively permanent acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You won't be surprised to hear that active learning works far better than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in a classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no matter how interesting the material) isn't nearly as potent as having opportunities to engage actively with the concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice, immersion, or some other form of direct experience. Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new knowledge and skills that all your senses are engaged. It is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if you can become involved emotionally, physically, and interpersonally. In other words, it isn't enough to merely read this material in a book or hear an instructor talk about it in class. You must also have opportunities to practice the skills and make the ideas your own.
23수특-2603
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. In his theory, the actual changes in thinking take place through the process of equilibration ─ the act of searching for a balance. Piaget assumed that people continually test the adequacy of their thinking processes in order to achieve that balance. Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists. If the scheme does not produce a satisfying result, then disequilibrium exists, and we become uncomfortable. This motivates us to keep searching for a solution through assimilation and accommodation, and thus our thinking changes and moves ahead. Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just right or optimal ─ too little and we aren't interested in changing, too much and we may be discouraged or anxious and not change.
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