2017년 고1 고2 고3 어법 문제 모음 (풀기/해석/문장듣기/단어정리/퀴즈)
임희재 저술교재2018. 2. 26. 12:14
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2018 All Rights Reserved. Written by Wayne | Contact us: wayne36@daum.net | Web: wayne.tistory.com
The ⌈competition 경쟁, 대회⌋ / to ⌈sell 팔다, 판매하다⌋ ⌈manuscripts 원고, 문서⌋ / to ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ ①is ⌈fierce 치열한, 거센⌋.
I / would ⌈estimate 추정하다, 예상하다⌋ / that less / than one percent of the ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ ②sent / to ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / is ever ⌈published 출판하다, 출간하다⌋.
Since so much ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ / is being ⌈written 쓴, 문서의⌋, ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / can be very selective.
The ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ they ⌈choose 선택하다, 고르다⌋ / to ⌈publish 출판하다, 출간하다⌋ / must not only / have ⌈commercial 상업용의, 상업적인⌋ ⌈value 가치관, 가치⌋, but ③being very competently ⌈written 쓴, 문서의⌋ / and free of ⌈editing 편집, 교정⌋ / and factual ⌈errors 실수, 오류⌋.
Any ⌈manuscript 원고, 문서⌋ / that contains ⌈errors 실수, 오류⌋ stands ④little chance / at being ⌈accepted 받아들여지고, 받은⌋ for ⌈publication 출판, 발행⌋.
Most ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / will not want / to ⌈waste 낭비하다, 쓰레기⌋ time / with ⌈writers 작가, 저자⌋ ⑤whose ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ contains too many ⌈mistakes 실수, 잘못⌋.
Cutting ⌈costs 비용⌋ / can ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ profitability but only up / to a point.
If the ⌈manufacturer 제조업자, 업체⌋ cuts ⌈costs 비용⌋ so deeply ①that doing so ⌈harms 해치다, 피해를 입히다⌋ the product’s ⌈quality 질, 품질⌋, then the ⌈increased 증대한⌋ profitability / will be shortlived.
A better ⌈approach 접근하다, 접근법⌋ / is / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ productivity.
If businesses / can get more ⌈production 생산, 제작⌋ / from the same number of employees, they’re ②basically tapping / into free money.
They get more product / to ⌈sell 팔다, 판매하다⌋, / and the ⌈price 가격, 가격표⌋ of each product falls.
As long / as the ⌈machinery 기계, 조직⌋ or employee ⌈training 훈련하다, 기차⌋ ③needed for productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ ⌈costs 비용⌋ less / than the ⌈value 가치관, 가치⌋ of the productivity ⌈gains 얻다, 증가하다⌋, it’s an easy ⌈investment 투자, 출자⌋ for any business / to make.
Productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ / are / as important / to the ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋ / as they ④do / to the individual business / that’s making them.
Productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ ⌈generally 일반적으로, 대체로⌋ ⌈raise 올리다, 인상⌋ the ⌈standard 기준, 표준⌋ of living for everyone / and ⑤are a good ⌈indication 가리키는, 표시⌋ of a healthy ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋.
English speakers / have one of the simplest ⌈systems 시스템, 제도⌋ for describing familial ⌈relationships 관계, 연애관계⌋.
Many African ⌈language 언어⌋ speakers / would consider it ⌈absurd 말도 안되는, 터무니없는⌋ / to use a ⌈single 하나의, 싱글⌋ word like "cousin" / to ⌈describe 묘사하다, 설명하다⌋ both ⌈male 「악」 「불량」 「부전」 「이상」의 뜻, ⌋ / and female ⌈relatives 친척, 인척⌋, or not / to ⌈distinguish 구별하다, 구분하다⌋ whether the person (A)[described / describing] / is related by ⌈blood 피, 혈액⌋ / to the speaker’s father or / to his mother.
To be ⌈unable ~할 수 없는, ~하지 못하는⌋ / to ⌈distinguish 구별하다, 구분하다⌋ a brother/ inlaw / as the brother of one’s wife or the husband of one’s sister / would seem ⌈confusing 혼란시키는, 혼동스러운⌋ within the ⌈structure 구조, 건물⌋ of personal ⌈relationships 관계, 연애관계⌋ ⌈existing 존재하다, 있다⌋ / in many ⌈cultures 문화, 문명⌋.
Similarly, how / is it possible / to make sense of a situation (B)[which / inwhich]a ⌈single 하나의, 싱글⌋ word "uncle" applies / to the brother of one’s father / and / to the brother of one’s mother?
The Hawaiian ⌈language 언어⌋ uses the same ⌈term 임기, 말하다⌋ / to refer / to one’s father / and / to the father’s brother.
People of Northern Burma, who think / in the Jinghpaw ⌈language 언어⌋, (C)[/ has / / have] ⌈eighteen 열여덟⌋ basic ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ for describing their ⌈kin 친척, 민족⌋.
Not one of them / can be ⌈directly 직접적으로, 똑바로⌋ translated / into English.
What comes / to mind / when we think / about time?
Let us go back / to 4,000 B.C.
/ in ⌈ancient 고대의, 오래된⌋ China where some early ⌈clocks 시계, 시간⌋ / were ⌈invented 발명하다, 개발하다⌋.
①To ⌈demonstrate 시위하다, 증명하다⌋ the idea of time / to ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ students, Chinese ⌈priests 신부, 사제⌋ used / to dangle a ⌈rope 줄, 요령⌋ / from the ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ ⌈ceiling 천장, 한도⌋ / with ⌈knots 매듭, 노트⌋ ⌈representing 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ the hours.
They / would light it / with a ⌈flame 불꽃, 화염⌋ / from the ⌈bottom 바닥, 하위⌋ / so that it ⌈burnt 불에 탄, 소각된⌋ evenly, ②indicating the ⌈passage 통과, 통로⌋ of time.
Many ⌈temples 절, 사원⌋ ⌈burnt 불에 탄, 소각된⌋ down / in those days.
The ⌈priests 신부, 사제⌋ / were obviously not too ⌈happy 행복한, 기쁜⌋ / about / that until someone ⌈invented 발명하다, 개발하다⌋ a ⌈clock 시계, 시간⌋ ③was ⌈made 화난, 미친⌋ of water ⌈buckets 버킷, 양동이⌋.
It worked by ⌈punching 펀치, 주먹질⌋ ⌈holes 구멍, 홀⌋ / in a large ⌈bucket 버킷, 양동이⌋ ④full of water, / with markings ⌈representing 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ the hours, / to allow water / to ⌈flow 흐르다, 흐름⌋ out / at a ⌈constant 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ ⌈rate 요금, 비율⌋.
The ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ students / would then ⌈measure 대책, 조치⌋ time by how fast the ⌈bucket 버킷, 양동이⌋ ⌈drained 배수하다, 소비하다⌋.
It / was much better / than ⌈⌈burning 타다, 화상⌋ 불타는, 연소⌋ ⌈ropes 줄, 요령⌋ for sure, but more importantly, it ⌈taught 가르쳤다, 배웠다⌋ the students ⑤that once time / was gone, it / could never be ⌈recovered 회복한⌋.
Take time / to read the comics.
This / is worthwhile not just because they / will make you laugh but ①because they contain wisdom / about the ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ of life.
Charlie Brown / and Blondie / are part of my morning ⌈routine 일상적인, 일과⌋ / and help me ②to start the day / with a smile.
When you read the comics section of the newspaper, ③cutting out a cartoon / that makes you laugh.
Post it wherever you need it most, / such as / on your refrigerator or / at work—/ so that every time you see it, you / will smile / and feel your ⌈spirit 정신, 사람⌋ ④lifted.
Share your ⌈favorites 좋아하는, 마음에 드는⌋ / with your friends / and family / so that everyone / can get a good laugh, too.
Take your comics / with you / when you go / to visit ⌈sick 아픈, 병든⌋ friends ⑤who / can really use a good laugh.
Are you honest / with yourself / about your ⌈strengths 힘, 강점⌋ / and ⌈weaknesses 약점, 부진⌋?
Get / to really know ①yourself / and learn what your ⌈weaknesses 약점, 부진⌋ / are.
⌈accepting 받아들이다, 수용하다⌋ your ⌈role 역할, 배역⌋ / in your problems ②mean / that you understand the ⌈solution 해결책, 방안⌋ ⌈lies 거짓말, 눕다⌋ within you.
If you / have a ⌈weakness 약점, 부진⌋ / in a certain area, get educated / and / do ③what you / have to / do / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ things for yourself.
If your ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈image 이미지, 사진⌋ / is ⌈terrible 끔찍한, 무서운⌋, look within yourself / and take the ⌈necessary 필요한, 필수적인⌋ steps / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ ④it, TODAY.
You / have the ability / to ⌈choose 선택하다, 고르다⌋ how / to ⌈respond 대응하다, 반응하다⌋ / to life.
Decide today / to end all the ⌈excuses 변명, 핑계⌋, / and stop ⑤lying / to yourself / about what / is going / on.
The beginning of growth comes / when you begin / to personally ⌈accept 받아들이다, 수용하다⌋ ⌈responsibility 책임, 의무⌋ for your ⌈choices 선택, 결정⌋.
In perceiving changes, we tend / to ⌈regard 관련되다, 간주하다⌋ the most recent ①ones / as the most ⌈revolutionary 혁명의, 혁신적인⌋.
This / is often ⌈inconsistent 일치하지 않는, 조화되지 않는⌋ / with the facts.
Recent ⌈progress 진전, 발전⌋ / in telecommunications technologies / is not more ⌈revolutionary 혁명의, 혁신적인⌋ / than ②what happened / in the late nineteenth century / in ⌈relative 친척, 인척⌋ ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋.
Moreover, / in ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ of the ⌈consequent 결과로 일어나는, 당연한⌋ ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ / and ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ changes, the Internet ⌈revolution 혁명, 회전⌋ / has not been / as ③important / as the ⌈washing 씻다, 세탁하다⌋ machine / and other ⌈household 가구, 가정의⌋ appliances.
These things, by vastly ⌈reducing 체중 감소법, 몸 야위는 법⌋ the ⌈amount 양, 되다⌋ of work needed for ⌈household 가구, 가정의⌋ chores, ④allowing women / to ⌈enter 들어가다, 입장하다⌋ the ⌈labor 노동, 근로⌋ market / and ⌈virtually 사실상, 거의⌋ got ⌈rid 없애다, 제거하다⌋ of ⌈professions 직업, 직종⌋ like ⌈domestic 국내의, 내수⌋ service.
We / should not "put the ⌈telescope 망원경, 현미경⌋ backward" / when we look / into the past / and underestimate the old / and overestimate the new.
This leads us ⑤to make all ⌈sorts 종류, 분류하다⌋ of ⌈wrong 잘못된, 틀린⌋ ⌈decisions 결정, 판결⌋ / about ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋, ⌈corporate 기업의, 회사의⌋ policies, / and our own careers.
Impressionist ⌈paintings 그림, 페인트칠⌋ / are probably most ⌈popular 인기 있는, 유명한⌋; it / is an ⌈easily 쉽게, 잘⌋ ⌈understood 이해된다, 알았다⌋ art which ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ not ask the viewer ①to work hard / to understand the ⌈imagery 상, 표상⌋.
Impressionism / is ‘comfortable’ / to look / at, / with its summer ⌈scenes 장면, ~계⌋ / and ⌈bright 밝은, 긍정적인⌋ ⌈colours 색깔, ⌈color 색, 색깔⌋⌋ ②appealing / to the eye.
It / is important / to remember, however, / that this new way of ⌈painting 그림, 페인트칠⌋ / was ⌈challenging 도발적인, 매력적인⌋ / to its ⌈public 대중, 국민⌋ not only / in the way / that it / was ⌈made 화난, 미친⌋ but also / in ③that / was shown.
They had never seen ④such ‘informal’ ⌈paintings 그림, 페인트칠⌋ before.
The ⌈edge 우위, 가장자리⌋ of the canvas cut off the ⌈scene 장면, ~계⌋ / in an ⌈arbitrary 임의의, 독단적인⌋ way, / as / if snapped / with a ⌈camera 카메라, 사진기⌋.
The ⌈subject 주제, 과목⌋ ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋ ⌈included 포함된, 들어간⌋ modernization of the ⌈landscape 풍경, 지역⌋; ⌈railways 철도⌋ / and factories.
Never before had these ⌈subjects 주제, 과목⌋ been considered ⑤appropriate for artists.
One of the simplest / and most ⌈effective 효과적인, 효력있는⌋ ways / to build empathy / in children ①is / to let them play more / on their own.
Unsupervised kids / are not ⌈reluctant 꺼리는, 주저하는⌋ / to tell one another how they feel.
In ⌈addition 추가, 덧셈⌋, children / at play often take / on other ⌈roles 역할, 배역⌋, ⌈pretending ~척하다, 가장하다⌋ / to be Principal Walsh or Josh’s mom, ⌈happily 행복하게, 기꺼이⌋ ⌈forcing 강제, 폭행⌋ ②themselves / to ⌈imagine 상상하다, 생각하다⌋ how someone else thinks / and feels.
Unfortunately, free play / is becoming ⌈rare 드문, 희귀한⌋.
Boston College research professor Peter Gray / has documented a ⌈continuous 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ / and ③ultimately ⌈dramatic 극적인, 급격한⌋ ⌈decline 감소하다, 하락하다⌋ / in children’s opportunities / to play / and ⌈explore 탐험하다, 탐구하다⌋ / in their own ⌈chosen 선택된, 선발된⌋ ways over the past ⌈fifty 50, 50개⌋ years / in the United States / and other developed countries.
The effects / have been especially ④damaged, he ⌈argues 주장하다, 논쟁하다⌋, / to empathy.
He ⌈concludes 결론짓다, 체결하다⌋ / that a ⌈decline 감소하다, 하락하다⌋ of empathy / and a ⌈rise 증가하다, 오르다⌋ / in narcissism / are exactly ⑤what we / would ⌈expect 예상하다, 기대하다⌋ / to see / in children who / have little ⌈opportunity 기회, 찬스⌋ / to play socially.
In early ⌈modern 현대의, 근대의⌋ Europe, ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ by water / was usually much cheaper / than ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ by land.
An Italian ⌈printer 프린터, 인쇄기⌋ ⌈calculated 면밀히 계산된, 고의적인⌋ / in 1550 ①that / to ⌈send 보내다, 전하다⌋ a ⌈load 싣다, 짐⌋ of books / from Rome / to Lyons / would ⌈cost 비용⌋ 18 scudi by land compared / with 4 by sea.
Letters / were normally carried overland, but a ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ of ⌈transporting 운송하다, 교통⌋ letters / and newspapers, / as well / as people, by ⌈canal 운하, 체내의 관⌋ boat ②developed / in the Dutch Republic / in the ⌈seventeenth 제17의⌋ century.
The ⌈average 평균, 보통의⌋ ⌈speed 속도, 스피드⌋ of the boats / was a little over four miles an hour, ③slow compared / to a ⌈rider 기수, ~을 타는 사람⌋ / on ⌈horseback 말을 탄⌋.
On the other hand, the service / was ⌈regular 정규의, 정기의⌋, ⌈frequent 자주, 잦은⌋ / and ⌈cheap 싼, 저렴한⌋, / and allowed communication not only between Amsterdam / and the smaller towns, but also between one small town / and another, thus ④equalizing accessibility / to ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋.
It / was only / in 1837, / with the ⌈invention 발명품, 발명⌋ of the ⌈electric 전기의, 전자의⌋ ⌈telegraph 전신, 전보⌋, / that the ⌈traditional 전통적인, 구식의⌋ ⌈link 연결, 연관⌋ between ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ / and the communication of ⌈messages 메시지, 메모⌋ ⑤were ⌈broken 고장난, 부러진⌋.
Though most ⌈bees 벌⌋ fill their days visiting ⌈flowers 꽃, 꽃을 피우다⌋ / and ⌈collecting 수집하다, 모으다⌋ ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋, some ⌈bees 벌⌋ take ⌈advantage 이점, 유리⌋ of the hard work of others.
These ⌈thieving 도둑질, 도둑질의⌋ ⌈bees 벌⌋ ⌈sneak 몰래, 슬그머니⌋ / into the nest of an ①unsuspecting "normal" ⌈bee 벌⌋ (known / as the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋), lay an egg near the ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ ⌈mass 대량의, 미사⌋ being ⌈gathered 눈살을 찌푸린, 주름을 잡은⌋ by the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋ ⌈bee 벌⌋ for her own ⌈offspring 자식, 새끼⌋, / and then ⌈sneak 몰래, 슬그머니⌋ back out.
When the egg of the ⌈thief 도둑, 절도⌋ ⌈hatches 부화하다, 해치⌋, it ⌈kills 죽이다, 살해하다⌋ the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋’s ⌈offspring 자식, 새끼⌋ / and then eats the ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ meant for ②its ⌈victim 희생자, 피해자⌋.
Sometimes called ⌈brood 종족, 골똘히 생각하다⌋ ⌈parasites 기생충, 식객⌋, these ⌈bees 벌⌋ / are also referred / to as ⌈cuckoo 뻐꾸기, 뻐꾹뻐꾹 울다⌋ ⌈bees 벌⌋, because they / are similar / to ⌈cuckoo 뻐꾸기, 뻐꾹뻐꾹 울다⌋ birds, which lay an egg / in the nest of another bird / and ③leaves it for / that bird / to ⌈raise 올리다, 인상⌋.
They / are more ④technically called cleptoparasites.
Clepto means "⌈thief 도둑, 절도⌋" / in Greek, / and the ⌈term 임기, 말하다⌋ cleptoparasite refers specifically / to an ⌈organism 생물, 유기체⌋ ⑤that ⌈lives 살다, 삶⌋ off another by ⌈stealing 훔치다, 절도⌋ its food.
In this ⌈case 경우⌋ the cleptoparasite ⌈feeds 먹이, 공급하다⌋ / on the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋’ hard-earned ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ stores.
The most ⌈dramatic 극적인, 급격한⌋ / and significant ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ between ⌈civilizations 문명⌋ / were ①when people / from one ⌈civilization 문명⌋ conquered / and eliminated the people of another.
These ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ normally / were not only ⌈violent 폭력적인, 격렬한⌋ but brief, / and ②they occurred only ⌈occasionally 때때로, 가끔⌋.
Beginning / in the seventh century A.D., relatively ③sustained / and / at times ⌈intense 강렬한, 집중적인⌋ intercivilizational ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ / did develop between Islam / and the West / and Islam / and India.
Most ⌈commercial 상업용의, 상업적인⌋, ⌈cultural 문화의, 교양의⌋, / and ⌈military 군사의, 군의⌋ interactions, however, / were within ⌈civilizations 문명⌋.
While India / and China, for instance, / were / on ⌈occasion 행사, 때⌋ invaded / and ⌈subjected 주제, 과목⌋ by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both ⌈civilizations 문명⌋ ④having ⌈extensive 광범위한, 대규모의⌋ times of "warring ⌈states 국가, 주⌋" within their own ⌈civilization 문명⌋ / as well.
Similarly, the Greeks ⌈fought fight의 과거·과거 분사형⌋ each other / and traded / with each other far more often / than they ⑤did / with Persians or other nonGreeks.
The ⌈lack 부족, ~이 없다⌋ of real, ⌈direct 직접의, 감독하다⌋ experience / in / and / with ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ / has caused many children / to ⌈regard 관련되다, 간주하다⌋ the ⌈natural 자연의, 당연한⌋ world / as ⌈mere 단순한, 단지⌋ ⌈abstraction 방심, 추상 관념⌋, / that ⌈fantastic 환상적인, 멋진⌋, ⌈beautifully 아름답게, 훌륭하게⌋ ⌈filmed 영화계, 영화⌋ place ①filled / with ⌈endangered 멸종 위기의, 위험한⌋ rainforests / and ⌈polar 극지방의, 북극의⌋ bears / in peril.
This overstated, often fictionalized ⌈version 버전⌋ of ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ / is no more real―/ and yet no less real―/ to them / than the ⌈everyday 매일의, 일상의⌋ ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ right outside their doors, ②waits / to be ⌈discovered 발견하다, 알다⌋ / in a child’s way, / at a child’s ⌈pace 속도, 페이스⌋.
Consider the University of Cambridge study which found / that a group of eight-year-old children / was able to ⌈identify 확인하다, 밝히다⌋ ③substantially more ⌈characters 캐릭터, 주인공⌋ / from ⌈animations 애니메이션, 만화 영화⌋ / than common wildlife ⌈species 종, 종류⌋.
One wonders whether our children’s ⌈inherent 내재된, 고유의⌋ ⌈capacity 능력, 용량⌋ / to ⌈recognize 인정하다, 인식하다⌋, ⌈classify 분류하다, 기밀 취급하다⌋, / and order ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ / about their ⌈environment 환경, 상황⌋―abilities once ⌈essential 필수의, 필요한⌋ / to our very ⌈survival 생존, 살아남기⌋―/ is slowly devolving / to ⌈facilitate 촉진하다, 용이하게 하다⌋ life / in ④their ⌈increasingly 점점, 더욱 더⌋ virtualized world.
It’s all part of ⑤what Robert Pyle first called "the ⌈extinction 소멸, 멸종⌋ of experience."
People seeking ⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈advice 조언, 충고⌋ / should be ⌈assured 보증된, 자신이 있는⌋, / when ⌈discussing 논의하다, 토론하다⌋ their rights or ⌈obligations 의무, 채무⌋ / with a lawyer, ①which the latter / will not ⌈disclose 공개하다, 밝히다⌋ / to third parties the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ⌈provided 제공된, 만약 ~이면⌋.
Only / if this ⌈duty 의무, 임무⌋ of confidentiality / is ⌈respected 존경하다, 존중⌋ ②will people feel free / to ⌈consult 컨설팅하다, 협의⌋ lawyers / and ⌈provide 제공하다, 공급하다⌋ the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ⌈required 필요한, 한다⌋ for the lawyer / to ⌈prepare 준비하다, 대비하다⌋ the ⌈client 고객, 의뢰인⌋’s ⌈defense 국방, 방위⌋.
Regardless of the ⌈type 종류, 유형⌋ of ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ③disclosed, ⌈clients 고객, 의뢰인⌋ / must be certain / that it / will not be used against them / in a ⌈court 법원, 법정⌋ of law, by the authorities or by any other party.
It / is ⌈generally 일반적으로, 대체로⌋ considered / to be a ⌈condition 조건, 상황⌋ of the good ⌈functioning 기능, 역할⌋ of the ⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ / and, thus, / in the ⌈general 일반의, 장군⌋ interest.
⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈professional 전문의, 프로의⌋ ⌈privilege 특권, 영광⌋ / is ④much more / than an ⌈ordinary 일반적인, 평범한⌋ ⌈rule 규칙, 규정⌋ of ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋, ⌈limited 한정된, 제한을 받은⌋ / in its ⌈application 지원, 애플리케이션⌋ / to the facts of a particular ⌈case 경우⌋.
It / is a ⌈fundamental 근본적인, 기본적인⌋ ⌈condition 조건, 상황⌋ / on which the ⌈administration 정부, 행정⌋ of justice / as a whole ⑤rests.
Psychologists who study giving ⌈behavior 행동, 행위⌋ ①have noticed / that some people give ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋, / while others give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋.
Those who ⌈donate 기부하다, 기증하다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ seek ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ / about what the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is doing / and ②what it / is really having a ⌈positive 긍정적인⌋ ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋.
If the ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ ⌈indicates 나타내다, 지적하다⌋ / that the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is really helping others, they make a ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.
Those who give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ / are not so interested / in whether what they / are ③doing helps others─psychologists call them warm ⌈glow 빛나다, 불이 켜지다⌋ ⌈givers 증여자, 기증자⌋.
Knowing / that they / are giving makes ④them feel good, ⌈regardless of ~에 관계없이⌋ the ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋ of their ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.
In many ⌈cases 경우⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is so small─$10 or less─/ that / if they stopped ⑤to think, they / would ⌈realize 깨닫다, 알다⌋ / that the ⌈cost 비용⌋ of ⌈processing 과정, 절차⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is likely / to ⌈exceed 넘어서다, 초과하다⌋ any ⌈benefit 이익, 혜택⌋ it brings / to the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋.
👍🏿VOCAB. 여러번 쓰면서 연습하세요!!!
abstract 추상적인
abstraction 추상
absurd 어리석은
access 접근
addition 추가;부가
administration
amount 금액;양
animat
appliance 가전제품
application 응용;적용
approach 다가가다;접근하다
assur 보증하다
authorities
backward 뒤쪽의
behav
behavior 행동
burning 불타다;타다
calculat
canal 운하
capacity 능력
ceiling 천장
charity 자선
chore 허드렛일
civil
civilization 문명
classify 분류하다
client 고객;단골
commercial 상업적인
competent 유능한
competition 경쟁;시합
conclude 끝내다;결론
confide
confident 자신이 있는;자신만만한
confidential
conquer 정복하다
consequent 필연적으로
constant 지속적인
consult 의견을듣다
continuous 연속적인
corporate 회사의
declin 감소하다
defense 방어;변호
demonstrate 증명하다;논증하다
disclose 들추어내다
distinguish 구별하다
domestic 가정의;국내의
donat
donation 기부
drain 배수하다;배수구
duty 의무
economic 경제적인
edge 가장자리
effective 효과적인
elect 선출하다
electric 전기의
eliminate 제거하다
empathy 공감
employ 사용하다(
endanger
endangered 멸종될 지경에 이른
essential 본질적인
estimate 견적;평가
evidence 증거
exceed 능가하다
exist 존재하다
existing 존재하다
explor 탐구하다
explore 탐구하다;탐험하다
extensive 광범위한
extinct 사멸한;멸종된
extinction 멸종
facilitate 쉽게하다
factual 사실의
underestimat 과소평가하다
fiction 소설
fictional
fierce 사나운
filmed 필름;영화
flame 불꽃
flow 흐르다;넘쳐흐르다
frequent 빈번한
fundamental 근본적인
gene 유전자
glow 백열광;붉은
hatch
heal 치료하다
host 주인
household 가계
identify 신원을 확인하다
improvement 개선;진보
inconsistent 일치하지 않는
increasingly 점점 더
indicat
indicate 가리키다
indication 지시;징후
inherent 타고난
intense 강렬한
interact 상호작용하다
interaction 상호작용
invad
invest 투자하다
investment 투자
legal 법률의;법률상의
lie ~에 있다;놓여있다
limited 제한된
machinery 기계류
manufacture 제조하다
manufacturer 제조업자
manuscript 원고;사본
matter 문제;중요하다
means 수단
mere 단순한
mode 방식
norm 표준
obligation
occasion 경우;때
occasional 가끔씩의
occasionally 가끔
occur 발생하다
occurred 발생하다
offspring
ordinary
organ 오르간;장기
organism 유기체
overestimate 과대평가하다
passage 경과;통과
peril 위험
facilitat 쉽게하다
policy 정책;방책
poll
priest 성직자
privilege 특권
process 처리
productivity 생산성
profession 전문 직업
profit 이익
profitability
progress 진보
provided 제공하다
publication 출판
publish 출판하다;발표하다
publisher 출판업자;발행자
punch
rainforest 열대우림
recognize 인식하다
regard 간주하다
regular
relate 관계시키다
relation 관계
relative 관련있는;친척
reluctant 꺼리는
represent 의미하다;나타내다
require 요구하다;필요로
responsibility 책임
revolution 혁명
revolutionary 혁명적인
ris 떠오르다
routine 일상의;일상의
estimat 추정하다
endangered 위기에처한
significant 중요한
snap 낚아챔
snap 덥석물다;달려들다
sneak
specific 구체적인;특정한
spirit 영혼;정신
structure 구조
subject 대상;물체
substantial 상당한
sum
survival 생존
telescope 망원경
terms 기간;용어
regardless of ~에관계없이
trade 무역. 거래;거래하다
traditional 전통적인
translat 통역하다
translate
transport 교통
underestimate 과소평가하다
value 높이 평가하다;가치
vast 엄청난;막대한
victim 희생;먹이감
violent 격렬한;폭력의
virtual 사실상의
virtually 가상의
weakness 약점;결점 약점
worth
worthwhile 할보람 있는;훌륭한
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| English is for Communication. Be the MASTERPIECE! -Wayne |
GUIDE: 영어 설명서 (계속업데이트됨)
1. 문장을 ⌈주어(S) / 동사(V) / X(목적어;보어) / 설명⌋으로 나누세요.
2. 영단어 뒤에 적절한 조사를 붙이세요. ex. (S=은;는;이;가 // O=~를;~에게 // 관계사절=~하는)
3. 직독직해 후에 문장전체를 다시 읽어보면서 의미를 확인.
4. S 잘 찾기 Tip!
- 처음으로 나오는 명사
- 동사 앞의 명사
- The/ A/ An/ One's 뒤에 오는 명사
- 명사/ 대명사/ 동명사(Ving X)/ 투부정사(To V X)/ 접속사절(접+SVX)
5. V 쉽게 찾기 Tip!
- 조동사를 찾으면 동사가 나온다. (can, do, must, should, will..)
- V 뒤에는 es/ s/ ed 등이 잘 붙는다.
- not뒤에 동사가 온다.
- RV/ be Ving/ be Ved(pp)/ be being pp/ have been Ving/ have been pp
6. X에 대하여..
X는 수식어, 보어, 목적어 등을 칭하는 이야기하는 말로 V에 따라 스타일이 달라진다.
1V ⇢ ad/ 전N/ 없음
2V ⇢ N/ adj/ Ving/ pp
3V ⇢ N/ 대/ Ving X/ To V X/ 접SVX
4V ⇢ N N/ N 접SVX
5V ⇢ N N/ N adj/ N To V X/ N RV X/ N Ving X/ N pp
***하지만 위의 원칙을 암기하기 보다는 개개의 단어들의 정확한 쓰임을 익히는 것이
진정한 영어학습을 위해 도움이 된다고 할 수 있다.
ex) happen ad
occur ad
be adj
want to v x
remember to v x/ ving x
regret to v x/ ving x
suggest that s v x
tell N that s v x
call N N
make N a/ N RV x/ N pp/ it a to v x
consider N a/ it a to v x
hear N RV x/ N ving x/ N pp
7. 접속사?
- 종속접속사: 명사절/ 형용사절(관계사절)/ 부사절
- 등위접속사: F.A.N. B.O.Y.S.
- 상관접속사: Both~ Either~ Neither~ Not only~ Not~ As well as~
8. 접속사와 동사 해석시 / be동사 해석시 중요한 Tip!
*** 우선 해석 예시를 보세요.
Impressionist paintings 인상주의 화가들은
are
probably most popular; 아마도 가장 유명하다
it 그것은
is
an easily understood art 쉽게 이해가능한 예술이다
which`
does not ask 요청하지 않는
the viewer 보는이에게
to work hard 열심히 노력하도록
to understand 이해하기를
the imagery. 그 그림을
Tip1: which(관계대명사 혹은 접속사)의 해석을 하지말고 지나갑니다. (by-pass) 접속사 뒷부분의 동사에 '~는'을 붙여주면 해석이 더 깔끔해집니다.
(+) if+v=~하면 / that+v=v 하는 것, v 하는 / whether+v=v 인지 아닌지 / how+v = 어떻게 v 하는지, 얼마나 v 하는지
Tip2: is, are등의 be동사도 즉시 해석하지 말고, 동사뒤의 X에 '~이다 / ~하다'를 붙이면 해석이 쉽습니다.
|
| #1 어법? |
The competition to sell manuscripts to publishers ①is fierce. I would estimate that less than one percent of the material ②sent to publishers is ever published. Since so much material is being written, publishers can be very selective. The material they choose to publish must not only have commercial value, but ③being very competently written and free of editing and factual errors. Any manuscript that contains errors stands ④little chance at being accepted for publication. Most publishers will not want to waste time with writers ⑤whose material contains too many mistakes.
The ⌈competition 경쟁, 대회⌋ / to ⌈sell 팔다, 판매하다⌋ ⌈manuscripts 원고, 문서⌋ / to ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ ①is ⌈fierce 치열한, 거센⌋.
I / would ⌈estimate 추정하다, 예상하다⌋ / that less / than one percent of the ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ ②sent / to ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / is ever ⌈published 출판하다, 출간하다⌋.
Since so much ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ / is being ⌈written 쓴, 문서의⌋, ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / can be very selective.
The ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ they ⌈choose 선택하다, 고르다⌋ / to ⌈publish 출판하다, 출간하다⌋ / must not only / have ⌈commercial 상업용의, 상업적인⌋ ⌈value 가치관, 가치⌋, but ③being very competently ⌈written 쓴, 문서의⌋ / and free of ⌈editing 편집, 교정⌋ / and factual ⌈errors 실수, 오류⌋.
Any ⌈manuscript 원고, 문서⌋ / that contains ⌈errors 실수, 오류⌋ stands ④little chance / at being ⌈accepted 받아들여지고, 받은⌋ for ⌈publication 출판, 발행⌋.
Most ⌈publishers 출판사, 출판업자⌋ / will not want / to ⌈waste 낭비하다, 쓰레기⌋ time / with ⌈writers 작가, 저자⌋ ⑤whose ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ contains too many ⌈mistakes 실수, 잘못⌋.
| #2 어법? |
Cutting costs can improve profitability but only up to a point. If the manufacturer cuts costs so deeply ①that doing so harms the product’s quality, then the increased profitability will be shortlived. A better approach is to improve productivity. If businesses can get more production from the same number of employees, they’re ②basically tapping into free money. They get more product to sell, and the price of each product falls. As long as the machinery or employee training ③needed for productivity improvements costs less than the value of the productivity gains, it’s an easy investment for any business to make. Productivity improvements are as important to the economy as they ④do to the individual business that’s making them. Productivity improvements generally raise the standard of living for everyone and ⑤are a good indication of a healthy economy.
Cutting ⌈costs 비용⌋ / can ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ profitability but only up / to a point.
If the ⌈manufacturer 제조업자, 업체⌋ cuts ⌈costs 비용⌋ so deeply ①that doing so ⌈harms 해치다, 피해를 입히다⌋ the product’s ⌈quality 질, 품질⌋, then the ⌈increased 증대한⌋ profitability / will be shortlived.
A better ⌈approach 접근하다, 접근법⌋ / is / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ productivity.
If businesses / can get more ⌈production 생산, 제작⌋ / from the same number of employees, they’re ②basically tapping / into free money.
They get more product / to ⌈sell 팔다, 판매하다⌋, / and the ⌈price 가격, 가격표⌋ of each product falls.
As long / as the ⌈machinery 기계, 조직⌋ or employee ⌈training 훈련하다, 기차⌋ ③needed for productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ ⌈costs 비용⌋ less / than the ⌈value 가치관, 가치⌋ of the productivity ⌈gains 얻다, 증가하다⌋, it’s an easy ⌈investment 투자, 출자⌋ for any business / to make.
Productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ / are / as important / to the ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋ / as they ④do / to the individual business / that’s making them.
Productivity ⌈improvements 개선, 향상⌋ ⌈generally 일반적으로, 대체로⌋ ⌈raise 올리다, 인상⌋ the ⌈standard 기준, 표준⌋ of living for everyone / and ⑤are a good ⌈indication 가리키는, 표시⌋ of a healthy ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋.
| #3 어법? |
English speakers have one of the simplest systems for describing familial relationships. Many African language speakers would consider it absurd to use a single word like "cousin" to describe both male and female relatives, or not to distinguish whether the person (A)[described / describing] is related by blood to the speaker’s father or to his mother. To be unable to distinguish a brotherinlaw as the brother of one’s wife or the husband of one’s sister would seem confusing within the structure of personal relationships existing in many cultures. Similarly, how is it possible to make sense of a situation (B)[which / inwhich]a single word "uncle" applies to the brother of one’s father and to the brother of one’s mother? The Hawaiian language uses the same term to refer to one’s father and to the father’s brother. People of Northern Burma, who think in the Jinghpaw language, (C)[has / have] eighteen basic terms for describing their kin. Not one of them can be directly translated into English.
English speakers / have one of the simplest ⌈systems 시스템, 제도⌋ for describing familial ⌈relationships 관계, 연애관계⌋.
Many African ⌈language 언어⌋ speakers / would consider it ⌈absurd 말도 안되는, 터무니없는⌋ / to use a ⌈single 하나의, 싱글⌋ word like "cousin" / to ⌈describe 묘사하다, 설명하다⌋ both ⌈male 「악」 「불량」 「부전」 「이상」의 뜻, ⌋ / and female ⌈relatives 친척, 인척⌋, or not / to ⌈distinguish 구별하다, 구분하다⌋ whether the person (A)[described / describing] / is related by ⌈blood 피, 혈액⌋ / to the speaker’s father or / to his mother.
To be ⌈unable ~할 수 없는, ~하지 못하는⌋ / to ⌈distinguish 구별하다, 구분하다⌋ a brother/ inlaw / as the brother of one’s wife or the husband of one’s sister / would seem ⌈confusing 혼란시키는, 혼동스러운⌋ within the ⌈structure 구조, 건물⌋ of personal ⌈relationships 관계, 연애관계⌋ ⌈existing 존재하다, 있다⌋ / in many ⌈cultures 문화, 문명⌋.
Similarly, how / is it possible / to make sense of a situation (B)[which / inwhich]a ⌈single 하나의, 싱글⌋ word "uncle" applies / to the brother of one’s father / and / to the brother of one’s mother?
The Hawaiian ⌈language 언어⌋ uses the same ⌈term 임기, 말하다⌋ / to refer / to one’s father / and / to the father’s brother.
People of Northern Burma, who think / in the Jinghpaw ⌈language 언어⌋, (C)[/ has / / have] ⌈eighteen 열여덟⌋ basic ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ for describing their ⌈kin 친척, 민족⌋.
Not one of them / can be ⌈directly 직접적으로, 똑바로⌋ translated / into English.
| #4 어법? |
What comes to mind when we think about time? Let us go back to 4,000 B.C. in ancient China where some early clocks were invented. ①To demonstrate the idea of time to temple students, Chinese priests used to dangle a rope from the temple ceiling with knots representing the hours. They would light it with a flame from the bottom so that it burnt evenly, ②indicating the passage of time. Many temples burnt down in those days. The priests were obviously not too happy about that until someone invented a clock ③was made of water buckets. It worked by punching holes in a large bucket ④full of water, with markings representing the hours, to allow water to flow out at a constant rate. The temple students would then measure time by how fast the bucket drained. It was much better than burning ropes for sure, but more importantly, it taught the students ⑤that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.
What comes / to mind / when we think / about time?
Let us go back / to 4,000 B.C.
/ in ⌈ancient 고대의, 오래된⌋ China where some early ⌈clocks 시계, 시간⌋ / were ⌈invented 발명하다, 개발하다⌋.
①To ⌈demonstrate 시위하다, 증명하다⌋ the idea of time / to ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ students, Chinese ⌈priests 신부, 사제⌋ used / to dangle a ⌈rope 줄, 요령⌋ / from the ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ ⌈ceiling 천장, 한도⌋ / with ⌈knots 매듭, 노트⌋ ⌈representing 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ the hours.
They / would light it / with a ⌈flame 불꽃, 화염⌋ / from the ⌈bottom 바닥, 하위⌋ / so that it ⌈burnt 불에 탄, 소각된⌋ evenly, ②indicating the ⌈passage 통과, 통로⌋ of time.
Many ⌈temples 절, 사원⌋ ⌈burnt 불에 탄, 소각된⌋ down / in those days.
The ⌈priests 신부, 사제⌋ / were obviously not too ⌈happy 행복한, 기쁜⌋ / about / that until someone ⌈invented 발명하다, 개발하다⌋ a ⌈clock 시계, 시간⌋ ③was ⌈made 화난, 미친⌋ of water ⌈buckets 버킷, 양동이⌋.
It worked by ⌈punching 펀치, 주먹질⌋ ⌈holes 구멍, 홀⌋ / in a large ⌈bucket 버킷, 양동이⌋ ④full of water, / with markings ⌈representing 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ the hours, / to allow water / to ⌈flow 흐르다, 흐름⌋ out / at a ⌈constant 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ ⌈rate 요금, 비율⌋.
The ⌈temple 절, 사원⌋ students / would then ⌈measure 대책, 조치⌋ time by how fast the ⌈bucket 버킷, 양동이⌋ ⌈drained 배수하다, 소비하다⌋.
It / was much better / than ⌈⌈burning 타다, 화상⌋ 불타는, 연소⌋ ⌈ropes 줄, 요령⌋ for sure, but more importantly, it ⌈taught 가르쳤다, 배웠다⌋ the students ⑤that once time / was gone, it / could never be ⌈recovered 회복한⌋.
| #5 어법? |
Take time to read the comics. This is worthwhile not just because they will make you laugh but ①because they contain wisdom about the nature of life. Charlie Brown and Blondie are part of my morning routine and help me ②to start the day with a smile. When you read the comics section of the newspaper, ③cutting out a cartoon that makes you laugh. Post it wherever you need it most, such as on your refrigerator or at work—so that every time you see it, you will smile and feel your spirit ④lifted. Share your favorites with your friends and family so that everyone can get a good laugh, too. Take your comics with you when you go to visit sick friends ⑤who can really use a good laugh.
Take time / to read the comics.
This / is worthwhile not just because they / will make you laugh but ①because they contain wisdom / about the ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ of life.
Charlie Brown / and Blondie / are part of my morning ⌈routine 일상적인, 일과⌋ / and help me ②to start the day / with a smile.
When you read the comics section of the newspaper, ③cutting out a cartoon / that makes you laugh.
Post it wherever you need it most, / such as / on your refrigerator or / at work—/ so that every time you see it, you / will smile / and feel your ⌈spirit 정신, 사람⌋ ④lifted.
Share your ⌈favorites 좋아하는, 마음에 드는⌋ / with your friends / and family / so that everyone / can get a good laugh, too.
Take your comics / with you / when you go / to visit ⌈sick 아픈, 병든⌋ friends ⑤who / can really use a good laugh.
| #6 어법? |
Are you honest with yourself about your strengths and weaknesses? Get to really know ①yourself and learn what your weaknesses are. Accepting your role in your problems ②mean that you understand the solution lies within you. If you have a weakness in a certain area, get educated and do ③what you have to do to improve things for yourself. If your social image is terrible, look within yourself and take the necessary steps to improve ④it, TODAY. You have the ability to choose how to respond to life. Decide today to end all the excuses, and stop ⑤lying to yourself about what is going on. The beginning of growth comes when you begin to personally accept responsibility for your choices.
Are you honest / with yourself / about your ⌈strengths 힘, 강점⌋ / and ⌈weaknesses 약점, 부진⌋?
Get / to really know ①yourself / and learn what your ⌈weaknesses 약점, 부진⌋ / are.
⌈accepting 받아들이다, 수용하다⌋ your ⌈role 역할, 배역⌋ / in your problems ②mean / that you understand the ⌈solution 해결책, 방안⌋ ⌈lies 거짓말, 눕다⌋ within you.
If you / have a ⌈weakness 약점, 부진⌋ / in a certain area, get educated / and / do ③what you / have to / do / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ things for yourself.
If your ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈image 이미지, 사진⌋ / is ⌈terrible 끔찍한, 무서운⌋, look within yourself / and take the ⌈necessary 필요한, 필수적인⌋ steps / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ ④it, TODAY.
You / have the ability / to ⌈choose 선택하다, 고르다⌋ how / to ⌈respond 대응하다, 반응하다⌋ / to life.
Decide today / to end all the ⌈excuses 변명, 핑계⌋, / and stop ⑤lying / to yourself / about what / is going / on.
The beginning of growth comes / when you begin / to personally ⌈accept 받아들이다, 수용하다⌋ ⌈responsibility 책임, 의무⌋ for your ⌈choices 선택, 결정⌋.
| #7 어법? |
In perceiving changes, we tend to regard the most recent ①ones as the most revolutionary. This is often inconsistent with the facts. Recent progress in telecommunications technologies is not more revolutionary than ②what happened in the late nineteenth century in relative terms. Moreover, in terms of the consequent economic and social changes, the Internet revolution has not been as ③important as the washing machine and other household appliances. These things, by vastly reducing the amount of work needed for household chores, ④allowing women to enter the labor market and virtually got rid of professions like domestic service. We should not "put the telescope backward" when we look into the past and underestimate the old and overestimate the new. This leads us ⑤to make all sorts of wrong decisions about national economic policy, corporate policies, and our own careers.
In perceiving changes, we tend / to ⌈regard 관련되다, 간주하다⌋ the most recent ①ones / as the most ⌈revolutionary 혁명의, 혁신적인⌋.
This / is often ⌈inconsistent 일치하지 않는, 조화되지 않는⌋ / with the facts.
Recent ⌈progress 진전, 발전⌋ / in telecommunications technologies / is not more ⌈revolutionary 혁명의, 혁신적인⌋ / than ②what happened / in the late nineteenth century / in ⌈relative 친척, 인척⌋ ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋.
Moreover, / in ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ of the ⌈consequent 결과로 일어나는, 당연한⌋ ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ / and ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ changes, the Internet ⌈revolution 혁명, 회전⌋ / has not been / as ③important / as the ⌈washing 씻다, 세탁하다⌋ machine / and other ⌈household 가구, 가정의⌋ appliances.
These things, by vastly ⌈reducing 체중 감소법, 몸 야위는 법⌋ the ⌈amount 양, 되다⌋ of work needed for ⌈household 가구, 가정의⌋ chores, ④allowing women / to ⌈enter 들어가다, 입장하다⌋ the ⌈labor 노동, 근로⌋ market / and ⌈virtually 사실상, 거의⌋ got ⌈rid 없애다, 제거하다⌋ of ⌈professions 직업, 직종⌋ like ⌈domestic 국내의, 내수⌋ service.
We / should not "put the ⌈telescope 망원경, 현미경⌋ backward" / when we look / into the past / and underestimate the old / and overestimate the new.
This leads us ⑤to make all ⌈sorts 종류, 분류하다⌋ of ⌈wrong 잘못된, 틀린⌋ ⌈decisions 결정, 판결⌋ / about ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋, ⌈corporate 기업의, 회사의⌋ policies, / and our own careers.
| #8 어법? |
Impressionist paintings are probably most popular; it is an easily understood art which does not ask the viewer ①to work hard to understand the imagery. Impressionism is ‘comfortable’ to look at, with its summer scenes and bright colours ②appealing to the eye. It is important to remember, however, that this new way of painting was challenging to its public not only in the way that it was made but also in ③that was shown. They had never seen ④such ‘informal’ paintings before. The edge of the canvas cut off the scene in an arbitrary way, as if snapped with a camera. The subject matter included modernization of the landscape; railways and factories. Never before had these subjects been considered ⑤appropriate for artists.
Impressionist ⌈paintings 그림, 페인트칠⌋ / are probably most ⌈popular 인기 있는, 유명한⌋; it / is an ⌈easily 쉽게, 잘⌋ ⌈understood 이해된다, 알았다⌋ art which ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ not ask the viewer ①to work hard / to understand the ⌈imagery 상, 표상⌋.
Impressionism / is ‘comfortable’ / to look / at, / with its summer ⌈scenes 장면, ~계⌋ / and ⌈bright 밝은, 긍정적인⌋ ⌈colours 색깔, ⌈color 색, 색깔⌋⌋ ②appealing / to the eye.
It / is important / to remember, however, / that this new way of ⌈painting 그림, 페인트칠⌋ / was ⌈challenging 도발적인, 매력적인⌋ / to its ⌈public 대중, 국민⌋ not only / in the way / that it / was ⌈made 화난, 미친⌋ but also / in ③that / was shown.
They had never seen ④such ‘informal’ ⌈paintings 그림, 페인트칠⌋ before.
The ⌈edge 우위, 가장자리⌋ of the canvas cut off the ⌈scene 장면, ~계⌋ / in an ⌈arbitrary 임의의, 독단적인⌋ way, / as / if snapped / with a ⌈camera 카메라, 사진기⌋.
The ⌈subject 주제, 과목⌋ ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋ ⌈included 포함된, 들어간⌋ modernization of the ⌈landscape 풍경, 지역⌋; ⌈railways 철도⌋ / and factories.
Never before had these ⌈subjects 주제, 과목⌋ been considered ⑤appropriate for artists.
| #9 어법? |
One of the simplest and most effective ways to build empathy in children ①is to let them play more on their own. Unsupervised kids are not reluctant to tell one another how they feel. In addition, children at play often take on other roles, pretending to be Principal Walsh or Josh’s mom, happily forcing ②themselves to imagine how someone else thinks and feels. Unfortunately, free play is becoming rare. Boston College research professor Peter Gray has documented a continuous and ③ultimately dramatic decline in children’s opportunities to play and explore in their own chosen ways over the past fifty years in the United States and other developed countries. The effects have been especially ④damaged, he argues, to empathy. He concludes that a decline of empathy and a rise in narcissism are exactly ⑤what we would expect to see in children who have little opportunity to play socially.
One of the simplest / and most ⌈effective 효과적인, 효력있는⌋ ways / to build empathy / in children ①is / to let them play more / on their own.
Unsupervised kids / are not ⌈reluctant 꺼리는, 주저하는⌋ / to tell one another how they feel.
In ⌈addition 추가, 덧셈⌋, children / at play often take / on other ⌈roles 역할, 배역⌋, ⌈pretending ~척하다, 가장하다⌋ / to be Principal Walsh or Josh’s mom, ⌈happily 행복하게, 기꺼이⌋ ⌈forcing 강제, 폭행⌋ ②themselves / to ⌈imagine 상상하다, 생각하다⌋ how someone else thinks / and feels.
Unfortunately, free play / is becoming ⌈rare 드문, 희귀한⌋.
Boston College research professor Peter Gray / has documented a ⌈continuous 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ / and ③ultimately ⌈dramatic 극적인, 급격한⌋ ⌈decline 감소하다, 하락하다⌋ / in children’s opportunities / to play / and ⌈explore 탐험하다, 탐구하다⌋ / in their own ⌈chosen 선택된, 선발된⌋ ways over the past ⌈fifty 50, 50개⌋ years / in the United States / and other developed countries.
The effects / have been especially ④damaged, he ⌈argues 주장하다, 논쟁하다⌋, / to empathy.
He ⌈concludes 결론짓다, 체결하다⌋ / that a ⌈decline 감소하다, 하락하다⌋ of empathy / and a ⌈rise 증가하다, 오르다⌋ / in narcissism / are exactly ⑤what we / would ⌈expect 예상하다, 기대하다⌋ / to see / in children who / have little ⌈opportunity 기회, 찬스⌋ / to play socially.
| #10 어법? |
In early modern Europe, transport by water was usually much cheaper than transport by land. An Italian printer calculated in 1550 ①that to send a load of books from Rome to Lyons would cost 18 scudi by land compared with 4 by sea. Letters were normally carried overland, but a system of transporting letters and newspapers, as well as people, by canal boat ②developed in the Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century. The average speed of the boats was a little over four miles an hour, ③slow compared to a rider on horseback. On the other hand, the service was regular, frequent and cheap, and allowed communication not only between Amsterdam and the smaller towns, but also between one small town and another, thus ④equalizing accessibility to information. It was only in 1837, with the invention of the electric telegraph, that the traditional link between transport and the communication of messages ⑤were broken.
In early ⌈modern 현대의, 근대의⌋ Europe, ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ by water / was usually much cheaper / than ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ by land.
An Italian ⌈printer 프린터, 인쇄기⌋ ⌈calculated 면밀히 계산된, 고의적인⌋ / in 1550 ①that / to ⌈send 보내다, 전하다⌋ a ⌈load 싣다, 짐⌋ of books / from Rome / to Lyons / would ⌈cost 비용⌋ 18 scudi by land compared / with 4 by sea.
Letters / were normally carried overland, but a ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ of ⌈transporting 운송하다, 교통⌋ letters / and newspapers, / as well / as people, by ⌈canal 운하, 체내의 관⌋ boat ②developed / in the Dutch Republic / in the ⌈seventeenth 제17의⌋ century.
The ⌈average 평균, 보통의⌋ ⌈speed 속도, 스피드⌋ of the boats / was a little over four miles an hour, ③slow compared / to a ⌈rider 기수, ~을 타는 사람⌋ / on ⌈horseback 말을 탄⌋.
On the other hand, the service / was ⌈regular 정규의, 정기의⌋, ⌈frequent 자주, 잦은⌋ / and ⌈cheap 싼, 저렴한⌋, / and allowed communication not only between Amsterdam / and the smaller towns, but also between one small town / and another, thus ④equalizing accessibility / to ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋.
It / was only / in 1837, / with the ⌈invention 발명품, 발명⌋ of the ⌈electric 전기의, 전자의⌋ ⌈telegraph 전신, 전보⌋, / that the ⌈traditional 전통적인, 구식의⌋ ⌈link 연결, 연관⌋ between ⌈transport 운송하다, 교통⌋ / and the communication of ⌈messages 메시지, 메모⌋ ⑤were ⌈broken 고장난, 부러진⌋.
| #11 어법? |
Though most bees fill their days visiting flowers and collecting pollen, some bees take advantage of the hard work of others. These thieving bees sneak into the nest of an ①unsuspecting "normal" bee (known as the host), lay an egg near the pollen mass being gathered by the host bee for her own offspring, and then sneak back out. When the egg of the thief hatches, it kills the host’s offspring and then eats the pollen meant for ②its victim. Sometimes called brood parasites, these bees are also referred to as cuckoo bees, because they are similar to cuckoo birds, which lay an egg in the nest of another bird and ③leaves it for that bird to raise. They are more ④technically called cleptoparasites. Clepto means "thief" in Greek, and the term cleptoparasite refers specifically to an organism ⑤that lives off another by stealing its food. In this case the cleptoparasite feeds on the host’ hard-earned pollen stores.
Though most ⌈bees 벌⌋ fill their days visiting ⌈flowers 꽃, 꽃을 피우다⌋ / and ⌈collecting 수집하다, 모으다⌋ ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋, some ⌈bees 벌⌋ take ⌈advantage 이점, 유리⌋ of the hard work of others.
These ⌈thieving 도둑질, 도둑질의⌋ ⌈bees 벌⌋ ⌈sneak 몰래, 슬그머니⌋ / into the nest of an ①unsuspecting "normal" ⌈bee 벌⌋ (known / as the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋), lay an egg near the ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ ⌈mass 대량의, 미사⌋ being ⌈gathered 눈살을 찌푸린, 주름을 잡은⌋ by the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋ ⌈bee 벌⌋ for her own ⌈offspring 자식, 새끼⌋, / and then ⌈sneak 몰래, 슬그머니⌋ back out.
When the egg of the ⌈thief 도둑, 절도⌋ ⌈hatches 부화하다, 해치⌋, it ⌈kills 죽이다, 살해하다⌋ the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋’s ⌈offspring 자식, 새끼⌋ / and then eats the ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ meant for ②its ⌈victim 희생자, 피해자⌋.
Sometimes called ⌈brood 종족, 골똘히 생각하다⌋ ⌈parasites 기생충, 식객⌋, these ⌈bees 벌⌋ / are also referred / to as ⌈cuckoo 뻐꾸기, 뻐꾹뻐꾹 울다⌋ ⌈bees 벌⌋, because they / are similar / to ⌈cuckoo 뻐꾸기, 뻐꾹뻐꾹 울다⌋ birds, which lay an egg / in the nest of another bird / and ③leaves it for / that bird / to ⌈raise 올리다, 인상⌋.
They / are more ④technically called cleptoparasites.
Clepto means "⌈thief 도둑, 절도⌋" / in Greek, / and the ⌈term 임기, 말하다⌋ cleptoparasite refers specifically / to an ⌈organism 생물, 유기체⌋ ⑤that ⌈lives 살다, 삶⌋ off another by ⌈stealing 훔치다, 절도⌋ its food.
In this ⌈case 경우⌋ the cleptoparasite ⌈feeds 먹이, 공급하다⌋ / on the ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋’ hard-earned ⌈pollen 꽃가루⌋ stores.
| #12 어법? |
The most dramatic and significant contacts between civilizations were ①when people from one civilization conquered and eliminated the people of another. These contacts normally were not only violent but brief, and ②they occurred only occasionally. Beginning in the seventh century A.D., relatively ③sustained and at times intense intercivilizational contacts did develop between Islam and the West and Islam and India. Most commercial, cultural, and military interactions, however, were within civilizations. While India and China, for instance, were on occasion invaded and subjected by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both civilizations ④having extensive times of "warring states" within their own civilization as well. Similarly, the Greeks fought each other and traded with each other far more often than they ⑤did with Persians or other nonGreeks.
The most ⌈dramatic 극적인, 급격한⌋ / and significant ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ between ⌈civilizations 문명⌋ / were ①when people / from one ⌈civilization 문명⌋ conquered / and eliminated the people of another.
These ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ normally / were not only ⌈violent 폭력적인, 격렬한⌋ but brief, / and ②they occurred only ⌈occasionally 때때로, 가끔⌋.
Beginning / in the seventh century A.D., relatively ③sustained / and / at times ⌈intense 강렬한, 집중적인⌋ intercivilizational ⌈contacts 연락, 접촉⌋ / did develop between Islam / and the West / and Islam / and India.
Most ⌈commercial 상업용의, 상업적인⌋, ⌈cultural 문화의, 교양의⌋, / and ⌈military 군사의, 군의⌋ interactions, however, / were within ⌈civilizations 문명⌋.
While India / and China, for instance, / were / on ⌈occasion 행사, 때⌋ invaded / and ⌈subjected 주제, 과목⌋ by other peoples (Moguls, Mongols), both ⌈civilizations 문명⌋ ④having ⌈extensive 광범위한, 대규모의⌋ times of "warring ⌈states 국가, 주⌋" within their own ⌈civilization 문명⌋ / as well.
Similarly, the Greeks ⌈fought fight의 과거·과거 분사형⌋ each other / and traded / with each other far more often / than they ⑤did / with Persians or other nonGreeks.
| #13 어법? |
The lack of real, direct experience in and with nature has caused many children to regard the natural world as mere abstraction, that fantastic, beautifully filmed place ①filled with endangered rainforests and polar bears in peril. This overstated, often fictionalized version of nature is no more real―and yet no less real―to them than the everyday nature right outside their doors, ②waits to be discovered in a child’s way, at a child’s pace. Consider the University of Cambridge study which found that a group of eight-year-old children was able to identify ③substantially more characters from animations than common wildlife species. One wonders whether our children’s inherent capacity to recognize, classify, and order information about their environment―abilities once essential to our very survival―is slowly devolving to facilitate life in ④their increasingly virtualized world. It’s all part of ⑤what Robert Pyle first called "the extinction of experience."
The ⌈lack 부족, ~이 없다⌋ of real, ⌈direct 직접의, 감독하다⌋ experience / in / and / with ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ / has caused many children / to ⌈regard 관련되다, 간주하다⌋ the ⌈natural 자연의, 당연한⌋ world / as ⌈mere 단순한, 단지⌋ ⌈abstraction 방심, 추상 관념⌋, / that ⌈fantastic 환상적인, 멋진⌋, ⌈beautifully 아름답게, 훌륭하게⌋ ⌈filmed 영화계, 영화⌋ place ①filled / with ⌈endangered 멸종 위기의, 위험한⌋ rainforests / and ⌈polar 극지방의, 북극의⌋ bears / in peril.
This overstated, often fictionalized ⌈version 버전⌋ of ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ / is no more real―/ and yet no less real―/ to them / than the ⌈everyday 매일의, 일상의⌋ ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ right outside their doors, ②waits / to be ⌈discovered 발견하다, 알다⌋ / in a child’s way, / at a child’s ⌈pace 속도, 페이스⌋.
Consider the University of Cambridge study which found / that a group of eight-year-old children / was able to ⌈identify 확인하다, 밝히다⌋ ③substantially more ⌈characters 캐릭터, 주인공⌋ / from ⌈animations 애니메이션, 만화 영화⌋ / than common wildlife ⌈species 종, 종류⌋.
One wonders whether our children’s ⌈inherent 내재된, 고유의⌋ ⌈capacity 능력, 용량⌋ / to ⌈recognize 인정하다, 인식하다⌋, ⌈classify 분류하다, 기밀 취급하다⌋, / and order ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ / about their ⌈environment 환경, 상황⌋―abilities once ⌈essential 필수의, 필요한⌋ / to our very ⌈survival 생존, 살아남기⌋―/ is slowly devolving / to ⌈facilitate 촉진하다, 용이하게 하다⌋ life / in ④their ⌈increasingly 점점, 더욱 더⌋ virtualized world.
It’s all part of ⑤what Robert Pyle first called "the ⌈extinction 소멸, 멸종⌋ of experience."
| #14 어법? |
People seeking legal advice should be assured, when discussing their rights or obligations with a lawyer, ①which the latter will not disclose to third parties the information provided. Only if this duty of confidentiality is respected ②will people feel free to consult lawyers and provide the information required for the lawyer to prepare the client’s defense. Regardless of the type of information ③disclosed, clients must be certain that it will not be used against them in a court of law, by the authorities or by any other party. It is generally considered to be a condition of the good functioning of the legal system and, thus, in the general interest. Legal professional privilege is ④much more than an ordinary rule of evidence, limited in its application to the facts of a particular case. It is a fundamental condition on which the administration of justice as a whole ⑤rests.
People seeking ⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈advice 조언, 충고⌋ / should be ⌈assured 보증된, 자신이 있는⌋, / when ⌈discussing 논의하다, 토론하다⌋ their rights or ⌈obligations 의무, 채무⌋ / with a lawyer, ①which the latter / will not ⌈disclose 공개하다, 밝히다⌋ / to third parties the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ⌈provided 제공된, 만약 ~이면⌋.
Only / if this ⌈duty 의무, 임무⌋ of confidentiality / is ⌈respected 존경하다, 존중⌋ ②will people feel free / to ⌈consult 컨설팅하다, 협의⌋ lawyers / and ⌈provide 제공하다, 공급하다⌋ the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ⌈required 필요한, 한다⌋ for the lawyer / to ⌈prepare 준비하다, 대비하다⌋ the ⌈client 고객, 의뢰인⌋’s ⌈defense 국방, 방위⌋.
Regardless of the ⌈type 종류, 유형⌋ of ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ ③disclosed, ⌈clients 고객, 의뢰인⌋ / must be certain / that it / will not be used against them / in a ⌈court 법원, 법정⌋ of law, by the authorities or by any other party.
It / is ⌈generally 일반적으로, 대체로⌋ considered / to be a ⌈condition 조건, 상황⌋ of the good ⌈functioning 기능, 역할⌋ of the ⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ / and, thus, / in the ⌈general 일반의, 장군⌋ interest.
⌈legal 법적인, 법률상의⌋ ⌈professional 전문의, 프로의⌋ ⌈privilege 특권, 영광⌋ / is ④much more / than an ⌈ordinary 일반적인, 평범한⌋ ⌈rule 규칙, 규정⌋ of ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋, ⌈limited 한정된, 제한을 받은⌋ / in its ⌈application 지원, 애플리케이션⌋ / to the facts of a particular ⌈case 경우⌋.
It / is a ⌈fundamental 근본적인, 기본적인⌋ ⌈condition 조건, 상황⌋ / on which the ⌈administration 정부, 행정⌋ of justice / as a whole ⑤rests.
| #15 어법? |
Psychologists who study giving behavior ①have noticed that some people give substantial amounts to one or two charities, while others give small amounts to many charities. Those who donate to one or two charities seek evidence about what the charity is doing and ②what it is really having a positive impact. If the evidence indicates that the charity is really helping others, they make a substantial donation. Those who give small amounts to many charities are not so interested in whether what they are ③doing helps others─psychologists call them warm glow givers. Knowing that they are giving makes ④them feel good, regardless of the impact of their donation. In many cases the donation is so small─$10 or less─that if they stopped ⑤to think, they would realize that the cost of processing the donation is likely to exceed any benefit it brings to the charity.
Psychologists who study giving ⌈behavior 행동, 행위⌋ ①have noticed / that some people give ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋, / while others give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋.
Those who ⌈donate 기부하다, 기증하다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ seek ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ / about what the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is doing / and ②what it / is really having a ⌈positive 긍정적인⌋ ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋.
If the ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ ⌈indicates 나타내다, 지적하다⌋ / that the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is really helping others, they make a ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.
Those who give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ / are not so interested / in whether what they / are ③doing helps others─psychologists call them warm ⌈glow 빛나다, 불이 켜지다⌋ ⌈givers 증여자, 기증자⌋.
Knowing / that they / are giving makes ④them feel good, ⌈regardless of ~에 관계없이⌋ the ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋ of their ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.
In many ⌈cases 경우⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is so small─$10 or less─/ that / if they stopped ⑤to think, they / would ⌈realize 깨닫다, 알다⌋ / that the ⌈cost 비용⌋ of ⌈processing 과정, 절차⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is likely / to ⌈exceed 넘어서다, 초과하다⌋ any ⌈benefit 이익, 혜택⌋ it brings / to the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋.
👍🏿VOCAB. 여러번 쓰면서 연습하세요!!!
abstract 추상적인
abstraction 추상
absurd 어리석은
access 접근
addition 추가;부가
administration
amount 금액;양
animat
appliance 가전제품
application 응용;적용
approach 다가가다;접근하다
assur 보증하다
authorities
backward 뒤쪽의
behav
behavior 행동
burning 불타다;타다
calculat
canal 운하
capacity 능력
ceiling 천장
charity 자선
chore 허드렛일
civil
civilization 문명
classify 분류하다
client 고객;단골
commercial 상업적인
competent 유능한
competition 경쟁;시합
conclude 끝내다;결론
confide
confident 자신이 있는;자신만만한
confidential
conquer 정복하다
consequent 필연적으로
constant 지속적인
consult 의견을듣다
continuous 연속적인
corporate 회사의
declin 감소하다
defense 방어;변호
demonstrate 증명하다;논증하다
disclose 들추어내다
distinguish 구별하다
domestic 가정의;국내의
donat
donation 기부
drain 배수하다;배수구
duty 의무
economic 경제적인
edge 가장자리
effective 효과적인
elect 선출하다
electric 전기의
eliminate 제거하다
empathy 공감
employ 사용하다(
endanger
endangered 멸종될 지경에 이른
essential 본질적인
estimate 견적;평가
evidence 증거
exceed 능가하다
exist 존재하다
existing 존재하다
explor 탐구하다
explore 탐구하다;탐험하다
extensive 광범위한
extinct 사멸한;멸종된
extinction 멸종
facilitate 쉽게하다
factual 사실의
underestimat 과소평가하다
fiction 소설
fictional
fierce 사나운
filmed 필름;영화
flame 불꽃
flow 흐르다;넘쳐흐르다
frequent 빈번한
fundamental 근본적인
gene 유전자
glow 백열광;붉은
hatch
heal 치료하다
host 주인
household 가계
identify 신원을 확인하다
improvement 개선;진보
inconsistent 일치하지 않는
increasingly 점점 더
indicat
indicate 가리키다
indication 지시;징후
inherent 타고난
intense 강렬한
interact 상호작용하다
interaction 상호작용
invad
invest 투자하다
investment 투자
legal 법률의;법률상의
lie ~에 있다;놓여있다
limited 제한된
machinery 기계류
manufacture 제조하다
manufacturer 제조업자
manuscript 원고;사본
matter 문제;중요하다
means 수단
mere 단순한
mode 방식
norm 표준
obligation
occasion 경우;때
occasional 가끔씩의
occasionally 가끔
occur 발생하다
occurred 발생하다
offspring
ordinary
organ 오르간;장기
organism 유기체
overestimate 과대평가하다
passage 경과;통과
peril 위험
facilitat 쉽게하다
policy 정책;방책
poll
priest 성직자
privilege 특권
process 처리
productivity 생산성
profession 전문 직업
profit 이익
profitability
progress 진보
provided 제공하다
publication 출판
publish 출판하다;발표하다
publisher 출판업자;발행자
punch
rainforest 열대우림
recognize 인식하다
regard 간주하다
regular
relate 관계시키다
relation 관계
relative 관련있는;친척
reluctant 꺼리는
represent 의미하다;나타내다
require 요구하다;필요로
responsibility 책임
revolution 혁명
revolutionary 혁명적인
ris 떠오르다
routine 일상의;일상의
estimat 추정하다
endangered 위기에처한
significant 중요한
snap 낚아챔
snap 덥석물다;달려들다
sneak
specific 구체적인;특정한
spirit 영혼;정신
structure 구조
subject 대상;물체
substantial 상당한
sum
survival 생존
telescope 망원경
terms 기간;용어
regardless of ~에관계없이
trade 무역. 거래;거래하다
traditional 전통적인
translat 통역하다
translate
transport 교통
underestimate 과소평가하다
value 높이 평가하다;가치
vast 엄청난;막대한
victim 희생;먹이감
violent 격렬한;폭력의
virtual 사실상의
virtually 가상의
weakness 약점;결점 약점
worth
worthwhile 할보람 있는;훌륭한
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