2018-2019 수능특강 8강 9강 11강 해석하기, 원문, 문제풀기, 본문듣기, 끊어읽기 워크북

from 18수특 DB 2018 All Rights Reserved. Written by Wayne  [wayne36@daum.net]

English is for Communication. Be the MASTERPIECE! -Wayne

GUIDE: 영어공부 설명서 1. 문장을 ⌈주어(S) / 동사(V) / X(목적어;보어) / 설명⌋으로 나누세요. 2. 영단어 뒤에 적절한 조사를 붙이세요. ex. (S=은;는;이;가 // O=~를;~에게 // 관계사절=~하는) 3. 직독직해 후에 문장전체를 다시 읽어보면서 의미를 확인. 4. S 잘 찾기 Tip! - 처음으로 나오는 명사 - 동사 앞의 명사 - The/ A/ An/ One's 뒤에 오는 명사 - 명사/ 대명사/ 동명사(Ving X)/ 투부정사(To V X)/ 접속사절(접+SVX) 5. V 쉽게 찾기 Tip! - 조동사를 찾으면 동사가 나온다. (can, do, must, should, will..) - V 뒤에는 es/ s/ ed 등이 잘 붙는다. - not뒤에 동사가 온다. - RV/ be Ving/ be Ved(pp)/ be being pp/ have been Ving/ have been pp 6. X에 대하여.. X는 수식어, 보어, 목적어 등을 칭하는 이야기하는 말로 V에 따라 스타일이 달라진다. 1V ⇢ ad/ 전N/ 없음 2V ⇢ N/ adj/ Ving/ pp 3V ⇢ N/ 대/ Ving X/ To V X/ 접SVX 4V ⇢ N N/ N 접SVX 5V ⇢ N N/ N adj/ N To V X/ N RV X/ N Ving X/ N pp ***하지만 위의 원칙을 암기하기 보다는 개개의 단어들의 정확한 쓰임을 익히는 것이 진정한 영어학습을 위해 도움이 된다고 할 수 있다. ex) happen ad occur ad be adj want to v x remember to v x/ ving x regret to v x/ ving x suggest that s v x tell N that s v x call N N make N a/ N RV x/ N pp/ it a to v x consider N a/ it a to v x hear N RV x/ N ving x/ N pp 7. 접속사? - 종속접속사: 명사절/ 형용사절(관계사절)/ 부사절 - 등위접속사: F.A.N. B.O.Y.S. - 상관접속사: Both~ Either~ Neither~ Not only~ Not~ As well as~

#8-G어법?

Psychologists who study giving behavior ① have noticed that some people give substantial amounts to one or two charities, while others give small amounts to many charities. Those who donate to one or two charities seek evidence about what the charity is doing and ② what it is really having a positive impact. If the evidence indicates that the charity is really helping others, they make a substantial donation. Those who give small amounts to many charities are not so interested in whether what they are ③ doing helps others — psychologists call them warm glow givers. Knowing that they are giving makes ④ them feel good, regardless of the impact of their donation. In many cases the donation is so small — $10 or less — that if they stopped ⑤ to think, they would realize that the cost of processing the donation is likely to exceed any benefit it brings to the charity.

Psychologists who study giving ⌈behavior 행동, 행위⌋ ① / have noticed / that some people give ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋, / while others give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋.

Psychologists who study giving behavior ① have noticed that some people give substantial amounts to one or two charities, while others give small amounts to many charities.

Those who ⌈donate 기부하다, 기증하다⌋ / to one or two ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ seek ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ / about what the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is doing / and ② what it / is really having a ⌈positive 긍정적인⌋ ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋.

Those who donate to one or two charities seek evidence about what the charity is doing and ② what it is really having a positive impact.

If the ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ ⌈indicates 나타내다, 지적하다⌋ / that the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋ / is really helping others, they make a ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.

If the evidence indicates that the charity is really helping others, they make a substantial donation.

Those who give small ⌈amounts 양, 되다⌋ / to many ⌈charities 자선단체들⌋ / are not so interested / in whether what they / are ③ doing helps others — psychologists call them warm ⌈glow 빛나다, 불이 켜지다⌋ ⌈givers 증여자, 기증자⌋.

Those who give small amounts to many charities are not so interested in whether what they are ③ doing helps others — psychologists call them warm glow givers.

Knowing / that they / are giving makes ④ them feel good, ⌈regardless of ~에 관계없이⌋ the ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋ of their ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋.

Knowing that they are giving makes ④ them feel good, regardless of the impact of their donation.

In many ⌈cases 경우⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is so small — $10 or less — / that / if they stopped ⑤ / to think, they / would ⌈realize 깨닫다, 알다⌋ / that the ⌈cost 비용⌋ of ⌈processing 과정, 절차⌋ the ⌈donation 기부, 기증⌋ / is likely / to ⌈exceed 넘어서다, 초과하다⌋ any ⌈benefit 이익, 혜택⌋ it brings / to the ⌈charity 자선, 자애⌋.

In many cases the donation is so small — $10 or less — that if they stopped ⑤ to think, they would realize that the cost of processing the donation is likely to exceed any benefit it brings to the charity.

#8-1어법?

The economic and technical forces that first led to language standardization and mass literacy (A) [has / have] continued to gain momentum. Now that economic relationships are instantaneous and global, national vocabularies have grown still larger in scope. One of the domains of our national vocabulary is international. Basic literacy in the contemporary world requires knowledge of certain terms known by literate people everywhere in the world, no matter (B) [how / what] language they speak. This core lexicon of modern education includes basic words from world history, world cultures, geography, and the physical and biological sciences. (C) [Teaching / Taught] in all national educational systems, and not confined to any particular national language, it is the most broadly shared literate vocabulary in the world.

The ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ / and ⌈technical 기술의, 전문의⌋ ⌈forces 군대, 강요하다⌋ / that first led / to ⌈language 언어⌋ ⌈standardization 표준화⌋ / and ⌈mass 대량의, 미사⌋ ⌈literacy 읽고 쓰는 능력⌋ (A) [/ has / / have] ⌈continued 계속적인, 연속된⌋ / to ⌈gain 얻다, 증가하다⌋ ⌈momentum 운동량, 힘⌋.

The economic and technical forces that first led to language standardization and mass literacy (A) [has / have] continued to gain momentum.

Now / that ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ ⌈relationships 관계, 연애관계⌋ / are ⌈instantaneous 순간적인, 즉시적인⌋ / and ⌈global 세계의⌋, ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈vocabularies 어휘들⌋ / have grown still larger / in ⌈scope 범위, 영역⌋.

Now that economic relationships are instantaneous and global, national vocabularies have grown still larger in scope.

One of the ⌈domains 완전 토지 소유권, 영토⌋ of our ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈vocabulary 어휘, 단어⌋ / is ⌈international 국제적인, 인터내셔널⌋.

One of the domains of our national vocabulary is international.

Basic ⌈literacy 읽고 쓰는 능력⌋ / in the ⌈contemporary 현대의, 동시대의⌋ world ⌈requires 필요하다, 요구하다⌋ ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ of certain ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ known by ⌈literate 읽고 쓸수 있는⌋ people everywhere / in the world, no ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋ (B) [how / what] ⌈language 언어⌋ they speak.

Basic literacy in the contemporary world requires knowledge of certain terms known by literate people everywhere in the world, no matter (B) [how / what] language they speak.

This ⌈core 핵심, 코어⌋ lexicon of ⌈modern 현대의, 근대의⌋ ⌈education 교육, 훈련⌋ ⌈includes 포함하다, 포괄하다⌋ basic words / from world history, world ⌈cultures 문화, 문명⌋, ⌈geography 지리학, 지형⌋, / and the physical / and ⌈biological 생물학의, 생물학적 약제⌋ sciences.

This core lexicon of modern education includes basic words from world history, world cultures, geography, and the physical and biological sciences.

(C) [Teaching / Taught] / in all ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈educational 교육의⌋ ⌈systems 시스템, 제도⌋, / and not ⌈confined 한정된, 감금되는⌋ / to any particular ⌈national 국가의⌋ ⌈language 언어⌋, it / is the most broadly ⌈shared 공유의⌋ ⌈literate 읽고 쓸수 있는⌋ ⌈vocabulary 어휘, 단어⌋ / in the world.

(C) [Teaching / Taught] in all national educational systems, and not confined to any particular national language, it is the most broadly shared literate vocabulary in the world.

#8-2어법?

Diet has been known for many years ① to play a key role as a risk factor for chronic diseases. What is apparent at the global level is ② that great changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, inducing major modifications in diet, first in industrial regions and more recently in developing countries. Traditional, ③ largely plant-based diets have been swiftly replaced by high-fat, energy-dense diets with a substantial content of animal-based foods. But diet, while ④ critical to prevention, is just one risk factor. Physical inactivity, now recognized as an increasingly important determining factor of health, ⑤ being the result of a progressive shift of lifestyle towards more sedentary patterns, in developing countries as much as in industrialized ones.

⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋ / has been known for many years ① / to play a ⌈key 핵심, 주요한⌋ ⌈role 역할, 배역⌋ / as a ⌈risk 위험, 리스크⌋ ⌈factor 요인, 요소⌋ for ⌈chronic 만성적인, 만성의⌋ ⌈diseases 질병, 병⌋.

Diet has been known for many years ① to play a key role as a risk factor for chronic diseases.

What / is ⌈apparent 분명한, 명백한⌋ / at the ⌈global 세계의⌋ level / is ② / that great changes / have swept the ⌈entire 전체의, 내내⌋ world / since the second half of the ⌈twentieth 20세기, 스무 번째⌋ century, inducing major ⌈modifications 수정, 변경⌋ / in ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋, first / in ⌈industrial 산업의, 공업의⌋ ⌈regions 지역, 지방⌋ / and more recently / in developing countries.

What is apparent at the global level is ② that great changes have swept the entire world since the second half of the twentieth century, inducing major modifications in diet, first in industrial regions and more recently in developing countries.

Traditional, ③ largely plant-based ⌈diets 다이어트, 식단⌋ / have been ⌈swiftly 신속히, 빨리⌋ replaced by high-fat, ⌈energy 에너지, 힘⌋-dense ⌈diets 다이어트, 식단⌋ / with a ⌈substantial 상당한, 실질적인⌋ ⌈content 내용, 콘텐츠⌋ of animal-based foods.

Traditional, ③ largely plant-based diets have been swiftly replaced by high-fat, energy-dense diets with a substantial content of animal-based foods.

But ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋, / while ④ ⌈critical 중요한, 비판적인⌋ / to ⌈prevention 예방, 방지⌋, / is just one ⌈risk 위험, 리스크⌋ ⌈factor 요인, 요소⌋.

But diet, while ④ critical to prevention, is just one risk factor.

Physical ⌈inactivity 무활동, 휴지⌋, now ⌈recognized 인정받은, 알려진⌋ / as an ⌈increasingly 점점, 더욱 더⌋ important determining ⌈factor 요인, 요소⌋ of ⌈health 건강, 보건⌋, ⑤ being the ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋ of a ⌈progressive 진보적인, 진보주의의⌋ ⌈shift 변화, 전환⌋ of lifestyle towards more ⌈sedentary 앉아서 하는, 앉아 있는⌋ patterns, / in developing countries / as much / as / in industrialized ones.

Physical inactivity, now recognized as an increasingly important determining factor of health, ⑤ being the result of a progressive shift of lifestyle towards more sedentary patterns, in developing countries as much as in industrialized ones.

#8-3어법?

Better understanding of customer needs can lead to increased sales and a larger market share. Chris Craft's Vice President and General Manager, Bob MacNeill, is a believer. He has had first-hand experience watching his company (A) [improve / to improve] its products by listening to customer complaints. But sometimes, MacNeill says, you have to help customers along because they do not always voice their complaints directly to the company. Some boat owners report that they do not express dissatisfaction because they are not sure what to ask for, or they fear (B) [perceiving / being perceived] as a nuisance by the boat dealer. Other boat owners lack confidence in the dealers' knowledge about the boats they sell or think that everyone has these problems. So Bob MacNeill encourages his dealers to go out and interact with boat owners when they are on their boats to (C) [active / actively] ask for complaints.

Better understanding of ⌈customer 고객, 소비자⌋ needs / can lead / to ⌈increased 증대한⌋ ⌈sales 판매, 매각⌋ / and a larger market ⌈share 공유하다, 나누다⌋.

Better understanding of customer needs can lead to increased sales and a larger market share.

Chris Craft's Vice President / and General Manager, Bob MacNeill, / is a ⌈believer 신자, 믿는 사람⌋.

Chris Craft's Vice President and General Manager, Bob MacNeill, is a believer.

He / has had first-hand experience ⌈watching 보다⌋ his company (A) [⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ / / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋] its products by listening / to ⌈customer 고객, 소비자⌋ ⌈complaints 불만, 불평⌋.

He has had first-hand experience watching his company (A) [improve / to improve] its products by listening to customer complaints.

But sometimes, MacNeill says, you / have to help ⌈customers 고객, 소비자⌋ along because they / do not always voice their ⌈complaints 불만, 불평⌋ ⌈directly 직접적으로, 똑바로⌋ / to the company.

But sometimes, MacNeill says, you have to help customers along because they do not always voice their complaints directly to the company.

Some boat owners ⌈report 보고, 보고서⌋ / that they / do not ⌈express 표현하다⌋ ⌈dissatisfaction 불만, 불평⌋ because they / are not sure what / to ask for, or they ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ (B) [perceiving / being perceived] / as a ⌈nuisance 성가심, 골칫거리⌋ by the boat ⌈dealer 딜러, 대리점⌋.

Some boat owners report that they do not express dissatisfaction because they are not sure what to ask for, or they fear (B) [perceiving / being perceived] as a nuisance by the boat dealer.

Other boat owners ⌈lack 부족, ~이 없다⌋ ⌈confidence 자신감, 신뢰⌋ / in the ⌈dealers 딜러, 대리점⌋' ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ / about the boats they ⌈sell 팔다, 판매하다⌋ or think / that everyone / has these problems.

Other boat owners lack confidence in the dealers' knowledge about the boats they sell or think that everyone has these problems.

So Bob MacNeill ⌈encourages 격려하다, 장려하다⌋ his ⌈dealers 딜러, 대리점⌋ / to go out / and interact / with boat owners / when they / are / on their boats / to (C) [active / actively] ask for ⌈complaints 불만, 불평⌋.

So Bob MacNeill encourages his dealers to go out and interact with boat owners when they are on their boats to (C) [active / actively] ask for complaints.

#8-4어법?

Indeed, in order to feel good about the choices we make, self-justification is necessary. Yet mindless self-justification, or justifying things that we know ① were mistakes for the sake of sticking to our story, can draw us deeper into disaster. It blocks our ability to even see our errors, let alone correct ② them. It distorts reality, keeping us from getting all the information we need and ③ assessing issues clearly. It deepens and widens rifts between lovers, friends, and nations. It keeps us from letting go of unhealthy habits. It permits the ④ guilty to avoid taking responsibility for their deeds, as when an employee is caught embezzling and he justifies it by saying he is very badly underpaid. It's only through constant self-policing ⑤ which we can make sure our self-justification is mindful and not a denial of reality.

Indeed, / in order / to feel good / about the ⌈choices 선택, 결정⌋ we make, self-justification / is ⌈necessary 필요한, 필수적인⌋.

Indeed, in order to feel good about the choices we make, self-justification is necessary.

Yet mindless self-justification, or ⌈justifying 정당화하다, 그럴만한⌋ things / that we know ① / were ⌈mistakes 실수, 잘못⌋ for the ⌈sake 위함, 이익⌋ of ⌈sticking 막대기, 고수하다⌋ / to our story, / can draw us deeper / into ⌈disaster 재난, 재앙⌋.

Yet mindless self-justification, or justifying things that we know ① were mistakes for the sake of sticking to our story, can draw us deeper into disaster.

It ⌈blocks 막다, 차단⌋ our ability / to even see our ⌈errors 실수, 오류⌋, let alone correct ② them.

It blocks our ability to even see our errors, let alone correct ② them.

It distorts ⌈reality 현실, 리얼리티⌋, keeping us / from getting all the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ we need / and ③ assessing ⌈issues 문제, 이슈⌋ clearly.

It distorts reality, keeping us from getting all the information we need and ③ assessing issues clearly.

It ⌈deepens 깊어지다, 심화시키다⌋ / and ⌈widens ~을 넓히다, 넓어지다⌋ ⌈rifts 찢다, 가르다⌋ between ⌈lovers 애호가, 사랑하는 사람⌋, friends, / and nations.

It deepens and widens rifts between lovers, friends, and nations.

It keeps us / from ⌈letting 셋집, 임대 맨션⌋ go of unhealthy habits.

It keeps us from letting go of unhealthy habits.

It ⌈permits 허용하다, 허가하다⌋ the ④ ⌈guilty 유죄의, 죄책감⌋ / to ⌈avoid 피하다, 회피하다⌋ taking ⌈responsibility 책임, 의무⌋ for their ⌈deeds 행위, 행동⌋, / as / when an employee / is ⌈caught 잡혔다, 잡았다⌋ embezzling / and he justifies it by saying he / is very badly underpaid.

It permits the ④ guilty to avoid taking responsibility for their deeds, as when an employee is caught embezzling and he justifies it by saying he is very badly underpaid.

It's only through ⌈constant 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ self-policing ⑤ which we / can make sure our self-justification / is mindful / and not a ⌈denial 부인, 부정⌋ of ⌈reality 현실, 리얼리티⌋.

It's only through constant self-policing ⑤ which we can make sure our self-justification is mindful and not a denial of reality.

#8-5어법?

Here's an interesting thought. If glaciers started reforming, they have a great deal more water now to draw on - Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of (A) [them / which] existed to fuel the last ice sheet - so they would grow very much quicker. And if they did start to advance again, what exactly would we do? Blast them with TNT or maybe nuclear missiles? Well, doubtless we would, but consider this. In 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America (B) [rocked / rocking] Alaska with 200,000 megatons of concentrated might, the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs. Almost 3,000 miles away in Texas, water sloshed out of swimming pools. A street in Anchorage fell twenty feet. The quake devastated 24,000 square miles of wilderness, much of (C) [it / them] glaciated. And what effect did all this might have on Alaska's glaciers? None.

Here's an interesting thought.

Here's an interesting thought.

If ⌈glaciers 빙하⌋ started ⌈reforming 개혁, 쇄신⌋, they / have a great ⌈deal 거래, 다루다⌋ more water now / to draw / on - Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of (A) [them / which] ⌈existed 존재하다, 있다⌋ / to ⌈fuel 연료, 부채질하다⌋ the last ⌈ice 얼음, 아이스⌋ ⌈sheet 종이, ~장⌋ - so they / would grow very much quicker.

If glaciers started reforming, they have a great deal more water now to draw on - Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of (A) [them / which] existed to fuel the last ice sheet - so they would grow very much quicker.

And / if they / did start / to advance again, what exactly / would we / do?

And if they did start to advance again, what exactly would we do?

Blast them / with TNT or maybe ⌈nuclear 핵의, 원자력⌋ ⌈missiles 미사일⌋?

Blast them with TNT or maybe nuclear missiles?

Well, ⌈doubtless 의심할 여지 없이, 틀림없이⌋ we / would, but consider this.

Well, doubtless we would, but consider this.

In 1964, the largest ⌈earthquake 지진⌋ ever recorded / in North America (B) [rocked / rocking] Alaska / with 200,000 megatons of ⌈concentrated 집중된, 밀집한⌋ / might, the ⌈equivalent 해당하는, 맞먹는⌋ of 2,000 ⌈nuclear 핵의, 원자력⌋ bombs.

In 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America (B) [rocked / rocking] Alaska with 200,000 megatons of concentrated might, the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs.

Almost 3,000 miles away / in Texas, water sloshed out of ⌈swimming 수영⌋ ⌈pools 수영장, 풀⌋.

Almost 3,000 miles away in Texas, water sloshed out of swimming pools.

A street / in Anchorage ⌈fell 떨어졌다, 감소했다⌋ twenty feet.

A street in Anchorage fell twenty feet.

The quake devastated 24,000 ⌈square 광장, 평방⌋ miles of ⌈wilderness 황야, 자연⌋, much of (C) [it / them] glaciated.

The quake devastated 24,000 square miles of wilderness, much of (C) [it / them] glaciated.

And what effect / did all this / might / have on Alaska's ⌈glaciers 빙하⌋?

And what effect did all this might have on Alaska's glaciers?

None.

None.

#8-6어법?

The perspectives that researchers, consultants, coaches, and athletes have about confidence ① share common elements related to athletes' fundamental faith in their readiness to perform their best. ② Drawn on these diverse viewpoints, wc define confidence as athletes' belief in their ability to achieve their goals and fully realize their ability. Athletes ③ who have confidence are able to be positive, motivated, intense, focused, and emotionally in control when they need to be. Athletes with this belief are able to stay ④ confident even when they're not performing well. Confident athletes are not negative and uncertain in difficult competitions and they're not overconfident in easy competitions. Confidence also encourages athletes to seek out pressure situations and ⑤ to view difficult conditions and tough opponents as challenges to pursue.

The ⌈perspectives 시각, 관점⌋ / that researchers, consultants, coaches, / and ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / have about ⌈confidence 자신감, 신뢰⌋ ① ⌈share 공유하다, 나누다⌋ common ⌈elements 요소, 원소⌋ related / to ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋' ⌈fundamental 근본적인, 기본적인⌋ faith / in their readiness / to perform their best.

The perspectives that researchers, consultants, coaches, and athletes have about confidence ① share common elements related to athletes' fundamental faith in their readiness to perform their best.

② Drawn / on these ⌈diverse 몇 개의, 여러 가지의⌋ viewpoints, wc ⌈define 한정하다, 정의하다⌋ ⌈confidence 자신감, 신뢰⌋ / as ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋' belief / in their ability / to ⌈achieve 달성하다, 성취하다⌋ their goals / and ⌈fully 완전히, 충분히⌋ ⌈realize 깨닫다, 알다⌋ their ability.

② Drawn on these diverse viewpoints, wc define confidence as athletes' belief in their ability to achieve their goals and fully realize their ability.

⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ ③ who / have ⌈confidence 자신감, 신뢰⌋ / are able to be ⌈positive 긍정적인⌋, motivated, ⌈intense 강렬한, 집중적인⌋, ⌈focused 초점, 집중하다⌋, / and emotionally / in ⌈control 통제하다, 지배하다⌋ / when they need / to be.

Athletes ③ who have confidence are able to be positive, motivated, intense, focused, and emotionally in control when they need to be.

⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / with this belief / are able to stay ④ ⌈confident 자신 있는, 확신하는⌋ even / when they're not performing well.

Athletes with this belief are able to stay ④ confident even when they're not performing well.

⌈confident 자신 있는, 확신하는⌋ ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / are not ⌈negative 부정의, 마이너스의⌋ / and ⌈uncertain 불확실한, 불투명한⌋ / in ⌈difficult 어려운, 힘든⌋ ⌈competitions 경쟁, 대회⌋ / and they're not overconfident / in easy ⌈competitions 경쟁, 대회⌋.

Confident athletes are not negative and uncertain in difficult competitions and they're not overconfident in easy competitions.

⌈confidence 자신감, 신뢰⌋ also ⌈encourages 격려하다, 장려하다⌋ ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / to seek out ⌈pressure 압력, 압박⌋ situations / and ⑤ / to ⌈view 견해, 보기⌋ ⌈difficult 어려운, 힘든⌋ ⌈conditions 조건, 상황⌋ / and tough ⌈opponents 반대의, 상대⌋ / as ⌈challenges 도전, 문제⌋ / to ⌈pursue 추구하다, 추진하다⌋.

Confidence also encourages athletes to seek out pressure situations and ⑤ to view difficult conditions and tough opponents as challenges to pursue.

#8-7어법?

The fact that chimps do have basic ability when it comes to the use of arbitrary symbols (A) [is / are] enough to suggest the gradually building complexity in symbol-use among primates. And on that point, I'd like to put in a plug for my dog, Shep, who understands at least functionally a number of my words. When, for instance, I say we're going to "check the mail," he knows well that means we're going to head out to the road and check the postal box. And though he hasn't mastered English (B) [already / yet], he does seem to use certain arbitrary noises innovatively as symbols. For example, he barks in various ways when he's outside. But he uses one peculiar brief and muffled bark only at certain times, conveying something in the direction of "I wanna come in now." Since the sound is distinctive, since it's about coming in the house, and since no other dog I've had has ever used this rather arbitrary sound, the instance (C) [leans / leaning] toward real language.

The fact / that chimps / do / have basic ability / when it comes / to the use of ⌈arbitrary 임의의, 독단적인⌋ ⌈symbols 상징, 기호⌋ (A) [/ is / / are] enough / to suggest the ⌈gradually 점차적으로, 점진적으로⌋ building ⌈complexity 복잡함, 난이도⌋ / in ⌈symbol 상징, 기호⌋-use among primates.

The fact that chimps do have basic ability when it comes to the use of arbitrary symbols (A) [is / are] enough to suggest the gradually building complexity in symbol-use among primates.

And / on / that point, I'd like / to put / in a ⌈plug 꽂다, 플러그⌋ for my dog, Shep, who understands / at least functionally a number of my words.

And on that point, I'd like to put in a plug for my dog, Shep, who understands at least functionally a number of my words.

When, for instance, I say we're going / to "check the ⌈mail 이메일, 부치다⌋," he knows well / that means we're going / to head out / to the road / and check the ⌈postal 우편의, 우체국의⌋ box.

When, for instance, I say we're going to "check the mail," he knows well that means we're going to head out to the road and check the postal box.

And though he / has ⌈mastered 마스터, 대가⌋ English (B) [already / yet], he ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ seem / to use certain ⌈arbitrary 임의의, 독단적인⌋ ⌈noises 소음, 소리⌋ innovatively / as ⌈symbols 상징, 기호⌋.

And though he hasn't mastered English (B) [already / yet], he does seem to use certain arbitrary noises innovatively as symbols.

For example, he ⌈barks 짖다, 나무 껍질⌋ / in ⌈various 다양한, 여러가지의⌋ ways / when he's outside.

For example, he barks in various ways when he's outside.

But he uses one ⌈peculiar 특이한, 특유한⌋ brief / and ⌈muffled 우물거리는, 알아듣기 어려운⌋ ⌈bark 짖다, 나무 껍질⌋ only / at certain times, ⌈conveying 전달하다, 전하다⌋ something / in the ⌈direction 방향, 지시⌋ of "I wanna come / in now." Since the sound / is ⌈distinctive 독특한, 특유의⌋, / since it's / about coming / in the house, / and / since no other dog I've had / has ever used this rather ⌈arbitrary 임의의, 독단적인⌋ sound, the instance (C) [leans / ⌈leaning 기울기, 경사⌋] toward real ⌈language 언어⌋.

But he uses one peculiar brief and muffled bark only at certain times, conveying something in the direction of "I wanna come in now." Since the sound is distinctive, since it's about coming in the house, and since no other dog I've had has ever used this rather arbitrary sound, the instance (C) [leans / leaning] toward real language.

#8-8어법?

Evolutionary theorists believe that fear is an adaptive mechanism that allows us to sense danger and respond appropriately. Indeed, if ancient people had walked up to the saber-toothed tiger ① to pet the nice kitty instead of heeding their fear and fleeing, we would not be here now. People who were appropriately scared lived to reproduce and ② becoming our ancestors, and that fear response is with us still. In studies, researchers have found that children and adults alike are quicker at identifying snakes and spiders in photos than they ③ are at identifying benign items such as flowers. This supports the idea that humans have developed the ability to home in on targets ④ that carry a perceived threat, especially when that target is associated with the physiological signs and feelings of fear. Fear was key to our ancestors' survival and although those same dangers are not ⑤ ones we face in daily life, the mechanism of fear still works the same as it always has.

Evolutionary theorists believe / that ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ / is an adaptive ⌈mechanism 메커니즘, 체계⌋ / that allows us / to sense ⌈danger 위험, 위기⌋ / and ⌈respond 대응하다, 반응하다⌋ appropriately.

Evolutionary theorists believe that fear is an adaptive mechanism that allows us to sense danger and respond appropriately.

Indeed, / if ⌈ancient 고대의, 오래된⌋ people had walked up / to the saber-toothed tiger ① / to ⌈pet 애완동물, 펫⌋ the nice kitty instead of heeding their ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ / and ⌈fleeing 도망치다, 탈출하다⌋, we / would not be here now.

Indeed, if ancient people had walked up to the saber-toothed tiger ① to pet the nice kitty instead of heeding their fear and fleeing, we would not be here now.

People who / were appropriately ⌈scared 무서운, 겁먹은⌋ lived / to ⌈reproduce 번식하다, 복제하다⌋ / and ② becoming our ⌈ancestors 조상, 선조⌋, / and / that ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ response / is / with us still.

People who were appropriately scared lived to reproduce and ② becoming our ancestors, and that fear response is with us still.

In studies, researchers / have found / that children / and adults ⌈alike 똑같이, 모두⌋ / are quicker / at ⌈identifying 확인하다, 밝히다⌋ ⌈snakes 뱀⌋ / and spiders / in photos / than they ③ / are / at ⌈identifying 확인하다, 밝히다⌋ ⌈benign 친절한, 온화한⌋ ⌈items 물품, 품목⌋ / such as ⌈flowers 꽃, 꽃을 피우다⌋.

In studies, researchers have found that children and adults alike are quicker at identifying snakes and spiders in photos than they ③ are at identifying benign items such as flowers.

This supports the idea / that humans / have developed the ability / to home / in / on ⌈targets 목표, 대상⌋ ④ / that carry a perceived ⌈threat 위협, 우려⌋, especially / when / that ⌈target 목표, 대상⌋ / is associated / with the ⌈physiological 생리적인, 생리학상의⌋ ⌈signs 계약하다, 서명하다⌋ / and feelings of ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋.

This supports the idea that humans have developed the ability to home in on targets ④ that carry a perceived threat, especially when that target is associated with the physiological signs and feelings of fear.

⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ / was ⌈key 핵심, 주요한⌋ / to our ⌈ancestors 조상, 선조⌋' ⌈survival 생존, 살아남기⌋ / and although those same ⌈dangers 위험, 위기⌋ / are not ⑤ ones we face / in ⌈daily 매일의, 일상적인⌋ life, the ⌈mechanism 메커니즘, 체계⌋ of ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ still works the same / as it always / has.

Fear was key to our ancestors' survival and although those same dangers are not ⑤ ones we face in daily life, the mechanism of fear still works the same as it always has.

#9-G낱말?

Some prominent journalists say that archaeologists should work with treasure hunters because treasure hunters have accumulated valuable historical artifacts that can reveal much about the past. But archaeologists are not asked to cooperate with tomb robbers, who also have valuable historical artifacts. The quest for profit and the search for knowledge cannot coexist in archaeology because of the ① time factor. Rather incredibly, one archaeologist employed by a treasure hunting firm said that as long as archaeologists are given six months to study shipwrecked artifacts before they are sold, no historical knowledge is ② found! On the contrary, archaeologists and assistants from the INA (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) needed more than a decade of year-round conservation before they could even ③ catalog all the finds from an eleventhcentury AD wreck they had excavated. Then, to interpret those finds, they hadto ④ learn Russian, Bulgarian, and Romanian, without which they would never have learned the true nature of the site. Could a "commercial archaeologist" have ⑤ waited more than a decade or so before selling the finds?

Some ⌈prominent 유명한, 두드러진⌋ ⌈journalists 기자, 언론인⌋ say / that archaeologists / should work / with ⌈treasure 보물, 소중히 하다⌋ hunters because ⌈treasure 보물, 소중히 하다⌋ hunters / have accumulated ⌈valuable 가치있는, 귀중한⌋ ⌈historical 역사의, 전통적인⌋ artifacts / that / can ⌈reveal 보여주다, 밝히다⌋ much / about the past.

Some prominent journalists say that archaeologists should work with treasure hunters because treasure hunters have accumulated valuable historical artifacts that can reveal much about the past.

But archaeologists / are not asked / to ⌈cooperate 협력하다, 협조하다⌋ / with ⌈tomb 무덤⌋ ⌈robbers 강도, 도둑⌋, who also / have ⌈valuable 가치있는, 귀중한⌋ ⌈historical 역사의, 전통적인⌋ artifacts.

But archaeologists are not asked to cooperate with tomb robbers, who also have valuable historical artifacts.

The ⌈quest 추구, 탐구⌋ for ⌈profit 이익, 수익⌋ / and the ⌈search 찾다, 검색하다⌋ for ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ / can coexist / in archaeology because of the ① time ⌈factor 요인, 요소⌋.

The quest for profit and the search for knowledge cannot coexist in archaeology because of the ① time factor.

Rather incredibly, one archaeologist ⌈employed 정규직, 자영업자⌋ by a ⌈treasure 보물, 소중히 하다⌋ ⌈⌈hunting 사냥하다, 찾다⌋ 사냥, 수렵⌋ ⌈firm 회사, 기업⌋ said / that / as long / as archaeologists / are given six ⌈months 달, 개월⌋ / to study ⌈shipwrecked 난파하다, 난파⌋ artifacts before they / are ⌈sold 팔았다, 판매했다⌋, no ⌈historical 역사의, 전통적인⌋ ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ / is ② found!

Rather incredibly, one archaeologist employed by a treasure hunting firm said that as long as archaeologists are given six months to study shipwrecked artifacts before they are sold, no historical knowledge is ② found!

On the contrary, archaeologists / and ⌈assistants 조수, 보조⌋ / from the INA (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) needed more / than a ⌈decade 십년간, 수십년⌋ of year-round ⌈conservation 보존, 보호⌋ before they / could even ③ catalog all the finds / from an eleventhcentury AD ⌈wreck 망가뜨리다, 사고⌋ they had excavated.

On the contrary, archaeologists and assistants from the INA (Institute of Nautical Archaeology) needed more than a decade of year-round conservation before they could even ③ catalog all the finds from an eleventhcentury AD wreck they had excavated.

Then, / to ⌈interpret 해석하다, 이해하다⌋ those finds, they hadto ④ learn Russian, Bulgarian, / and Romanian, / without which they / would never / have learned the true ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ of the ⌈site 사이트, 현장⌋.

Then, to interpret those finds, they hadto ④ learn Russian, Bulgarian, and Romanian, without which they would never have learned the true nature of the site.

Could a "commercial archaeologist" / have ⑤ waited more / than a ⌈decade 십년간, 수십년⌋ or so before ⌈selling 팔다, 판매하다⌋ the finds?

Could a "commercial archaeologist" have ⑤ waited more than a decade or so before selling the finds?

#9-1낱말?

Technological advances will enable high-performance athletes to move faster, jump higher, hit harder, and improve their consistency. However, some advances may also carry increased (A) [benefit / risk] to the athlete's body, which may not stand up to the increased forces of movement. As a result, injury monitoring is critical in order to prevent harm to elite athletes who (B) [embrace / resist] new technology. A good example can be found in the rush to install synthetic turf on football fields some 30 years ago. Athletes could run faster and jump higher on the artificial turf, but the rate of injuries exploded because human joints simply could not withstand the force. As a result, athletes and coaches (C) [forced / prohibited] a return to natural grass fields in order to protect athletes' careers and health.

Technological advances / will ⌈enable 가능하게 하다, 할 수 있게 하다⌋ high-performance ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / to move faster, ⌈jump 증가하다, 점프⌋ higher, hit harder, / and ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ their ⌈consistency 일관성, 농도⌋.

Technological advances will enable high-performance athletes to move faster, jump higher, hit harder, and improve their consistency.

However, some advances / may also carry ⌈increased 증대한⌋ (A) [benefit / ⌈risk 위험, 리스크⌋] / to the ⌈athlete 운동선수⌋'s body, which / may not stand up / to the ⌈increased 증대한⌋ ⌈forces 군대, 강요하다⌋ of ⌈movement 운동, 움직임⌋.

However, some advances may also carry increased (A) [benefit / risk] to the athlete's body, which may not stand up to the increased forces of movement.

As a ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋, ⌈injury 부상, 손상⌋ ⌈monitoring 감시하다, 모니터⌋ / is ⌈critical 중요한, 비판적인⌋ / in order / to ⌈prevent 막다, 예방하다⌋ ⌈harm 해치다, 피해를 입히다⌋ / to elite ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ who (B) [embrace / ⌈resist 저항하다, 참다⌋] new technology.

As a result, injury monitoring is critical in order to prevent harm to elite athletes who (B) [embrace / resist] new technology.

A good example / can be found / in the ⌈rush 서두르다, 급한⌋ / to install synthetic ⌈turf 영역, 세력권⌋ / on football fields some 30 years ago.

A good example can be found in the rush to install synthetic turf on football fields some 30 years ago.

⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / could run faster / and ⌈jump 증가하다, 점프⌋ higher / on the ⌈artificial 인공의, 인위적인⌋ ⌈turf 영역, 세력권⌋, but the ⌈rate 요금, 비율⌋ of injuries exploded because human ⌈joints 공동의, 합동의⌋ simply / could not ⌈withstand 견디다, 이겨내다⌋ the ⌈force 군대, 강요하다⌋.

Athletes could run faster and jump higher on the artificial turf, but the rate of injuries exploded because human joints simply could not withstand the force.

As a ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋, ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋ / and coaches (C) [forced / ⌈prohibited 금지하다, 막다⌋] a ⌈return 돌아오다, 복귀하다⌋ / to ⌈natural 자연의, 당연한⌋ ⌈grass 잔디, 풀⌋ fields / in order / to ⌈protect 보호하다, 지키다⌋ ⌈athletes 운동선수⌋' careers / and ⌈health 건강, 보건⌋.

As a result, athletes and coaches (C) [forced / prohibited] a return to natural grass fields in order to protect athletes' careers and health.

#9-2낱말?

Tom dislikes his navigation system, even though he agrees that at times it would be useful. But he has no way to ① interact with the system to tailor it to his needs. Even if he can make some high-level choices ─ "fastest," "shortest," "most scenic," or "avoid toll road" ─ he can't discuss with the system why a ② particular route is chosen. He can't know why the system thinks route A is better than route B. Does it take into account the long traffic signals and the large number of stop signs? And what if two routes barely ③ differ, perhaps by just a minute out of an hour's journey? He isn't given ④ alternatives that he might well prefer despite a slight cost in time. The system's methods remain ⑤ evident so that even if Tom were tempted to trust it, the silence and secrecy promotes distrust, just as top-down business decisions made without collaboration are distrusted.

Tom ⌈dislikes 싫어하다, 싫음⌋ his ⌈navigation 네비게이션, 항해⌋ ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋, even though he ⌈agrees 동의하다, 합의하다⌋ / that / at times it / would be useful.

Tom dislikes his navigation system, even though he agrees that at times it would be useful.

But he / has no way / to ① interact / with the ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ / to ⌈tailor 맞추다, 재단사⌋ it / to his needs.

But he has no way to ① interact with the system to tailor it to his needs.

Even / if he / can make some high-level ⌈choices 선택, 결정⌋ ─ "fastest," "shortest," "most scenic," or "avoid ⌈toll 대가, 피해⌋ road"

Even if he can make some high-level choices ─ "fastest," "shortest," "most scenic," or "avoid toll road"

─ he / can't ⌈discuss 논의하다, 토론하다⌋ / with the ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ / why a ② particular ⌈route 길, 방법⌋ / is ⌈chosen 선택된, 선발된⌋.

─ he can't discuss with the system why a ② particular route is chosen.

He / can't know / why the ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋ thinks ⌈route 길, 방법⌋ A / is better / than ⌈route 길, 방법⌋ B.

He can't know why the system thinks route A is better than route B.

Does it take / into ⌈account 차지하다, 계좌⌋ the long ⌈traffic 교통, 차⌋ ⌈signals 신호, 시작을 알리다⌋ / and the large number of stop ⌈signs 계약하다, 서명하다⌋?

Does it take into account the long traffic signals and the large number of stop signs?

And what / if two ⌈routes 길, 방법⌋ ⌈barely 거의 ~않다, 간신히⌋ ③ ⌈differ 다르다, 차이가 나다⌋, perhaps by just a minute out of an hour's journey?

And what if two routes barely ③ differ, perhaps by just a minute out of an hour's journey?

He / is given ④ ⌈alternatives 대안, 대체⌋ / that he / might well ⌈prefer 선호하다, 좋아하다⌋ despite a ⌈slight 약간의, 조금⌋ ⌈cost 비용⌋ / in time.

He isn't given ④ alternatives that he might well prefer despite a slight cost in time.

The ⌈system 시스템, 제도⌋'s ⌈methods 방법, 방식⌋ remain ⑤ ⌈evident 분명한, 명백한⌋ / so that even / if Tom / were ⌈tempted 싶은⌋ / to ⌈trust 신뢰, 믿음⌋ it, the ⌈silence 침묵, 조용하게 만들다⌋ / and ⌈secrecy 내밀, 비밀을 지키는 능력⌋ ⌈promotes 홍보하다, 촉진하다⌋ ⌈distrust ~을 신뢰하지 않다, 불신⌋, just / as top-down business ⌈decisions 결정, 판결⌋ ⌈made 화난, 미친⌋ / without ⌈collaboration 협력, 합작⌋ / are ⌈distrusted ~을 신뢰하지 않다, 불신⌋.

The system's methods remain ⑤ evident so that even if Tom were tempted to trust it, the silence and secrecy promotes distrust, just as top-down business decisions made without collaboration are distrusted.

#9-3낱말?

The most direct way of undoing the damage caused by social exclusion is to bring the shy, lonely, and alienated back into the embrace of society. Unfortunately, such people tend to be regarded as (A) [desirable / undesirable] interaction partners by those with greater social skills. This is because they are objectively less rewarding to spend time with and because associating with them carries with it a social stigma. What is necessary, therefore, are policies to ensure that social cohesion is (B) [maintained / disregarded] within various social institutions, and in society at large. Small-scale programs to get lonely schoolchildren more involved can work exceedingly well. However, finding ways to reverse the increasingly individualistic trend in Western societies is a much taller order. Yet, if we value our (C) [collective / individual] well-being, we should do something about it; a lack of social integration goes hand in hand with a host of other social pathologies.

The most ⌈direct 직접의, 감독하다⌋ way of ⌈undoing 원상태로 돌리다, 풀다⌋ the ⌈damage 피해, 손상⌋ caused by ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈exclusion 배제, 제외⌋ / is / to bring the ⌈shy 수줍은, 부끄러운⌋, ⌈lonely 외로운, 혼자⌋, / and alienated back / into the ⌈embrace 포용하다, 받아들이다⌋ of society.

The most direct way of undoing the damage caused by social exclusion is to bring the shy, lonely, and alienated back into the embrace of society.

Unfortunately, such people tend / to be ⌈regarded 관련되다, 간주하다⌋ / as (A) [desirable / ⌈undesirable 탐탁치 않은, 탐탁치 않은 사람⌋] interaction partners by those / with greater ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈skills 기술, 실력⌋.

Unfortunately, such people tend to be regarded as (A) [desirable / undesirable] interaction partners by those with greater social skills.

This / is because they / are objectively less ⌈rewarding 보상, 대가⌋ / to spend time / with / and because associating / with them carries / with it a ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈stigma 치욕, 낙인⌋.

This is because they are objectively less rewarding to spend time with and because associating with them carries with it a social stigma.

What / is ⌈necessary 필요한, 필수적인⌋, ⌈therefore 그것을 위해, 그것에 대해⌋, / are policies / to ⌈ensure ~하기 위해, 보장하다⌋ / that ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ cohesion / is (B) [maintained / ⌈disregarded 무시하다, 외면하다⌋] within ⌈various 다양한, 여러가지의⌋ ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ ⌈institutions 기관, 협회⌋, / and / in society / at large.

What is necessary, therefore, are policies to ensure that social cohesion is (B) [maintained / disregarded] within various social institutions, and in society at large.

Small-scale ⌈programs 프로그램, 계획⌋ / to get ⌈lonely 외로운, 혼자⌋ schoolchildren more ⌈involved 관련된, 관여하는⌋ / can work ⌈exceedingly 대단히, 몹시⌋ well.

Small-scale programs to get lonely schoolchildren more involved can work exceedingly well.

However, finding ways / to ⌈reverse 반대의, 뒤집다⌋ the ⌈increasingly 점점, 더욱 더⌋ individualistic ⌈trend 추세, 경향⌋ / in Western societies / is a much taller order.

However, finding ways to reverse the increasingly individualistic trend in Western societies is a much taller order.

Yet, / if we ⌈value 가치관, 가치⌋ our (C) [collective / individual] well-being, we / should do something / about it; a ⌈lack 부족, ~이 없다⌋ of ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ integration goes hand / in hand / with a ⌈host 개최하다, 주최하다⌋ of other ⌈social 사회의, 소셜⌋ pathologies.

Yet, if we value our (C) [collective / individual] well-being, we should do something about it; a lack of social integration goes hand in hand with a host of other social pathologies.

#9-4낱말?

If trees are weakened, it could be that they lose their conversational skills along with their ability to ① defend themselves. Otherwise, it's difficult to explain why insect pests ② specifically seek out trees whose health is already compromised. It's conceivable that to do this, insects listen to trees' urgent chemical warnings and then ③ test trees that don't pass the message on by taking a bite out of their leaves or bark. A tree's ④ silence could be because of a serious illness or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal network, which would leave the tree completely cut off from the latest news. The tree no longer registers approaching disaster, and the doors are ⑤ closed for the caterpillar and beetle buffet.

If trees / are ⌈weakened 약화시키다, 약해지다⌋, it / could be / that they ⌈lose 잃다, 지다⌋ their conversational ⌈skills 기술, 실력⌋ along / with their ability / to ① ⌈defend 지키다, 방어하다⌋ themselves.

If trees are weakened, it could be that they lose their conversational skills along with their ability to ① defend themselves.

Otherwise, it's ⌈difficult 어려운, 힘든⌋ / to ⌈explain 설명하다, 알려주다⌋ / why ⌈insect 곤충, 곤충강⌋ ⌈pests 해충, 유해물⌋ ② specifically seek out trees whose ⌈health 건강, 보건⌋ / is already compromised.

Otherwise, it's difficult to explain why insect pests ② specifically seek out trees whose health is already compromised.

It's ⌈conceivable 상상할 수 있는, 있음직한⌋ / that / to do this, ⌈insects 곤충, 곤충강⌋ listen / to trees' ⌈urgent 긴급한, 긴박한⌋ ⌈chemical 화학적인, 화학물질⌋ ⌈warnings 경고, 경보⌋ / and then ③ test trees / that / do ⌈pass 통과하다, 지나가다⌋ the ⌈message 메시지, 메모⌋ / on by taking a ⌈bite 조금, 약간⌋ out of their leaves or ⌈bark 짖다, 나무 껍질⌋.

It's conceivable that to do this, insects listen to trees' urgent chemical warnings and then ③ test trees that don't pass the message on by taking a bite out of their leaves or bark.

A tree's ④ ⌈silence 침묵, 조용하게 만들다⌋ / could be because of a serious ⌈illness 질병, 병⌋ or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal ⌈network 네트워크, 통신망⌋, which / would leave the tree completely cut off / from the ⌈latest 최근의, 이번⌋ news.

A tree's ④ silence could be because of a serious illness or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal network, which would leave the tree completely cut off from the latest news.

The tree no longer ⌈registers 등록하다, 기록하다⌋ ⌈approaching 접근하다, 접근법⌋ ⌈disaster 재난, 재앙⌋, / and the doors / are ⑤ closed for the ⌈caterpillar 애벌레⌋ / and ⌈beetle 딱정벌레, 돌출한⌋ ⌈buffet ~을 치다⌋.

The tree no longer registers approaching disaster, and the doors are ⑤ closed for the caterpillar and beetle buffet.

#9-5낱말?

There is a constant tension between science and politics. From the perspective of science, policies should reflect careful consideration of the scientific data, and should be in line with the findings and recommendations of science. Scientists who offer advice to policy makers, however, often complain that their (A) [input / output] is ignored or distorted during the policy making process. Political values and necessities may conflict sharply with the data presented by scientists. A policy may be developed that represents a (B) [comparison / compromise] between the criteria determined by science and the pragmatic needs of politics. An effective policy should be cost-effective and fair, place limited demands on government, and provide assurance to the public that the goals will be met. If an administration's position is not supported by the data, it may ask for further studies rather than (C) [accept / uncover] what is offered. In extreme cases, scientific data might be buried in the face of the apparent demands of politics.

There / is a ⌈constant 지속적인, 계속되는⌋ ⌈tension 긴장, 갈등⌋ between science / and ⌈politics 정치, 정계⌋.

There is a constant tension between science and politics.

From the ⌈perspective 시각, 관점⌋ of science, policies / should ⌈reflect 반영하다, 반성하다⌋ careful ⌈consideration 고려, 배려⌋ of the ⌈scientific 과학적인, 정밀한⌋ ⌈data 자료, 데이터⌋, / and / should be / in line / with the findings / and ⌈recommendations 추천, 권고⌋ of science.

From the perspective of science, policies should reflect careful consideration of the scientific data, and should be in line with the findings and recommendations of science.

Scientists who offer ⌈advice 조언, 충고⌋ / to ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋ ⌈makers 제조업자, 만드는 사람⌋, however, often complain / that their (A) [input / ⌈output 출력, 생산⌋] / is ignored or ⌈distorted 잘못 전해진, 왜곡한⌋ during the ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋ making ⌈process 과정, 절차⌋.

Scientists who offer advice to policy makers, however, often complain that their (A) [input / output] is ignored or distorted during the policy making process.

Political ⌈values 가치관, 가치⌋ / and necessities / may ⌈conflict 갈등, 분쟁⌋ ⌈sharply 급격하게, 날카롭게⌋ / with the ⌈data 자료, 데이터⌋ ⌈presented 현재의, 보여주다⌋ by scientists.

Political values and necessities may conflict sharply with the data presented by scientists.

A ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋ / may be developed / that ⌈represents 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ a (B) [comparison / ⌈compromise 타협하다, 절충하다⌋] between the criteria ⌈determined 결정된, 결심한⌋ by science / and the pragmatic needs of ⌈politics 정치, 정계⌋.

A policy may be developed that represents a (B) [comparison / compromise] between the criteria determined by science and the pragmatic needs of politics.

An ⌈effective 효과적인, 효력있는⌋ ⌈policy 정책, 제도⌋ / should be ⌈cost 비용⌋-⌈effective 효과적인, 효력있는⌋ / and ⌈fair 공정한, 공평한⌋, place ⌈limited 한정된, 제한을 받은⌋ ⌈demands 요구하다, 수요⌋ / on ⌈government 정부, 부⌋, / and ⌈provide 제공하다, 공급하다⌋ ⌈assurance 보장, 확언⌋ / to the ⌈public 대중, 국민⌋ / that the goals / will be met.

An effective policy should be cost-effective and fair, place limited demands on government, and provide assurance to the public that the goals will be met.

If an ⌈administration 정부, 행정⌋'s ⌈position 입장, 자리⌋ / is not supported by the ⌈data 자료, 데이터⌋, it / may ask for further studies rather / than (C) [accept / ⌈uncover 발견하다, 밝히다⌋] what / is offered.

If an administration's position is not supported by the data, it may ask for further studies rather than (C) [accept / uncover] what is offered.

In ⌈extreme 극단적인, 극심한⌋ ⌈cases 경우⌋, ⌈scientific 과학적인, 정밀한⌋ ⌈data 자료, 데이터⌋ / might be ⌈buried 묻힌, 매장⌋ / in the face of the ⌈apparent 분명한, 명백한⌋ ⌈demands 요구하다, 수요⌋ of ⌈politics 정치, 정계⌋.

In extreme cases, scientific data might be buried in the face of the apparent demands of politics.

#9-6낱말?

As a general rule, language extinction occurs gradually when two tongues, belonging to two peoples with ① different levels of economic development, come into contact. Speakers in the less economically advanced group who are familiar with the language of the more economically advanced group are at an obvious ② disadvantage. Their bilingualism gives them access to the economy of the more advanced group, with all the ③ benefits that flow from it - such as employment, salary and access to goods and services. As a result, they tend to consider their own language as less useful and to neglect it, using the other language with ④ increasing frequency and encouraging their own children to learn it. However, languages begin to die when children no longer learn them. This is how French dialects and numerous minority languages in the former USSR, continental China, Taiwan and Australia, for example, have ⑤ disappeared.

As a ⌈general 일반의, 장군⌋ ⌈rule 규칙, 규정⌋, ⌈language 언어⌋ ⌈extinction 소멸, 멸종⌋ ⌈occurs 발생하다, 일어나다⌋ ⌈gradually 점차적으로, 점진적으로⌋ / when two ⌈tongues 혀, 말⌋, ⌈belonging 속하다, ~의 것이다⌋ / to two peoples / with ① different levels of ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ ⌈development 개발, 발전⌋, come / into ⌈contact 연락, 접촉⌋.

As a general rule, language extinction occurs gradually when two tongues, belonging to two peoples with ① different levels of economic development, come into contact.

Speakers / in the less ⌈economically 경제적으로⌋ advanced group who / are ⌈familiar 익숙한, 친숙한⌋ / with the ⌈language 언어⌋ of the more ⌈economically 경제적으로⌋ advanced group / are / at an ⌈obvious 분명한, 명백한⌋ ② ⌈disadvantage 불리, ~을 불리하게 하다⌋.

Speakers in the less economically advanced group who are familiar with the language of the more economically advanced group are at an obvious ② disadvantage.

Their bilingualism gives them ⌈access 접근, 이용⌋ / to the ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋ of the more advanced group, / with all the ③ ⌈benefits 이익, 혜택⌋ / that ⌈flow 흐르다, 흐름⌋ / from it - / such as ⌈employment 고용, 취업⌋, ⌈salary 월급, 급여⌋ / and ⌈access 접근, 이용⌋ / to goods / and services.

Their bilingualism gives them access to the economy of the more advanced group, with all the ③ benefits that flow from it - such as employment, salary and access to goods and services.

As a ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋, they tend / to consider their own ⌈language 언어⌋ / as less useful / and / to ⌈neglect 무시, 소홀히 하다⌋ it, using the other ⌈language 언어⌋ / with ④ ⌈increasing 증가하는, 점점 더 느는⌋ ⌈frequency 주파수, 빈도⌋ / and ⌈encouraging 격려하는, 용기를 북돋아 주는⌋ their own children / to learn it.

As a result, they tend to consider their own language as less useful and to neglect it, using the other language with ④ increasing frequency and encouraging their own children to learn it.

However, ⌈languages 언어⌋ begin / to ⌈die 죽다, 사망하다⌋ / when children no longer learn them.

However, languages begin to die when children no longer learn them.

This / is how French ⌈dialects 방언, 지방 사투리⌋ / and ⌈numerous 수많은, 다양한⌋ ⌈minority 소수⌋ ⌈languages 언어⌋ / in the former USSR, ⌈continental 대륙의, 유럽 대륙의⌋ China, Taiwan / and Australia, for example, / have ⑤ ⌈disappeared 사라지다, 없어지다⌋.

This is how French dialects and numerous minority languages in the former USSR, continental China, Taiwan and Australia, for example, have ⑤ disappeared.

#9-7낱말?

One reason for fear can be explained by the 'Monte Carlo Fallacy'. The Monte Carlo Fallacy (or Gambler's Fallacy) is the mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, then it will happen (A) [less / more] frequently in the future, presumably as a means of balancing nature. So if someone tossing a coin got six consecutive heads, one is likely to (B) [believe / deny] that the next result will be tails. The truth is that the odds haven't changed. The odds of the next toss are still 50:50. The problem with the Monte Carlo Fallacy is that someone who has had a spate of good luck automatically tends to believe that his next venture will be unlucky or vice versa. In effect, the Monte Carlo Fallacy (C) [prevents / reinforces] irrational behaviour.

One ⌈reason 이유, 원인⌋ for ⌈fear 두려움, 우려⌋ / can be ⌈explained 설명하다, 알려주다⌋ by the 'Monte Carlo Fallacy'.

One reason for fear can be explained by the 'Monte Carlo Fallacy'.

The Monte Carlo Fallacy (or Gambler⌈'s cannot의 단축형⌋ Fallacy) / is the ⌈mistaken 잘못된, 오해한⌋ belief / that / if something happens more ⌈frequently 자주, 종종⌋ / than ⌈normal 정상, 평범한⌋ during some period, then it / will happen (A) [less / more] ⌈frequently 자주, 종종⌋ / in the ⌈future 미래, 앞의⌋, presumably / as a means of balancing ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋.

The Monte Carlo Fallacy (or Gambler's Fallacy) is the mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, then it will happen (A) [less / more] frequently in the future, presumably as a means of balancing nature.

So / if someone ⌈tossing 던지다, 뒤척이다⌋ a ⌈coin 동전, 만들어내다⌋ got six ⌈consecutive 연속되는, 연속적인⌋ heads, one / is likely / to (B) [believe / ⌈deny 부인하다, 부정하다⌋] / that the next ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋ / will be tails.

So if someone tossing a coin got six consecutive heads, one is likely to (B) [believe / deny] that the next result will be tails.

The ⌈truth 진실, 사실⌋ / is / that the ⌈odds 이상한, 특이한⌋ haven⌈' cannot의 단축형⌋t changed.

The truth is that the odds haven't changed.

The ⌈odds 이상한, 특이한⌋ of the next ⌈toss 던지다, 뒤척이다⌋ / are still 50:50.

The odds of the next toss are still 50:50.

The problem / with the Monte Carlo Fallacy / is / that someone who / has had a ⌈spate 스팻, 굴의 알⌋ of good ⌈luck 행운, 운⌋ automatically tends / to believe / that his next ⌈venture 모험, 투기적 사업⌋ / will be ⌈unlucky 불운한, 불길한⌋ or ⌈vice 대리의, 악⌋ versa.

The problem with the Monte Carlo Fallacy is that someone who has had a spate of good luck automatically tends to believe that his next venture will be unlucky or vice versa.

In effect, the Monte Carlo Fallacy (C) [prevents / ⌈reinforces 강화하다, 보강하다⌋] ⌈irrational 비이성적인, 비합리적인⌋ ⌈behaviour 행동, ⌈behavior 행동, 행위⌋⌋.

In effect, the Monte Carlo Fallacy (C) [prevents / reinforces] irrational behaviour.

#9-8낱말?

Tourism takes place simultaneously in the realm of the ① imagination and that of the physical world. In contrast to literature or film, it leads to 'real', tangible worlds, while nevertheless remaining tied to the sphere of fantasies, dreams, wishes ─ and myth. It thereby ② allows the ritual enactment of mythological ideas. There is a considerable difference as to whether people watch a film about the Himalayas on television and become excited by the 'untouched nature' of the majestic mountain peaks, or whether they get up and go on a trek to Nepal. Even in the latter case, they ③ remain, at least partly, in an imaginary world. They experience moments that they have already seen at home in books, brochures and films. Their notions of untouched nature and friendly, innocent indigenous people will probably be ④ confirmed. But now this confirmation is anchored in a ⑤ mystical experience. The myth is thus transmitted in a much more powerful way than by television, movies or books.

Tourism takes place ⌈simultaneously 동시에, 일제히⌋ / in the ⌈realm 영역, 왕국⌋ of the ① ⌈imagination 상상, 착각⌋ / and / that of the physical world.

Tourism takes place simultaneously in the realm of the ① imagination and that of the physical world.

In ⌈contrast 대조, 대비⌋ / to ⌈literature 문학, 문예⌋ or ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋, it leads / to 'real', ⌈tangible 유형의, 만져서 알 수 있는⌋ worlds, / while nevertheless remaining tied / to the ⌈sphere 영역, 분야⌋ of fantasies, ⌈dreams 꿈, 꿈꾸다⌋, wishes ─ / and myth.

In contrast to literature or film, it leads to 'real', tangible worlds, while nevertheless remaining tied to the sphere of fantasies, dreams, wishes ─ and myth.

It thereby ② allows the ⌈ritual 의식, 제사⌋ enactment of ⌈mythological 신화학의, 신화의⌋ ideas.

It thereby ② allows the ritual enactment of mythological ideas.

There / is a ⌈considerable 상당한, 꽤⌋ difference / as / to whether people ⌈watch 보다⌋ a ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ / about the Himalayas / on television / and become ⌈excited 흥분한, 신이 난⌋ by the '⌈untouched 아직 손대지 않은, 미답의⌋ ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋' of the ⌈majestic 장엄한, 위엄 있는⌋ mountain ⌈peaks 최고의, 절정⌋, or whether they get up / and go / on a trek / to Nepal.

There is a considerable difference as to whether people watch a film about the Himalayas on television and become excited by the 'untouched nature' of the majestic mountain peaks, or whether they get up and go on a trek to Nepal.

Even / in the latter ⌈case 경우⌋, they ③ remain, / at least partly, / in an ⌈imaginary 상상의, 가상의⌋ world.

Even in the latter case, they ③ remain, at least partly, in an imaginary world.

They experience ⌈moments 순간, 지금⌋ / that they / have already seen / at home / in books, brochures / and ⌈films 영화계, 영화⌋.

They experience moments that they have already seen at home in books, brochures and films.

Their notions of ⌈untouched 아직 손대지 않은, 미답의⌋ ⌈nature 자연, 본성⌋ / and friendly, ⌈innocent 죄 없는, 순수한⌋ ⌈indigenous 고유의, 토착의⌋ people / will probably be ④ ⌈confirmed 확인된, 승인된⌋.

Their notions of untouched nature and friendly, innocent indigenous people will probably be ④ confirmed.

But now this ⌈confirmation 확인, 확증⌋ / is ⌈anchored 앵커, 뉴스캐스터⌋ / in a ⑤ ⌈mystical 신비로운, 불가사의한⌋ experience.

But now this confirmation is anchored in a ⑤ mystical experience.

The myth / is thus transmitted / in a much more powerful way / than by television, movies or books.

The myth is thus transmitted in a much more powerful way than by television, movies or books.

#11-G 빈칸?

① a literal adaptation of the novel ② a source of inspiration for the novel ③ a faithful depiction of the Vietnam War ④ a vivid dramatisation of a psychological journey ⑤ a critical interpretation of contemporary civilisation

Apocalypse Now, a film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, gained widespread popularity, and for good reason. The film is an adaptation of Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, which is set in the African Congo at the end of the 19th century. Unlike the original novel, Apocalypse Now is set in Vietnam and Cambodia during the Vietnam War. The setting, time period, dialogue and other incidental details are changed but the fundamental narrative and themes of Apocalypse Now are the same as those of Heart of Darkness. Both describe a physical journey, reflecting the central character’s mental and spiritual journey, down a river to confront the deranged Kurtz character, who represents the worst aspects of civilisation. By giving Apocalypse Now a setting that was contemporary at the time of its release, audiences were able to experience and identify with its themes more easily than they would have if the film had been _____.

Apocalypse Now, a ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ produced / and ⌈directed 직접의, 감독하다⌋ by Francis Ford Coppola, ⌈gained 얻다, 증가하다⌋ ⌈widespread 널리 퍼진, 광범위한⌋ ⌈popularity 인기, 인지도⌋, / and for good ⌈reason 이유, 원인⌋.

Apocalypse Now, a film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, gained widespread popularity, and for good reason.

The ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ / is an ⌈adaptation 각색, 적응⌋ of Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, which / is set / in the African Congo / at the end of the 19th century.

The film is an adaptation of Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, which is set in the African Congo at the end of the 19th century.

Unlike the ⌈original 원래의, 원본의⌋ novel, Apocalypse Now / is set / in Vietnam / and Cambodia during the Vietnam War.

Unlike the original novel, Apocalypse Now is set in Vietnam and Cambodia during the Vietnam War.

The ⌈setting 세우다, 환경⌋, time period, ⌈dialogue 대화⌋ / and other ⌈incidental 부수적인, 부수하여 일어나는⌋ ⌈details 세부, 구체적 내용⌋ / are changed but the ⌈fundamental 근본적인, 기본적인⌋ ⌈narrative 이야기, 설명적인⌋ / and ⌈themes 주제, 테마⌋ of Apocalypse Now / are the same / as those of Heart of Darkness.

The setting, time period, dialogue and other incidental details are changed but the fundamental narrative and themes of Apocalypse Now are the same as those of Heart of Darkness.

Both ⌈describe 묘사하다, 설명하다⌋ a physical journey, ⌈reflecting 반영하다, 반성하다⌋ the ⌈central 중앙의, 중앙의⌋ ⌈character 캐릭터, 주인공⌋’s ⌈mental 정신의, 지적인⌋ / and ⌈spiritual 정신의, 영적인⌋ journey, down a river / to ⌈confront 직면하다, 맞서다⌋ the ⌈deranged 미친, 혼란된⌋ Kurtz ⌈character 캐릭터, 주인공⌋, who ⌈represents 대표하다, 나타내다⌋ the ⌈worst 최악의, 가장 나쁜⌋ ⌈aspects 측면, ~면⌋ of civilisation.

Both describe a physical journey, reflecting the central character’s mental and spiritual journey, down a river to confront the deranged Kurtz character, who represents the worst aspects of civilisation.

By giving Apocalypse Now a ⌈setting 세우다, 환경⌋ / that / was ⌈contemporary 현대의, 동시대의⌋ / at the time of its ⌈release 발표하다, 개봉하다⌋, ⌈audiences 관객, 청중⌋ / were able to experience / and ⌈identify 확인하다, 밝히다⌋ / with its ⌈themes 주제, 테마⌋ more ⌈easily 쉽게, 잘⌋ / than they / would / have if the ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ had been _____.

By giving Apocalypse Now a setting that was contemporary at the time of its release, audiences were able to experience and identify with its themes more easily than they would have if the film had been _____.

#11-1 빈칸?

① Discipline ② Compliment ③ Availability ④ Consistency ⑤ Responsibility

_____________on the part of parents gives children a strong sense of worth, creating in them a feeling of being wanted. It communicates to children a powerful message about how important they are to their parents. The sense of worthiness generated in children by the feeling of 'being wanted' is known to be very vital for their psychological and all-round development. On the other hand, the "I do not matter to anybody" feeling generated by a sense of being unwanted as a result of regular and long absence on the part of parents has been known to have grave repercussions in terms of the child's personality and emotional maturity.

_____________on the part of ⌈parents 부모, 학부모⌋ gives children a ⌈strong 강한⌋ sense of ⌈worth 가치있는, ~어치⌋, creating / in them a feeling of being wanted.

_____________on the part of parents gives children a strong sense of worth, creating in them a feeling of being wanted.

It ⌈communicates 의사소통하다, 대화하다⌋ / to children a powerful ⌈message 메시지, 메모⌋ / about how important they / are / to their ⌈parents 부모, 학부모⌋.

It communicates to children a powerful message about how important they are to their parents.

The sense of worthiness generated / in children by the feeling of 'being wanted' / is known / to be very ⌈vital 중요한, 필수적인⌋ for their ⌈psychological 심리학의, 정신의⌋ / and all-round ⌈development 개발, 발전⌋.

The sense of worthiness generated in children by the feeling of 'being wanted' is known to be very vital for their psychological and all-round development.

On the other hand, the "I / do not ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋ / to anybody" feeling generated by a sense of being unwanted / as a ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋ of ⌈regular 정규의, 정기의⌋ / and long ⌈absence 없음, 결석⌋ / on the part of ⌈parents 부모, 학부모⌋ / has been known / to have ⌈grave 무덤, 중대한⌋ repercussions / in ⌈terms 임기, 말하다⌋ of the child⌈'s cannot의 단축형⌋ ⌈personality 성격, 사람⌋ / and ⌈emotional 감정적인, 감정의⌋ ⌈maturity 성숙, 만기⌋.

On the other hand, the "I do not matter to anybody" feeling generated by a sense of being unwanted as a result of regular and long absence on the part of parents has been known to have grave repercussions in terms of the child's personality and emotional maturity.

#11-2 빈칸?

① critical ② original ③ practical ④ generous ⑤ responsible

Although child prodigies are often rich in both talent and ambition, what holds them back from moving the world forward is that they don't learn to be ______________. As they perform in Carnegie Hall, win the science Olympics, and become chess champions, something tragic happens: Practice makes perfect, but it doesn't make new. The gifted learn to play magnificent Mozart melodies and beautiful Beethoven symphonies, but never compose their own scores. They focus their energy on consuming existing scientific knowledge, not producing new insights. They conform to the codified rules of established games, rather than inventing their own rules or their own games. All along the way, they strive to earn the approval of their parents and the admiration of their teachers.

Although child prodigies / are often rich / in both talent / and ⌈ambition 야심, 야망⌋, what holds them back / from ⌈moving 움직이는, 감동시키는⌋ the world ⌈forward 앞으로, 발전한⌋ / is / that they / do learn / to be ______________.

Although child prodigies are often rich in both talent and ambition, what holds them back from moving the world forward is that they don't learn to be ______________.

As they perform / in Carnegie Hall, win the science Olympics, / and become ⌈chess 체스⌋ champions, something ⌈tragic 비극적인, 비참한⌋ happens: Practice makes perfect, but it / does make new.

As they perform in Carnegie Hall, win the science Olympics, and become chess champions, something tragic happens: Practice makes perfect, but it doesn't make new.

The gifted learn / to play ⌈magnificent 웅장한, 훌륭한⌋ Mozart melodies / and ⌈beautiful 아름다운, 멋있는⌋ Beethoven symphonies, but never ⌈compose 구성하다, 작곡하다⌋ their own ⌈scores 점수, ~점⌋.

The gifted learn to play magnificent Mozart melodies and beautiful Beethoven symphonies, but never compose their own scores.

They ⌈focus 초점, 집중하다⌋ their ⌈energy 에너지, 힘⌋ / on ⌈consuming 소비하는, 죄다 태워버리는⌋ ⌈existing 존재하다, 있다⌋ ⌈scientific 과학적인, 정밀한⌋ ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋, not ⌈producing 생산하는, 만들어내는⌋ new ⌈insights 통찰력, 보여줌⌋.

They focus their energy on consuming existing scientific knowledge, not producing new insights.

They ⌈conform 일치하다, 따르다⌋ / to the codified ⌈rules 규칙, 규정⌋ of ⌈established 설립된, 정해진⌋ games, rather / than ⌈inventing 발명하다, 개발하다⌋ their own ⌈rules 규칙, 규정⌋ or their own games.

They conform to the codified rules of established games, rather than inventing their own rules or their own games.

All along the way, they ⌈strive 노력하다, 애쓰다⌋ / to ⌈earn 벌다, 받다⌋ the ⌈approval 승인, 동의⌋ of their ⌈parents 부모, 학부모⌋ / and the ⌈admiration 존경, 감탄⌋ of their teachers.

All along the way, they strive to earn the approval of their parents and the admiration of their teachers.

#11-3 빈칸?

① doubt ② argument ③ evaluation ④ restriction ⑤ modification

Here's a curious paradox. If perfection is a state beyond improvement, then isn't every moment, by definition, perfect? After all, any given "now," any given moment of reality is what it is in the sense that it cannot be anything other than what it is. Take this moment, right now: this moment is already here, and, as such, as theoretically imperfect as it may be, it is ─ at present ─ beyond any _____________. While you could take the lessons of this moment and try to make the next moment better, this very moment is beyond improvement. It is too late to add anything to this moment to make it better. And if this moment, this slice of reality, is beyond improvement, then it's the only way it can be (the best it can be - perfect).

Here's a ⌈curious 궁금한, 알고 싶은⌋ ⌈paradox 역설, 모순⌋.

Here's a curious paradox.

If ⌈perfection 완벽, 완성⌋ / is a ⌈state 국가, 주⌋ beyond ⌈improvement 개선, 향상⌋, then / is every ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋, by ⌈definition 정의, 의미⌋, perfect?

If perfection is a state beyond improvement, then isn't every moment, by definition, perfect?

After all, any given "now," any given ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ of ⌈reality 현실, 리얼리티⌋ / is what it / is / in the sense / that it / can be anything other / than what it / is.

After all, any given "now," any given moment of reality is what it is in the sense that it cannot be anything other than what it is.

Take this ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋, right now: this ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ / is already here, / and, / as such, / as ⌈theoretically 이론적으로는, 이론상⌋ ⌈imperfect 불완전한, 불충분한⌋ / as it / may be, it / is ─ / at ⌈present 현재의, 보여주다⌋ ─ beyond any _____________.

Take this moment, right now: this moment is already here, and, as such, as theoretically imperfect as it may be, it is ─ at present ─ beyond any _____________.

While you / could take the ⌈lessons 수업, 교훈⌋ of this ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ / and try / to make the next ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ better, this very ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ / is beyond ⌈improvement 개선, 향상⌋.

While you could take the lessons of this moment and try to make the next moment better, this very moment is beyond improvement.

It / is too late / to add anything / to this ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋ / to make it better.

It is too late to add anything to this moment to make it better.

And / if this ⌈moment 순간, 지금⌋, this ⌈slice 한 조각, 자르다⌋ of ⌈reality 현실, 리얼리티⌋, / is beyond ⌈improvement 개선, 향상⌋, then it's the only way it / can be (the best it / can be - perfect).

And if this moment, this slice of reality, is beyond improvement, then it's the only way it can be (the best it can be - perfect).

#11-4 빈칸?

① improve your memory ② respond to complaints ③ explore a new territory ④ enhance leadership skills ⑤ clear the way of obstacles

Long, long before smart phones, a walking stick was our support staff when on the go. A good walking staff was the ultimate assistive device. If you misstepped, the staff helped you regain your balance. If you became tired, the staff was there to support you. The staff offered the benefit of a probe if you needed to explore an unfamiliar object along the way. It could be used as a gauge to test the depth of water if you had to ford a stream. If you needed to commit something to memory, you could notch the information down on the staff more or less with the same ease as we do it with the flash-drive memory sticks of today. And if necessary, a staff could be readily used as a weapon. All in all, the staff helped _______________.

Long, long before ⌈smart 영리한, 스마트한⌋ phones, a walking ⌈stick 막대기, 고수하다⌋ / was our support ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ / when / on the go.

Long, long before smart phones, a walking stick was our support staff when on the go.

A good walking ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ / was the ⌈ultimate 궁극적인, 최종의⌋ assistive ⌈device 장치, 기기⌋.

A good walking staff was the ultimate assistive device.

If you misstepped, the ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ helped you ⌈regain 되찾다, 회복하다⌋ your ⌈balance 균형, 잔고⌋.

If you misstepped, the staff helped you regain your balance.

If you became ⌈tired 피곤한, 싫증난⌋, the ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ / was there / to support you.

If you became tired, the staff was there to support you.

The ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ offered the ⌈benefit 이익, 혜택⌋ of a ⌈probe 조사하다, 수사하다⌋ / if you needed / to ⌈explore 탐험하다, 탐구하다⌋ an ⌈unfamiliar 낯선, 익숙지 않은⌋ object along the way.

The staff offered the benefit of a probe if you needed to explore an unfamiliar object along the way.

It / could be used / as a gauge / to test the ⌈depth 깊이, 깊음⌋ of water / if you had / to ford a ⌈stream 강, 시내⌋.

It could be used as a gauge to test the depth of water if you had to ford a stream.

If you needed / to ⌈commit 저지르다, 약속하다⌋ something / to ⌈memory 기억, 추억⌋, you / could ⌈notch 단계, 등급⌋ the ⌈information 정보, 자료⌋ down / on the ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ more or less / with the same ease / as we / do it / with the ⌈flash 플래시, 번쩍이다⌋-drive ⌈memory 기억, 추억⌋ ⌈sticks 막대기, 고수하다⌋ of today.

If you needed to commit something to memory, you could notch the information down on the staff more or less with the same ease as we do it with the flash-drive memory sticks of today.

And / if ⌈necessary 필요한, 필수적인⌋, a ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ / could be readily used / as a ⌈weapon 무기, 총기⌋.

And if necessary, a staff could be readily used as a weapon.

All / in all, the ⌈staff 직원, 참모⌋ helped _______________.

All in all, the staff helped _______________.

#11-5 빈칸?

① on the film ② in the theatre ③ on a regular basis ④ through your emotions ⑤ in their mother tongue

You may have heard or read that Laurence Olivier was widely believed to be the greatest actor of the past century. But when you see one of his films, you may wonder how that could be. This assessment comes largely from those who saw him perform live. He was an amazing and brilliant technician who took big risks and thrilled audiences far enough away not to be able to sense his technique. He rarely reached that impact on film where his work sometimes looks calculated. Richard Burton, also respected as one of the twentieth-century greats, had a voice so huge that it would sometimes overwhelm the camera, the microphone, and all the intimacy of film acting. To this day, many audience members and critics maintain that if you did not experience either of these men ______________, you did not experience their magic.

You / may have heard or read / that Laurence Olivier / was widely believed / to be the greatest actor of the past century.

You may have heard or read that Laurence Olivier was widely believed to be the greatest actor of the past century.

But / when you see one of his ⌈films 영화계, 영화⌋, you / may wonder how / that / could be.

But when you see one of his films, you may wonder how that could be.

This ⌈assessment 평가, 사정⌋ comes largely / from those who saw him perform live.

This assessment comes largely from those who saw him perform live.

He / was an ⌈amazing 놀라운, 멋진⌋ / and ⌈brilliant 뛰어난, 훌륭한⌋ technician who took big ⌈risks 위험, 리스크⌋ / and ⌈thrilled 흥분, 스릴⌋ ⌈audiences 관객, 청중⌋ far enough away not / to be able / to sense his ⌈technique 기술, 기법⌋.

He was an amazing and brilliant technician who took big risks and thrilled audiences far enough away not to be able to sense his technique.

He ⌈rarely 드물게, 거의 ~하지 않는⌋ reached / that ⌈impact 영향, 충격⌋ / on ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ where his work sometimes looks ⌈calculated 면밀히 계산된, 고의적인⌋.

He rarely reached that impact on film where his work sometimes looks calculated.

Richard Burton, also ⌈respected 존경하다, 존중⌋ / as one of the ⌈twentieth 20세기, 스무 번째⌋-century greats, had a voice so ⌈huge 큰, 엄청난⌋ / that it / would sometimes ⌈overwhelm 압도하다, 사로잡히다⌋ the ⌈camera 카메라, 사진기⌋, the microphone, / and all the ⌈intimacy 친밀, 친교⌋ of ⌈film 영화계, 영화⌋ acting.

Richard Burton, also respected as one of the twentieth-century greats, had a voice so huge that it would sometimes overwhelm the camera, the microphone, and all the intimacy of film acting.

To this day, many ⌈audience 관객, 청중⌋ members / and critics ⌈maintain 유지하다, 주장하다⌋ / that / if you / did not experience either of these men ______________, you / did not experience their magic.

To this day, many audience members and critics maintain that if you did not experience either of these men ______________, you did not experience their magic.

#11-6 빈칸?

① accidental mistakes ② simply inconceivable ③ irregular occurrences ④ business opportunities ⑤ unavoidably necessary

A growing segment of humankind has come to see war as ___________. For the first time in history, when governments, corporations and private individuals consider their immediate future, many of them don't think about war as a likely event. Nuclear weapons have turned war between superpowers into a mad act of collective suicide, and therefore forced the most powerful nations on earth to find alternative and peaceful ways to resolve conflicts. Simultaneously, the global economy has been transformed from a material-based economy into a knowledge-based economy. Previously the main sources of wealth were material assets such as gold mines, wheat fields and oil wells. Today the main source of wealth is knowledge. And whereas you can conquer oil fields through war, you cannot acquire knowledge that way. Hence as knowledge became the most important economic resource, the profitability of war declined and wars became increasingly restricted to those parts of the world where the economies are still old-fashioned material-based economies.

A growing ⌈segment 부문, 부분⌋ of humankind / has come / to see war / as ___________.

A growing segment of humankind has come to see war as ___________.

For the first time / in history, / when ⌈governments 정부, 부⌋, ⌈corporations 기업, 회사⌋ / and ⌈private 민간의, 개인의⌋ individuals consider their immediate ⌈future 미래, 앞의⌋, many of them / do think / about war / as a likely event.

For the first time in history, when governments, corporations and private individuals consider their immediate future, many of them don't think about war as a likely event.

Nuclear ⌈weapons 무기, 총기⌋ / have turned war between superpowers / into a ⌈mad 화난, 미친⌋ act of ⌈collective 집단적인, 총괄적인⌋ ⌈suicide 자살하다, 자멸하다⌋, / and ⌈therefore 그것을 위해, 그것에 대해⌋ ⌈forced 강요된, 강제적인⌋ the most powerful nations / on earth / to find ⌈alternative 대안, 대체⌋ / and peaceful ways / to ⌈resolve 해결하다, 결의하다⌋ ⌈conflicts 갈등, 분쟁⌋.

Nuclear weapons have turned war between superpowers into a mad act of collective suicide, and therefore forced the most powerful nations on earth to find alternative and peaceful ways to resolve conflicts.

Simultaneously, the ⌈global 세계의⌋ ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋ / has been ⌈transformed 바꾸어 놓다, 변모시키다⌋ / from a ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋-based ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋ / into a ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋-based ⌈economy 경제, 경기⌋.

Simultaneously, the global economy has been transformed from a material-based economy into a knowledge-based economy.

Previously the main ⌈sources 정보원, 원천⌋ of ⌈wealth 부, 재산⌋ / were ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋ ⌈assets 자산, 재산⌋ / such as gold ⌈mines 내 것, 광산⌋, ⌈wheat 밀, 소맥⌋ fields / and ⌈oil 석유, 기름⌋ wells.

Previously the main sources of wealth were material assets such as gold mines, wheat fields and oil wells.

Today the main ⌈source 정보원, 원천⌋ of ⌈wealth 부, 재산⌋ / is ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋.

Today the main source of wealth is knowledge.

And whereas you / can conquer ⌈oil 석유, 기름⌋ fields through war, you / can ⌈acquire 얻다, 인수하다⌋ ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ / that way.

And whereas you can conquer oil fields through war, you cannot acquire knowledge that way.

Hence / as ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ became the most important ⌈economic 경제의, 경기의⌋ ⌈resource 자원, 부⌋, the profitability of war declined / and wars became ⌈increasingly 점점, 더욱 더⌋ ⌈restricted 제한된, 한정된⌋ / to those parts of the world where the economies / are still old-fashioned ⌈material 자료, 물질의⌋-based economies.

Hence as knowledge became the most important economic resource, the profitability of war declined and wars became increasingly restricted to those parts of the world where the economies are still old-fashioned material-based economies.

#11-7 빈칸?

① an apparently logical proof ② diverse analytical approaches ③ many definitions of hypotheses ④ a mathematician's logical argument ⑤ different experimental environments

Mathematical truth is a very slippery concept. This is not to say that it does not exist, but rather that we cannot be absolutely sure we have found it simply because we have ________________. People make mistakes, particularly when checking a single lengthy argument repeatedly. Our knowledge of the truth of a mathematical statement depends upon making judgements based upon appropriate evidence. This evidence includes proofs of the type presented in text books, but may also involve numerical calculations, already solved special cases, geometrical pictures, consistency with one's intuition about the field, parallels with other fields, wholly unexpected consequences which can be verified, etc. Mathematicians try to increase their knowledge, but this knowledge is based more upon the variety of independent sources of confirmation than upon logic.

⌈mathematical 수학의, 수리적인⌋ ⌈truth 진실, 사실⌋ / is a very ⌈slippery 미끄러운, 미끈거리는⌋ ⌈concept 개념, 생각⌋.

Mathematical truth is a very slippery concept.

This / is not / to say / that it ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ not ⌈exist 존재하다, 있다⌋, but rather / that we / can be ⌈absolutely 절대적으로, 전혀⌋ sure we / have found it simply because we / have ________________.

This is not to say that it does not exist, but rather that we cannot be absolutely sure we have found it simply because we have ________________.

People make ⌈mistakes 실수, 잘못⌋, particularly / when checking a ⌈single 하나의, 싱글⌋ ⌈lengthy 오랜, 긴⌋ ⌈argument 주장, 논쟁⌋ ⌈repeatedly 반복적으로, 거듭해서⌋.

People make mistakes, particularly when checking a single lengthy argument repeatedly.

Our ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ of the ⌈truth 진실, 사실⌋ of a ⌈mathematical 수학의, 수리적인⌋ ⌈statement 발표, 말함⌋ ⌈depends 따라, 달리다⌋ upon making ⌈judgements 판단, 가늠⌋ based upon appropriate ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋.

Our knowledge of the truth of a mathematical statement depends upon making judgements based upon appropriate evidence.

This ⌈evidence 증거, 근거⌋ ⌈includes 포함하다, 포괄하다⌋ ⌈proofs 증거, 증명⌋ of the ⌈type 종류, 유형⌋ ⌈presented 현재의, 보여주다⌋ / in ⌈text 글, 문자⌋ books, but / may also ⌈involve 관련되다, 참여하다⌋ ⌈numerical 수의, 수를 나타내는⌋ ⌈calculations 계산, 측정⌋, already solved special ⌈cases 경우⌋, geometrical pictures, ⌈consistency 일관성, 농도⌋ / with one's ⌈intuition 직관적 통찰, 직감⌋ / about the field, ⌈parallels 평행, 유사⌋ / with other fields, ⌈wholly 완전히, 전적으로⌋ ⌈unexpected 예기치 않은⌋ ⌈consequences 결과, 중요성⌋ which / can be verified, etc.

This evidence includes proofs of the type presented in text books, but may also involve numerical calculations, already solved special cases, geometrical pictures, consistency with one's intuition about the field, parallels with other fields, wholly unexpected consequences which can be verified, etc.

Mathematicians try / to ⌈increase 증가하다, 늘리다⌋ their ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋, but this ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ / is based more upon the ⌈variety 다양, 여러종류⌋ of ⌈independent 독립한, 무소속의⌋ ⌈sources 정보원, 원천⌋ of ⌈confirmation 확인, 확증⌋ / than upon ⌈logic 논리, 생각⌋.

Mathematicians try to increase their knowledge, but this knowledge is based more upon the variety of independent sources of confirmation than upon logic.

#11-8 빈칸?

① social isolation ② learned social roles ③ difficult manual labor ④ the limitations of their biology ⑤ the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers

What makes us so adaptable? In one word, culture ─ our ability to learn from others, to copy, imitate, share, and improve. When humans learned to communicate using oral and, later, written language, ideas, knowledge, and practices ─ how to make a fishhook, build a boat, fashion a spear, sing a song, carve a god ─ could replicate and combine like genes. But unlike genes, they could jump from one mind to another across distances of time and space. Culture freed humans from _________________; according to evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel, when humans discovered culture, they achieved a momentous shift in the balance of power "between our genes and our minds." Humans became the only species to acquire guidance on how to live from the accumulated knowledge of their ancestors, rather than just from their DNA.

What makes us so adaptable?

What makes us so adaptable?

In one word, ⌈culture 문화, 문명⌋ ─ our ability / to learn / from others, / to ⌈copy 복사하다, 사본⌋, ⌈imitate 흉내내다, 모방하다⌋, ⌈share 공유하다, 나누다⌋, / and ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋.

In one word, culture ─ our ability to learn from others, to copy, imitate, share, and improve.

When humans learned / to ⌈communicate 의사소통하다, 대화하다⌋ using ⌈oral 구두의, 입의⌋ / and, later, ⌈written 쓴, 문서의⌋ ⌈language 언어⌋, ideas, ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋, / and practices ─ how / to make a fishhook, build a boat, ⌈fashion 패션, 유행⌋ a ⌈spear 창⌋, sing a song, ⌈carve 조각하다, 차지하다⌋ a god ─ / could replicate / and ⌈combine 합치다, 결합시키다⌋ like ⌈genes 정보, 진상⌋.

When humans learned to communicate using oral and, later, written language, ideas, knowledge, and practices ─ how to make a fishhook, build a boat, fashion a spear, sing a song, carve a god ─ could replicate and combine like genes.

But unlike ⌈genes 정보, 진상⌋, they / could ⌈jump 증가하다, 점프⌋ / from one mind / to another across ⌈distances 거리, 먼 곳⌋ of time / and space.

But unlike genes, they could jump from one mind to another across distances of time and space.

⌈culture 문화, 문명⌋ freed humans / from _________________; ⌈according 협정, 합의⌋ / to evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel, / when humans ⌈discovered 발견하다, 알다⌋ ⌈culture 문화, 문명⌋, they achieved a ⌈momentous 중요한, 중대한⌋ ⌈shift 변화, 전환⌋ / in the ⌈balance 균형, 잔고⌋ of power "between our ⌈genes 정보, 진상⌋ / and our minds." Humans became the only ⌈species 종, 종류⌋ / to ⌈acquire 얻다, 인수하다⌋ ⌈guidance 지도, 지침⌋ / on how / to live / from the accumulated ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋ of their ⌈ancestors 조상, 선조⌋, rather / than just / from their DNA.

Culture freed humans from _________________; according to evolutionary biologist Mark Pagel, when humans discovered culture, they achieved a momentous shift in the balance of power "between our genes and our minds." Humans became the only species to acquire guidance on how to live from the accumulated knowledge of their ancestors, rather than just from their DNA.

#11-9 빈칸?

① writers and readers are hardly equal ② good writers come from good readers ③ readers don't necessarily trust writers ④ writers and readers have the same purpose ⑤ good writers don't tell their readers everything

Mark Twain observed, "We are all ignorant, but about different things." One mistake technical professionals make when writing for non-technical readers is assuming their readers are as knowledgeable as they are about the subject. This is a fatal assumption that will only result in confusion and frustration for your reader. Also, a great deal of your time will be spent generating additional messages to the reader trying to explain what should have been clear the first time. Just because it's clear to you does not make it clear to your reader. If you are an engineer or accountant writing to others in your field, then perhaps there will be less need to explain all aspects of your message. If you're writing to the senior vice president of marketing, who is not familiar with software applications, then you will need to "walk" that reader through your message. Remember that when it comes to technical knowledge, ________________.

Mark Twain observed, "We / are all ⌈ignorant 모르는, 무지한⌋, but / about different things." One ⌈mistake 실수, 잘못⌋ ⌈technical 기술의, 전문의⌋ ⌈professionals 전문의, 프로의⌋ make / when ⌈writing 쓰기, 작문⌋ for non-⌈technical 기술의, 전문의⌋ readers / is assuming their readers / are / as knowledgeable / as they / are / about the ⌈subject 주제, 과목⌋.

Mark Twain observed, "We are all ignorant, but about different things." One mistake technical professionals make when writing for non-technical readers is assuming their readers are as knowledgeable as they are about the subject.

This / is a ⌈fatal 치명적인, 죽음에 이르는⌋ ⌈assumption 가정, 추측⌋ / that / will only ⌈result 결국, 결과⌋ / in ⌈confusion 혼란, 혼동⌋ / and frustration for your reader.

This is a fatal assumption that will only result in confusion and frustration for your reader.

Also, a great ⌈deal 거래, 다루다⌋ of your time / will be ⌈spent 보냈다, 지출했다⌋ generating ⌈additional 추가의, 더⌋ ⌈messages 메시지, 메모⌋ / to the reader trying / to ⌈explain 설명하다, 알려주다⌋ what / should have been clear the first time.

Also, a great deal of your time will be spent generating additional messages to the reader trying to explain what should have been clear the first time.

Just because it's clear / to you ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ not make it clear / to your reader.

Just because it's clear to you does not make it clear to your reader.

If you / are an ⌈engineer 기술자, 엔지니어⌋ or accountant ⌈writing 쓰기, 작문⌋ / to others / in your field, then perhaps there / will be less need / to ⌈explain 설명하다, 알려주다⌋ all ⌈aspects 측면, ~면⌋ of your ⌈message 메시지, 메모⌋.

If you are an engineer or accountant writing to others in your field, then perhaps there will be less need to explain all aspects of your message.

If you're ⌈writing 쓰기, 작문⌋ / to the ⌈senior 선임, 고령자⌋ ⌈vice 대리의, 악⌋ ⌈president 대통령, 사장⌋ of marketing, who / is not ⌈familiar 익숙한, 친숙한⌋ / with ⌈software 소프트웨어, 프로그램⌋ ⌈applications 지원, 애플리케이션⌋, then you / will need / to "walk" / that reader through your ⌈message 메시지, 메모⌋.

If you're writing to the senior vice president of marketing, who is not familiar with software applications, then you will need to "walk" that reader through your message.

Remember / that / when it comes / to ⌈technical 기술의, 전문의⌋ ⌈knowledge 지식, 아는 것⌋, ________________.

Remember that when it comes to technical knowledge, ________________.

#11-10 빈칸?

① whom they all resented ② to whom they should listen ③ whom they could not imitate ④ with whom they could identify ⑤ who could be under their control

Spider-Man was a tremendous hit with readers because it gave millions of teenagers a hero ________________. Jocks and cheerleaders didn't read comics. The quiet, introspective students did, the same type of students as Peter Parker, the main character. Spider-Man was the first ongoing, reality-based superhero comic. Peter could swing over buildings, use his artificial webbing to catch a pair of bank robbers, then return a missing animal to the zoo as part of a day's work. But in the evening, at home with his Aunt May, he was the one superhero who needed to sew the holes in his socks, take two aspirin for his headache, then watch the TV news to see if there were any reports about his exploits earlier in the day.

Spider-Man / was a ⌈tremendous 엄청난, 대단한⌋ hit / with readers because it gave millions of teenagers a hero ________________.

Spider-Man was a tremendous hit with readers because it gave millions of teenagers a hero ________________.

Jocks / and cheerleaders / did read comics.

Jocks and cheerleaders didn't read comics.

The ⌈quiet 조용히, 고요한⌋, introspective students / did, the same ⌈type 종류, 유형⌋ of students / as Peter Parker, the main ⌈character 캐릭터, 주인공⌋.

The quiet, introspective students did, the same type of students as Peter Parker, the main character.

Spider-Man / was the first ongoing, ⌈reality 현실, 리얼리티⌋-based superhero comic.

Spider-Man was the first ongoing, reality-based superhero comic.

Peter / could ⌈swing 스윙, 휘두르다⌋ over ⌈buildings 건물⌋, use his ⌈artificial 인공의, 인위적인⌋ ⌈webbing 웨브⌋ / to ⌈catch 잡다, 받다⌋ a ⌈pair 짝지어주다, 한 쌍⌋ of ⌈bank 은행, 뱅크⌋ ⌈robbers 강도, 도둑⌋, then ⌈return 돌아오다, 복귀하다⌋ a missing animal / to the zoo / as part of a day's work.

Peter could swing over buildings, use his artificial webbing to catch a pair of bank robbers, then return a missing animal to the zoo as part of a day's work.

But / in the evening, / at home / with his Aunt May, he / was the one superhero who needed / to ⌈sew 바느질하다, 꿰매다⌋ the ⌈holes 구멍, 홀⌋ / in his socks, take two aspirin for his ⌈headache 두통, 골칫거리⌋, then ⌈watch 보다⌋ the TV news / to see / if there / were any ⌈reports 보고, 보고서⌋ / about his ⌈exploits 활용하다, 착취하다⌋ earlier / in the day.

But in the evening, at home with his Aunt May, he was the one superhero who needed to sew the holes in his socks, take two aspirin for his headache, then watch the TV news to see if there were any reports about his exploits earlier in the day.

#11-11 빈칸?

① how they are measured ② how they rule our lives ③ how fast they may change ④ what they are designed to do ⑤ how they respond to exercises

Although height and weight are similar in their simplicity, they are very different in _______________. Our adult height is fixed ─ there is little one can do about it, and short people are not held responsible for their height as well as for their eye colors. Weight, however, is another matter. We are bombarded with the message that we can control our weight through will power, proper nutrition, and exercise. The diet industry (which includes diet programs, diet foods, and diet magazines and books) is enormous, with revenues of tens of billions of dollars, catering to an American public desperate to slim down. We shop at grocery stores filled with food that isn't food and exercise at gyms packed with people walking furiously on treadmills that take them nowhere. Each morning we step onto the bathroom scale and measure our progress or lack thereof(그것의).

Although ⌈height 키, 높이⌋ / and weight / are similar / in their ⌈simplicity 단순, 간단⌋, they / are very different / in _______________.

Although height and weight are similar in their simplicity, they are very different in _______________.

Our adult ⌈height 키, 높이⌋ / is fixed ─ there / is little one / can / do / about it, / and short people / are not held ⌈responsible 책임이 있는, 담당의⌋ for their ⌈height 키, 높이⌋ / as well / as for their eye ⌈colors 색, 색깔⌋.

Our adult height is fixed ─ there is little one can do about it, and short people are not held responsible for their height as well as for their eye colors.

Weight, however, / is another ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋.

Weight, however, is another matter.

We / are bombarded / with the ⌈message 메시지, 메모⌋ / that we / can ⌈control 통제하다, 지배하다⌋ our weight through / will power, ⌈proper 적절한, 제대로⌋ ⌈nutrition 영양물, 영양⌋, / and ⌈exercise 운동, 훈련⌋.

We are bombarded with the message that we can control our weight through will power, proper nutrition, and exercise.

The ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋ ⌈industry 산업, 업계⌋ (which ⌈includes 포함하다, 포괄하다⌋ ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋ ⌈programs 프로그램, 계획⌋, ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋ foods, / and ⌈diet 다이어트, 식단⌋ ⌈magazines 잡지, 무기고⌋ / and books) / is ⌈enormous 거대한, 막대한⌋, / with ⌈revenues 매출, 수입⌋ of tens of ⌈billions 10억, 막대한 수⌋ of dollars, catering / to an American ⌈public 대중, 국민⌋ ⌈desperate 필사적인, 절망적인⌋ / to ⌈slim 날씬한, 슬림⌋ down.

The diet industry (which includes diet programs, diet foods, and diet magazines and books) is enormous, with revenues of tens of billions of dollars, catering to an American public desperate to slim down.

We shop / at ⌈grocery 식료품, 잡화류⌋ stores filled / with food / that / is food / and ⌈exercise 운동, 훈련⌋ / at gyms ⌈packed 싸다, 꽉 들어찬⌋ / with people walking ⌈furiously 극단적으로, 미친 듯 날뛰며⌋ / on treadmills / that take them nowhere.

We shop at grocery stores filled with food that isn't food and exercise at gyms packed with people walking furiously on treadmills that take them nowhere.

Each morning we step / onto the bathroom ⌈scale 규모, 등급⌋ / and ⌈measure 대책, 조치⌋ our ⌈progress 진전, 발전⌋ or ⌈lack 부족, ~이 없다⌋ thereof(그것의).

Each morning we step onto the bathroom scale and measure our progress or lack thereof(그것의).

#11-12 빈칸?

① have to change things up from time to time ② won't try genres other than their primary one ③ are not always good mentors to younger writers ④ should check facts before publishing their books ⑤ never know how people will react to their works

There are many authors who have been published for a long time but have not been able to increase their readership base. One of the main reasons is because they have become too formulaic. They stifle their ability to gain more readers by writing with the same tone and the same overall premise over and over again. They cannot connect to more readers unless they expand their own views and writing topics. That does not mean that they have to change their genre, but they certainly need to attempt to improve upon that genre with each and every book that they offer to the public. Even when you look at popular movie franchises or television shows, they run their courses after a while. No matter how successful a writer becomes, they _______________. Don't believe me? Take a good look at some of the top authors in the game and see how they have done that very thing.

There / are many ⌈authors 작가, 저자⌋ who / have been ⌈published 출판하다, 출간하다⌋ for a long time but / have not been able / to ⌈increase 증가하다, 늘리다⌋ their readership base.

There are many authors who have been published for a long time but have not been able to increase their readership base.

One of the main ⌈reasons 이유, 원인⌋ / is because they / have become too formulaic.

One of the main reasons is because they have become too formulaic.

They ⌈stifle 억누르다, 질식시키다⌋ their ability / to ⌈gain 얻다, 증가하다⌋ more readers by ⌈writing 쓰기, 작문⌋ / with the same ⌈tone 어조, 소리⌋ / and the same overall premise over / and over again.

They stifle their ability to gain more readers by writing with the same tone and the same overall premise over and over again.

They / can ⌈connect 연결하다, 이어지다⌋ / to more readers unless they ⌈expand 확대하다, 확장하다⌋ their own ⌈views 견해, 보기⌋ / and ⌈writing 쓰기, 작문⌋ ⌈topics 주제, 화제⌋.

They cannot connect to more readers unless they expand their own views and writing topics.

That ⌈/ does 암컷, Department Energy(에너지부)⌋ not mean / that they / have to change their genre, but they certainly need / to ⌈attempt 시도하다, 노력⌋ / to ⌈improve 개선하다, 향상하다⌋ upon / that genre / with each / and every book / that they offer / to the ⌈public 대중, 국민⌋.

That does not mean that they have to change their genre, but they certainly need to attempt to improve upon that genre with each and every book that they offer to the public.

Even / when you look / at ⌈popular 인기 있는, 유명한⌋ movie ⌈franchises 선거권, 독점 판매권⌋ or television shows, they run their courses after a / while.

Even when you look at popular movie franchises or television shows, they run their courses after a while.

No ⌈matter 문제, 중요하다⌋ how successful a ⌈writer 작가, 저자⌋ becomes, they _______________.

No matter how successful a writer becomes, they _______________.

Don't believe me?

Don't believe me?

Take a good look / at some of the top ⌈authors 작가, 저자⌋ / in the game / and see how they / have done / that very thing.

Take a good look at some of the top authors in the game and see how they have done that very thing.

👍🏿VOCAB. 여러번 쓰면서 연습하세요!!!
absence 부재
absolute 순전한;절대의
access 접근
accidental 우연한
accord 일치
account 계좌. 설명
accountant 회계원
accumulate 축적하다
acquir 습득하다
adapt 적응시키다
adaptation 적응
addition 추가;부가
additional 부가적인
administration
admiration 감탄;칭찬
alien 외국의
alike 똑같이
alter 바꾸다
alternat
alternative 대안의;대안
ambition 야망
amount 금액;양
ancestor 조상;선조
apparent 명백한
application 응용;적용
approach 다가가다;접근하다
approv
approval 승인
archaeology 고고학
argument 논의;주장
artifact 인공물
artificial 인공의
practice 관행;연습
force 강요하다
aspect 양상;국면
aspir
assess 평가하다
assessment 평가
asset 자산
associat 연관시키다
assum 가정하다
assumption 가정
assur 보증하다
assurance
attempt 시도하다
bare 벌거벗은;간결한
barely 거의 ~않다
behav
behavior 행동
behaviour 행동
belonging
biological 생물학적
biology 생물학
calculat
calculation 계산
carv
catalog 카탈로그를
charity 자선
chemical 화학의
chronic
civil
coexist 공존하다
collaborat
collaboration
collective 집합적인;모인
combin
commit 범하다
competition 경쟁;시합
complet
complexity 복잡성
compos
compromise 타협
concentrate 집중하다
confide
confidence 자신;확신
confident 자신이 있는;자신만만한
confine 한정하다;제한하다
confined
confirm 확인하다;확증하다
conflict 갈등;논쟁
conform 순응하다
confront 직면하다;마주대하다
confusion
conquer 정복하다
consecutive
consequence 결과
conservation 보존
considerable 상당한;중요한
consideration 고려 사항
consist
consistency 일관성
constant 지속적인
consult 의견을듣다
consultant 의논상대;고문
contemporary 현대의;동시대의
content 내용
continent 대륙
continental
continued 계속되는
control 통제
convey 전하다
cooperate 협력하다
core 핵심
corporation 법인;회사
criteria 기준;척도
critic 비판가
critical 비판적인;중요한
curious 호기심을 끄는 호기심있는
decade 십년
declin 감소하다
deed 행위;업적
defend 방어
define
definit
definition 정의
demand 요구하다
denial
deny 부인하다
depend 의존하다
depict 묘사하다
depiction 묘사
desperate 절망적인;필사적인
determin 결심하다
determined 단호한;결단력 결심하다
devastate
differ
directed 직접적인;감독하다
direction 방향
disappear 사라지다
disaster 재난
disregard 무시하다
distinct 다른;독특한
distinctive 구별되는;뚜렷한
distort
distorted
diverse 다양한
domain 분야
donat
donation 기부
earthquake 지진
economic 경제적인
economical 경제적인
economically 경제적으로
educational 교육적인
effective 효과적인
element 요소;성분
embrace
employ 사용하다(
employment 고용
enabl
enact
enactment
encourage 격려하다;하게하다
encouraging 고무적인 격려하다;하게하다
enhanc
enormous 거대한 큰
ensure 확실히 하다
entire 전체의
equal 같은;평등한
equivalent 동등한
establish 확립하다;설치하다
evaluation 평가
evidence 증거
evident
evolution 진화
evolutionary 진화적인
exceed 능가하다
exclusion 배제
exist 존재하다
existing 존재하다
expand 확대하다
experiment 실험
experimental 실험의
explod
exploit 이용하다
explor 탐구하다
explore 탐구하다;탐험하다
extinct 사멸한;멸종된
extinction 멸종
fair 공정한;상당한
navigat 항해;바로걷다
fatal 치명적인
firm 회사;견고한
flee
flow 흐르다;넘쳐흐르다
formula 방식
franchise
frequency 자주 일어남;빈번
frequent 빈번한
frequently 빈번히;종종
frustrat 좌절시키다
frustration 좌절감
fuel 연료;불타게
fully 완전히
functional 기능적인
fundamental 근본적인
fur 부드러운 털;모피
furious 격노한
gene 유전자
generate 생성하다
generous 관대한
geography 지리학
geometric 기하학의
glow 백열광;붉은
govern 통치하다;다스리다
gradual 단계적인;점차적인
gradually 점차적으로
grave 무덤
guidance 길잡이;안내
guilt 죄책감
headache 두통
heal 치료하다
held 주장하다
historic 역사적으로 유명한
host 주인
hypothes 가설
identify 신원을 확인하다
ignorant 무지한;무식한
ignore 무시하다;소홀히
imaginary 상상의;가상의
imagination 상상력;상상
imitate 모방하다;흉내내다
immediate 즉각적인
improvement 개선;진보
incident 사건
incidental 우연한
increasingly 점점 더
incredibly 굉장히;매우
independent 독립의;독립한
indicat
indicate 가리키다
indigenous
induc
induc 야기하다
industrial
industrialize
injur 다치게 하다
injury 부상
innocent 순수한;순결한
innovative 혁신적인
insight 통찰력
inspir 영감을주다
inspiration 영감
institution 협회;단체
integration 통합;조화
intense 강렬한
interact 상호작용하다
interaction 상호작용
international 국제적인
interpret 해석하다
interpretation 해석
involv 포함하다
involved 포함하다
irrational
isolation 고립
judge 판단하다
judgement 판단
justify 정당화하다
knowledgeable 지성이 있는
leadership 대표직
length 길이
limitation 한정;제한
limited 제한된
literal 글자대로의
literate 읽고 쓸줄 아는
literature 문학
logic 논리
logical 논리적인
magnif
magnificent
majestic 장엄한;위엄
manual 소책자
matter 문제;중요하다
means 수단
mechanism 기계
mental 정신적인
mentor
minority 소수;소수민족
missile
mistaken
mode 방식
modification
moment 순간
momentum
monitor 감시하다;모니터하다
motivat 동기부여하다
motivated 적극적인;동기를 동기부여하다
mount 오르다;승마
movement 움직임;운동
narrative 묘사
navigation 항해
neglect 무시하다
norm 표준
nuisance
numerous 다수의;수많은
nutrition 영양분
objective 목적;객관적인
obstacle 장애
occur 발생하다
occurrence 발생
odd 이상한;홀수의
ongoing
opponent 상대방
oral 언어적인;말의
origin 기원;유래
overconfident 자만한
overwhelm 압도하다
pack 짐을 싸다
paradox
parallel 평행하는
pat 쓰다듬다;애무하다
peak
peculiar
perceive 인지하다
perceived 인식하다
perfection 완벽
permit 허가;허가하다
personality 개성;성격
perspective 원근법;투시화법
pest
ease 편함
policy 정책;방책
politics 정치;정치학 정치
popularity 인기
prefer 선호하다
premise
pressure 압력
prevention 예방
primary 주요한
novel 새로운
probe 조사하다
process 처리
profession 전문 직업
profit 이익
profitability
progress 진보
progressive 진보적인
prohibit 금지하다
prominent 저명한
promote 승진시키다
proof 증거;증명
proper 적당한
protect 보호하다
psychological 심리적인
publish 출판하다;발표하다
quest 탐구
rarely 좀처럼 - 하지 않는
react 반응하다
reality 현실
realm 영역
recognize 인식하다
recommend 추천하다
recommendation 추천
reflect 반사하다;반영하다
reform 다시 만들다;개편하다
regain 되찾다
regard 간주하다
region 지역
register 등록시키다;등록하다
regular
reinforce 강화하다
relate 관계시키다
relation 관계
release ~을 배출하다;~을 석방하다
repeatedly 반복해서
represent 의미하다;나타내다
reproduce 번식하다;재생하다
require 요구하다;필요로
resent 분개하다
resist 저항하다
resolve
resource 자원
responsibility 책임
responsible 책임감 있는
restrict 제한하다;한정하다
restriction 제한
reveal 드러내다;나타내다
revenue 수익
reverse 거꾸로 하다
ris 떠오르다
ritual
sake
salary 급여
scale 규모
scare 놀라게하다;놀라다
scope
segment 부분한
set in 시작하다
sew 바느질하다
shared 공유된 공유하다
sharp 명백한
shift 이동하다
signal 신호
simplicity 단순성
simultaneous 동시의
slic
slight
slim
slip 미끄러지다;미끄러짐
source 원천;근원
spear
specific 구체적인;특정한
spirit 영혼;정신
standardiz 표준화하다
statement 진술
stick 막대기
stream 흐름;흐르다
strive 노력하다;애쓰다
subject 대상;물체
substantial 상당한
suicide 자살
survival 생존
swept
swift 빠른;눈
swiftly 재빠르게
swing 흔들다
synthetic 합성의
tailor 재단사
tangible
target 목표;과녁
technical 전문적인;기술적인
technician 기술자
tempt 유혹하다
tension 긴장
terms 기간;용어
territory 영토
regardless of ~에관계없이
theme 주제;화제
theoretical
threat 위협;협박
thrill 전율
tie 매다;묶다
toll
tragic 비극적인;비참한
transform 변형시키다;바꾸다
transmit 보내다;발송하다
tread
treadmill 러닝머신
treasure 보물;소중히하다
tremendous 엄청난
trend 경향
trust 신뢰;신용
ultimate 최종적인
uncertain
uncover 발견하다
undo 원상태로 돌리다
unexpected 예기치 않은 기대치않은
urge 권유하다;주장하다
urgent 긴급한
valuable 귀중한;값비싼
value 높이 평가하다;가치
variety 다양성
venture
vital 중요한
vivid 생생한
warn 경고하다
weaken 약해지다
weigh 무게가 나가다
widen 넓히다
widespread 널리 퍼진
wilderness 야생 상태
withstand 저항하다
worth
wreck

난파선
2018 All Rights Reserved. Written by Wayne [wayne36@daum.net]