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1. In paradise, everyone receives the comforts of life without ['having'] to work at all.

2. By ['mining'] and ['selling'] the phosphate, the people of Nauru grew incredibly wealthy.

3. After 100 years of ['mining'] their island's once-rich natural resource was exhausted.

4. Nauru's story should act as a ['warning'] to the rest of the modern world.

5. ('Living') organisms, particularly marine animals, can be harmed either by mechanical effects, such as entanglement in plastic objects or problems related to ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that interfere with their physiology.

6. In the UK alone, more than 5 million tons of plastic are consumed each year, of which only an estimated one-quarter is recycled, with the remainder '{going}' to landfills.

7. In some areas there have been significant efforts to reduce the prominence of plastic pollution through '[reducing]' plastic consumption and '[promoting]' plastic '[recycling]'.

8. From the '[beginning]' of human history, people have asked questions about the world and their place within it.

9. He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of '[thinking]' rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.

10. To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of '[speaking]' to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.

11. For example, '[reading]' more is a good habit, but if you'[[re only doing]] it because you feel like that's what you're supposed to do, not because you actually want to learn more, you'[[re 'going']] to have a hard time '[reaching]' the goal.

12. Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints '(전)regarding' baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.

13. It took about a minute to get from the arrival gate to baggage claim, so the passengers spent seven more minutes '[waiting]' for their bags.

14. It resulted in (의미상주어)complaints '[reducing]' to almost zero.

15. Thus, '[occupying]' the passengers' time by '[making]' them walk longer gave them the idea they didn't have to wait as long.

16. You will find that the bits of paper or chalk dust cling to the pen.

17. The '[lightning]' that we often see during a storm is caused by a large flow of electrical charges between charged clouds and the earth.

18. That's because after death, the human body dehydrates, '{causing}' the skin to shrink, or become smaller.

19. This '[shrinking]' exposes the parts of the nails and hair that were once under the skin, '{causing}' them to appear longer than before.

20. '[Reading]' is like '[skiing]'.

21. When done well, when done by an expert, both '[reading]' and '[skiing]' are graceful, harmonious activities.

22. When done by a beginner, both are awkward, '(frustrating)', and slow.

23. '[Learning]' to ski is one of the most '(embarrassing)' experiences an adult can undergo.

24. After all, an adult [[has been 'walking']] for a long time; he knows where his feet are; he knows how to put one foot in front of the other in order to get somewhere.

25. He slips and slides, falls down, has trouble '[getting]' up, and generally looks — and feels — like a fool.

26. It is the same with '[reading]'.

27. Probably you have been '[reading]' for a long time, too, and '[starting]' to learn all over again would be '(humiliating)'.

28. '[Studying]' history can make you more knowledgeable or '(interesting)' to talk to or can lead to all sorts of brilliant vocations, explorations, and careers.

29. But even more importantly, '[studying]' history helps us ask and answer humanity's Big Questions.

30. If you want to know why something [[is happening]] in the present, you might ask a sociologist or an economist.

31. Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill {while carrying} a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.

32. Though we don't know a lot about dinosaurs, what we do know is [fascinating] to children of all ages.

33. Dinosaurs are studied in classrooms each year, not only for the science behind the topic, but also because of the creative '[thinking]' it seems to foster in students.

34. "The best part about this is what happens with their '[writing]'," Jennifer Zimmerman, a primary school teacher in Washington, D.C., says.

35. Eventually, the boy started to understand that '[holding]' his temper was easier than '[driving]' nails into the fence.

36. The '(Amazing)' Story of the 33 / Alone in the Dark.

37. It was a triumph of '[engineering]' and a victory of faith.

38. On August 5, 2010, at around lunch break, miners '(digging)' for copper and gold started to feel vibrations in the earth.

39. A massive piece of the nearby mountain had broken off, '{burying}' almost all the layers of the mine.

40. For example, José Henríquez, a religious man, tried to keep morale up, and Yonni Barrios, who had had some medical '[training]', helped other miners with their health problems.

41. Upon '[leaving]' the capsule, each miner was enthusiastically greeted, but they could not see their families right away.

42. We wanted to live for our families, and that was the greatest thing," Urzúa said to the Chilean people after his rescue.

43. Then, the rescuers and the rescued began [singing] the Chilean national anthem with the thousands of joyous people who came to support the operation, '{celebrating}' the heroics and the humanity of all those involved.

44. '[Being]' a consumer is tough these days.

45. At the same time, without decisions to make, '[being]' a consumer would be easier but much less '(interesting)'.

46. Advertisements cover cars and buildings, TV commercials shout slogans, and pop-up promotions on the Internet can be '(annoying)'.

47. Imagine that you go to a [shopping] mall to buy a pair of jeans.

48. Sales reduce inventory size, {making} room for the store to buy more stuff to sell, and they attract customers.

49. If the jeans were originally $100 but are now on sale for $80, the lower price would lead more customers to consider '[buying]' the jeans and '[spending]' another $20 on a T-shirt, too.

50. When advertisers associate '(appealing)' images with certain products, consumers may buy the products to associate themselves with those images.

51. You're still the same you, but you feel better about yourself because you [[are wearing]] Brand X's new jeans.

52. Is this worth '[paying]' 25%, 50%, or even 100% more?

53. "Have you ever been offered to buy something that you had not planned on '[buying]'?

54. This is called up-'[selling]' and it's designed to be not only helpful for you, but also for the store's bottom line.

55. What Most People Do Why are you influenced by these '[marketing]' strategies?

56. What'[[s 'going']] on in your head?

57. Instead of 'deliberating', you choose the easy way and make your decisions automatically.

58. For example, many people may simply assume that '[buying]' an item on sale will save them money, or that something with a higher price tag is better in quality.

59. If there are so many choices and '[marketing]' strategies out there, how can you become a smart consumer?

60. [Being] a smart consumer is not something that comes naturally.

61. Once you start '[noticing]' what's out there, your experience and wisdom will guide you to smart '[consuming]'.