2019-2020 수능특강 영어 전체문장 리스트

ss | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 190203 00:28:56

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(1) Your generous donations have made such a difference in the lives of little children who have been stricken with cancer.

(2) They might not know your names, but we know that many of our patients can run around in the sunshine now, happy and carefree, because of you.

(3) Now, as cancer research has progressed, we have the opportunity to introduce an exciting and newly proven treatment that promises to save even more young lives.

(4) To get this treatment up and running this year, we are hoping that you would consider supporting us with $10,000.

(5) To meet this need, we ask that you make an initial donation of half that amount followed by a final donation by the end of November.

(6) We know that you will find your greatest reward in the knowledge that you have blessed countless young lives.

(7) We thank you once again for all you have done in the past, and appreciate your consideration of this new request.

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(8) Dear Sir or Madam: I am writing in response to your advertisement in the Columbia Journal Classifieds for a copywriter.

(9) I am a copywriter with 8 years’ experience of conceptualizing and producing engaging copy for catalogs, annual reports, brochures and all types of collateral material.

(10) In addition, my writing abilities have helped me create original works of art for clients like Mead Coated Papers and Oxford Healthcare.

(11) I am knowledgeable about MS Word and WordPerfect, as well as both Macintosh and PC platforms.

(12) Much of my work has been crafted for the following clients: Macmillan Reference Library, Watson Guptill Publications, Hawaii University Press, and Arcade Fashion & Lifestyle Magazine.

(13) I have confidence in my ability to produce powerful, gripping copy for your organization.

(14) My experience allows me to complete any project from concept to the final stages at a fast pace to meet deadlines, and to package it for the Web.

(15) I look forward to hearing from you.

(16) Thank you for your time and consideration.

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(17) Do you want to save on electricity costs through solar power but can’t or don’t want to put panels on your roof?

(18) Residents in the Town of Whately now have the exclusive opportunity to sign up for a regional community shared solar farm being built in the town by Nexamp, the veteran-founded and Massachusetts-based solar provider.

(19) Through Nexamp’s Solarize My Bill community solar program, Whately households and businesses can take advantage of the environmental and economic benefits of going solar without installing solar panels on their property.

(20) By subscribing to a share of the clean electricity generated by a local community solar project, participants can directly offset their electric bill and save on electricity costs with no upfront investment or long-term commitment.

(21) To learn more about how you can save while supporting local sources of renewable energy, visit www.SolarizingtheBill.com or call 600-445-2124 to speak with a member of the Nexamp community solar team.

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(22) I want to thank you for bringing members of "Puerto Ricans for a Positive Image" to the American Broadcasting System (ABS) this week to meet with me and other ABS senior executives.

(23) The heartfelt passion for portraying more positive images of the Puerto Rican community was certainly heard by our executives.

(24) As we discussed in our meeting, it was never our intent to misrepresent images to your community, and the show in question no longer airs on ABS.

(25) ABS is known for the diversity of its characters, and over the years we have been continually recognized by multiple groups for stories that challenge stereotypes and bring different perspectives and voices to the screen.

(26) We apologize for any inadvertent offense taken and can assure you that we will continue to strive to reflect the vast diversity of our audience with respect and, where appropriate, with self-deprecating humor.

(27) Thank you again for meeting with us and for voicing your concerns.

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(28) In the evenings, clutching cups of tea and plates of supper, we would gather in the chintz armchairs in the sitting room.

(29) Always keeping a wary eye on the overweight, but ever-hungry dogs and our supper, we would settle down to talk well into the night.

(30) I learnt a lot of my family’s history during those long summer evenings.

(31) As daylight faded from the sky, the lamps in the room would be turned on, and the gas fire would be lit.

(32) The four of us would sit talking, and I would ask so many questions that even Daphne, with her sharp memory and fund of family stories, could not always answer them.

(33) Then, some time after midnight, with the two dogs gently snoring in their favourite armchairs, we would yawningly creep up to our beds.

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(34) On a Saturday in the fall of 2009, when Brandon and I were assessing the possibilities for a free and unscheduled day, we decided to go shopping for our dream farmhouse.

(35) We had both been feeling ready for something new.

(36) We were feeling the same excitement that our children have at nightfall, looking into the darkness trying to find a firefly to catch.

(37) We were hoping for something magical, something we could wrap our arms around and take home with us.

(38) So we packed a lunch for the kids and informed them we were going on an adventure.

(39) They gave us questioning looks, inquisitively pleading, "but where are we going?"

(40) Once strapped into their car seats they were only interested in the destination.

(41) Of course, we did not have a destination and we refrained from sharing that bit of information.

(42) After packing a few books and toys to occupy kids, we went shopping for our dream farmhouse.

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(43) When I started to spend time in the region, I began hearing stories about sea otters.

(44) These days, the otters aren’t so few and far between.

(45) In fact, when I confessed my lifelong dream of someday seeing a sea otter, people almost laughed at me!

(46) There are lots, I was told, along the outer coast.

(47) Finally, my moment came.

(48) I was on a small boat and there they were, their dark heads sticking out above the white water where the waves were crashing up against the rocky coastline.

(49) They weren’t close, and the rough waves made it hard to see, but in that moment I knew what it was to have a dream come true.

(50) It was a reminder that things can change, that species can recover, and that I could let go of some of the concern for the otters that I’d been holding inside since I was a girl.

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(51) Writers can feel achingly alone, but I am tremendously fortunate to be part of wonderfully supportive scholarly, academic, and family groups.

(52) My deepest debts for this work are owed to those who have preceded me in establishing food studies as an accepted discipline.

(53) In countless ways, this work would not be possible without theirs.

(54) I have recommended many of their works in the suggestions for further reading that follow each entry and in the general suggestions that conclude the volume.

(55) But I have also benefited from the personal support and encouragement of many individuals — too many to name here — at gatherings such as the conference of the Association for the Study of Food and Society and the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery.

(56) A more welcoming and nurturing group of scholars cannot be imagined.

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(57) Three-year-olds don't have to deal with the same rules and realities adults do.

(58) Because of that, children tend to be more imaginative and creative with their ideas.

(59) They see possibilities where the rest of us see rules, boundaries, or impossibilities.

(60) That’s why they’re famous for writing on walls — you see a perfectly painted living room that shouldn't be touched: they see a blank canvas.

(61) Even if it’s just for 30 minutes, seeing life from the angle of a semi-careless child can give you a new perspective on how you spend your time and deal with household problems or work challenges.

(62) For that reason alone, it’s valuable to imagine yourself acting as you would if you were just a child: free-spirited, boundless, uncontrollably creative, and unafraid to try new things.

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(63) Most linguists and local community members agree that education and literacy in the local language are necessary to maintain vitality, or to revitalize a language threatened with endangerment.

(64) Some local communities reject this notion, wanting to preserve their oral traditions and to rely solely on them.

(65) There is, however, a cost to this decision, as it limits the domains in which the language can be used.

(66) Regardless, most regard literacy as essential for local languages.

(67) Yet more than half of all languages have no written form, and so a writing system needs to be developed for them in order to use them in education and literacy programs.

(68) Basic pedagogical and reference materials are needed, including textbooks, dictionaries and usable descriptive grammars.

(69) Such materials are readily available for languages of wider communication, but not for the majority of local languages.

(70) In addition, reading material is needed for literacy as well.

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(71) There is a misconception that older people belong to a special tribe, all with the same problems, opinions and attitudes.

(72) Yet older people are just as different from each other as are members of younger generational groups.

(73) How can it be otherwise in view of the wide range of different experiences everyone has as their life progresses from childhood to old age?

(74) There are differences formed by family backgrounds, education, careers and relationships.

(75) All these help shape a person’s character and outlook on life.

(76) This does not confer superior virtues on the elderly.

(77) They may have wisdom, good humour and tolerance, but are just as likely to be cantankerous, boring and narrow-minded.

(78) Like everyone else, the old are a mixed bunch, but each is an individual with their own particular interests and personality.

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(79) While we usually think negatively of deviance, it actually can prove functional in a society.

(80) Any hostility toward deviants promotes behavioral conformity with social expectations.

(81) It strengthens group identity by separating the nonconforming from the well-behaved members centering on an agreement on the norms.

(82) We may be familiar with the phrase "the exception makes the rule."

(83) Deviance shows us the boundary, or line, that must not be crossed, highlighting not only the importance of the norm but its relative permissible zone for behavior.

(84) For example, if there is a rule that "food is not permitted in the classroom," a person with the candy bar or bag of chips might not be admonished by the teacher; yet a person arriving to class with a fast-food meal experiences rebuke and ejection.

(85) Others in the class now know where the line is drawn and can adjust their patterns of behavior accordingly.

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(86) You can save yourself a lot of time and energy if, over the next few years, you give serious consideration to what is most important to you and what you want to do with your life.

(87) Avoid the myth, however, that you are supposed to come up with some ambitious, detailed life plan and then follow it until the end of the rainbow.

(88) Things happen that are unexpected and unforeseen.

(89) Events in the world will alter the landscape.

(90) Opportunities will come your way that you never would have considered before.

(91) Friendships and networking will open up other possibilities.

(92) Your priorities and values will evolve as you gain new experiences and are exposed to other options.

(93) Anything you plan now will likely shift as you learn new things, develop new skills, and grow in new directions.

(94) In fact, it is imperative that you remain open to these changes.

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(95) If you have a new job and you are going to resign from your current job, may I make a common sense suggestion?

(96) Unless there is a very special circumstance, I strongly suggest you not resign from your current job with only the verbal agreement or an informal email telling you that you have the future job.

(97) I get chills up my spine when people do this or even consider it.

(98) There is still that chance something unforeseen could happen between the verbal offer and actuality.

(99) You should announce your intention to resign from the job only when you have in your possession a written and signed offer or employment contract, on company letterhead, with an accompanying start date for your new job.

(100) For me, this is as much an issue of common sense as suggesting you should look both ways before crossing a street.

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(101) Whether you’re a wrestler planning to win a league title next season, or a student with an entrepreneurial spirit who wants to start your own business and build a successful career, you need to plan the right steps.

(102) And don’t get caught up in thinking that any success you experience as a student has no bearing on or relationship to future success in the "real" world.

(103) You are in the "real" world—your world.

(104) Success now breeds success later, even if the fields or venues change.

(105) Don’t discount what you might consider "small" successes.

(106) Michael Jordan’s first step to basketball success was making his high school team after being cut earlier.

(107) Your successes — however great or small — in academics, social clubs, fine arts, or sports can pave the way to future success.

(108) What’s important at the moment is not how much you achieve, but how much you learn about the process of achieving.

(109) Because once you learn the process, you can apply it in the field or area of your choice, where you want to use the gifts you have.

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(110) Whenever our urge is to fight a specific biological change, we should ask the following triplet of questions.

(111) Will our efforts have made much difference a few hundred years hence?

(112) If not, this means we are fighting a battle we will inevitably lose.

(113) Next, will our great-grandchildren’s great-grandchildren be that bothered if the state of the world has been altered, given that they will not know exactly how it is today?

(114) If the answer to this second question is no, this means we are fighting battles we do not need to win.

(115) If change is inevitable, which it is, we should then ask a third question: how can we maximize the benefits that our descendants derive from the natural world?

(116) In other words, how can we promote changes that might be favourable to the future human condition, as well as avoid the losses of species that might be important in unknown ways in future?

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(117) We are about to embark on creating one of the most important habits of all: gratitude.

(118) After conducting and reviewing hundreds of studies, the University of California, Berkeley, concluded that gratitude is one of the most reliable methods for increasing happiness and life satisfaction.

(119) It boosts feelings of optimism, joy, pleasure, and enthusiasm.

(120) It reduces anxiety and depression, strengthens the immune system, lowers blood pressure, reduces symptoms of illness, and makes us less bothered by aches and pains.

(121) It encourages us to exercise more and take better care of our health.

(122) Grateful people get more hours of sleep each night, spend less time awake before falling asleep, and feel more refreshed upon awakening.

(123) Gratitude makes people more resilient and helps them recover from traumatic events.

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(124) Some believe there is no value to dreams, but it is wrong to dismiss these nocturnal dramas as irrelevant.

(125) There is something to be gained in remembering.

(126) We can feel more connected, more complete, and more on track.

(127) We can receive inspiration, information, and comfort.

(128) Albert Einstein stated that his theory of relativity was inspired by a dream.

(129) In fact, he claimed that dreams were responsible for many of his discoveries.

(130) Asking why we dream makes as much sense as questioning why we breathe.

(131) Dreaming is an integral part of a healthy life.

(132) The great news is that this is true whether or not we remember our dreams.

(133) Many people report being inspired with a new approach for a problem upon awakening, even though they don’t remember the specific dream.

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(134) Today’s rapidly changing technological landscape can represent a challenge for consumers who might lack trust in technology and be skeptical of its purported benefits.

(135) Anthropomorphic thought can help remedy this skepticism and distrust, and is especially consequential in consumer-product interactions where being mindful and conscious are important criteria for evaluation and accountability.

(136) For example, in a vehicle simulation study, Waytz and colleagues found that participants reported higher levels of trust in autonomous vehicles (e.g., self-driving cars) that featured anthropomorphic cues (e.g., a name, gender, voice) than in those vehicles that lacked anthropomorphic cues.

(137) Moreover, participants in the simulated anthropomorphized vehicle felt less stressed from an observer’s point of view, and in the event of an accident, were less likely to blame their vehicles.

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(138) Corporations establish rewards to drive performance.

(139) Often these rewards focus on meeting budgets and avoiding risk.

(140) Rewards of this type cause managers to invest in safe products that pose little chance of a big loss but also tittle chance of a big profit.

(141) These rewards totally block any motivation to explore riskier paths.

(142) The companies reward the speed at which low-risk products are created and marketed, even if they are hoping for radical new ideas.

(143) The outcome is little appetite for risk and an overdose of incremental ideas.

(144) Interestingly, managers get frustrated with the outcome, blind to the behavior that the organization is explicitly or implicitly rewarding.

(145) A badly designed measurement or reward system mutes the rest of the rules, even if optimally designed.

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(146) Values and their supporting beliefs arc lenses through which we see the world.

(147) The views that these lenses provide are often of what life ought to be like, not what it is.

(148) For example, Americans value individualism so highly that they tend to see almost everyone as free and equal in pursuing the goal of success.

(149) This value blinds them to the significance of the circumstances that keep people from achieving success.

(150) The dire consequences of family poverty, parents’ low education, and dead-end jobs tend to drop from sight.

(151) Instead, Americans see the unsuccessful as not taking advantage of opportunities, or as having some inherent laziness or dull minds.

(152) And they "know" they are right, because the mass media dangle before their eyes enticing stories of individuals who have succeeded despite the greatest of handicaps.

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(153) I would guess that there are a few dancers who believe, as I once did that injuries are caused primarily by accidents: slipping, tripping, running into someone or something, or forgetting to point your foot at the right instant and inadvertently twisting your ankle.

(154) But the longer I’ve danced, the more I’ve understood that accidents are quite rare as causes of dance injuries.

(155) The majority of injuries are caused — and prevented — by how you work at your dancing, consistently and over time.

(156) Working incorrectly just once usually won’t hurt you: your body is quite resilient and can bounce back from some amount of abuse.

(157) But if you work incorrectly again and again, class after class, performance after performance, day after day, and year after year, your body — or some part of it — will finally give out.

(158) It will simply refuse to function anymore.

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(159) The answer to the question about the fading of colour in painting (and in fabric) is fairly simple.

(160) Ultraviolet radiation is a high energy form of light and, as sunbathers are only too aware, is present in ordinary daylight.

(161) Over time, ultraviolet radiation can gradually break up the molecules in pigment, leaving smaller, colourless molecules as products.

(162) There is also a second process of degradation in which pigment molecules may react chemically with oxygen molecules in the atmosphere, a process known as oxidation.

(163) As with photolysis, this alters the structure of the molecule and, as a consequence, changes the manner in which it absorbs light of various colours.

(164) As the amount of coloured pigment in a given area on a canvas gradually diminishes, so the colour seems to us, as onlookers, to fade.

(165) So a given pigment doesn’t actually change colour: it simply becomes weaker in the mix of pigments over time.

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(166) Since the pull of gravity influences the stability of the body during the performance of physical activity, the balance or appropriate distribution of those gravitational forces upon the body is essential to promoting stability or ‘balance’.

(167) The location of the centre of gravity, or the point around which the mass or sum of gravitational forces is equally distributed or ‘balanced’, is thus of vital importance in the performance of physical skills.

(168) We know that the lower the centre of gravity and the closer it is to the base of support, the more stable an object.

(169) Thus when rugby players scrummage they attempt to get their body weight as low as possible to avoid being pushed backwards.

(170) Likewise, when those involved in a tug-of-war pull on the rope they try to lower their centre of gravity by leaning backwards and planting their feet well in front of them to increase stability and decrease their chances of being pulled forward by their opponents.

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(171) One of the next major waves of medical advancement will be in the development of genomic sequencing, which will help doctors sequence human DNA to discover the precise cause of an illness, and develop a specific treatment for it.

(172) Experts believe this process will be easy to commercialize relatively quickly, as sequencing gets cheaper.

(173) Using advances in genomic research, scientists are developing blood tests that can detect cancer, while also beginning to apply academic research to real-world scenarios.

(174) As researchers get better at identifying the specific genes that are mutating and causing cancer, drug companies will need to produce medications that address these problems more quickly.

(175) In the next decade, scientists expect to have more specialized "precision medicines" to treat cancer.

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(176) Though we cannot choose most of the challenges we face in life, we can choose how we’re going to face them.

(177) Are we going to have a bad experience, crumble under the pressure, run away, or avoid challenges altogether?

(178) Or are we going to find the strength and inner resources to rise to the challenges and fully actualize our potential?

(179) That’s the term psychologists use for becoming the person you are meant to be – actualize your potential.

(180) Facing yiyr teenage years in the right way will give you this opportunity.

(181) When you face the challenges before you right now, learn from them and grow with them, you become that person.

(182) The challenges in your life require you to call on the inner resources residing deep inside you.

(183) By doing that, you come to know yourself and to develop your innate capacities.

(184) That is what we mean by actualizing your potential, and being challenged presents you with the opportunities to do it.

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(185) Social media facilitates price comparison on the part of consumers, thus making them more aware of online and in-store discounts and subsequently encouraging consumer price sensitivity.

(186) What makes the social media space even more effective is the fact that not only do marketers have a new medium through which to share pricing and promotion information, but quite often it is one’s own friends, family or other connections who are passing along price and promotion information from brands.

(187) When deals are activated by a consumer, he/she is given the opportunity to share their deal experience with specific individuals via email or more broadly via social media platforms.

(188) Given the influence of word-of-mouth information, this is even more impactful as a source.

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(189) In certain malls, there is a fair amount of sunlight that comes in from a central skylight or a few strategically placed skylights.

(190) Most mall developers refuse to use the true outside world in any significant way, one fearing that this may encourage the shopper to want to leave the mall and go elsewhere-to another world.

(191) The notion of shopping as theater or "retail drama" kicks in at this point.

(192) "The idea," according to Laura Byrne Paquet, "is to replicate the artificial feeling of a theater or a Hollywood sound stage, where shoppers can be the stars of their own show."

(193) This concept is carried forth in a phenomenal way; if the shoppers and others are "part of the cast" there is the archway as a stage and the ability to try on "costumes," touch "props" and in general, engage in the dramatic ritual of shopping.

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(194) In the Great Bear Rainforest, the bears drag salmon into the forest, where insects and fungi turn the salmon into food for the trees, which then provide homes to birds in their branches and to wolves in dens under their roots.

(195) When a tree falls over in a big windstorm, berry bushes grow on the fallen tree and insects decompose the wood.

(196) Bears eat the berries and also insects such as ants and termites that live in the fallen log.

(197) Sometimes wolves eat bears, but mostly they eat salmon and the deer that live among the big trees.

(198) People also eat salmon and deer, and use the bark and wood of the cedar trees.

(199) Changes to one part of this ecosystem, even a small part, have consequences for everything else.

(200) Our future cannot be separated from the future of the rainforest.

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(201) Aristotle said, "We are what we repeatedly do.

(202) Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit."

(203) Developing conscious habits is a tool to achieve an integrated life.

(204) Developing good or productive habits and eliminating bad or destructive habits involves looking at what you need to implement in your life, as well as what you need to eliminate.

(205) Stephen Covey says, "Our character basically is a composite of our habits."

(206) Take a look at your habits and ask yourself what is moving you closer to your goals and what is moving you away from them.

(207) Understand that it takes 21 days to begin a new habit (that’s 21 consecutive days, so yes, every time you do something new ... or choose not to ... it does make a difference, so this relatively painful process of change isn’t definite, it just takes a few weeks – and on the 22nd day, it will actually be harder for you to not do your new habit than it will be to continue doing it.

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(208) Globalization drives the culture of fast fashion.

(209) Currently, there is also a lightly different drive to promote the idea of transitioning to slow fashion.

(210) However, this gradual shift requires time, measured not in months or years but in decades or generations.

(211) Recycling and remanufacturing which do not equate with models in nature always lead to a question mark.

(212) Therefore, a different approach to address the challenges facing sustainable fashion is absolutely necessary.

(213) We suggest the shift should be directed towards nature.

(214) We must try and discover the mechanisms that drive nature’s incessant creation of organisms without piling up mountains of waste.

(215) Researchers have already begun the study of biodegradation, mineralization and biomass formation, which is nature’s way of creating zero waste.

(216) Discovery of the laws of zero waste in nature could then be mimicked in the production of fast-compostable textile fibres.

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(217) Praise that arouses delight and pride in a baby and toddler can have very different effects on older children, particularly in the classroom.

(218) When Roy Baumeister studied the effects of praise, he found that it generated more anxiety than pleasure in school-aged children.

(219) Children accustomed to the background hum of praise seemed to become dependent on praise to initiate any activity.

(220) A child who was accustomed to classroom praise spend less time focusing on a project and soon stopped working to wait for a teacher’s assessment.

(221) Praise seemed to hinder concentration, too.

(222) Children’s absorption in a task often called flow seemed to be disrupted by the reminder that someone was watching.

(223) When they were singing or playing an instrument, swimming or hitting a ball, or doing anything that involved deep skills run on autopilot, their performance was particularly badly affected by praise.

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(224) The pirarucu is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world at up to ten feet long and weighing more than four hundred pounds.

(225) That’s a true river monster!

(226) Because of its size, it is called arapaima, or "dragon fish."

(227) All fish can breathe in water, right?

(228) Not this one.

(229) Unlike most fish, which use their gills to take in oxygen from water, the pirarucu needs to come to the surface about every ten minutes to breathe air.

(230) This helps it survive in the muddy lakes of the Amazon, where little oxygen is available.

(231) The pirarucu is one of the native fishermen’s favorite meals.

(232) Every part of the fish is eaten.

(233) Even the pirarucu’s tough scales are considered valuable and are used as files, like sandpaper.

(234) But the pirarucu is endangered.

(235) To make sure this gorgeous giant will be around for a long time to come, only certain native people are allowed to catch a limited number of pirarucu each year.

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(236) The Theater at Epidaurus was an example of ancient Greek civic architecture meant to be enjoyed by the general public.

(237) The art of the theater was an important part of ancient Greek culture and religion, as religious ceremonies were incorporated with music and dance, and performed in public spaces.

(238) Greek drama, including tragedies and comedies, was performed in outdoor spaces like the Theater at Epidaurus.

(239) At the heart of the theater was the circular orchestra, the central performance area.

(240) Fifty-five rows of semicircular tiered seats were carved into a hillside, which allowed as many as fourteen thousand spectators a good view of the orchestra.

(241) The design of the Theater at Epidaurus is so effective that it is still in use today, and the acoustics are so perfect that no electrified sound system is needed when performances are held at the site.

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(242) Verreaux’s sifaka lives in the forest of south-western Madagascar.

(243) This species lives in small groups of up to about 12 individuals.

(244) Groups contain more or less equal numbers of adult males and females.

(245) The group defends a small territory.

(246) They use their scent to mark the territory’s boundary.

(247) Sifakas mate in December, at the height of the dry season.

(248) A single young is born five months later and it is weaned after seven months.

(249) Sifakas moves through the trees by leaping.

(250) The distance they can jump is increased slightly by small flaps of skin under the animal’s short forearms.

(251) On the ground, sifakas move by hopping sideways on both hind feet.

(252) The forearms are held out to the side for balance.

(253) Verreaux’s sifaka eat all types of plant material apart from the roots.

(254) In the rainy season they prefer to eat easily digested soft fruits and flowers, but in the dry season they rely on wood, bark and leaves.

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(255) As the matriarch of one of America’s first families, Abigail Adams strongly influenced two presidents-her husband, John Adams, and her son John Quincy Adams.

(256) She is also recognized as one of the country’s greatest and most productive letter writers.

(257) Abigail was born on November 11, 1744, in Weymouth, Massachusetts.

(258) One of three daughters of a Congregational minister, William Smith, and his wife, Ellizabeth, Abigail was a sickly child and was unable to attend school.

(259) Small, quiet, and reserved, with piercing dark eyes, she was also strong-willed and had a quick and curious mind.

(260) In spite of her lack of formal schooling, Abigail was a voracious reader who took advantage of her father’s well-stocked library to study literature, history, and philosophy.

(261) She taught herself French and was tutored by her maternal grandmother, whom she adored and who favored a "happy method of mixing instruction and amusement together."

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(262) Children learn a great many useful life lessons from friendship problems.

(263) It is, almost always, a mistake to step in too soon to protect them from this-sometimes literally-hands-on learning.

(264) It is also a mistake to assume that every child, either boy or girl, is going to have the same pattern of friends as you do.

(265) Children are different from each other and different from their parents.

(266) Some prefer to have, or simply end up with, a larger group of friends with no one person standing out as a special friend.

(267) Some will be content with serial best friends, just one or two of them at a time, and are not, therefore, invited to all the parties but are content.

(268) And some children are quite happy with few or no friends.

(269) These children will often have passions and interests that they can follow intently at home and may find the general play of the playground dull.

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(270) Have you ever been to an event and had someone else’s reaction make you feel totally out of place?

(271) At the beginning of the evening you felt spectacular, but one strange look or slight awkward laugh made you feel that you had committed a fashion sin.

(272) Who hasn’t been in that position?

(273) One person, looking us up and down, makes us feel smaller for having what we have and dressing in what we wear.

(274) If this person is willing to judge others so harshly, though, imagine how often she judges herself.

(275) If you know who you are, such a person will not be able to tear you down by simply projecting her insecurity onto you.

(276) You will never feel the need to win the affection of such a person if you are content with what you have under your clothes and under your skin.

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(277) Today biennales are the centre stage for contemporary art in the art world.

(278) Not only do they showcase and discuss the nature of contemporary life, but they also differ from the modern world fairs, because they explicitly project multiple fractured histories and identities.

(279) The desire to overturn previous political and theoretical structures is central to the discussions around contemporary biennales.

(280) For instance, when asked ‘What makes a biennial?’ world-renowned curator Rosa Martinez answered that ‘The idea biennial is a profoundly political and spiritual event.

(281) It contemplates the present with the desire to transform it’, and is indicative of a larger social, political and economic flow within contemporary society.

(282) We might even say that biennales are perceived as trendsetters, or predictors of intercultural flows that focus on the political nature of art in a global setting.

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(283) Peer groups of young males in nonhuman primate societies, called bachelor groups, serve a variety of functions.

(284) In squirrel monkeys males approaching breeding age become social outcasts; their mothers and sisters want nothing to do with them.

(285) Young males may travel together separately from or on the edge of a large troop of monkeys – either of which affords them more protection than traveling alone.

(286) In species such as langurs and rhesus monkeys, groups of young males commonly depart together in search of a new living community.

(287) Peer groups function differently for male chimpanzees, who don't emigrate.

(288) They may patrol their home range together to deter males from other groups from getting into their community.

(289) They also hunt cooperatively and share the food, and groom one another in deference to rank or coalition partnership.

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(290) Even after people learned the scientific method, many still pursued and believed in really weird things, and many old ideas died hard deaths.

(291) It’s hard to believe, but even simple things such as washing your hands to prevent infection were not fully accepted by the medical community until relatively recently on the human timeline.

(292) Even after it was discovered and documented that washing hands drastically reduced deadly fevers, the idea took a while to catch on.

(293) It was just too revolutionary, too weird.

(294) The idea of germs and microscopic organisms challenged a variety of other ideas, including that the source of disease was probably linked to things that stank, which was sort of true when you thought about it.

(295) In a world that had already invented the telephone and the lightbulb, hand-washing to prevent sickness met enough resistance that doctors argued about it for decades.

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(296) The 1980s, a time of true global interdependence, was a lost decade for many economically disadvantaged countries.

(297) Despite consistent reductions in mortality rates and other disease burdens, a marked deterioration in living conditions occurred in many countries.

(298) In several regions, most notably Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, advances in health care and education eroded.

(299) Unemployment rates rose in many parts of the world, as did the global poverty rate.

(300) By 1989, one out of five people was living in "absolute poverty," which the World Bank defines as suffering from malnutrition to the point of being unable to work.

(301) By the end of the 1980s, low-income countries had accumulated a debt of $1.3 trillion.

(302) Crippled by massive debt burdens, many countries saw their growth rates slow and living standards decrease.

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(303) Companies that inspire, companies that command trust and loyalty over the long term, are the ones that make us feel we’re accomplishing something bigger than just saving a dollar.

(304) That feeling of alliance with something bigger is the reason we keep wearing the jersey of our hometown sports term even though they have not made it to the playoffs for ten years.

(305) It’s why some of us will always but products from a certain brand over other brands, even if the brand isn’t always the most affordable choice.

(306) Whether we like a admit it or not, we are not entirely rational beings.

(307) If we were, no one would ever fall in love and no one would ever start a business.

(308) Face with an overwhelming chance of failure, no rational person would ever take either of those risks.

(309) But we do.

(310) Every day.

(311) Because how we feel about something or someone is more powerful than what we think about it or them.

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(312) Ironically, some of the most powerful techniques for boosting your memory are also the oldest.

(313) Under the umbrella term ‘Mnemonics’ it has a silent ‘M’, these involve tapping into the fact that our brains have evolved to deal very well with both visual images and spatial locations.

(314) By turning facts into mental images, and imagining them along a route of locations, you can harness these natural memory powers to remember almost anything you like.

(315) The more improbable and emotionally charged the images the better, as our brains evolved to pay special attention to those features.

(316) Another part of your imagination that can boost your memory is your musical sense.

(317) Rhythm and rhyme are potent memory boosters.

(318) This explains why you might find it hard to remember the periodic table of elements, yet your memory banks are overflowing with old jingles!

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(319) Racially, South Africa is a nation deeply divided.

(320) Sport has helped to break down this division, at least in part.

(321) When the whites in South Africa held an election to decide whether to put an end to apartheid, 69 percent voted to give up their privilege, marking a rare peaceful transition of power.

(322) One reason for the favorable vote was South African President F.W.

(323) de Klerk’s warning that failure to pass the measure would return the country to isolation in business and sport.

(324) South Africa had last participated in the Olympics in 1960 and had been barred since then from international competition.

(325) Its apartheid racial policies had made it a pariah country in everything from politics to sports for three decades.

(326) With apartheid undone, South Africans could once again show their athletic ability.

(327) This was a compelling argument for many whites.

(328) Subsequently, South Africa has been allowed to compete in the Olympics and in other worldwide competitions, especially in rugby, which is very important to its people.

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(329) Of greater importance than the slight reduction in gravity’s pull is the so-called thin air that is present at high altitudes.

(330) Although air contains the same proportions of oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases at high altitudes as at sea level, in a similar volume of air there is less of each the higher up in altitude you go.

(331) This characteristic greatly affected athletes who competed in the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, which is 7,350 ft (2,240 m) above sea level.

(332) In Mexico City, athletes had to breathe more vigorously and more often to get the oxygen they needed.

(333) This caused a serious problem for athletes in endurance events, but it assisted athletes in short sprints because they ran on their bodies’ stored energy supplies.

(334) When Bob Beamon set his world record in the long jump in Mexico City, he benefited from a slight reduction in gravity, reduced air resistance from less dense air, and the fact that his approach was a short spring and not a distance run.

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(335) Solar power and wind power are considered alternatives to fossil-fuel-based energy generation from coal, petroleum, and natural gas, which predominate worldwide energy production at the start of the 21st century.

(336) Both of them solve what is seen as the most prevalent negative consequence of fossil-fuel-based energy generation: air pollution.

(337) This includes air pollution from chemicals, particulate matter, organic compounds, toxic materials, and the emissions that lead to climate change.

(338) Solar power and wind power are also popular because they are renewable sources of energy production and so do not suffer the negative consequence of diminishing supplies.

(339) They are also domestic sources of energy production and so are not dependent on imports from what may be hostile countries.

(340) Finally, solar power and wind power have the technical capability to be distributed, meaning they are what is sometimes referred to as decentralized energy generation sources.

(341) They can be placed on individual homes and in small areas and do not rely on large, single generation stations that can be subject to large-scale blackouts, terrorist attacks, or other centralized vulnerabilities.

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(342) Loneliness and lack of self-esteem are among the most obvious conditions which can be alleviated by living with an animal friend.

(343) You are never alone with a dog or cat: walking the dog brings you into contact with other people and makes it infinitely easier to strike up a conversation with strangers.

(344) Local cat owners often get to know one another too, as it is common for cats to wander into their neighbours’ gardens (and houses!)

(345) and for neighbours to exchange cat-sitting duties during holiday times.

(346) Having the responsibility for a pet can increase your sense of your own value and importance.

(347) Caring for an animal reminds you that however low you might feel, you are capable.

(348) When you’re tempted to stay in bed and pull the covers over your head, you have to get up and feed the cat or walk the dog.

(349) That everyday routine with a creature who needs you can be extremely soothing.

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(350) Very briefly, the complex individual is one who can see things from another person’s point of view and who is flexible in his/her thought processes.

(351) For example, they are able to change their minds on an issue in the light of new information rather than rigidly "sticking to their guns."

(352) They also tend to avoid what might be called "black and white" thinking.

(353) For example, the positions of others on an issue are not lumped into the two categories of those for them and those against them but rather shades of differences or gradations of opinion are recognized and taken into account.

(354) Thus, they realize that the truth of a matter often lies somewhere in between two extremes.

(355) Last but not least, the complex person seems better able to hold off on a decision allowing more information to be taken into consideration.

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(356) Many thought that Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic engineer, had hit his head on a mental speed bump during his early years.

(357) Wouldn’t the lack of signs, markings, and barriers cause destruction and death?

(358) Yet the engineer persisted in his belief that traffic signals, crosswalks, warning signs, curbs, and even lines painted down the middles of the road are not just annoying, but downright dangerous to drivers and pedestrians alike.

(359) He proposed integrating vehicle and foot traffic, in order to create a more holistic driving environment.

(360) Few would listen; however, Monderman was patient.

(361) By the early twenty-first century, Dutch officials finally gave him the green light to test his theories in a number of small towns there.

(362) The data astonished skeptics.

(363) Within several years, he showed statistically significant reductions in accidents and lost lives, causing his revolutionary ideas to reverberate around a traffic-clogged world.

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(364) The average tree grows its branches out until it encounters the branch tips of a neighboring tree of the same height.

(365) It doesn’t grow any wider because the air and better light in this space are already taken.

(366) However, it heavily reinforces the branches it has extended, so you get the impression that there’s quite a shoving match going on up there.

(367) But a pair of true friends is careful right from the outset not to grow overly thick branches in each other’s direction.

(368) The trees don’t want to take anything away from each other, and so they develop sturdy branches only at the outer edges of their crowns, that is to say, only in the direction of "non-friends."

(369) Such partners are often so tightly connected at the roots that sometimes they even die together.

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(370) The amount of information entering our consciousness at any instant is referred to as our cognitive load.

(371) When out cognitive load exceeds the capacity of our working memory, our intellectual abilities take a hit.

(372) Information zips into and out of our mind so quickly that we never gain a good mental grip on it.

(373) (Which is why you can’t remember what you wen to the kitchen to do.)

(374) The information vanishes before we’ve had an opportunity to transfer it into our long-term memory and weave it into knowledge.

(375) We remember less, and our ability to think critically and conceptually weakens.

(376) An overloaded working memory also tends to increase our distractedness.

(377) After all, as the neuroscientist Torkel Klingberg has pointed out, "We have to remember what it is we are to concentrate on."

(378) Lose your hold on that and you’ll find "distractions more distracting"

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(379) Tim Wallach, the third baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers, was ready to hang it up.

(380) Once a great hitter, he had been batting poorly for two consecutive seasons.

(381) But Reggie Smith, a first-year batting coach on the team, wouldn’t let Wallach quit.

(382) He encouraged him and told him that he could get his "stroke" back with a little extra work.

(383) So during the off-season, Smith worked with him three times a week.

(384) This is the way Wallach described those sessions: "Reggie was positive from day one.

(385) Regardless of whether I felt I was having a bad day and was struggling, he’d find something good about what happened.

(386) You just don’t see that often.

(387) People tend to work off the negatives, but Reggie wouldn’t do that, and he wouldn’t let me do it either" Wallach finished the year with twenty-three home runs and a .280 batting average.

(388) He gave all the credit to Reggie Smith’s coaching and encouraging words.

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(389) The little girl was still young enough to see her guardian angel who was with her every day.

(390) She played with her angel.

(391) They laughed and sang together.

(392) She told her mother she always had fun with her ‘friend’.

(393) Her mother believed her daughter to have an ‘invisible’ friend so commonly reported by young children and thought to be a friend from her imagination.

(394) The mother asked her daughter the friend’s name and her daughter told her it was Amiel.

(395) The little girl and Amiel spent many, many hours together in her younger years.

(396) Every night at bedtime, Amiel would kiss the little girl good night.

(397) As the years moved on, the cloud became denser around Amiel and the little girl could no see or talk to her any more.

(398) The little girl did not really notice because she became involved with her friends from school and lots of school activities.

(399) But Amiel was still with the little girl even thought they didn’t talk or play anymore ‒ Amiel was her guardian angel.

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(400) A couple of years ago, a colleague of mine joined a project that had been running for a while.

(401) On his first day, my colleague met the project manager, and he explained a few things, then handed the new team member a set of documents.

(402) Some of those were huge — they contained the entire specification of complex application.

(403) The project manager was visibly proud of the fact that his team had produced such comprehensive documentation.

(404) A couple of hours later, I saw my colleagues sitting in his office, in front of a large pile of paper, looking rather unhappy.

(405) A question about how he was getting on with the project materials revealed that the poor guy wasn’t getting on well at all.

(406) He said he was "drowning in the specification", and that he couldn’t keep all the details in his mind.

(407) Eventually he learned many of those details, but more from discussions with the other team members over the next weeks than from reading the documentation.

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(408) Detecting the remarkable powers of Blaise Pascal, his father had formed very definite resolutions as to his education.

(409) His chief maxim was always to keep the boy above his work.

(410) And for this reason he did not wish him to learn Latin till he was twelve years of age, when he might easily acquire it.

(411) In the meantime, he sought to give him a general idea of grammar╺ of its rules, and the exceptions to which these rules are liable╺ and so to fit him to take up the study of any language with intelligence and facility.

(412) He endeavoured further to direct his son’s attention to the more marked phenomena of nature, and such explanations as he could give of them.

(413) But here the son’s perception outstripped the father’s power of explanation.

(414) He wished to know the reason of everything; and when his father’s statements did not appear to him to give the reason, he was far from satisfied.

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(415) Every puddle is a sign that the water has been blocked, stopped from travelling down through the ground.

(416) So if a puddle is persistent, then the first thing we can deduce is that the ground beneath the puddle is either nonporous or extremely wet.

(417) This is mainly interesting when we travel through a rural area and notice that the number of puddles suddenly increases, despite there not being any more rain in that area.

(418) This is a sign that the rocks beneath your feet have probably changed, even if the appearance of the mud has not changed.

(419) Since the rocks are responsible for a lot of the characteristics of the soil in an area and the soil strongly influences the types of plants and animals you will find, a sudden change in the number of puddles, without a very local downpour, is a sign that the rocks, soil, plants and animals all around you will also have changed.

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(420) Keep in mind that while coaching our children to future success, we can’t forget about the present.

(421) Understanding how what you are doing today benefits you today and not just somewhere down the road is an essential part of personal motivation.

(422) Sometimes seeing the big picture isn’t enough; in fact, the big picture can sometimes be overwhelming.

(423) For example, when writing the manuscript for this book, I spent many a morning procrastinating because I could only see the big picture.

(424) The big picture overwhelmed me!

(425) The ability to break a goal down into manageable pieces is important to motivation.

(426) When I saw that if I only did some work every day, I would eventually reach my goal of finishing an enormous project, I was motivated to do a little bit every day.

(427) I began to enjoy the journey of writing when I saw how writing every day benefitted me today and not just at some time in the future.

(428) In that sense, be careful using the big picture as motivation.

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(429) Arturo Toscanini had a phenomenal memory as well as a phenomenal ear.

(430) Once, he decided to conduct Ernest Schelling’s "Impressions from an Artist’s Life," and he invited Mr. Schelling himself to play solo piano.

(431) During rehearsal, Maestro Toscanini — who never looked at a score during rehearsal, although he kept one on the stage — stopped Mr. Schelling and stated that he believed the pianist had omitted a G flat.

(432) Mr. Schelling replied, "You are right.

(433) I did omit the G flat because I never wrote a G flat at that particular point in my original score."

(434) That surprised Maestro Toscanini, so he invited Mr. Schelling to look at the score with him.

(435) After looking at the score, it was Mr. Schelling who was surprised, and he said, "Mr. Toscanini, I did omit the G flat.

(436) In all the time I have played this piece I always omitted the G flat.

(437) Since the day I wrote it, I had completely forgotten it was there."

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(438) By the end of the millennium, emotions had become such a central part of psychology’s focus that many scholars viewed emotions as the motivational force guiding almost all of human behavior.

(439) Today, many psychological scientists agree that any decision we make, any relationship we pursue, any thing we want — all these judgments, behaviors, and desires are influenced by emotion.

(440) Even those decisions which, we believe, are shaped by rationality or logical principles about what is right or good are in fact more often triggered by a gut emotional response.

(441) We tell ourselves that such decisions aren’t driven by our emotions, and that we are relying on the mind’s most sophisticated reasoning processes, but research shows that we are very good at coming up with "sophisticated" reasons to justify what we want to think, and what we want to think is almost always shaped by how we feel.

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(442) Can you tell how a toy is made?

(443) While there is certainly room and a need for some manufactured plastic in our lives, we also need to make much more room for simple, natural materials.

(444) Does your children’s toy selection show an adequate representation of nature?

(445) Is there wood?

(446) Cloth?

(447) Natural fibers?

(448) Not only do these toys feel good to play with and connect children to the outside world, but they are also often strong enough to last a lifetime and even more.

(449) I think we should consider our toy materials in the same way that people talk about whole foods: the closer to the original source, the better.

(450) Can you picture your toy growing somewhere on the earth?

(451) Wooden blocks, felt balls, and cotton dolls are often some of the best toy.

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(452) A particular difficulty that attends efforts to determine the extent of cross-cultural convergence in emotional expression is the fact that cultured do not categorize emotions in the same way.

(453) Marc Benamou, studying the use of affective terms to describe the expressive character of music among western and Javanese subjects, ascertained that some Javanese emotion terms did not straightforwardly correspond to Western categories.

(454) This raises some doubts about how much we can trust studies that purport to compare cultures.

(455) Presumably, we can assume that when Javanese subjects report expressiveness in music using words for which English-speaking subjects have no term, the two groups of subjects are not recognizing the same expressive content.

(456) But more generally, we should be alert to the possibility that imperfect translations lead us to imagine greater agreement about musical expression than we would find if we had a more nuanced sense of the way the terms are used in the respective languages.

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(457) To know whether an artistic performance succeeds or fails requires that we know what counts as success or failure in any performance context.

(458) Music critics will consider a pianist’s tone, phrasing, tempo, accuracy, and ability to sustain a line or build to a climax.

(459) Speed and brilliance may be important considerations, which is not to say the fastest performance will be the best.

(460) But behind these considerations is an unstated assumption: that it is one person’s then unaided fingers that produce the sounds.

(461) The excitement a virtuoso pianist generates with a glittering shower of notes is intrinsically connected with this fact.

(462) An aurally identical experience that is electronically synthesized can never dazzle us in the same way: sound synthesizers can produce individual notes as fast as you please, while pianists cannot.

(463) Built into the thrill of hearing a virtuoso is admiration for what the performance represents as a human achievement.

(464) Forgery and other forms of fakery in the arts misrepresent the nature of the performance and so misrepresent achievement.

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(465) The story of how milk became America’s drink combines the perfection of industry with the perfection of consumer knowledge.

(466) For example, Spencer and Blanford attribute the increase in milk drinking to "significant improvements in the quality of mil and cream sold," which led to a "more generous use of those products."

(467) Consumers drank more milk because they had "greater knowledge of the food value of milk," which was the result of "favorable teaching and publicity" based on important findings and research".

(468) In other words, the rise of milk consumption, according to these economic studies, is due to the increasing perfection of milk — in both quality and price — and education of consumers about this perfection.

(469) The history of milk drinking becomes a history of this increased perfection through increased consumption and through a public/private promotion of the product.

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(470) Research suggests that a person’s level of self-complexity can have important consequences, particularly when people are confronted with negative events or difficulties in a given life domain.

(471) Imagine learning that you did poorly on a midterm exam.

(472) If you’re someone who is high in self-complexity—that is, you define yourself in terms of many nonoverlapping domains (for example, student, avid skier, committed volunteer, enthusiastic fan of Glee) — the negativity that results from your poor exam grade is relatively contained, affecting only how you feel about yourself as a student.

(473) But if you’re low in self-complexity such that your identity as a student overlaps to a great extent with the few other identities you have — then the negativity associated with your poor exam grade is likely to lower you evaluations of yourself as a student as well as spill over and affect how you evaluate your other, overlapping identities.

(474) In short, putting all your "self eggs" in one basket can be risky in the face of threatening, self-relevant events.

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(475) A few year ago, the video store down the road from our house closed and moved downtown.

(476) The reason for the move was that another video store had opened downtown and was already operating successfully.

(477) Businesses of a particular type tend to gather together in the same part of town.

(478) This is not necessarily because those areas have been designated for (say) theatres or law firms.

(479) Rather it is because no one wants their competitors to gain an advantage over them.

(480) If you set up your business near a competitor, you avoid losing any advantage that their location gives them.

(481) You also give yourself the chance to steal customers away from them.

(482) As more theatres cluster together, the area becomes known as the theatre district.

(483) It is then imperative for new theatres to open in the same are or face a potential loss of patrons.

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(484) We all know from experience that some of our dreams seem to be related to daily problems, some are vague and incoherent, and some are anxiety dreams that occur when we are worried or depressed.

(485) But whatever the source of the images in our sleeping brains may be, we need to be cautious about interpreting our own dreams or anyone else’s.

(486) A recent study of people showed that individuals are biased and self-serving in their dream interpretations, accepting those that fit in with their preexisting beliefs or needs and rejecting those that do not.

(487) For example, they will give more weight to a dream in which God commands them to take a year off to travel the world than one in which God commands them to take a year off to work in a relief camp.

(488) Our biased interpretations may tell us more about ourselves than do our actual dreams.

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(489) Customers like e-mail because it’s easy to use and it gives them immediate access to organizations.

(490) Most of the time, customers receive an automated response indicating that their e-mail has been received and stating when they can expect to get a response.

(491) However, even automated responses need to be phrased appropriately.

(492) Some years ago, a clothing company used to send out an automated reply that read, "While we cannot get back to you personally, we do appreciate your input."

(493) That response didn’t provide much satisfaction or a feeling of connectivity.

(494) Researchers Judy Strauss and Donna Hill, in one of the first major studies covering consumer complaints sent by e-mail, found that less than half (47 percent) of the firms studied created higher customer satisfaction with their in-kind e-mail responses.

(495) They found that simple things make a difference.

(496) This included a fast response, an e-mail that addressed the specific problem, and an e-mail that was signed with a real person’s name.

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(497) According to evolutionary biologist Elisabet Sahtouris, cooperation is the only way toward sustainability.

(498) Mature ecosystems such as prairies and rainforests evolve when there is more cooperation than when there is hostile competition.

(499) The highly complex ecosystem of the rainforest is a particularly vivid example of a mature system that has survived through millions of years because species learned to cooperate with each other.

(500) In the rainforest, every species is fully employed, all work cooperatively while recycling all of their resources, and all products and services are distributed in such a way that every species remains healthy.

(501) That is sustainability.

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(502) The world "scientist" in its present meaning did not become a part of language until the modern era.

(503) In ancient and medieval times philosophy was everything, and the philosopher was the caretaker of human wisdom.

(504) He knew of moral law, religion, government, natural history, alchemy, mathematics, healing, and all knowledge.

(505) Indeed, the diligent scholar at one time had bee able to master the entire sum of academic learning.

(506) This is in striking contrast with the world of today, in which a man may devote a lifetime to a single type of germ or bacteria and still consider his subject vast and complex enough for a full generation of profound study.

(507) Having few details to bother about in his pursuit of knowledge, the ancient could think in broad and encompassing terms.

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(508) In America, we find a long history of mourning practices for nonhuman animals.

(509) Indeed, the human-animal relationship is nearly blended into American history and continues to grow and change as society continues to evolve.

(510) During the precolonial period, Native Americans formed complex relationships with a variety of animals like bison, deer, and other woodland creatures.

(511) Many hunting tribes showed great respect for animals, and even though they needed to hunt them for food and other uses, they felt that they must be killed in a proper, ritualized manner.

(512) Some Native Americans believed that animal deaths are temporary and that the animal would be reincarnated and return to our world as the same species.

(513) If the hunter did not kill the animal properly, the animal could return as a ghost and haunt the hunter and possibly infect him with a disease.

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(514) In the United States, there has been a trend toward the dissolution of the traditional nuclear family.

(515) With people marrying later and divorcing more often, the "typical" family of father, mother, and children living in one dwelling has become far less common than in the past.

(516) More recently, a similar trend in Western Europe has resulted in an increase in the number of households even in countries where the overall population is decreasing.

(517) This outcome has in turn increased demand for many consumer durables, such as washing machines and ovens, whose sales correlate with the number of households rather than with population.

(518) Also, an increasing number of women are working outside the home, a situation that boosts demand for frozen dinners and child-care centers.

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(519) If all our knowledge stopped at the level of the senses, we would be no better off than the subhuman members of the animal kingdom.

(520) Different animals have different levels of proficiency on the sense level.

(521) In many cases it’s much better than anything human beings can do.

(522) Eagles see much better, dogs can detect odors that completely escape our power of smell, and some animals fly through the air using radar.

(523) But we can do something that our pets can’t do, to wit, form concepts, and then put concepts together in reasoning processes.

(524) By reflecting upon this ability we come to realize that we must have a mind distinct from our body, and that, regardless of how much pseudo-science there is in the world, it’s a grave error to confuse the mind with the body.

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(525) The social reform movement and the cause for wilderness preservation can both be understood as Romantic efforts to counter the negative consequences of the Industrial Revolution.

(526) Artists and writers came to appreciate nature as an aesthetic object in the 19th century.

(527) They celebrated in their work the awe-inspiring phenomena and natural scenery that they believed were capable of transforming one’s soul.

(528) Transcendentalist writers like Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman saw in untamed nature the hand of God.

(529) The Hudson River School painters were the first to treat the landscape as a legitimate genre in itself, devoid of any classical imagery.

(530) They were instrumental in developing a sense of pride and value in the unique American landscape.

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(531) An interesting aspect of human psychology is that we tend to like things more and find them more appealing if everything about those things is not obvious the first time we experience them.

(532) This is certainly true in music.

(533) For example, we might hear a song on the radio for the first time that catches our interest and decide we like it.

(534) Then the next time we hear it, we hear a lyric we didn’t catch the first time, or we might notice what the piano or drums are doing in the background.

(535) A special harmony emerges that we missed before.

(536) We hear more and more and understand more and more with each listening.

(537) Sometimes, the longer it takes for a work of art to reveal all of its subtleties to us, the more fond of that thing — whether it’s music, art, dance, or architecture — we become.

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(538) Vision has until recently been perceived as being the most powerful of our five senses; however, research indicates that this may no longer be true.

(539) Whatever the case, there’s no escaping the fact that distinctive design often goes hand in hand with distinctive brands, and successful brands are by their very nature visually identifiable.

(540) Pharmaceutical companies make their tablets and capsules in all shapes, sizes, and colors, with each one intended to differentiate the product, impart a particular emotional "feel" to the drug and instill customer loyalty.

(541) The automobile industry is another category where shape plays a vital role.

(542) In many models, shape has become the defining feature.

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(543) Worker bees don’t "normally" lay eggs.

(544) That’s because the queen’s pheromones suppress the reproductive systems of the workers.

(545) However, if the queen dies and there are no larvae that can be trained to replace her, that can change.

(546) Unless a beekeeper intervenes with a new queen, the hive is doomed.

(547) In that case, a dying queenless colony will try to spread its genes before it goes to an end, using an unexpected strategy: some of the workers will start laying eggs.

(548) However, since they haven’t mated, their unfertilized eggs will yield only male bees.

(549) Maybe some of them will get lucky and find a willing queen, passing the hive’s genes along in its dying days.

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(550) In the real estate industry, location is all-important in determining the market value of properties.

(551) A good house in a slum district will not fetch a high price, no matter how good it is.

(552) But how is it that some locations come to be better than others?

(553) Usually, it starts out with a natural advantage.

(554) One area may be conveniently placed near to major businesses, or it may be close to the sea or a river, or it may be slightly hilly, allowing good views.

(555) These natural advantages are enough that people will seek them out and pay slightly more for them than they would for other properties.

(556) When some properties attract elevated prices, they raise the prices of other properties nearby.

(557) In this way, the average prices in one are will drift to become higher than in neighbouring areas.

(558) People naturally assume that the area with higher prices must be better to live in.

(559) So the process escalates.

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(560) Like all sectors in mature industries, the construction sector is characterized by a relatively few leading thinkers who innovate and monitor trends and a larger group of technical experts who receive and disseminate innovation and new ideas.

(561) This dissemination group consists of architects, consultants, designers, and engineers.

(562) In the construction sector this dissemination group is very small, relatively conservative, and divided up into groups.

(563) However, it gets a great deal of media publicity for innovation and forward thinking, particularly architects.

(564) Yet for most construction work, such high levels of technical sophistication are not necessary and are not supported because it is costly.

(565) Most buildings are built for functional purposes and not to advance or explore the limits of technology.

(566) A practical building with a facade that is interesting or artful is more than sufficient for most purposes.

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(567) "Why teach history?"

(568) Not, I propose, because it’s there.

(569) Rather, we should teach history because it is a resource that can shed light on the lives we live today.

(570) We can learn from history because earlier times and thinkers were confronted with problems, ideas and circumstances which have affinities to those that confront us today.

(571) We can learn from them both when past ages are committed to concepts and views similar to our own, and when they have views that are notable for their differences.

(572) Only a fool would ignore his past experience when confronted with a new situation.

(573) It would be equally foolish to ignore our collective history.

(574) This is why history should occupy a central place not only in the liberal arts curriculum, but in primary, secondary and post secondary education.

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(575) The goal of legal socialization is to instill in people a felt obligation or responsibility to follow laws and accept legal authority.

(576) The goal of moral socialization is to instill in people a duty to follow societal standards of proper behavior independent of rules and codes.

(577) Given that in normal everyday life those behaviors that society considers immoral are frequently prohibited by law, the two usually work toward the same goal.

(578) However, that is not always the case.

(579) Criminalizing a behavior does not make it immoral, nor is all immoral behavior necessarily criminalized.

(580) Most people can think of an instance where they believe a behavior is immoral, but would not support criminalizing it or using the full force of the law to stop people from doing it.

(581) At the same time, even if people do abstractly support legal regulation of immoral behavior, they vary in how and the extent to which they want the legal system to intervene.

(582) Such views are strongly shaped by the wat in which people understand the position and function of the law withing society.

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(583) For many years the British-French rivalry has extended from rugby matches politics and trading insults to trading mortality statistics.

(584) Since records in France started to be accurately collected, they have reported considerably fewer deaths from hear disease and a longer lifespan than the British.

(585) The French are proud of this, but many UK colleagues tell me that much of the difference is due to a reluctance to record deaths properly, with the same ‘Anglo-Saxon rigour’.

(586) Others disagree, asserting that misclassification could only explain at most 20 percent of the difference, and point to a consistent north-south difference, which suggests that most of the variation between UK and France is due to the healthier habits of the southerners.

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(587) Once harvested, potatoes, even under ideal conditions, keep for only a few months before they sprout, and they are vulnerable to mould and decay.

(588) Native South Americans, however, developed a method of preserving them so that they could be stored for years to provide a safeguard against famine.

(589) The cold, dry climate of the altiplano the high Andean plateau made this possible.

(590) After harvest, the potatoes were covered to prevent dew from settling on them and left out overnight in freezing temperatures.

(591) The following day, the potatoes were exposed to the sun and farm families —men, women and children alike— trod on the frozen potatoes to express their liquid, a process repeated several times during the following days.

(592) The resulting freeze-dried potato, called chun͠o, was stored in sealed, permanently frozen underground warehouses where it would keep for years before deteriorating.

(593) Chun͠o was ground into flour and baked into bread, or rehydrated and used for thickening soups and stews, such as chupe, which was made with available meat and vegetables.

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(594) Have you ever played with the sand art toy where you pour colored sand into empty plastic frames or bottles one layer at a time to make pretty designs and patterns?

(595) Natural builders use a similar technique, but on a much larger scale, when they build rammed earth walls.

(596) A single wall of this type is often used as an accent piece in a naturally built house.

(597) Rammed earth walls are often made of layers of red, orange, yellow, brown and cream-colored earth.

(598) To make a wall like this, first a frame, or formwork, is built.

(599) Next, a damp mixture of sand, gravel and clay is poured into the form.

(600) To make it more attractive, the different layers might be colored with natural pigments.

(601) Once the earth is in the form, it is packed down to compress it and make it stick together as a solid wall.

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(602) Play is often discounted as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless.

(603) But this is a profound misunderstanding.

(604) Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity of convenience, but in order to freely express our being.

(605) The problem, however, starts again when play becomes a profession — with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this entails.

(606) Musicians playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes playing for multi-million contracts with elite teams, no longer feel that they play to express their being.

(607) Instead, they start feeling that their skill is being used by others for their own ends.

(608) When that happens, instead of allowing for the free flow of consciousness, even play becomes part of the iron cage.

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(609) One facet of the nominal fallacy, the error of believing that the label carries explanatory information, is the danger of using common words and giving them a scientific meaning.

(610) This has the often disastrous effect of leading an unwary public down a path of misunderstanding.

(611) Words like "theory", "law", "force" do not mean in common discourse what they mean to a scientist.

(612) "Success" in Darwinian evolution is not the same "success" as taught by Dale Carnegie.

(613) "Force" to a physicist has a meaning quite different from that used in political discourse.

(614) The worst of these, though, may be "theory" and "law", which are almost polar opposites — theory being a strong idea in science while vague in common discourse, and law being a much more muscular social than scientific concept.

(615) These differences lead to sometimes serious misunderstandings between scientists and the public that supports their work.

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(616) There is an optimal level of emotion that is necessary for increased learning.

(617) Too much or too little reduces the efficiency of the cortex.

(618) This is why movies, books, and music that trigger emotions are easily remembered.

(619) The best lessons in life or in a classroom make you laugh, think, or cry.

(620) One of my high school teachers removed all the furniture from the classroom and taped small square dimensions on the floor that represented the amount of space a slave was afforded on the ships transporting them from Africa to America.

(621) During that lesson, students were seated tightly packed in their allotted squares for the duration of the period.

(622) We struggled to make it through the entire period and wondered how slaves could be in similar positions for months.

(623) My high school history teacher created an emotional experience that I remember vividly to this day.

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(624) Standards are prevalent in our modern world because they reduce the costs of interactions among the firms and people that subscribe to them.

(625) Hence, it is not unexpected to see standards coevolve with markets.

(626) Many people are surprised to learn that only a few centuries ago simple measures of weight and volume, such as the pound and the pint, were not standard.

(627) Even though the same word was used in different towns, the weight of a pound varied from town to town — sometimes by as much as a factor of four.

(628) But as cities began to trade with one another and governments began to impose their rule over larger areas, the use of standards grew.

(629) The coevolution of standards are markets is easy to understand, since anyone buying a bushel of corn from a vendor in another town would want that bushel to mean the same in both towns.

(630) So the possibility of trade created an incentive for standardization, and helped the expansion of the governments that were keen on the use of standards.

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(631) There is an interesting side to the evolutionary process that is illuminated by astronomy.

(632) The living organisms we now see all have their structure based upon the element carbon.

(633) Most biochemists believe no other basis is possible for life.

(634) But where does carbon come from?

(635) Carbon originates in the centre of stars where at temperatures of millions of degrees it is ‘cooked’ from simple protons and neutrons.

(636) When the stars reach the end of their lives they explode and disperse carbon into space and on to the surface of planets and meteorites.

(637) However, the time needed to make carbon and other heavier elements, like nitrogen and oxygen, by this stellar alchemy is very long; nearly a billion years.

(638) Only after this immense period of time will the building blocks of life be available in the universe, and only then can biochemistry take over.

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(639) Even very subtle manipulation of object-orientation in an ad design can impact purchase behavior.

(640) Advertisers can increase purchase intentions by facilitating mental simulation through their visual depictions of the product.

(641) They can do this simply by orienting a product (e.g., a cake with a fork) toward the right side.

(642) While this may not suit the smaller percentage of left-handers, the larger percentage of right-handers will have better mental product-interaction.

(643) These results also hold for shelf display design in retail environments.

(644) For example, a very slight change in display design of mugs in th window of a coffee shop could affect purchases with consumers imagining picking up that coffee mug and drinking from it.

(645) Including an instrument (e.g., a spoon for eating an advertised soup) that facilitates mental simulation should also increase purchase intentions.

(646) These consequences of visual depiction impact not just advertising design, but product packaging design and display design as well.

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(647) The sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth, whether it’s used by grass in the fields, tress in the forest, or your car on the road.

(648) Though poets might prefer a more evocative comparison, astrophysicists liken the sun to a nuclear fusion reactor.

(649) Astronomers observe that the sun’s diameter is more than one hundred times larger than the earth’s, and it is unimaginably hot — nearly 15 million degrees Celsius at its center.

(650) Within that heat, the sun packs enormous pressure; the core is forty-three times denser than a diamond.

(651) Under these extreme conditions four protons slamming together make one helium atom through nuclear fusion.

(652) When that happens, about 0.7 percent of the mass of the protons is turned into energy (E=mc²), and about 0.000000045 percent of that energy eventually comes flying in our direction in the form of sunlight.

(653) That doesn’t sound like a lot of energy, but it’s enough to power all life on earth, and more.

(654) In fact, the energy in sunlight arriving on earth contains about twelve thousand times more energy than humanity uses in a year.

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(655) While our brains make up only 2% of our weight, they consume 20% of our energy.

(656) They are hungry for oxygen and glucose.

(657) This means they are dependent on good blood flow and good regulation of blood sugar.

(658) This is where exercise helps.

(659) Poor regulation of blood sugar, for example, is associated with smaller hippocampi — the brain regions responsible for laying down long-term memories.

(660) Regular exercise will increase the amount of blood flowing through your brain, and improve the delivery of blood sugar.

(661) This will help new neurons — brain cells — to grow.

(662) Until recently, scientists didn’t think adults could grow new neurons; you just had to make do with what you were born with.

(663) But we can — and exercise helps this, as well as strengthening connections between existing neurons, improving long-term memories.

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(664) Elderspeak is characterized by several components.

(665) Which ones are beneficial for older adults and which ones are not helpful?

(666) Kemper and Harden had older adults watch a videotape in which a speaker described a route that was also traced on a map.

(667) The older adults reported that the instructions were easier to follow when the speaker reduced the grammatical complexity and used semantic elaboration that is, repeated and expanded upon what was said.

(668) Simpler grammar and semantic elaboration also helped older adults improve their accuracy when they had to reproduce the same route on a map of their own.

(669) In contrast, shortening the length of the speaker’s utterances into two- and five-word sentences did not improve the older adults’ comprehension of the instructions, nor did it improve their performance when they traced a map of their own.

(670) Also, the older listener did not find that an extremely slow rate of speaking with many pauses or exaggerated prosody was helpful.

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(671) In one experiment, a student was required to wear an embarrassing T-shirt (one) sporting a large image of Barry Manilow — a popular singer but of low prestige among college students before entering a room in which a group of their peers were assembled.

(672) The scientists noted in their paper that ‘all participants nonetheless put on the shirt, although none looked particularly thrilled about doing so’.

(673) The wearer of the T-shirt was later asked to estimate the number of fellow students in the crowded room who definitely discerned the face on the shirt, and this was compared with the actual number who had noticed.

(674) In fact, the students were so consumed with their own embarrassment over wearing the clothes that they were unable to accurately gauge how conspicuous it was to others.

(675) The T-shirt wearers overestimated how many others spotted the embarrassing shirt on average by a factor of two.

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(676) Dr. Davidson and his colleagues have shown that there is asymmetry in the prefrontal cortex reflecting our affective style.

(677) When there is more activity in the right side of the prefrontal cortex, it correlates with negative emotions such as worry, sadness, and anger.

(678) If the left side is more active, we tend to be in a positive emotional state, with a sense of well-being, enthusiasm, even joy.

(679) Developing a greater ability to recover, then, should show up as a shift in the relative activity between the two sides of the prefrontal cortex: the left side ought to become more active as the right side calms down.

(680) In fact, that happened with a group that practiced mindfulness meditation for eight weeks.

(681) They had greater activity in the left side, reported a stronger sense of well-being, and even showed a positive change in immune system function, as measured by influenza antibody titers.

(682) Those who had the most activity in the left prefrontal cortex had the strongest immune system response, suggesting a connection between overall well-being and the health of the immune system.

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(683) Focus groups are commonly used in marketing but in some countries there are very real problems with them.

(684) Since it is difficult to recruit random people to be in focus groups, research agencies have developed large pools of consumers willing to take part in focus groups at short notice.

(685) However, the problem is that many of these consumers are too willing.

(686) Research has revealed that many consumers enjoy the pay, free food, and experience of being an expert and focus on pleasing the moderator in order to get invited back regularly.

(687) Unfortunately, the way to please the very human moderator seems to be to work out what they want to hear, rather than providing them with genuine insights about the brand.

(688) This makes much of the data gained from focus-group panels worthless.

(689) Agencies are award of this problem and ensure a churn rate within groups to keep them fresh, but consumers get around this by using multiple names in order to remain in the pool.

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(690) Once you have defined what success looks like for you and have begun to design it, next comes the work.

(691) There’s no substitute for hard work; we all have to roll up our sleeves and take the stairs to get to that floor we’re going after.

(692) The Roman philosopher Seneca once said, "Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity."

(693) The preparation is the work, and the opportunity will find us when we are truly ready to work and make it ours.

(694) While some get caught up in wishful thinking, visualizations, and acting as if they already have it, the one thing that glues the whole process together is putting in the elbow grease.

(695) A gardener can't just wish for a beautiful garden and one suddenly appears; she has to choose the seed, pick the place, clear the ground, dig the holes, plant the seed, water it, add mulch, and repeat these steps over and over again if she wants to experience that beautiful healthy garden in the flesh.

(696) Similarly, if you want to live a full, adventurous, abundant, joy-filled, and loving life, it’s going to take work.

(697) Trust that there will be setbacks and temporary bumps along the journey, but they’re nature’s way of strengthening us to be ready for what it is we’re working toward.

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(698) Our tendency to overlook habit can be explained by one aspect of habit itself: the way in which familiarity and repetition dull our senses.

(699) Marcel Proust describes habit as a ‘heavy curtain’ which ‘conceals from us almost the whole universe, and prevents us from knowing ourselves.’ Not only this: habit ‘cuts off from things which we have witnessed a number of times the root of profound impression and of thought which gives them their real meaning.’ Proust realized that an artist has to draw back, or tear open, this curtain of habit, so that the most familiar features of our world become visible, meaningful, and cause for wonder.

(700) But this is also the philosopher’s task.

(701) Although it is often said — quoting Plato or Aristotle — that philosophy begins with wonder, the wondering state of mind is only reached by first penetrating the heavy curtain of habit.

(702) So habit is a uniquely philosophical issue, and it is also an important and profound feature of ordinary life.

(703) A few European philosophers have gone so far as to claim, like many teachers in the Buddhist tradition, that habit provides ‘an answer to the problem of the self’, that our continuing identity through time and change is produced by the tenacity of habit.

(704) If this is true — and perhaps even if it is not quite true — then habit’s ambiguity and uncertainty belong to the mystery of human selfhood.

(705) The question of habit may be inseparable from our hardest, deepest, most insistent question: who are we?

(706) who am I?

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(707) Children love to please their parents.

(708) They constantly seek attention, affirmation, and acceptance.

(709) The little boy who is not satisfied with merely riding his bicycle for his mom shows off by riding past the front yard with both hands in the air, "Look, Mom, no hands."

(710) One more achievement, one more accomplishment, and still another opportunity to impress a significant other.

(711) The burden to please or impress others can be overwhelming.

(712) It can cause us to mortgage our lives to the limit and compromise our self-worth in the process.

(713) People-pleasing is the opposite of the self-sabotaging behavior coming from the thought that others should make you happy.

(714) If you believe that your job in life is to make others happy or at least to impress them, you suffer from the attitudes and behaviors of always trying to please others.

(715) If at first you do not accomplish this, you try longer and harder.

(716) Then if you get unsatisfactory responses, you become frustrated and even depressed.

(717) You shoulder the negative emotions of others, as if you are able to flip the inner switch that is under their control.

(718) The inability to control the attitudes the attitudes and behaviors of others is enough to drive a people-pleaser insane.

(719) The need to make people happy appears selfless, but it destines a person to a life filled with anxiety and disappointment.

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(720) Because plants are such marvelously adaptable creatures, they can maximize their ability to survive and thrive in almost any condition.

(721) Since they must make their own food, which requires light during photosynthesis, they must have some sort of mechanism to collect and trap the light they need; i.e., they need solar collectors.

(722) When man-made solar collectors are positioned on the roofs of buildings, they are positioned such that they face the direction from which they can collect the most light possible.

(723) Usually they are positioned facing south so that they can collect light all day long as the sun moves from east to west across the south sky.

(724) The positions are usually fixed.

(725) Elaborate systems may be electronically controlled to move with the sun facing south east in morning hours and slowly moving to face south west as the day progresses.

(726) Grana in plant cells move much like the electronically controlled solar panels, orienting themselves to maximize light collection in shady areas and to minimize light collection in bright sunny areas.

(727) Leaves of trees which are growing on the outermost branches where light is abundant, have a morphology designed to lessen the intensity and have grana in vertical stacks.

(728) On the other hand, interior leaves which receive only filtered light may have grana which are in horizontal stacks.

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(729) Once participant of a workshop told a particularly insightful story about his twin six year-old boys.

(730) As any parent knows, riding the school bus without Mon or Dad is scary enough for a first grader.

(731) But finding the way from the classroom to the bus at 3:30 by themselves is even more intimidating.

(732) There are so many buses!

(733) And they all look the same.

(734) His six-year-olds spent most of the school year getting comfortable with their exact route and pickup point every day.

(735) Then One day they were told their pickup spot was going to change.

(736) In the days leading up to the big switch, it became evident that one of the twins was very concerned, while the other seemed unaffected.

(737) Apparently, the new pickup spot was just outside one boy’s classroom.

(738) He could see it from the window.

(739) But for the other boy, in a different classroom, the pickup spot was even farther away, and in a different direction.

(740) The night before the big day, shortly after bedtime, Dad noticed one child sleeping soundly, while the other was restless.

(741) He got his nervous little boy out of bed and asked him what was wrong.

(742) "I don’t know what I’m going to do, Daddy."

(743) So Dad dressed the little boy up in his school clothes already laid out for the next day, and they went on an imaginary journey.

(744) "Pretend you’re in class, and the teacher says it’s time to go.

(745) Walk out that door and show me which way you’re going to turn."

(746) The little one did as Dad asked.

(747) "Now, let’s practice walking down the hall and across the parking lot to the pickup spot."

(748) Two good attempts convinced both father and child that all was well.

(749) "Now, who else in your class rides the same bus with you?"

(750) "Johnny B.

(751) does."

(752) "Okay, then you pretend I’m Johnny B.

(753) You practice asking me if it’s okay if you follow me to the bus."

(754) After two or three attempts, the boy found a comfortable way to ask.

(755) Now he had a plan B.

(756) After a few more words of reassurance, Dad tucked his confident young man in bed, and he fell right to sleep.

(757) What Dad realized was that people, even children, aren’t really afraid of change.

(758) They’re afraid of not being prepared for the change.

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(759) As part of a peace delegation, Elliot was invited to tour the former Soviet Union in 1983 at the height of the Cold War.

(760) Travel to Russia was tense at that time and included frequent searches by Soviet police and political posturing by officials.

(761) But the Russian people were friendly and gracious.

(762) Elliot was invited to a Russian home and served an elaborate dinner, even though he knew the family’s financial resources were scarce.

(763) The photos that he took that evening of three lively generations living together in one small apartment were precious to him.

(764) The next day Elliot decided to rest at his hotel instead of joining his delegation on a field trip.

(765) Later that afternoon, he took a walk through the neighborhood with his camera.

(766) After he stopped to photograph a little boy on a red tricycle, the child disappeared into a long line of people.

(767) Immediately the crowd began to complain vigorously about the photo Elliot had just snapped of the little boy.

(768) The fuss caused Elliot to remember that he had been expressly told never to photograph people in lines, and he had already witnessed two other delegates’ films exposed to light after such an incident.

(769) In the blink of an eye, Elliot found himself face to face with a large policeman who asked him in broken English to give him his camera.

(770) Smiling politely and apologizing, Elliot pushed the camera and its precious film deep into the backpack he held tightly in his arms and pretended he didn’t understand what he policeman was asking him.

(771) This exchange continued for a few moments until the policeman signaled for Elliot to accompany him to the police station, which turned out to be several miles away.

(772) There, he was passed from one group to another, each of apparently higher rank than the last.

(773) Finally, there was a phone call to someone who sounded like an official.

(774) He could make out the words "American, camera," but not much else.

(775) At the end of the call, the man shrugged, smiled embarrassedly, and indicated that Elliot was free to go.

(776) When Elliot described what had happened to the other members of his delegation, they asked him why he didn’t immediately hand over the film.

(777) His answer was, "If he had threatened me, I would have.

(778) If the demands sounded aggressive or anyone laid a hand on me, I would have given in.

(779) But that didn’t happen, so I held my ground."

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(780) While the lion’s share of the world’s attention at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul went to track and field, an amazing story took place in the obscure sport of sailing.

(781) Canadian Larry Lemieux overcame tough 35-knot winds and was in position to claim a medal in the Finn-class competition.

(782) However, when he saw a capsized boat on a nearby course with injured Singapore sailors in trouble, he abandoned his race to help them.

(783) Although his actions cost him a medal, it powerfully illustrated to the world that athletic victory alone isn’t everything.

(784) Shaw Her Siew and Joseph Chan’s boat had capsized about 19 miles off the coast of Busan.

(785) Most competitors would have tried to pick up the gold medal, but as Lemieux told The Edmonton Journal, his instincts directed him elsewhere "The first rule of sailing is, you see someone is trouble, you help him."

(786) Lemieux said.

(787) "If I went to them and they didn’t really need help, c’est la vie.

(788) If I didn’t go, it would be something I would regret for the rest of my life."

(789) He didn’t want to chance living with that guilt.

(790) However, once he made the decision, rescuing the stranded sailors still wasn’t easy.

(791) There were 12-foot waves crashing all around and the current was against the wind.

(792) Lemieux had to sail downwind to reach Chan and took on a lot of water in the process.

(793) Skillfully, Lemieux kept his own boat from capsizing, pulled Chan out of the water and then headed back to help Siew.

(794) Afterwards, he kept his small boat steady until a Korean Navy boat arrived and then returned to the race and finished 21st out of a field of 32.

(795) As he told the Journal, he had no regrets.

(796) "Chan would have been lost at sea had he not been found.

(797) Because the waves were so high you couldn’t see the big, orange course markers when you were between troughs.

(798) So looking for someone’s head would have been like looking for a needle in a haystack...

(799) I could have won gold.

(800) But, in the same circumstances, I would do what I did again."

수특171012
(801) As a kid I had a steady diet of programs like Sesame Street and Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood.

(802) I always thought it was amazing that Mr. Rogers had an entire magical land of make-believe with characters, stories and a trolley that ran through his home.

(803) He was my hero, second only to my father, who was a policeman in my heart.

(804) One day my father strapped me into the car seat of his big Cadillac as we travelled to the Harrisburg International Airport to pick up my Uncle George.

(805) Once my father spotted him, they proceeded to the baggage claim to grab his luggage.

(806) I held my father’s hand, happy to be accompanying him on a mission, until suddenly I broke away from him.

(807) My father hadn’t noticed because he was busy removing bags from the conveyor belt.

(808) It had only been a moment, but a moment was all it took to send my father into a tailspin.

(809) He began to search frantically for me calling my name, but there was no response.

(810) It was then that my father turned around, and he spotted me with a man at the baggage claim kiosk maybe 30 feet away from him.

(811) He sprang into action before my uncle had a change to stop him and ran to the man shaking my hand.

(812) With one hand on his police-issued weapon, he asked the man to step away from me slowly.

(813) The man complied, and very calmly explained himself to my father at the same time.

(814) He told my father that I ran up to him, and that is wasn’t uncommon for children to do so, simply because they felt safe in his presence.

(815) Fueled by adrenaline, concern, and anger, my father was infuriated at this man until I said to him, "Daddy, why are you mad at Mr.

(816) Rogers?"

(817) My father’s normally chocolate complexion turned red with embarrassment.

(818) He apologized profusely to Mr. Rogers, and then both had a good laugh.

(819) Immediately, my uncle, my father and Mr. Rogers began to explain to me why it was so important that I’d never run away from the adult who was in charge of taking care of me at the time.

(820) From that day forward I never departed from my caretakers.

수특1801
(821) Dorothea Lange’s oeuvre constitutes one of the most moving and committed contributions to the social documentary photography in the 20th century.

(822) After studying at Columbia University in New York, she started out as an independent portrait photographer in San Francisco.

(823) Shocked by the number of homeless people in search of work during the Great Depression, she decided to take pictures of people in the street to draw attention to their plight.

(824) In 1935, she joined the Farm Security Administration (FSA) and reported on living conditions in the rural area of the USA.

(825) In a direct manner, she documented the bitter poverty of migrant workers and their families.

(826) One of the most famous photographs of the FSA project is Migrant Mother, the portrait of a Californian migrant worker with her three children.

(827) This highly concentrated image has made Dorothea Lange an icon of socially committed photography.

수특1802
(828) While practicing the martial art wing-chun, Joe Hyams was accidentally hit by a workout partner.

(829) This made him angry.

(830) His teacher, Jim Lau, noticed and spoke to him about his anger, saying that unleashing anger against another person inspires anger in return from the other person.

(831) The following weekend, Mr. Hyams went to New York, arriving early in the morning and hoping to get some rest before a business meeting.

(832) Unfortunately, his hotel room was not ready and would not be ready for another four hours, so he demanded to see the manager, then angrily confronted her.

(833) Later, after having calmed down, he apologized, and the manager said, "You really took me by surprise.

(834) I intended to do what I could for you, but when you came on so strong I forgot my good intentions and decided not to go out of my way to help you."

수특1803
(835) It was only in 1919 when Dr. Oscar Minkowski and Dr. Joseph Merring got the first clue to the cause of diabetes.

(836) While trying to find out the possible causes of diabetes they came to a conclusion that the pancreas plays some role in causing diabetes.

(837) To confirm their finding they decided to remove the pancreas of a dog to study the after-effects on the dog.

(838) After removing the pancreas of the dog they noticed that the dog was urinating excessively.

(839) When Dr. Minkowski noticed a bunch of flies gathered on the urine he suspected the dog was diabetic and to confirm his suspicion he tested the dog’s urine for sugar.

(840) It confirmed his suspicion of the dog being diabetic as he found sugar in its urine.

(841) This finding finally linked diabetes to the pancreas.

수특1804
(842) After winning many contests, a boastful champion archer challenged an old master who was renowned for his skills.

(843) The young man flawlessly hit a distant bull’s eye, and then split that arrow with his second shot.

(844) "There," he said to the old man, "see if you can match that!"

(845) The master motioned the young archer to follow him up a mountain.

(846) When they reached a deep chasm spanned by a rather flimsy and shaky log, the old master stepped onto the middle of the dangerous bridge, picked a far away target, drew his bow, and fired a clean, direct hit.

(847) "Now, you," he said, as he stepped back onto the safe ground.

(848) The young man was frozen with fear.

(849) "You have much skill with your bow," the master said, "but you have little skill with the mind that releases the shot."

수특1901
(850) Nothing addresses our need to fit in with others as profoundly as traditions.

(851) Traditions satisfy our deep emotional needs for belonging and create bonds not easily swayed.

(852) Developed over time in a country, community, or family, traditions are the foundation of a culture.

(853) While a ritual is time alone with the soul, traditions are the bonding glue of a group.

(854) When we participate in a tradition, we are not acting alone but in harmony with others in a common cause, belief, or event.

(855) The traditional singing of the "Star-Spangled Banner" at the opening of a sporting event bonds the crowd with a common sense of pride and unites them together for the game.

(856) For more than a hundred year, the passing of the Olympic torch throughout countries has set aside religious differences and race, and opened up nations’ borders for a common tradition: the Olympics.

(857) Caught up in the security of a mutual custom, traditions have their own codes of ethics that transcend differences and unite a people, if only for a moment.

수특1902
(858) Abduction is a process of reasoning used to decide which explanation of given phenomena we should select, and so, naturally, it is also called ‘argument to the best explanation’.

(859) Often we are presented with certain experiences and are called upon to offer some sort of explanation for them.

(860) But the problem we frequently face is that a given body of data may not determine or force us to accept only one explanation.

(861) Unsettling as it seems, some philosophers have even argued that for any possible body of evidence there will always be a variety of explanations consistent with it.

(862) This is just the claim that Duhem and Quine have advanced.

(863) Whether or not their claim is true, however, in cases where we do face a set of alternative explanations, our task as good reasoners must be to decide which one of those explanations best fits the evidence.

(864) That’s where abduction comes in.

수특1903
(865) The links between food consumption and lifestyles defined in relation to social hierarchies developed in various ways in centuries later than the sixteenth-century.

(866) The motif of quality became clearer.

(867) Consumers now took for granted that the domain of social privilege expressed itself in the right-or duty-to obtain food products of ever higher quality.

(868) However, there were still correspondences between typologies of foods and beverages and the typologies of the consumers themselves.

(869) For example, in eighteenth-century Europe, coffee was considered the dominant bourgeois drink, whereas chocolate was aristocratic.

(870) What was defined here was a clearly ideological antithesis: the former awoke and stimulated the mind to work and to be productive; whereas the latter was a drink for the inactive and lazy.

(871) In the following century, however, coffee had already become a popular beverage in France, as had tea in Holland and England.

수특1904
(872) The rhythm of the Nile was the rhythm of Egyptian life.

(873) The annual rising of its waters set the calendar of sowing and reaping with its three season: inundation, growth, and harvest.

(874) The flooding of the Nile from the end of June till late October brought down rich silt, in which crops were planted and grew from late October to late February, to be harvested from late February till the end of June.

(875) The rising of the Nile, as regular and as essential to life as the rising of the sun, marked the Nile year.

(876) The primitive Egyptian calendar, naturally enough, was a "nilometer"- a simple vertical scale on which the flood level was yearly marked.

(877) Even a few year’s reckoning of the Nile year showed that it did not keep in step with the phases of the moon.

(878) But very early the Egyptians found that twelve months of thirty days each could provide a useful calendar of the seasons if another five days were added at the end, to make a year of 365 days.

(879) This was the "civil" year, or the "Nile year," that the Egyptians began to use as early as 4241 B.C.

수특2001
(880) There are some renewable energy technologies that are only controversially considered alternative, and they include nuclear power and hydropower.

(881) Both nuclear power and hydropower are emission-free, and so alleviate the most common negative consequence of fossil-fuel-based energy production, air pollution.

(882) However, they suffer from other environmental problems that make them unattractive to some advocates of alternative energy solutions.

(883) Nuclear power produces highly radioactive wastes that must be stored and safely disposed of for long periods of time, and hydroelectric power traditionally comes from large dams that block free-flowing rivers and disturb natural riverine ecosystems.

(884) Newer forms of smaller, run-of-river hydroelectric plants avoid the negative consequences of large dams and reservoirs, but their potential physical implementation is limited and so they will never serve as the predominant solution to worldwide energy needs.

(885) Nuclear power and hydropower therefore as with most alternative energy sources, solve some problems but not others.

수특2002
(886) Repurposed clothing tells an even more complex tale than that of secondhand garments.

(887) Until recently, clothes that were extensively altered from their original form were frequently overlooked in museum collections, as it was believed that their alterations rendered them inauthentic.

(888) Today, however, analyses of such objects by scholars like Alexandra Palmer, fashion curator at The Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, as well as the embrace of repurposing techniques by high-end fashion labels, have imbued altered objects with newfound significance.

(889) Such clothing is now used to provide insight on the high value placed on textiles in the past, as well as to how that value has diminished over time.

(890) Examining remade garments also highlights a resourcefulness and skill that is all but lost in the contemporary fashion industry.

(891) In many ways, these garments acted as early models of sustainability.

수특2003
(892) Kids and adults around the world are coming up with creative ways to use less fuel.

(893) For example, in the slums of Manila, Philippines, people live in tiny shacks made from sheets of metal.

(894) Until recently, the shacks were completely dark inside.

(895) Anyone who was too old or sick to go outside had to spend every day in darkness.

(896) But one day, IIIac Diaz, who is part of an organization called My Shelter Foundation, looked at an empty pop bottle and had an idea.

(897) Soon, all around the slum, people were cutting small bottle-sized holes into the roofs, inserting a pop bottle with a few teaspoons of bleach inside to keep dangerous molds from growing and gluing the bottle into the roof.

(898) Suddenly, light poured down into places where people had never had light before.

수특2004
(899) Within the arena of household consumption, research predominantly focuses on direct rebound effects among consumers particularly for energy appliances in the home and fuel efficiency in vehicles.

(900) For example, often large energy savings are predicted when consumers replace traditional incandescent light bulbs with more efficient compact fluorescent bulbs.

(901) However these savings rarely reach their predicted targets as research indicates that many consumers, recognising that the light costs less to operate, appear less thorough about switching it off, resulting in more hours of use, i.e.

(902) higher energy consumption.

(903) Similarly, studies have indicated that energy savings from efficiency improvements, for example, a more efficient space heating unit or increased levels of insulation, are often then spent on increased heating standards.

(904) Here, the consumer may gain by operating a warmer home for the same or lower cost than they had previously.

수특2101
(905) As pretty as the orchids they pollinate, orchid bees come in a brightly colored array of brilliant and metallic blues, greens, and purples.

(906) These bees are not social like honeybees – they are typically solitary in nesting, with no division of labor and little communal activity.

(907) The males leave the nest shortly after birth and never return, spending their lives collecting flower fragrances that they store in special grooves on their hind legs and that may be released to attract females.

(908) Females construct nests from mud, resins, and other materials and gather both nectar and pollen from a variety of plants.

(909) The two hundred species of orchid bees are native to Central and South America and play an important role in the pollination of many orchids.

(910) Only a single species can be found in the United States.

(911) This bee, Euglossa vidrissimia, is a recent arrival from either Mexico or Central America and was likely introduced to the United States accidentally.

수특2102
(912) A liquid is like a gas in that its molecules move around or ‘flow’ that’s why both are called ‘fluids’, while solids aren’t.

(913) But the molecules in a liquid are much closer to each other than the molecules in a gas.

(914) If you put a gas into a sealed tank, it fills every nook and cranny of the tank up to the top.

(915) The volume of gas rapidly expands to fill the whole tank.

(916) A liquid also fills every nook and cranny, but only up to a certain level.

(917) A given amount of liquid, unlike the same amount of gas, keeps a fixed volume, and gravity pulls it downwards, so it fills only as much as it needs of the tank, from the bottom upwards.

(918) That’s because the molecules of a liquid stay close to each other.

(919) But, unlike those of a solid, they do slide around over each other, which is why a liquid behaves as a fluid.

수특2103
(920) Before formalized science, some very smart people believed in some really weird things.

(921) At about the same time Johann Sebastian Bach was composing symphonies, many scientists asserted that "phlogiston" resided within everything you could burn, and once you set it on fire, the phlogiston escaped into the air.

(922) If you had some burning wood in a pot and placed a lid over it, the flame would go out because the air could hold only so much phlogiston before it was saturated.

(923) Left in the open, a piece of wood eventually turned to ash and was, as they put it, fully dephlogisticated.

(924) This idea lasted for about a hundred years before it was debunked by diligent scientific attacks.

(925) Eventually, scientists realized there was no such thing as phlogiston, and the real magic element was oxygen.

(926) Flames consumed oxygen, and lids starved flames.

수특2104
(927) Over the millennia, owls evolved tubular eyes, which face forward and are immovable, and are the reason owls developed the ability to turn their heads 270 degrees.

(928) Owl eyes have more black-and-white detecting rods than color cones, allowing them to see in the dark.

(929) Their large round yellow eyes, with dark pupils wide enough to let in small amounts of light in darkness, are one of the first things we notice about them.

(930) In the human world, large eyes with wide pupils hold a certain attraction both for the viewer and the viewed.

(931) Studies show that a person’s pupils dilate in the presence of someone they are attracted to.

(932) Advertisers dilate the eye of models in photographs to make their products more attractive by default.

(933) Nature, it seems, has prepared us biologically to be attracted to owls by giving them such big eyes.

수특2201
(934) When traveling into the wilderness, the type of gear you carry can either help or hinder your efforts.

(935) Specific gear will depend on many factors, which include the environment, weight, and cost.

(936) Whenever possible, try to bring gear that has multiple uses.

(937) A durable space blanket is a good example: It can be used as an added layer of clothing, a signal orange side in winter; silver side in summer, a water collection device, and shelter.

(938) A military poncho, thick-ply garbage bags and parachute lines are a few other examples of multi-use items.

(939) When bringing gear that operates on batteries, make sure to protect it from cold, soaking moisture, salt corrosion, and sand by wrapping it with a good insulating material and placing it in a waterproof bag.

수특2202
(940) The French government utilised skiing as a part of its strategies for regional development in the post-Second World War economic reconstruction.

(941) Purpose-built ski resorts, or ‘ski factories’ as some tourism and recreation researchers labelled them because of their emphasis on the mass accommodation of skiers and construction from glass, concrete and steel, were built in the late 1950s to aid regional development.

(942) The combination of demand from a growing mass leisure class and regional development opportunities has driven similar transformations in many of the world’s mountain landscapes for the purpose of recreation and tourism.

(943) This development demonstrates how previously unused nature may become a resource offering economic opportunities.

(944) This process emphasises that nature only becomes a resource when a human value is placed upon it, typically through the market, thus acquiring an instrumental value that previously did not exist.

수특2203
(945) Participating in sports is quite different from watching sports.

(946) Yet in sport studies, these two activities are often lumped together statistically and anecdotally.

(947) Combining them only adds to the confusion of the value of each, leads to suspect conclusions, and interferes with the assessment of the overall influence of sport.

(948) For example, many people would rate tackle football as the most popular sport in the United States.

(949) Based on spectator interest, this is a reasonable conclusion.

(950) But if we look at participation, football is popular only through high school and only with boys.

(951) Beyond age 18, tackle football is not a reasonable option due to the number of players required, lack of equipment, and risk of injury.

(952) Thus it is more accurate to say that football is the most popular spectator sport in the United States but rates far down the list in participation.

수특2204
(953) The 2008 winners of the annual awards for sustainable tourism all demonstrate that best practice in tourism is far-reaching, and extends beyond what was once understood to constitute tourism – mainly just planes, hotels, and beaches.

(954) As an example, the winner of the poverty reduction award was an initiative in which both local farmers and tourists benefit.

(955) The hoteliers in this award-winning nation have traditionally imported much of their food while ignoring local farmers whose produce was going to waste.

(956) Now, 1,000 farmers, most of whom are women, have been helped to supply local hotels.

(957) At the same time, the country’s travel foundation, one of the funding organizations, and the initiative have launched their own farmyard – to demonstrate best practice and to become a tourist attraction on its own merits.

(958) Taking tourists to the farmyard, for example, is one way in which they can see how their contribution to sustainability is working.

수특2301
(959) With the changes to open collaborative workstations and planning from cubicles, issues of privacy, noise, and loss of work focus have impacted the planning process in recent years.

(960) Many employees have complained that the very open workstation plans and integral collaborative spaces make concentration difficult.

(961) This is not to say that companies all want to go back to cubicles and private offices.

(962) Companies feel that the space plans that emphasize collaborative areas help with teamwork and the generation of ideas and solutions.

(963) The company also saves money because the space requirements of the more open work areas take less square footage than a cubicle plan with aisles.

(964) However, many designers and manufacturers find that a blend of collaborative spaces and areas of privacy – although not necessarily private cubicles or offices – has its advantages for many companies.

수특2302
(965) Websites are steadily becoming more important in the photographer’s self-promotion repertory.

(966) If you have a good collection of digital photographs – whether they have been scanned from film or are from a digital camera – you should consider creating a website to showcase samples of your work, provide information about the type of work you do, and display your contact information.

(967) The website does not have to be elaborate or contain every photograph you’ve ever taken.

(968) In fact, it is best if you edit your work very carefully and choose only the best images to display on your website.

(969) The benefit of having a website is that it makes it so easy for photo buyers to see your work.

(970) You can send e-mails to targeted photo buyers and include a link to your website.

(971) Many photo buyers report that this is how they prefer to be contacted.

(972) Of course, your URL should also be included on any print materials, such as postcards, brochures, business cards, and stationery.

(973) Some photographers even include their URL in their credit line.

수특2303
(974) A studio artist works like a novelist.

(975) He or she may pay a great deal of attention to the details of everyday visible reality, but what he or she adds to those observations is the something else, the shaping form supplied by his or her genius.

(976) The details figure in, but they are not the main point.

(977) Walker Evans wrote in an undated note to himself that anyone who goes to Botticelli to learn about the dress and manners of the fifteenth century is a pedant and a fool.

(978) Few scholars of the future who look at Jan Groover’s breakthrough still-life arrangements of kitchen utensils will spend much time considering the development of the colander in the 1970s.

(979) The main point is not a compilation of facts about the objects seen, but the genius of their combination into an original composition.

수특2304
(980) Filmmakers, with the help of production designers, art directors, location managers, and countless other members of cast and crew, insert architecture into their films.

(981) On a practical level, architecture sets a scene, conveying information about plot and character while contributing to the overall feel of a movie.

(982) In more discreet ways, filmmakers can use their cameras to make statements about the built – or unbuilt – environment, or use that environment to comment metaphorically on any of a variety of subjects, from the lives of the characters in their films to the nature of contemporary society.

(983) Architects, for their part, create not only the structures that appear in films but the structures in which films appear – theaters – and the very infrastructure that supports the film industry.

수특2401
(984) Why must we keep insisting that education is primarily academic in nature?

(985) Why is there a hierarchical structure of education that places academia at the top and the art at the bottom?

(986) Learning takes many forms.

(987) Children do not all learn in the same way.

(988) You cannot seat them all behind desks in a classroom, dictate information to them and expect them to absorb all of it like a sponge.

(989) Some will do well learning in this way.

(990) A great deal will not.

(991) The latter of these children prefer to learn with their bodies, with their hearts and with their imaginations.

(992) They are the dancers, the runners, the singers, the actors, and the writers.

(993) They are absolutely wonderful people who give so much joy and happiness to others, yet we do not value them as we should.

(994) Instead, we reprimand them for not fitting in with the other mob.

수특2402
(995) As society continues to rapidly change due to the evolution of a global economy and advances in technology, schools continue to function in the same way as they did 100 years ago.

(996) Students, teachers, and leaders are changing as a result of the proliferation of technology in the real world.

(997) Our information society needs people who can effectively manage and use ever-increasing amounts of information to solve complex problems and to make decisions in the face of uncertainty.

(998) This presents a bit of a paradox as the concept of schools as the traditional factory model of education is incompatible with the evolving demands of the information age.

(999) Despite decades of national, state, and local promotion of educational uses of technology, classroom practice in most schools has changed little from that of the mid-20th century.

(1000) This challenge is compounded by issues related to aging infrastructure, inequity in funding, and a global focus on standardization.

수특2403
(1001) A common misconception among students of education is that if they pass the required courses, everything will work when they enter the classroom.

(1002) However, the students you will work with are unique in time and in the environment in which you actually encounter them.

(1003) Your teacher education program can prepare you for what things will be "like", but it is only a representation of the reality you will experience.

(1004) You can be prepared, but ultimately you will have to observe, assess and adjust on your own.

(1005) Although some people do seem to have a knack for teaching, what they really have is a talent for communicating.

(1006) Who can criticize a nice knack like that?

(1007) Yet, teaching in a school requires more than just being a good communicator.

(1008) It requires being able to teach some very specific information and skills under some rather specific conditions of time, place, available materials.

수특2404
(1009) In a movie of long ago, Sleeper, the protagonist wakes up from a several-hundred-year sleep understandably malnourished and disoriented.

(1010) His doctors are overheard planning a high-potency diet of sugar-laden goods for him, shaking their heads at the "primitive" beliefs that the medical establishment once held in the twenty-first century that vegetables were good for you.

(1011) Now, they say, everyone knows that they cause cancer.

(1012) While intended to be funny, that scene captures the dilemma you face when evaluating information and research to guide your behavior.

(1013) It is not enough to hear experts tell you things unless you evaluate them for yourself.

(1014) On one hand, you should exhibit healthy skepticism toward ideas that conflict with what you think you already know, or what has been grounded in your experience, Yet, on the other hand, you should force yourself to remain open to new ideas that may actually be more accurate and useful.

수특2501
(1015) Communication is not merely a matter of producing effects on other communicators; it is one of actually engaging with them.

(1016) Communicating is a kind of sharing.

(1017) When two people communicate rather than "talk at each other", they come to have something in common.

(1018) They must start with something in common, too, even if this is only the language they share.

(1019) Communication does not demand complete agreement or acceptance, but it does demand understanding.

(1020) When put into language, my thoughts, ideas, notions, and beliefs are no longer mine alone assuming they ever were.

(1021) They have been put into a form in which they can be shared.

(1022) The primary aim of language use is understanding; all of the other effects my linguistic actions may have on other people getting my listeners to agree with me, to obey my orders, to trust me, or whatever only come about because what I have tried to communicate has been understood.

수특2502
(1023) Human memory limits which cultual variants can be remembered and transmitted successfully.

(1024) People are unlikely to retain information that is easily forgotten or misremembered, particularly in cultures relying on an oral tradition.

(1025) David Rubin, a professor at Duke University, provided a brilliant account of how the cognitive structure of memory affects the content of oral traditions such as epic ballads or counting-out rhymes.

(1026) As one example of his approach, he used work on imagery in cognitive psychology to argue that epic ballads such as the Iliad or Odyssey tend to focus on concrete, easily visualized actions because people find it easier to remember events that are concrete and easy to visualize.

(1027) Homer is filled with concrete action, not because the Greeks had trouble with abstraction but because the constraint of human memory makes concrete images more likely to survive generation after generation of oral transmission.

수특2503
(1028) Even the peasant family defines its own identity at the table.

(1029) "To live on one bread and once wine," that is, to share food, is in medieval language an almost technical way of signifying that one belongs to the same family.

(1030) Even today in different dialectal expressions, the house is identified with the food that allows the domestic community to live there together: "Let’s go home" (andiamo in casa) in the traditional vocabulary of the Romagna region meant, "Let’s go into the kitchen."

(1031) On all social levels sharing a table is the first sign of membership in a group.

(1032) That might be the family but also a broader community – each brotherhood, guild, or association reasserts its own collective identity at the table.

(1033) Every monastic community demonstrates its intimacy in the refectory where all are supposed to share the meal from which are temporarily excluded only the excommunicated – those who are impure because they have some guilt.

수특2504
(1034) The Arabic language doesn’t have a single word for compromise, which some have said is the reason that Arabs seem to be unable to reach a compromise.

(1035) Yet, the Arabic language does provide several ways to articulate the concept of compromise, the most common being an expression that translates in English to "we reached a middle ground."

(1036) This example illustrates codability, which refers to the ease with which a language can express a thought.

(1037) When a language has a convenient word for a concept, that concept is said to have high codability.

(1038) Thus the existence of the word compromise gives that idea high codability in English.

(1039) When a concept requires more than a single word for tis expression, it possesses lower codability.

(1040) It is accurate, then, to say that the idea of compromise has lower codability in Arabic than in English.

(1041) However, having a phrase rather than a single word to express an idea does not mean that the idea is nonexistent in a given culture, only that it is less easily put into the language code.

수특2601
(1042) Virtual representation of cultural heritage means using technologies, such as digital photography, 3D information acquisition, multimedia, and virtual reality, to create a virtual situation that can allow experience to a cultural heritage, which can provide the protection and spread of the cultural heritage.

(1043) For material cultural heritage, such as relics, groups of buildings and ruins, we can use virtual representation technology to restore the appearance of cultural heritage by the models in real life and display it comprehensively.

(1044) For intangible cultural heritage, we look to find the best way based on its features to reconstruct and integrate forms of visual or experience by making intangible into tangible.

(1045) In addition, we can combine material cultural heritage with intangible cultural heritage and make the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage more three-dimensional and deeper.

수특2602
(1046) As cars are becoming less dependent on people, the means and circumstances in which the product is used by consumers are also likely to undergo significant changes, with higher rates of participation in car sharing and short-term leasing programs.

(1047) In the not-too-distant future, a driverless car could come to you when you need it, and when you are done with it, it could then drive away without any need for a parking space.

(1048) Increases in car sharing and short-term leasing are also likely to be associated with a corresponding decrease in the importance of exterior car design.

(1049) Rather than serving as a medium for personalization and self-identity, car exteriors might increasingly come to represent a channel for advertising and other promotional activities, including brand ambassador programs, such as those offered by Free Car Media.

(1050) As a result, the symbolic meanings derived from cars and their relationship to consumer self-identity and status are likely to change in turn.

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(1051) My own reading and thinking habits have shifted dramatically since I first logged on to the Web fifteen years ago or so.

(1052) I now do the bulk of my reading and researching online.

(1053) And my brain has changed as a result.

(1054) Even as I’ve become more adept at navigating the rapids of the Net, I have experienced a steady decay in my ability to sustain my attention.

(1055) As I explained in the Atlantic in 2008, "What the Net seems to be doing is chipping away my capacity for concentration and contemplation.

(1056) My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles."

(1057) Knowing that the depth of our thought is tied directly to the intensity of our attentiveness, it's hard not to conclude that as we adapt to the intellectual environment of the Net our thinking becomes shallower.

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(1058) Cognitive computing is supported by machine learning and deep learning technology, which allows computers to autonomously learn from data.

(1059) This technology means computers can change and improve their algorithms by themselves, without being explicitly programmed by humans.

(1060) How does it work?

(1061) Put simply, if we give the computer a picture of a cat and a picture of a ball, and show it which one is the cat, we can then ask it to decide if subsequent pictures contain cats.

(1062) The computer compares other images to its training data set (i.e.

(1063) the original cat image) and comes up with an answer.

(1064) Today’s machine learning algorithms can do this unsupervised, meaning they do not need their decisions to be pre-programmed.

(1065) The same principle applies to even more complex tasks, albeit with a much larger training set.

(1066) Google’s voice recognition algorithms, for instance, work from a massive training set, but it’s still not nearly big enough to predict every possible word, phrase or question.

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(1067) For leader, eternally in the spotlight, the most important ingredient for gaining followers’ confidence is to live up to expectations, particularly the expectations they have created themselves.

(1068) Leaders need to do what they promise and practice what they preach.

(1069) Followers are very sensitive to leaders who seem to go back on their word and/or don’t take their own medicine.

(1070) In many languages, the saying is that confidence "comes by foot and leaves by horse," which goes to show that the speed at which confidence can crumble has been known to humanity for a long time.

(1071) Therefore, leaders need to safeguard the faith that people have in them by acting in accordance with the expectations they have raised themselves – they need to "walk the talk" instead of only being the "sage on stage" who has all the wise words but exhibits few of the wise deeds.

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(1072) There are physiological processes that take place when we are faced with something that scares us.

(1073) When we’re frightened, the brain releases two groups of chemicals, endocannabinoids and opioids.

(1074) As they surge through our systems, these chemicals keep us from feeling pain and give us a rush of energy and clarity that can help us when we need it most.

(1075) You’ve heard of average-size mothers finding the strength to pull heavy objects off their children before they’re crushed.

(1076) That’s adrenaline, one of the hormones triggered by fear.

(1077) Many survivors of natural disasters and plane crashes talk about how in the heat of the moment, they just did what they had to do, without awareness of their injuries or any feeling of loss of control.

(1078) In these cases, fear actually enables people to take extreme measures in order to survive.

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(1079) Several studies find situational cues can radically change people’s mental set about what is normatively appropriate in a social dilemma.

(1080) For example, different groups of students in one study played a dilemma game according to identical rules, with only the name of the game varying.

(1081) Students were much more generous and cooperative when the game was called the "Community Game" than when the same game was labeled the "Wall Street Game."

(1082) In an even more subtle manipulation of social norms, half the students in one experiment were primed for interdependence (by completing sentences containing words such as "group," "friendships," or "together") while the other half were primed for independence (by completing sentences containing words such as "independent," "individual," or "self-contained").

(1083) The students who were primed for interdependence were later more cooperative and trusting in a public-goods dilemma.

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(1084) Consider social media.

(1085) Let’s say it’s Friday night and you plan to go to the cinema, but you are not sure what to see.

(1086) You ask your online friends for their advice.

(1087) Ten people comment, and seven of them suggest The Theory of Everything.

(1088) Did seven people like The Theory of Everything so must that the movie instantly came to mind when they commented on your post?

(1089) Maybe.

(1090) Here is another possibility: one friend recommended the movie on your page and the others were then biased in that direction.

(1091) Once a friend or two recommended the film, other friends who did not like the movie as much refrained from saying so, or even avoided recommending a different film so as not to offend the others or stand out as a black sheep.

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(1092) One of the most fundamental characteristics of money is that it acts as an easily transportable store of value.

(1093) The fruits of our labor can be held in a crystallized form – instead of exchanging work directly for goods, we exchange it for cash, which can then be spent at our convenience.

(1094) Money therefore holds value the same way a battery holds energy, and makes it movable both in time and space (unlike some other stores of value, such as land).

(1095) A paycheck in one’s pocket can be spent whenever and wherever one wants – providing, of course, that someone is willing to accept it.

(1096) To be of use, money must be not just portable but also easily exchangeable.

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(1097) In recent years, several theorists have considered knowledge as the main source of competitive advantage.

(1098) These theorists argue that post-industrial society - and indeed the entire economy – is increasingly based on knowledge production.

(1099) Therefore, the expression "Knowledge Society" is an apt description of the contemporary world.

(1100) The emergence of the knowledge society can be conceptualized on a relative or on an absolute basis in relation to industrial society.

(1101) From the relative perspective, the knowledge society is an evolutionary development, where the production of knowledge becomes relatively more important than the production of tangible goods in the economy.

(1102) From the absolute perspective, the knowledge society represents a more radical change, because it enables new forms of knowledge socialization and new possibilities to store the output of learning across time and space.

(1103) In the absolute approach, knowledge society is contrasted with industrial society as post-industrial society, with capitalism as post-capitalist society, and with modern society as postmodern society.

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(1104) Suppose a donut store has three workers working in limited, often confined kitchen space.

(1105) To increase productivity, the store may want to employ more workers.

(1106) For a period of time, the workers will help productivity.

(1107) Over time with each new worker added, production will begin to increase at smaller intervals.

(1108) Soon, the workers will start getting in one another’s way, and this will result in negative growth for the store.

(1109) The workers will have to wait in line to use the machinery, walkway spaces will become crammed with people and raw materials, and the store would turn into one giant mess.

(1110) Consequently, the total product of the store will start diminishing; the marginal product of additional workers will decline because of the amount of labor relative to machinery.

(1111) In time, if the store continues to hire more employees, the total product will go to zero due to the lack of store space.

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(1112) One impact of the growth of the older population is the increased visibility of aging, which results in more awareness among the general population about older people, and about the diversity and uniqueness among older individuals.

(1113) As older people become more numerous and visible, stereotypical attitudes and discriminatory practices that disadvantage older people are more likely to be challenged.

(1114) For example, in comparing magazine advertisements in the year 2014 to those from 1980, we see a marked increase in both the number of ads that feature older people and in the average age of many models.

(1115) While most people in ads are still young, our images of aging are changing along with heightened awareness of the aging of society.

(1116) There may be no better example of this trend than the skyrocketing popularity of TV personality Betty White, age 92 at the time of this writing.

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(1117) Food is, indeed, rather like language, but one can be more free with food.

(1118) It is not so tightly structured as the elements of language are.

(1119) Consider the simplest case: the similarity of combining phonemes into a word and ingredients into a dish.

(1120) "Tree" has three phonemes: /t/, /r/, and /i/ (/i/ is used to write the "ee" sound in standard sound transcriptions).

(1121) A minimal sort of Texas chili might have three ingredients: beans, chili, and meat.

(1122) With the word, if you mispronounce it (dree), drag out one sound (treeee), write it, yell it, or otherwise mangle it, it is still "the same word" to an English speaker.

(1123) With the food, tripling the chili, or using a different type of bean, changes the dish materially and provides a quite different experience.

(1124) To that extent, food is less tightly structured.

(1125) One does not automatically reduce a range of different experiences to "the same thing."

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(1126) The role of nutrients has often been interpreted outside the context of the foods, dietary patterns, and broader social contexts in which they are found.

(1127) Nutrition experts have, for example, made definitive statements about the role of single nutrients, such as the role of fat or fiber, in isolation from the foods in which we find them.

(1128) This single-nutrient reductionism often ignores or simplifies the interactions among nutrients within foods and within the body.

(1129) It has also involved the premature translation of an observed statistical association between single nutrients and diseases into a deterministic or causal relationship, according to which single nutrients are claimed to directly cause, or at least increase the risk of, particular disease.

(1130) Nutrition scientists have also tended to exaggerate any beneficial or harmful health effects of single nutrients.

(1131) For example, the harmful effects of total fat, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol – and the benefits of polyunsaturated fats, omega-3 fats, any vitamin D- have all, arguably, been exaggerated, if not in some cases seriously misrepresented, over the years.

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(1132) Soldiers’ wartime exposure to commercially canned foods, though occasional, generated the beginnings of consumer trust.

(1133) This trust flowed back up the chain of production, providing the first faint signs of wider demand that canners needed in order to innovate and expand.

(1134) Tastes were often slow to change when ordinary consumers were given a choice between new products and their go-to standards.

(1135) But because army men in the American Civil War had little choice when it came to their food supply, they gave new foods a chance and widened their palates to partially accommodate canned foods.

(1136) After the war, they brought these new preferences home with them.

(1137) The nature of trust that these battlefield encounters fostered was not yet rooted din scientific certainty, a better understanding of the risks, or knowledge of where the food had come from.

(1138) Rather, it sprang from exposure and familiarity that made a new kind of food seem worth sampling and its convenience and accessibility worth appreciating.

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(1139) We need to find out why people are not naturally motivated to eat sensibly and take exercise, and why the motivation to consumer alcohol or to smoke persists in spite of their harmful effects on the body.

(1140) The probable reason is that good or bad effects are not felt immediately but only several years or even decades later.

(1141) With regard to nutrition there is some feedback from research, but it takes a very long time for the results of research to spread through society.

(1142) The explanation is that the mechanisms of biochemical adaptation oppose clinical manifestations of nutritional imbalances (deficits or excesses of nutrients) and pronounced disturbances or disease arise only after the adaptation reserves have become exhausted.

(1143) A similar phenomenon is observed with chronic consumption of alcohol and heavy smoking over a long period.

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(1144) For many communities, the tree pruning cycle runs over the course of many years.

(1145) Out city staff is focused on large tree removals and mature trees that need specialized equipment to reach and prune.

(1146) Smaller trees, however, can be pruned from the ground level by citizen volunteers.

(1147) To become a volunteer, you will first learn information about pruning, safety, and how to make proper pruning cuts.

(1148) The pruning training takes roughly 3~4 hours of class time, then you head out to the field to practice your pruning skills with a group.

(1149) Any amount of pruning time you can offer lends a great deal of help to the community to ensure a healthier urban forest.

(1150) If you are interested and want to join the mailing list for updates on upcoming trainings and events, go to www.mntreesource.org.

(1151) Go to the ‘Communities’ tab and click on ‘Maple Grove’ to access the sign-up form

수특T102
(1152) One day, my father and I were working in the orchard, when the sky turned midnight pitch black at noontime.

(1153) My father advised that we take the fruit and return to the house.

(1154) Just as we got home, the wind began to blow so hard that we couldn't see anything but debris blowing around outside the house.

(1155) We heard a cracking noise and decided to take shelter in the cellar.

(1156) Shortly after we arrived in the cellar, it grew deathly quiet and the rain came down in sheets.

(1157) We discovered after the storm, carrying everything in the shed out into the fields, including my father’s tools.

(1158) Before we could gather them up again, people came in droves, even our neighbors, and stole the tools.

(1159) There were so many thieves that we couldn’t stop them or prove that the tools were ours

수특T103
(1160) As a parent, can you get through to your kids?

(1161) Visualize the job of the professional communicator who is trying to get through to millions at the same time.

(1162) Is it any wonder that children’s commercials appear so simpleminded?

(1163) The communicator, without a sharp focus on which group he or she is addressing, risks going over the heads of the younger ones or appearing dumb to the older ones.

(1164) In commercials, where brevity is essential, omissions of certain details appear deliberately dishonest and the inclusion of too many details is both awkward and confusing to the younger part of the group.

(1165) I am convinced that any critic of children’s commercials should try to write one.

(1166) They would develop a greater understanding of the problem.

(1167) It is a difficult and perplexing art at best

수특T104
(1168) Success obviously adds to our enjoyment of games and work.

(1169) However, contrary to the rhetoric of coaches and inspirational leaders, this does not mean that we have to "win" all the time.

(1170) A few years ago, there was an advertisement on television featuring basketball player Michael Jordan.

(1171) In the ad, Jordan explained that from elementary school through his career in the NBA, he had played in 4,900 games.

(1172) Thirty-nine times he had been in a position to win the game with the last shot — and missed.

(1173) Was basketball fun for him even though he missed those shots and his team lost those games?

(1174) I have no doubt that it is more fun to win the game than to lose.

(1175) However, I believe the biggest source of joy to Jordan and other athletes — as well as to people in the workplace — is the opportunity to use their abilities when it really counts.

(1176) From the perspective of the individual working person, the key to a great workplace is feeling wanted and important

수특T105
(1177) In a New York Times interview with Gary Smith, the CEO of telecommunications company Ciena, he emphasizes the value of "soft skills": "Relationships really matter, and you need to get that right, both for your career as an individual and as a future leader.

(1178) I think a lot of people pay attention to the technical stuff and the hard stuff.

(1179) But it’s the softer side that will get you every time if you’re not paying attention to it.

(1180) It’s probably the biggest determinant of whether you’re going to be successful."

(1181) We most often use the term "soft skills" in relationship to emotional intelligence, or EQ.

(1182) These skills are the social graces and interpersonal skills that are less easily defined or quantified than hard skills, but which often factor as key differentiators

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(1183) Biologists report that many birds and sea mammals have the ability to sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain at a time.

(1184) Whales, dolphins, and seals cannot afford to shut down consciousness altogether because they are conscious breathers; when it is time to rest, they float on the surface of the water like logs or paddle in circles, keeping one half of their brains awake while the other half sleeps.

(1185) Then they roll over or switch directions to give the other side a rest.

(1186) Migratory birds employ a variety of half-asleep, half-awake states in order to cover great distances quickly.

(1187) Even more sedentary birds, like mallard ducks, can sleep one hemisphere at a time.

(1188) Since they typically sleep in rows, the ducks at the ends of the lines keep one eye open to watch for predators.

(1189) Periodically, these guards turn around and switch places so the other half of their brains and bodies can sleep

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(1190) In the 1940s, when he was a student at the California Institute of Technology, John McCarthy attended a lecture by Hungarian-American mathematician John von Neumann about "self-replicating automata," or machines that could make copies of themselves.

(1191) (No such machines existed.

(1192) Von Neumann’s idea was just a theory.)

(1193) After the lecture, McCarthy reasoned that a machine that could reproduce itself might be able to attain some form of intelligence.

(1194) The idea stuck in his mind.

(1195) In 1964 McCarthy joined the faculty of Stanford University in California and founded the school’s AI (Artificial Intelligence) lab.

(1196) At that time, he was optimistic that scientists could create an AI system within ten years.

(1197) In later life, McCarthy had a more realistic view.

(1198) Writing for the Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery in 2003, he set the odds of achieving artificial intelligence at "0.5 probability in the next 49 years, but a 0.25 probability that 49 years from now, the problems will be just as confusing as they are today."

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(1199) Integrators uncover opportunities by combining contrasting ideas.

(1200) Merging opposites can yield breakthrough discoveries.

(1201) Although no one formula exists, novelty through integration is a phenomenon studied by creativity researchers.

(1202) Thomas Ward, a psychology professor at the University of Alabama, analyzed the processes that uncover new ideas and found that atypical combinations yield the greatest number of emergent properties.

(1203) In 2002, Ward conducted research in which college students interpreted various types of adjective-noun combinations and were told to "think of a single meaning that best describes the pair."

(1204) His most notable finding was that unusual combinations, such as "undressed enemy" or "entertaining delay," and pairs of words with opposing meanings, such as "healthy illness" or "painful joy" prompted the most creative responses

수특T112
(1205) Notation was more than a practical method for preserving an expanding repertoire of music.

(1206) It changed the nature of the art itself.

(1207) To write something down means that people far away in space and time can recreate it.

(1208) At the same time, there are downsides.

(1209) Written notes freeze the music rather than allowing it to develop in the hands of individuals, and it discourages improvisation.

(1210) Partly because of notation, modern classical performance lacks the depth of nuance that is part of aural tradition.

(1211) Before notation arrived, in all history music was largely carried on as an aural tradition.

(1212) Most world music is still basically aural, including sophisticated musical traditions such as Indian and Balinese.

(1213) Most jazz musicians can read music but often don't bother, and their art is much involved with improvisation.

(1214) Many modern pop musicians, one example being Paul McCartney, can’t read music at all

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(1215) Anna Margolin was eighteen and a half when she went to America for the first time, in 1906.

(1216) Her Aunt Lena welcomed her as her own child.

(1217) She got her own room in the spacious house on Rodney Street, in Williamsburg, and was dressed and cared for as a daughter.

(1218) A tutor was soon hired who came to the house every evening to teach her English.

(1219) In the house were her aunt’s own two children, one of whom later became a prominent doctor.

(1220) They were both, it seems, younger than she and very respectful of her.

(1221) For several weeks, Anna Margolin felt that her aunt’s house was a paradise.

(1222) Her aunt and uncle would leave the house soon after breakfast to go to their business.

(1223) The children were away at school, and she was left in the house by herself.

(1224) She had nothing to say to the maid, and besides, the maid was busy with their work.

(1225) The few books that Anna Margolin found in her aunt’s house she quickly read.

(1226) She began to grow bored

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(1227) The brain’s memory store has revealed itself to be far more flexible than anyone ever imagined.

(1228) John Ratey cites the example of a brilliant young American violinist called Martha Curtis.

(1229) As she grew up, Martha suffered such distributing epileptic seizures that doctors decided they had to remove the part of her brain responsible for her seizures.

(1230) The problem was that the part involved was that identified with musical skill.

(1231) Surgeons cut away a little at first, fearing Martha would lose her musical gift.

(1232) Eventually they had to remove the whole area in order to stop the seizures.

(1233) Remarkably, the surgery, though stopping her fits, had no effect on her musicianship at all — she played as beautifully as ever.

(1234) It turned out that when she had learned the violin as a child, her brain had simply rewired itself and sent the memories of her skill to another, undamaged region of the brain

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(1235) There is a real investment made by many of us today in the idea that artistic practice was liberated when judgments of both taste and politics ceased to be the criterion for (good) art.

(1236) But there has been a price, and it is artists who pay it — although the opposite might at first appear to be the case.

(1237) The contemporary art world values artists, not art.

(1238) No art objects are necessary.

(1239) No social or political usefulness is required.

(1240) Artistic practices have been deregulated.

(1241) They are strategies chosen by artists themselves as an expression of their individual and uncensored freedom.

(1242) Artists are iconic embodiments, almost advertisements, for the slogan (if not the reality) of "freedom of speech."

(1243) I say not the reality, because to a significant degree it is the museum, the curatorial decision, and the biennials that legitimate the artists, on which they (un-freely) depend

수특T116
(1244) In the twenty-first century, biotechnology could be used in many different ways.

(1245) On the one hand, we could use it to design cows, pigs, and chickens who grow faster and produce more meat, without any thought about the suffering we inflict on these animals.

(1246) On the other hand, we could use biotechnology to create clean meat — real meat that is grown from animal cells, without any need of raising and slaughtering entire creatures.

(1247) If we follow that path, biotechnology may well be transformed from the nemesis of farm animals into their salvation.

(1248) It could produce the meat so many humans crave without taking such an enormous toll on the planet, since growing meat is much more efficient than raising animals to later turn into that same meet

수특T117
(1249) Whereas characters’ names are rarely changed in the translation of adult fiction, translators writing for children often adapt them, for example by using equivalents in the target language such as Hans/John/Jean, William/Guillermo/Guillaume, Alice/Alicia.

(1250) This issue causes a lot of disagreement, however, since names are a powerful signal of social and cultural context.

(1251) If left untranslated, names constantly remind young readers that they are reading a story set in another country, whereas the use of an equivalent name or an alternative in the target language may lead to an incongruous relationship between names and setting.

(1252) Nonetheless, editors and translators fear that children might struggle with foreign names, thus giving rise to a dilemma that Anthea Bell cites in her ‘Translator’s notebook’: "The idea behind all this is to avoid putting young readers off by presenting them with an impenetrable-looking set of foreign names the moment they open a book.

(1253) It’s the kind of problem that constantly challenges a translator of children’s literature."

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(1254) In developing countries, maintaining the actual food production capacity for the current generation is likely to be more of an issue.

(1255) In such contexts, the experiences of older industrialized countries in trying to protect their agricultural land resource base are instructive.

(1256) This experience tells us that reserving areas for agricultural production, however strict, provides no guarantee of continued agricultural production.

(1257) This depends more on the continued possibility for farmers and their families to continue to earn a decent income and support with other measures such as a tax reduction schemes, tools to help farmers market their produce more effectively, and the provision of sound advice on production practices near urban zones

수특T119
(1258) In the case of perfume and odours emitted from non-food sources, people believed they were intuitively able to differentiate between ‘naturally-occurring’ and ‘synthetic’ odours by the nature of the source.

(1259) "Synthetic" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as ‘a substance made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product’.

(1260) Perfumes, for example, were generally described as synthetic, whereas leather was considered to have its own natural odour.

(1261) However, the distinction between naturally-occurring odours and those of synthetic origin is not as straightforward as it might seem; the odour of leather, for example, comes about as a result of tanning, which is itself a chemically-dependent process.

(1262) Also, synthetic odours of leather are frequently used in product manufacturing processes in order to provide an illusion of leather and an association with quality and newness, as is the case when these odours are sprayed into some new cars.

(1263) Furthermore, some odours of perfume are produced by combinations or extractions of naturally occurring products.

(1264) The line between natural and unnatural, genuine and synthetic is therefore highly blurred with respect to the perception of smell, with distinctions varying between people

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(1265) I had broken my leg skiing last winter — first time down the hill — and had received some money from a school insurance policy designed to reward unfortunate, clumsy children.

(1266) I purchased a cassette recorder with the proceeds.

(1267) My dad suggested that I sit on the back lawn, record the wren’s song, play it back, and watch what happened.

(1268) So, I went out into the bright spring sunlight and taped a few minutes of the wren laying furious claim to his territory with song.

(1269) Then I let him hear his own voice.

(1270) That little bird, one-third the size of a sparrow, began to dive-bomb me and my cassette recorder, attacking back and forth, inches from the speaker.

(1271) We saw a lot of that sort of behavior, even in the absence of the tape recorder.

(1272) If a larger bird ever dared to sit and rest in any of the tress near our birdhouse there was a good chance he would get knocked off his perch by a diving wren

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(1273) Some people have defined wildlife damage management as the science and management of overabundant species, but this definition is too narrow.

(1274) All wildlife species act in ways that harm human interests.

(1275) Thus, all species cause wildlife damage, not just overabundant ones.

(1276) One interesting example of this involves endangered peregrine falcons in California, which prey on another endangered species, the California least tern.

(1277) Certainly, we would not consider peregrine falcons as being overabundant, but we wish that they would not feed on an endangered species.

(1278) In this case, one of the negative values associated with a peregrine falcon population is that its predation reduces the population of another endangered species.

(1279) The goal of wildlife damage management in this case would be to stop the falcons from eating the terns without harming the falcons

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(1280) Computers are extremely poor at making inferences and deducing relationships.

(1281) Computer programmers, Jeff Hawkins argues, take the wrong approach in trying to make machines do these things.

(1282) They write programs that carry out top-down analysis, trying to match objects against predefined taxonomies.

(1283) The brain, on the other hand, makes inferences and deduces relationships very quickly and efficiently.

(1284) It does this by comparing an unknown object to the nearest match to it that it can find in its neural circuitry.

(1285) For example, an unfamiliar breed of dog is quickly recognized as a dog because the brain’s neural representation of dogness is the nearest match to its shape.

(1286) The brain can quickly find matches and near-matches because its neurons are massively interconnected

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(1287) It may seem odd to suggest that numbers are a human invention.

(1288) After all, some might say, regardless of whether humans ever existed, there would still be predictable numbers in nature, be it eight (octopus legs), four (seasons), twenty-nine (days in a lunar cycle), and so on.

(1289) Strictly speaking, however, these are simply regularly occurring quantities.

(1290) Quantities and correspondences between quantities might be said to exist apart from the human mental experience.

(1291) Octopus legs would occur in regular groups even if we were unable to perceive that regularity.

(1292) Numbers, though, are the words and other symbolic representations we use to differentiate quantities.

(1293) Much as color terms create clearer mental boundaries between colors along adjacent portions of the visible light spectrum, numbers create conceptual boundaries between quantities.

(1294) Those boundaries may reflect a real division between quantities in the physical world, but these divisions are generally inaccessible to the human mind without numbers

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(1295) The mind has a remarkable facility for categorizing new experiences into learned patterns largely shared withing a culture.

(1296) This process transforms the new into the familiar and allows us to make sense of the new sounds and images we encounter every day.

(1297) So, no matter how musically open-minded we try to be, our experiences can lead us to expect music to exhibit certain common elements in certain contexts.

(1298) For example, a person growing up in the United States is inclined to expect harmony as a standard musical trait.

(1299) Harmony, several notes occurring at the same time to form a chord, is found in virtually everything we hear on the radio and in music videos, film scores, classical music concerts, and church choirs.

(1300) But this musical element, at least in the familiar chords of the West, is a European invention.

(1301) Thus, we may find music without harmony strangely thin and find ourselves missing what’s not there instead of listening to what is there — to other dimensions of sound and to nuances of melodic variation and pitch, for instance.

(1302) Furthermore, sound is not the only dimension that shapes our musical expectations.

(1303) We also understand musical experiences through their place in our social lives, through their context.

(1304) Much of the music making that we hear in Western culture comes from professionals who are paid to entertain.

(1305) At a partly, few nonprofessionals would feel comfortable singing a song for others.

(1306) But in many areas of traditional Africa, where not singing is like not talking, everybody signs as a natural social function

수특T12628
(1307) There was once a tribe of people who lived in a cave high on a hillside.

(1308) There they hunted for food, gathered the fruits that the earth yielded, cared for their children, listened to the wisdom of the elders, struggled, loved, and laughed together.

(1309) They thought they were the only people on earth.

(1310) They had no fears.

(1311) They had no enemies.

(1312) It happened that one day some people from a different tribe came through the valley.

(1313) They too were looking for a cave to make into a home.

(1314) All they desired was a place to hunt and gather food.

(1315) Their whole ambition was to live and love and laugh together, raise their children and honour the elders.

(1316) The world, after all, was a very big place.

(1317) When the first group of cave-dwellers saw these unexpected arrivals, they began to wonder: who are these people?

(1318) Can we trust them?

(1319) And then, just in case these newcomers should prove to be hostile, they began to build a pile of stones with which to defend themselves.

(1320) The new arrivals, in their turn, looked across the valley and there on the opposite hillside they saw the growing pile of stones.

(1321) The people here seemed to be very warlike.

(1322) Were they intending to attack them with those stones?

(1323) How should they defend themselves if they did?

(1324) So they too began to build up a pile of stones.

(1325) And the people of the first tribe began to mutter to each other, "See, didn’t we know it?

(1326) These newcomers are hostile.

(1327) They are piling up stones to attack us.

(1328) We should build our pile of stones even higher."

(1329) And so it went on, each group adding more and more stones to their pile, their mutual distrust growing greater every day.

(1330) Until eventually the piles of stones were so high that neither tribe could see the faces of their neighbours any longer.

(1331) All they could see was an enemy

수특T201
(1332) Dear Dr. Jackson: Two colleagues and I have completed a survey of 500 staff nurses in long-term care throughout the United States.

(1333) We asked about their knowledge and information needs regarding long-term care federal rules and regulations.

(1334) A manuscript titled "Nurses’ Knowledge and Information Needs Regarding Long-Term Care Federal Regulations" is in process.

(1335) The manuscript details the results of a survey sent to staff nurses in long-term care settings throughout the United States.

(1336) The survey met rigorous review standards before use and had a return response rate of 44%.

(1337) Interesting findings are noted.

(1338) Overall, it was found that staff nurses are very knowledgeable regarding long-term care rules and regulations.

(1339) Would you be interested in reviewing this manuscript?

(1340) This manuscript is not under review by any other journal and is being submitted exclusively to you.

(1341) Thank you for your time and support in this endeavor.

(1342) I look forward to your response.

(1343) Sincerely yours, Christopher Freeman

수특T202
(1344) After all the glider pilots land, they stand on a platform to receive their awards.

(1345) There are many photographers taking pictures.

(1346) Rick and Gloria stand very proud.

(1347) Butch is also very proud of his students.

(1348) Butch has also brought a camera and is taking pictures of all the pilots.

(1349) Butch’s friend brings everybody big hotdogs selling on the field.

(1350) "Gosh, I’m hungry," says Gloria.

(1351) Rick also eats real fast.

(1352) The first pilot that came in first place is awarded one thousand dollars and a beautiful big trophy.

(1353) He makes a speech and says how proud he is to receive it.

(1354) Gloria receives five hundred dollars and a tall, beautiful trophy.

(1355) She also makes a speech and tells everyone how proud she is to have participated in the contest.

(1356) She continues to say that she had no idea she would come in second place and that she feels very excited on how everything turned out.

(1357) Everybody claps for Gloria

수특T203
(1358) Start by realising that you must look after yourself first, otherwise you’ll be of no use to others —there’s a reason why airlines tell you to fit your own oxygen mask first in case of an emergency —if you’re not okay, you can’t hope to be of service and assistance to others.

(1359) It’s not selfish, it’s essential to look after yourself first.

(1360) You might start to do that by learning to say ‘no’ to unreasonable requests and demands on your time —and to do it guilt-free.

(1361) That might take a little practice, especially if you’re someone who’s used to saying ‘yes’ to everything that’s asked of you.

(1362) Next time you’re feeling overburdened by other people’s demands, don’t feel resentful of them for asking —you’re the one who said ‘yes’ and put yourself in the situation —and you’re the one who can change it by learning to say a guilt-free ‘no’

수특T204
(1363) For a long period in human evolution, our ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers.

(1364) Moving across plains and mountains to hunt game and gather nuts and berries was necessary to our survival.

(1365) This means that our minds and bodies evolved in the setting of an active lifestyle.

(1366) Physical activity seems to be programmed into our genes.

(1367) But the amount of activity that young kids, adults, and senior citizens get today is usually well below what we are genetically predisposed to do.

(1368) The consequences of a sedentary existence are evidenced by ill health in body and mind.

(1369) Children who are more physically fit perform better on academic tests.

(1370) Elderly people who are active have a lower risk and incidence of memory loss and loss of other important cognitive functions.

(1371) Providing kids with opportunities to be active and to exercise helps sharpen their mental as well as their physical muscles.

(1372) And a regular exercise regimen for adults helps prevent mental decline

수특T205
(1373) The deal of a "job for life" in return for compliance has all but disappeared.

(1374) For employers and employees alike, the challenge has become employability, with its paradoxical consequences: to attract and keep the best in the war for talent, employers offer future employees the opportunity to enhance their employability (competence, reputation, experience, etc.)

(1375) and to be better equipped to find a job elsewhere.

(1376) Extrinsic motivation factors, such as salary, health cover or security, are no longer the only parameters involved: intrinsic motivation factors, such as belonging, recognition, personal development and self-actualization, are moving up the priority list for the brightest and best.

(1377) As new generations such as Generations Y and Z permeate the workforce, and take up positions of responsibility, they will reinforce the need for companies to consider the requirement for a sense of meaning in work, the need for trust and creativity, and the opportunity to become a creator in a context of collective responsibility.

(1378) Failing this, they will simply go elsewhere, create their own start-ups, or go freelance

수특T206
(1379) When older bees begin collecting nectar and pollen from outside the hive, their brains change, and not really for the better.

(1380) For example, after they memorize the surroundings of the hive, they lose the ability to learn new things.

(1381) Normally, they stay that way until they die.

(1382) However, sometimes "normal" gets disrupted; for example, if a hive has to grow a new queen, there can be a month-long gap before any new bees hatch.

(1383) Normally, that would mean the larvae from the new queen wouldn’t have young nursery workers available to take care of them, and they’d die.

(1384) In that case, some of the field bees return to the nursery worker job.

(1385) Here’s where it gets interesting: researchers from Arizona Stare University discovered that going back to larvae-rearing makes their old brains work again like young brains, restoring their mental agility and ability to learn

수특T210
(1386) Mary Louise Booth was born on April 19, 1831, in Millville (present-day Yaphank), Long Island, New York.

(1387) Her parents were William Chatfield Booth, a descendant of John Booth, who in 1652 took title to Shelter Island, off Long Island, and Nancy (Monsell) Booth, granddaughter of a French Revolutionary emigrant.

(1388) Mary Louise was largely self-taught but was considered to be very intelligent; she was said to have read Plutarch at fice and Racine at seven.

(1389) Around 1845-46, she taught in the Third District School in Williamsburgh, where her father was principal.

(1390) At age eighteen and wrote at night.

(1391) She published without pay until she became a paid reporter for the New York Times, writing on education and women’s topics.

(1392) She became friends with Susan B. Anthony and joined the women’s rights movement, serving as secretary at the conventions in Saratoga, New York, in 1855 and New York City in 1860

수특T211
(1393) Many containers of our canned soups, beans and soft drinks have been found to contain a controversial chemical called bisphenol A (BPA).

(1394) This chemical can leak out of the can linings into your food.

(1395) The plastics industry says BPA is harmless, but a growing number of scientists are concluding, through animal tests, that exposure to BPA raises the risk of certain cancers.

(1396) Does the plastics industry have your health in their best interests?

(1397) Most likely, not, so be careful and pay attention to the warning.

(1398) Plastic water and baby bottles, food and beverage can linings and dental sealants are the most commonly encountered uses of this chemical.

(1399) BPA has been found to leak from bottles.

(1400) It moves from can liners into foods, soda, and even from epoxy resin-lined barrels into wine

수특T212
(1401) When a dog is trained to detect drugs, explosives, contraband, or other items, the trainer doesn’t actually teach the dog how to smell; the dog already knows how to discriminate one scent from another.

(1402) Rather, the dog is trained to become emotionally aroused by one smell versus another.

(1403) In the step-by-step training process, the trainer attaches an "emotional charge" to a particular scent so that the dog is drawn to it above all others.

(1404) And then the dog is trained to search out the desired item on cue, so that the trainer can control or release the behavior.

(1405) This emotional arousal is also why playing tug with a dog is a more powerful emotional reward in a training regime than just giving a dog a food treat, since the trainer invests more emotion into a game of tug.

(1406) From a dog’s point of view, the tug toy is compelling because the trainer is "upset" by the toy

수특T213
(1407) Zac ran up to his dad, Mike, as soon as Mike walked through the door.

(1408) "How was your day, Dad?"

(1409) he blurted out.

(1410) Zac was a great kid but not the type who was always looking to butter up an adult.

(1411) Mike looked at Zac with curiosity, surprised by his friendly and polite behavior.

(1412) He wondered if everything was okay or if he was about to find out from his wife, Rachel, that Zac was in trouble.

(1413) As he was about to push that thought to the side, Rachel walked into the room and filled him in on Zac’s cowardly deeds of the day.

(1414) Zac and Mike both stood there listening to Rachel retell the trampoline story.

(1415) Mike was more lenient about rought play, so he didn’t get quite as upset as Rachel had.

(1416) Mike watched Zac out of the corner of his eye and could tell he was surprised at the detail Rachel was providing.

(1417) At one point, he could see Zac shaking his head back and forth as if to silently say, "I didn’t do that or that or even that."

수특T214
(1418) In a letter written in 1675 to Henry Oldenburg, the secretary of the Royal Society, Newton confessed that his eyes were "not very critical in distinguishing colors."

(1419) Once he saw eleven in the rainbow.

(1420) Usually he saw only five —red, yellow, green, blue, and violet — until he looked again or, rather, until he stopped looking.

(1421) There were seven musical notes in the diatonic scale.

(1422) The world was created in seven days.

(1423) And the rainbow was a sign of cosmic harmony, so it had to have seven colors — and Newton therefore added (saw?)

(1424) orange between red and yellow, and indigo between blue and violet.

(1425) Although Shakespeare in King John had said it was a "wasteful and ridiculous excess" to "add another hue Unto the rainbow," for Newton it was necessary to add two to those he had seen.

(1426) Our seven-colored rainbow was born, though more as a child of faith than as one of science

수특T215
(1427) Much of what we do each day is automatic and guided by habit, requiring little conscious awareness, and that’s not a bad thing.

(1428) As Duhigg explains, our habits are necessary mental energy savers.

(1429) We need to relieve our conscious minds so we can solve new problems as they come up.

(1430) Once we’ve solved the puzzle of how to ballroom dance, for example, we can do it by habit, and so be mentally freed to focus on a conversation while dancing instead.

(1431) But try to talk when first learning to dance the tango, and it’s a disaster — we need our conscious attention to focus on the steps.

(1432) Imagine how little we’d accomplish if we had to focus consciously on every behavior — e.g., on where to place our feet for each step we take

수특T216
(1433) In trying to show the adolescent how to express his feelings of disapproval in an appropriate fashion, I often use the following example.

(1434) Let’s say I ask your opinion of my shirt.

(1435) Suppose you really do not like it and think it looks terrible.

(1436) Now, you could respond to me in several different ways.

(1437) You could tell me, "That shirt looks like garbage.

(1438) I wouldn’t even use it to wash my car."

(1439) Or you could say, "You must have been drunk when you bought that shirt.

(1440) Nobody in his right mind would buy something like that."

(1441) Or you could just say, "I don’t care for that shirt."

(1442) The same thing has been expressed in three different ways.

(1443) In the first two ways, I am going to read what you’re saying as an attack, and will probably attack back and not understand what you are saying.

(1444) In the third expression of your feelings, I heard exactly what you said and now I have a better chance to respond appropriately

수특T217
(1445) Desmond Morris, a British zoologist, notes in his book Catwatching that "the domestic cat is a contradiction!"

(1446) Morris describes what he calls the animal’s "double life."

(1447) He feels that domestication has changed the cat very little, that "both in anatomy and behavior it is still remarkably like the African wild cat from which it was gradually developed."

(1448) Biologist John Bradshaw points out that the cat "is neither a man-made species like the dog, nor simply an animal made captive for utilitarian purposes, like the elephant."

(1449) He later asserts that "in behavioural terms, domestication has probably had less effect on the cat than on any other domestic mammal."

(1450) Mildred Kirk agrees, offering the term "house cat" in favor of "domestic cat," as the latter does not accurately describe the feline’s nature.

(1451) So people who encounter the cat in daily life may observe that the animal is both domestic and wild, or perhaps somewhere in between

수특T218
(1452) Even before we enter the store, display windows, signage, and entrances all express the image of the store and begin to get a person thinking like a consumer.

(1453) In Windows: The Art of Retail Display, Mary Portas suggests that "if eyes are the window to the soul, so shop windows reveal the soul of the store."

(1454) In trying to "turn a pedestrian into a customer," the windows make a visual statement about the store and the character of its customers.

(1455) The windows are a preview of the attractions inside, so they’re designed to catch the eye and, eventually, the rest of the customer.

(1456) They capitalize on what’s current and trendy in American culture, and they appeal to our desires, both deep and shallow

수특T219
(1457) When we’re depressed, play can seem like a foreign concept.

(1458) Sometimes when I ask my depressed clients what they envision when I say the word play, they look at me with a blank stare.

(1459) So I decided to conduct an experiment about play with a number of people I worked with, as well as some family and friends.

(1460) It was simple: I asked them all what play meant to them.

(1461) I found that many subjects I spoke with had a hard time conceiving what play is for grown-ups, because it’s different from child’s play, which was the only kind of play they knew.

(1462) This finding relates to a common thought of play.

(1463) In a culture that prizes productivity, adult play seems to be defined as a negative, unproductive, self-indulgent activity — or even something X-rated.

(1464) I believe that we need to update our definition of play

수특T220
(1465) Fear has a dominant role in the primitive hunting age, the agricultural age, the feudal age, the industrial age, the cyber age, the age of space, the age of atomic weapons, the age of virus, the fear age, and the fearless age.

(1466) In the primitive age, people had simple weapons, but later, they invented guns made of metals.

(1467) They invented such powerful weapons for protection from dangerous wild animals and other enemies.

(1468) It was difficult to protect themselves from storms, thunderbolts, rain, hail, snow, and winter during that period.

(1469) However, they didn’t have houses in the primitive age; they began to build houses to protect themselves from such disasters.

(1470) Moreover, they constructed bridges and roads.

(1471) They established industries.

(1472) It was a way towards production growth.

(1473) They did all this for liberation from fear.

(1474) Pleasure, secured freedom, and other amenities, thus, are selections by human beings

수특T221
(1475) Once formed, oil and natural gas do not necessarily stay trapped in the source rocks of their origin.

(1476) Instead, they can migrate in response to pressure differentials in the surrounding rock.

(1477) To do so, the source rock must have tiny pores that create pathways for the oil and gas to travel.

(1478) If the source rock is too fine-grained, then the petroleum material remains captured within the source rock.

(1479) Often the rock above the petroleum source rock is saturated with water; in this case, the gas and oil, both being lighter than water, ascend.

(1480) As a consequence, the typical migration route is upward or sideways, and it continues until the oil and gas encounter a barrier in the form of impermeable rock —rock that is too dense to contain the pores and pathways necessary for further migration.

(1481) Because the gas is lighter than oil, it accumulates above the oil and just beneath the impermeable rock that constitutes a seal and prevents further travel

수특T222
(1482) In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera that everyone could afford.

(1483) This put the portrait studios out of business; the newly unemployed photographers needed a way to distinguish between what they did and this new popular photography.

(1484) The movement of pictorialism was the response, with photographers attempting to imitate the artistic processes of painting; rather than reproducible photos, they worked directly on the negatives and other materials of the process.

(1485) They presented their works in art galleries, next to paintings.

(1486) The elements of an art world began to form: collegial groups called "photo clubs," a journal called Camera Work, and shows and openings.

(1487) However, art photography remained marginalized; there were no markets, buyers, or collectors, and museums were not interested in adding photos to their collections.

(1488) Pictorialism eventually died out with the outbreak of World War Ⅰ.

(1489) An art form can’t survive without a market, places for display, and collectors

수특T223
(1490) We know a great deal about the Sumerians’ maths, because, unlike the Egyptians, they didn’t use papyrus to record it papyrus slowly rots away as the moisture in the air gets to it, so other than a few existing examples, most of the documents the Egyptians produced have perished.

(1491) To record both their language and their mathematics, the Sumerians made marks in a piece of clay using a wedge-shaped stick called a stylus, which then hardened in the sun.

(1492) Fortunately, thousands of examples of their writing and mathematics have survived for us to study today, including shopping lists, business accounts, schoolwork, times tables and even mathematical research.

(1493) Before the Iraq war, when tourism was still possible, you could buy ancient tablets inscribed with calculations and lists.

(1494) All tablets, regardless of their size, could be bought for roughly the same price (about $5), so the sellers would break large samples into smaller pieces.

(1495) The overall loss for historians is hard to calculate, but tragically sad

수특T224-25
(1496) For migrant yearlings, the habitat-selection process is somewhat different, and in this regard comparison with the process in residents is instructive.

(1497) Resident-bird habitat selection is seemingly a straightforward process in which a young dispersing individual, pushed away from its birthplace by its parents and their neighbors, moves until it finds a place where it can compete successfully to satisfy its needs.

(1498) Initially, these needs include only food and shelter.

(1499) However, eventually, the young must locate, identify, and settle in a habitat that satisfies not only survivorship but reproductive needs as well.

(1500) In some cases, the habitat that provides the best opportunity for survival may not be the same habitat as the one that provides for highest reproductive capacity because of requirements specific to the reproductive period (e.g., availability of safe nesting sites).

(1501) Thus, individuals of many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of control over a productive breeding site, may be forced to balance costs in the form of lower nonbreeding survivorship by remaining in the specific habitat where highest breeding success occurs.

(1502) Migrants, however, are free to choose the optimal habitat for survival during the nonbreeding season and for reproduction during the breeding season.

(1503) Thus, habitat selection during these different periods can be quite different for migrants as opposed to residents, even among closely related species

수특T226-28
(1504) In St. Mary’s Church at Lubeck in Germany, there were some ancient wall paintings which had deteriorated over the centuries.

(1505) In 1948, Professor Dietrich Fey was given the task of sensitively restoring them to their former glory.

(1506) Unfortunately, he seriously botched the job and ended up destroying them.

(1507) The walls were left bare!

(1508) Embarrassing though this was, it would probably have been best for the professor if he’d admitted his terrible mistake and moved on.

(1509) Instead he had the brilliantly misguided idea of hiring an artist to paint some new pictures.

(1510) Incredibly, he didn’t even ask the artist – Lothar Malskat – to try to make them look like the original frescoes.

(1511) He let him paint what he liked so long as the pictures looked in keeping and suitably old!

(1512) Using illustrations in an art-history book as a guide, Malskat painted away behind a screen for years(while everyone thought painstaking restoration was under way).

(1513) In 1951, Professor Fey unveiled the fruits of ‘his work’.

(1514) Art critics and historians alike were falling over themselves to praise these ancient paintings given new life thanks to his undeniable expertise ... but there were a few puzzling factors, the biggest being a turkey.

(1515) One of Malskat’s much-admired pictures was of such a bird, but turkeys hadn't been introduced to Europe – from the New World – until hundreds of years after these pictures were supposedly painted!

(1516) Meawhile, Professor Fey and Herr Malskat fell out over something or other, and Malskat broke his silence, announcing that he had painted the fresco.

(1517) Amazingly, people seemed reluctant to believe him at first ... until he produced photographs of the blank walls after Fey’s accident!

(1518) Only then did the so-called experts notice that the paints used were modern, as was the plaster under them!

(1519) Not only that – and no chuckling, please – the faces of the saints included one of German film star Marlene Dietrich!!!

(1520) Both Fey and Malskat ended up in prison and the walls in St. Mary’s Church, Lubeck, were stripped bare

수특T301
(1521) Dear Neighbor, The Forest Preserves of Winnebago County will be conducting spring prescribed burning from now through the end of April.

(1522) Fall prescribed burning will be conducted from the beginning of October through the end of November.

(1523) A prescribed burn is a management technique used by trained and experienced professionals to control unwanted vegetation.

(1524) Burning is a very economical and efficient management tool in maintaining and preserving our natural plant communities.

(1525) We have met all guidelines and training required by the State of Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and possess the required permits.

(1526) Through the use of prescribed burning we can restore, preserve, and better manage our beautiful forests and prairies.

(1527) If you need more information about the burn, please visit our website.

(1528) You can find everything you need to know including notifications of when and where we are burning each day.

(1529) Thank you for your cooperation.

(1530) Michael Groves Natural Resource Manager

수특T302
(1531) Aaron had searched every inch of the small cell and saw no possibility of escape.

(1532) The vent down near the floor was about twelve inches across.

(1533) If he managed to pry off the screen, he still couldn’t fit in there.

(1534) Even if he was standing on the bed, he couldn’t reach the ceiling to feel for any loose panels.

(1535) There was a weird mental panel on the wall near the door.

(1536) It looked like some kind of drawer, but he couldn’t get it open.

(1537) Having seen The Shawshank Redemption about five times, Aaron even checked behind the inspirational posters to see if someone had started digging a tunnel.

(1538) But he was out of luck

수특T303
(1539) We are social beings, and connection to something greater than ourselves, even if we’re simply thinking about it, gives us resilience and makes us feel safe, protected, and at peace.

(1540) Psychologist Dennis Proffitt at the University of Virginia and his colleagues conducted an experiment to see what effect social connection would have on perception.

(1541) They had some participants stand alone and estimate the slant of a hill, while others stood next to a friend or visualized a friend next to them.

(1542) What he found was that when people were accompanied by a friend (or even just visualized being with a friend), they perceived the hill as being less steep.

(1543) Inclining our minds in a prosocial direction creates connection and helps us to perceive our mountains as molehills —or at least small mountains instead of big mountains

수특T304
(1544) According to the U.S. National Chicken Council, it takes just 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of chicken, but this is a live-weight figure.

(1545) After slaughter, when blood, feathers, and internal organs have been removed, a 5-pound chicken won’t produce much more than 3 pounds of meat.

(1546) That puts the grain-to-meat conversion ratio back up over 3 to 1, including bones and water.

(1547) So the National Chicken Council’s own figures prove that, even with the most efficient form of intensive meat production, if we really want to feed ourselves efficiently, we’ll do much better to eat the grain ourselves than to feed it to the chickens.

(1548) If it is protein, rather than simply calories, we are after, we’ll do better still growing soybeans.

(1549) Although in the past some nutritionists claimed that animal protein is higher in "quality" — that is, in the balance of amino acids — than plant protein, we now know that there are no significant differences in the quality of protein between soybeans and meat

수특T305
(1550) All of us have areas in which we readily learn.

(1551) A few of us even seem to excel in limited areas with very little apparent learning — thus, the "natural" athlete, the musical "genius," the "gifted" artist.

(1552) All of us also have areas in which our abilities will never be more than average and a few areas in which we cannot seem to learn anything.

(1553) Children, adolescents, and adults with learning disabilities have areas of strengths and average ability, too.

(1554) These individuals, however, have larger areas, or different areas, of learning weakness than most people.

(1555) Each person with a learning disability displays a different pattern of strenghts and weakness.

(1556) You must learn as much as you can about the whole pattern that your child displays — the disabilities, of course, but also the abilities.

(1557) What your child can do, and may indeed do well, is just as important as what she or he cannot do, because it is these strengths upon which you must build

수특T306
(1558) Most parents want to send their children to the best possible schools.

(1559) Some workers might thus decide to accept a riskier job at a higher wage because that would enable them to meet the monthly payments on a house in a better school district.

(1560) But other workers are in the same boat, and school quality is an inherently relative concept.

(1561) So if other workers also traded safety for higher wages, the ultimate outcome would be merely to bid up the prices of houses in better school districts.

(1562) Everyone would end up with less safety, yet no one would achieve the goal that made that trade seem acceptable in the first place.

(1563) As in a military arms race, when all parties build more arms, none is any more secure than before

수특T310
(1564) Michael Faraday, the father of Electromagnetic Induction, was born in 1791 at Newington, England.

(1565) He was the son of a blacksmith and worked as an apprentice in bookbinding during his early years.

(1566) He developed an interest in science after he attended some lectures given by Sir Humphry Davy in 1812.

(1567) He sent his study notes to Davy with a request for a job.

(1568) In 1813, he began to work as Davy’s assistant at the Royal Institution.

(1569) One year later, he accompanied Davy on a European tour.

(1570) This turned out to be a highly rewarding experience for the modestly educated young scientist.

(1571) After his return to the Royal Institution, Faraday had to work hard, since he was the main source of income for the Institution, which was then facing financial problems.

(1572) During this period, Faraday worked in the field of glass and steel.

(1573) He performed many chemical analyses and investigated the chlorides of carbon for Davy.

(1574) His work resulted in the discovery of benzene in 1825

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(1575) Yes, a certain amount of centrally generated coal-fired power is necessary for Africa or South Asia in the immediate future.

(1576) Green alternatives are not yet scalable.

(1577) But if all 1.6 billion people without electricity today were to connect to a power grid based on coal or natural gas or oil, the climate and pollution implications could be devastating.

(1578) When you think how much climate change we have already triggered with just three-quarters of the world using fossil-fuel-based electricity, imagine if we added another quarter.

(1579) This is why we desperately need abundant, clean, reliable, cheap electricity — fast.

(1580) The more we can bring down the price of solar, wind, or even nuclear energy, and safely get these technologies into the hands of the world’s poor, the more we can alleviate on problem (energy poverty) and prevent another (climate change and air pollution)

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(1581) An excellent example of the importance of making accurate predictions has to do with the Marshall Plan.

(1582) After World War Ⅱ, some staffers in the U.S. State Department had come up with a novel plan designed to avoid the depression that followed most wars.

(1583) Quite simply, the plan was for the U.S. to give financial support to the European countries so they could get back on their feet economically.

(1584) They wanted to call it the Truman Plan.

(1585) When they suggested this to the President, he rejected the idea of using his name.

(1586) He sensed that many members of Congress were hostile and would vote down a good idea because his name was associated with it.

(1587) He recommended a different name: The Marshall Plan.

(1588) If the original label had been used and Congress had defeated the measure, the world could very well have been worse off today

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(1589) Now Sheila is trying to care for her mother.

(1590) Her mother still lives in her own home, but Sheila needs to check in on her every evening.

(1591) Sheila’s own children are now grown, and her husband helps her with her mother’s care as well.

(1592) Sheila is finding that her mother really looks forward to Sheila’s evening visits and wants to hear all about her day.

(1593) When Sheila says it is time for her to get home, Sheila’s mother begins complaining about her aches and pains and how she has been kind of down that day and she just doesn’t have much to do and never has any company.

(1594) Sheila has learned to actively listen to what her mother is saying.

(1595) She knows that she needs to empathize with her mother.

(1596) She works hard not to deny her mother’s feelings — instead, she asks questions to help her better understand what her mother is saying to her.

(1597) She has figured out that her mother doesn’t want her to leave

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(1598) Money is frequently described as a symbol, but it is more accurate to say that money objects such as coins incorporate a specific type of symbol.

(1599) The stamp on a coin typically consists of two parts that merge the ideas of power and number.

(1600) The obverse or "heads" — which often features, for example, a portrait of the head of state — represents the mint’s authority, and the reverse or "tails" expresses the numerical value of the coin in chosen units.

(1601) However, coins in Lydia were originally stamped on only one side, and for metaphorical convenience we can associate the stamp with heads and the physical matter with tails.

(1602) Money functions as a link between these two things — the heads and the tails, the abstract idea and the embodied reality — which have very different properties

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(1603) We’re sometimes unable to recognise people we’ve met, let alone recall their name.

(1604) Most people take this as a sign that they have a bad memory.

(1605) But this is probably not the case.

(1606) Names can be a particularly hard thing to remember.

(1607) For one thing, they are abstract and unconnected to the person; while Mr. Baker used to be a baker, today his name is not related to his profession.

(1608) For another, we usually hear names only once when a person is introduced to us, and often we don’t even hear the name properly, but smile and shake hands anyway.

(1609) Something commonplace, like a name, which is only encountered once, is unlikely to be stored as a strong memory.

(1610) Finally, the worst possible scenario is being introduced to a large group of people at once.

(1611) Any more than seven people at the same time and your short-term memory will be overloaded.

(1612) Then there’s almost no chance you’ll remember them

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(1613) Mobilizing popular support for policy change becomes much easier if a powerful image comes to symbolize the issue for the public.

(1614) A brief history of the Cuyahoga River fire in Cleveland illustrates this process.

(1615) When a short stretch of the Cuyahoga River caught on fir during June 1969, it was only the most recent fire on the river.

(1616) It had caught on fire at least ten times during the preceding fifty years.

(1617) Two weeks after the 1969 fire, Time magazine ran a picture of "the river on fire" on the front cover of its weekly edition, and the "river on fire" came to symbolize the terrible environmental conditions prevailing on the nation’s waterways.

(1618) Given that we use water to douse flames, only an extremely polluted waterway could actually burn.

(1619) The powerful symbolism encouraged a wide range of politicians to join Carl Stokes, then mayor of Cleveland, and his brother, Louis Stokes, a congressman from Cleveland, in working for the passage of the Clean Water Act by the federal government in 1972

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(1620) It’s instructive to compare and contrast two greeting rituals: the handshake, currently the predominant greeting ritual in Western countries, and the hand-kiss, which was popular among European aristocrats in the 18th and 19th centuries (but which has since fallen out of fashion).

(1621) Both are gestures of trust and friendship, but they differ in their political implications.

(1622) Shaking hands is symmetric and fundamentally represents equality; it’s a ritual between supposed equals.

(1623) Hand-kissing, however, is inherently asymmetric, setting the kisser apart from, and subordinate to, the recipient of the kiss.

(1624) The kisser must press his lips on another person’s (potentially germ-ridden) hands, while simultaneously lowering his head and possibly kneeling.

(1625) This gesture is submissive, and when it’s performed freely, it’s an implicit promise of loyalty.

(1626) Even when the ritual is somewhat forced, it can send a powerful political message.

(1627) Kings and popes, for example, would often "invite" their subjects to line up for public kiss-the-ring ceremonies, putting everyone’s loyalty and submission on conspicuous display and thereby creating common knowledge of the leader’s dominance

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(1628) One of the most effective ways to calm down from stress is intimate contact with people you trust and feel comfortable around.

(1629) When you are in the presence of soft voices, smiles, and familiar faces, your heart rate and breathing slow down, and your sympathetic nervous system cools off.

(1630) According to a neuroscientist who has measured these changes, what the body craves most when you are upset is a familiar, predictable, and safe environment, in which you are surrounded by those you care for.

(1631) This has been supported by other studies that examined the adjustment of first-year students, finding that stress is significantly diminished for those who have developed social support from friends.

(1632) Interestingly, this does not apply to family during this critical year because one development task of beginning college students is to separate from older relatives

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(1633) The evaluation of certain ways of saying something is closely associated with the social status of the people who speak that way.

(1634) This valuing is not just an individual’s decision about the utterance: It is also the society’s evaluation of different groups, including their ways of speaking.

(1635) As children are socialized, they learn these attitudes —sometimes unconsciously, sometimes through expressed regulations and rules— just as they learn eating behavior.

(1636) They learn to eat peas with a fork instead of with a spoon or their fingers.

(1637) The nutritional content of peas is the same regardless of how they eat them, and all three ways succeed in getting the peas into their mouths; but society socializes us into viewing one way as proper or correct and the other ways as unacceptable.

(1638) In a similar way, the communicative effectiveness of I done it or I did it is identical, but we have been socialized into considering only one alternative as correct or proper and the other as incorrect or bad

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(1639) Throughout the nineteenth century, many Americans grew a substantial portion of their own food on farms or in gardens.

(1640) Small general stores catered to those who lived in small communities or who desired luxuries unavailable locally.

(1641) Food was sold mainly as a generic product measured out from unmarked barrels, sacks, and jars.

(1642) This changed as food production was industrialized.

(1643) Following the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, food processors and manufacturers prospered as agricultural surpluses flooded the market and technology lowered the cost of production.

(1644) The result was the rise of large food manufacturers, who needed to persuade consumers of the superiority of branded products over generic groceries.

(1645) To accomplish this, food companies began advertising their products regionally and nationally through newspapers and magazines, and locally via circulars, billboards, and in-store promotions.

(1646) Food advertising became a major source of American opinion and action regarding what, when, and how to eat

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(1647) Language, being a strong tribal identity by nature, renders music also very tribal.

(1648) One might argue that peoples’ language changes from culture to culture, and often, from one country to another.

(1649) As peoples’ languages change, invariably their music also changes with it.

(1650) This is why both music and language become a much stronger tribal identity compared to dancing or other arts.

(1651) Thus, well-performed dancing from any culture is equally as pleasing to most audiences regardless of culture.

(1652) However, people grow more keen on the sort of music they most naturally enjoy.

(1653) Those who develop a more sophisticated understanding of music and enjoy a much wider variety of music might be an exception to this rule.

(1654) Having said that, however, of all arts, most people are more intensely affected by their music than any other

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(1655) Why was it that the part of the world that had the least to do with cotton — Europe — created and came to dominate the empire of cotton?

(1656) Any reasonable observer in, say, 1700, would have expected the world’s cotton production to remain centered in India, or perhaps in China.

(1657) And indeed, until 1780 these countries produced vastly more raw cotton and cotton textiles than Europe and North America.

(1658) But then things changed.

(1659) European capitalists and states, with startling swiftness, moved to the center of the cotton industry.

(1660) They used their new position to ignite an Industrial Revolution.

(1661) China and India, along with many other parts of the world, became ever more subservient to the Europe-centered empire of cotton.

(1662) These Europeans then used their dynamic cotton industry as a platform to create other industries; indeed, cotton became the launching pad for the broader Industrial Revolution

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(1663) Our senses grasp an infinitesimally small portion of reality, we assume.

(1664) Further, our brain organizes the available sensory information or environmental stimuli in order to make sense out of millions of bits and pieces of data.

(1665) In other words, we perceive what we think we need to perceive and miss the rest of what is occurring.

(1666) What we do observe becomes the material for our interpretation and judgment, both of which are affected by our emotional state.

(1667) We ignore what we don’t want or enjoy, unless ignoring is impossible because of the strength of the stimulus.

(1668) If a beggar’s pleading becomes so distracting and disturbing that we cannot ignore him, we may give him some money just to be free of him.

(1669) Otherwise, if not seeing a beggar satisfies our desires, we ignore him, as though we didn’t see him.

(1670) Later, we easily forget him.

(1671) as though he never existed

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(1672) The most obvious distraction while driving is looking away from the driving scene.

(1673) Gazing at objects whose line of sight is far away from relevant locations has a potential risk that increases depending on the time a driver spends looking away from the traffic scene.

(1674) The critical time spent looking away depends greatly on the traffic situation: half a second while following a car at a close distance on a winding road may be more critical than 2 seconds while driving on a straight, wide, and empty motorway.

(1675) Nevertheless, distraction times over 2 seconds are considered unacceptable as general criteria for driving.

(1676) Of course, you can be distracted even while keeping your eyes on the road.

(1677) As a driver must prioritize where to search for relevant information, a bad choice of where to look is inefficient; successful visual scanning depends on expertise, expectations, and so forth.

(1678) In addition, even while keeping your eyes on the road, cognitive activity can be a source of distraction, that is, current thoughts unrelated to driving or associated with the driving context and irrelevant at that precise moment.

(1679) In the case of high cognitive load, this type of distraction may cause dramatic impairment, including preventing the further processing of a relevant visual input coming from a spatially well-oriented ocular fixation due to lack of attention.

(1680) Missing the brake lights of the car in front or just being unable to react by braking while being involved in a complex thought are examples of looking without really seeing

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(1681) At the time of the fire, Gilles had thirty-one horses occupying his stalls.

(1682) When he saw the flames licking the stable roof, Gilles raced to the barn to try to free his horses.

(1683) It took Giles at least five minutes just to coax the first horse out, and he quickly realized he was facing tragedy.

(1684) "Horses have a specific reaction to fire; they want to stay in the stall," he says.

(1685) "They’re afraid to move."

(1686) He feared he’d lose all the rest.

(1687) His dog Popeye was with him.

(1688) In fact, the dog was always watchful of his owner and of the horses, especially the young, nervous ones.

(1689) This night was no exception.

(1690) Gilles says, "I could tell Popeye knew how bad things were and wanted to do something.

(1691) So I opened the next stall and told him, ‘Yes, you can help me!

(1692) Go!’" Popeye didn’t hesitate.

(1693) He ran into the stall and began biting the legs of a horse, which got it moving.

(1694) Gilles quickly opened the next door, and Popeye repeated the effort, rushing in, biting legs, and chasing the horse out.

(1695) In this way, in just about five minutes – the time it had taken Gilles to rescue a single animal – Popeye got seventeen horses out of the stable and onto safe ground.

(1696) Fortunately, the last horse made it out before the roof collapsed, with Popeye biting its hooves.

(1697) "Popeye did what he had to do to save the animals," Gilles marvels.

(1698) "He burned his paws a little but that didn’t stop him."

(1699) Three of the horses had bolted as they left the barn.

(1700) Later, Popeye went out and rounded them up – after the firemen had no luck getting them to turn back.

(1701) "The horses knew Popeye.

(1702) They trusted him.

(1703) It was as if my dog knew the job wasn’t done.

(1704) He had to complete the rescue," Gilles says.

(1705) Not long after the fire, with TV cameras rolling, Popeye was given an award for his bravery by the Quebec Association for Veterinarians.

(1706) The huge dog lay calmly on stage as Gilles recounted his amazing behavior.

(1707) And in 2014, Gilles managed to rebuild his stable and get his business up and running again.

(1708) Though thirteen horses died in the blaze, the seventeen animals Popeye saved (plus the one that Gilles rescued) were enough to keep him going.

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