232_d2 본문읽기 20
본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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리마실전-405
One use remains to astronomy: it continues to play a crucial role in our discovery of the laws of nature. It was the problem of the motion of the planets that led Newton to the discovery of his laws of motion and gravitation. The fact that atoms emit and absorb light at only certain wavelengths, which in the twentieth century led to the development of quantum mechanics, was discovered in the early nineteenth century in observations of the spectrum of the Sun. Later in the nineteenth century, these solar observations revealed the existence of new elements, such as helium, that were previously unknown on Earth. Early in the twentieth century, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity was tested astronomically, at first by comparison of his theory's predictions with the observed motion of the planet Mercury, and then through the successful prediction of the deflection of starlight by the gravitational field of the Sun.
리마실전-406
As might be true in any big family, the Galloanserae clan has some gorgeous and some plain-looking members. Interestingly, the most colorful Galloanserae males may not be passing on the best genes to offspring, according to a recent study. "There have been lots of theories that the ornaments, the beautiful colors and big tails, are owned by the most fit males," says evolutionary biologist Judith Mank. "We were testing that theory." Mank and her colleagues analyzed genetic materials from six species of birds, both gorgeous and plain. In the gorgeous-looking birds they found a rapidly evolving genome marked by mild gene mutations, which can cause inferior characteristics; in the plain-looking ones they didn't find that. When females mate with gorgeous-looking males, those genetic flaws are passed on. That may affect the species' prospects in the future.
리마실전-407
How does "batching" tasks work? Suppose the issue on your mind right now is the excessive workload your team's currently facing. Everyone's worn down. You're catching your breath while having dinner in a buzzing restaurant with an open kitchen, and you reflect on those analogy-seeking questions while you're waiting for your food. First, you notice that the kitchen staff are deluged with customer orders, like your own team. What's different is that the restaurant staff seems pretty calm, despite the demands they're facing. And while your team allocates work depending on who's got spare capacity, each person in the kitchen has a clear job to do: some make salads, others hot food or desserts. What does that make you think? You consider that maybe you could do more to tag each team member to particular types of requests, so that everyone isn't flipping from one thing to another all the time. You think that this might reduce people's stress. An idea takes shape in your mind.
리마실전-408
The first clue that something is amiss in the world of elephants is the lack of older group members. In a species whose wild longevity is easily 50 or 60 years, poachers slaughtering the animals for their tusks has driven the median age of the African elephant down to 35.9 years. The animals that manage to survive poaching are likely to be orphans, belonging to shattered family units that no longer have a matriarchal leader. These leaderless groups tend to gather, perhaps turning to their instinct of ganging up to defend themselves against primitive humans. In ages past, these aggregations were temporary, and elephants dispersed when the danger was gone. In modern-day Africa, however, where elephants are under continual stress, the groups no longer break up.
리마실전-409
If we want to rein in the power of our belief biases, and our blind trust in our own intuition, we have to be aware of the psychological phenomenon of belief perseverance. Once we have decided that we believe something, we will tend to keep on believing it, even in the face of disconfirming evidence. In 1979, the psychologist Charles Lord and his colleagues provided a classic study illustrating how difficult it is to change beliefs. They studied people with opposing views on capital punishment. They gave both groups two sets of research findings: one set that supported the claim that the death penalty deters crime and the other set refuting that position. The subjects ended up being more impressed with the studies that supported their original beliefs. Thus, instead of leading to a more mindful consideration of the issue, the mix of studies on both sides showed that the pro- and anti-death-penalty groups strengthened their original convictions.
One use remains to astronomy: it continues to play a crucial role in our discovery of the laws of nature. It was the problem of the motion of the planets that led Newton to the discovery of his laws of motion and gravitation. The fact that atoms emit and absorb light at only certain wavelengths, which in the twentieth century led to the development of quantum mechanics, was discovered in the early nineteenth century in observations of the spectrum of the Sun. Later in the nineteenth century, these solar observations revealed the existence of new elements, such as helium, that were previously unknown on Earth. Early in the twentieth century, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity was tested astronomically, at first by comparison of his theory's predictions with the observed motion of the planet Mercury, and then through the successful prediction of the deflection of starlight by the gravitational field of the Sun.
리마실전-406
As might be true in any big family, the Galloanserae clan has some gorgeous and some plain-looking members. Interestingly, the most colorful Galloanserae males may not be passing on the best genes to offspring, according to a recent study. "There have been lots of theories that the ornaments, the beautiful colors and big tails, are owned by the most fit males," says evolutionary biologist Judith Mank. "We were testing that theory." Mank and her colleagues analyzed genetic materials from six species of birds, both gorgeous and plain. In the gorgeous-looking birds they found a rapidly evolving genome marked by mild gene mutations, which can cause inferior characteristics; in the plain-looking ones they didn't find that. When females mate with gorgeous-looking males, those genetic flaws are passed on. That may affect the species' prospects in the future.
리마실전-407
How does "batching" tasks work? Suppose the issue on your mind right now is the excessive workload your team's currently facing. Everyone's worn down. You're catching your breath while having dinner in a buzzing restaurant with an open kitchen, and you reflect on those analogy-seeking questions while you're waiting for your food. First, you notice that the kitchen staff are deluged with customer orders, like your own team. What's different is that the restaurant staff seems pretty calm, despite the demands they're facing. And while your team allocates work depending on who's got spare capacity, each person in the kitchen has a clear job to do: some make salads, others hot food or desserts. What does that make you think? You consider that maybe you could do more to tag each team member to particular types of requests, so that everyone isn't flipping from one thing to another all the time. You think that this might reduce people's stress. An idea takes shape in your mind.
리마실전-408
The first clue that something is amiss in the world of elephants is the lack of older group members. In a species whose wild longevity is easily 50 or 60 years, poachers slaughtering the animals for their tusks has driven the median age of the African elephant down to 35.9 years. The animals that manage to survive poaching are likely to be orphans, belonging to shattered family units that no longer have a matriarchal leader. These leaderless groups tend to gather, perhaps turning to their instinct of ganging up to defend themselves against primitive humans. In ages past, these aggregations were temporary, and elephants dispersed when the danger was gone. In modern-day Africa, however, where elephants are under continual stress, the groups no longer break up.
리마실전-409
If we want to rein in the power of our belief biases, and our blind trust in our own intuition, we have to be aware of the psychological phenomenon of belief perseverance. Once we have decided that we believe something, we will tend to keep on believing it, even in the face of disconfirming evidence. In 1979, the psychologist Charles Lord and his colleagues provided a classic study illustrating how difficult it is to change beliefs. They studied people with opposing views on capital punishment. They gave both groups two sets of research findings: one set that supported the claim that the death penalty deters crime and the other set refuting that position. The subjects ended up being more impressed with the studies that supported their original beliefs. Thus, instead of leading to a more mindful consideration of the issue, the mix of studies on both sides showed that the pro- and anti-death-penalty groups strengthened their original convictions.
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232_d2 본문읽기 15
본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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esp1-605
The final question is this: Do we really have to go to Mars, spending such enormous resources and risking people's lives? That is a reasonable question. Experts answer by mentioning two kinds of benefits Martian exploration may bring: practical benefits and a sense of our shared destiny as the human race. Practical benefits are economic, educational, and political. Space travel stimulates industry and draws people into careers in science and engineering. And while space exploration is a collaboration between countries to cover its high cost, having a space program raises any country's standing on the world stage. A sense of our shared destiny as the human race can be understood when considering the increasingly exhausted resources on Earth. We humans need to find ways to survive before we consume all the available resources on Earth. That is our shared destiny. Martian exploration can be seen as a step toward a human presence on another planet. It is not an easy but a worthy dream for humanity. "You can't really measure the value," says a scientist involved in a Martian project. "If money is our only concern, everyone would study business. But we also want to give meaning to our lives. That's why dreams and passion appeal to humanity."
리마실전-401
Late at night Dave had gone down to the beach to see if everything was all right with his boat. As he came back up the small path leading to his cabin, he suddenly heard a banging noise. A chill ran down his spine. Slowly, he walked towards it and pointed his flashlight in that direction. The light fell onto a bear in front of the cabin, carefully searching the garbage can for remainders of food. He went to his car, started it and slowly drove towards the animal. The headlights were focused on the bear, which seemed not to be bothered in the least. Then Dave honked his horn until the bear finally ran away. After the animal disappeared into the darkness, Dave exhaled deeply. After he managed to go in the cabin and lock the door, he slumped onto the floor.
리마실전-402
Over the last couple of decades it has been agreed that inflammation in the body plays an important role in the accumulation of blocked arteries. To prove this, Richard Watt and his team analyzed data from over 11,000 adults who took part in the Scottish Healthy Survey. The results showed that their oral health behaviors were generally good, with 62% of participants saying they visit the dentist every six months, and 71% reporting that they brush their teeth twice a day. Once the data were adjusted for established heart disease risk factors such as social class, obesity, smoking and family history of heart disease, the authors found that individuals who reported less frequent toothbrushing had a 70% higher risk of heart disease compared to individuals who brushed their teeth twice a day, although the overall risk remained quite low.
리마실전-403
The fact that construction is a project-based industry is an important issue. When attempting to manage a dynamic, changing environment, such as a construction site, it should be kept in mind that there needs to be an appropriate organization structure to deal with the changing nature of the project. As it moves from design to construction, and as problems arise (such as late delivery of materials) on a day-to-day basis, there is a need for rapid decision- making and a flexible form of organization. This engenders a free, independent spirit in construction site workers and has, traditionally, led to a disregard for authority. In many cases, this disregard has been taken too far and caused problems.
리마실전-404
In the language of urban design, a place is legible if it is easy to make sense of. Places can also be intelligible if they are well connected to other places, either visually or topographically. An intelligible place can tell you a lot about the rest of the space and allow you to think about your route. Large supermarkets make a virtue of being unintelligible, allowing them to lead shoppers precisely where they want them to go. The whole point of mazes is that they are both unintelligible and illegible; cities and public buildings should be the very opposite, though always allowing for corners of mystery and intrigue. Libraries seem to struggle on both measures, perhaps because there are so many ways you can stack books. Among the exceptions to this rule is the British Library in London, whose reading rooms adjoin a vast atrium; you only have to look up to know where you are.
The final question is this: Do we really have to go to Mars, spending such enormous resources and risking people's lives? That is a reasonable question. Experts answer by mentioning two kinds of benefits Martian exploration may bring: practical benefits and a sense of our shared destiny as the human race. Practical benefits are economic, educational, and political. Space travel stimulates industry and draws people into careers in science and engineering. And while space exploration is a collaboration between countries to cover its high cost, having a space program raises any country's standing on the world stage. A sense of our shared destiny as the human race can be understood when considering the increasingly exhausted resources on Earth. We humans need to find ways to survive before we consume all the available resources on Earth. That is our shared destiny. Martian exploration can be seen as a step toward a human presence on another planet. It is not an easy but a worthy dream for humanity. "You can't really measure the value," says a scientist involved in a Martian project. "If money is our only concern, everyone would study business. But we also want to give meaning to our lives. That's why dreams and passion appeal to humanity."
리마실전-401
Late at night Dave had gone down to the beach to see if everything was all right with his boat. As he came back up the small path leading to his cabin, he suddenly heard a banging noise. A chill ran down his spine. Slowly, he walked towards it and pointed his flashlight in that direction. The light fell onto a bear in front of the cabin, carefully searching the garbage can for remainders of food. He went to his car, started it and slowly drove towards the animal. The headlights were focused on the bear, which seemed not to be bothered in the least. Then Dave honked his horn until the bear finally ran away. After the animal disappeared into the darkness, Dave exhaled deeply. After he managed to go in the cabin and lock the door, he slumped onto the floor.
리마실전-402
Over the last couple of decades it has been agreed that inflammation in the body plays an important role in the accumulation of blocked arteries. To prove this, Richard Watt and his team analyzed data from over 11,000 adults who took part in the Scottish Healthy Survey. The results showed that their oral health behaviors were generally good, with 62% of participants saying they visit the dentist every six months, and 71% reporting that they brush their teeth twice a day. Once the data were adjusted for established heart disease risk factors such as social class, obesity, smoking and family history of heart disease, the authors found that individuals who reported less frequent toothbrushing had a 70% higher risk of heart disease compared to individuals who brushed their teeth twice a day, although the overall risk remained quite low.
리마실전-403
The fact that construction is a project-based industry is an important issue. When attempting to manage a dynamic, changing environment, such as a construction site, it should be kept in mind that there needs to be an appropriate organization structure to deal with the changing nature of the project. As it moves from design to construction, and as problems arise (such as late delivery of materials) on a day-to-day basis, there is a need for rapid decision- making and a flexible form of organization. This engenders a free, independent spirit in construction site workers and has, traditionally, led to a disregard for authority. In many cases, this disregard has been taken too far and caused problems.
리마실전-404
In the language of urban design, a place is legible if it is easy to make sense of. Places can also be intelligible if they are well connected to other places, either visually or topographically. An intelligible place can tell you a lot about the rest of the space and allow you to think about your route. Large supermarkets make a virtue of being unintelligible, allowing them to lead shoppers precisely where they want them to go. The whole point of mazes is that they are both unintelligible and illegible; cities and public buildings should be the very opposite, though always allowing for corners of mystery and intrigue. Libraries seem to struggle on both measures, perhaps because there are so many ways you can stack books. Among the exceptions to this rule is the British Library in London, whose reading rooms adjoin a vast atrium; you only have to look up to know where you are.
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232_d2 본문읽기 10
본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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esp1-406
People Build Trust and Make Connections. Stella is a retired designer who started a second life as a host to international travelers. When her husband passed away, she came down with depression. She started to share the room her husband used to occupy. Meeting new people from all over the world helped her recover from her grief. Now she enjoys telling her guests stories about the neighborhood and preparing them delicious local breakfasts, trying to make them feel at home. She has made friends with many guests and stays in touch with some of them. For sociable souls, meeting new people is a big part of the charm. In the age of "virtual" everything, more and more things are possible without ever meeting face to face with other people. But sharing assumes human interaction by its definition and appeals to the basic human needs for community. The core of a sharing economy is people directly dealing with each other, so trust between the parties involved is essential. Social network services play an important role, giving information on participants. Safety issues are important when dealing with strangers. Along with the background checks carried out by platform providers, online reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties. The remarkable thing is how well the system usually works.
esp1-601
In 1969, the spacecraft Apollo 11 landed humans on the moon for the very first time in history. The world has had to wait for half a century since then before seriously considering going to Mars. The delay has been because Mars is simply too far from Earth, and we have had only limited knowledge about it. With the development of science and technology over the last several decades, projects involving landing a human on Mars have begun. With many industrialized countries participating in those projects in one form or another, scientists are making progress, but big challenges still remain.
esp1-602
Because Mars is more than 100 times farther than the moon from Earth, reaching Mars requires serious hardware including a powerful rocket equipped with extremely fast computers. For this purpose, a new generation of spacecraft is being designed and built at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) of the United States. Even with such powerful rockets, however, a round trip to Mars would be difficult because it would take six months to go there. Even when the two planets are closest in their orbits, a round trip would take at least one year. Today's rockets and spacecraft cannot hold enough fuel for such an extended journey. While scientists are working to get around this problem, a European company has come up with a plan to launch a one-way trip with four astronauts to Mars, with additional crews joining them every two years to form a colony. The world will have to wait several years to see if the plan works.
esp1-603
Humans need water, food, and oxygen to survive. We have much more to learn about Mars, although much has already been discovered. The most exciting finding about Mars is water, one of the most vital ingredients for life. NASA scientists have confirmed that Mars once had more water than the Antarctic Ocean and to this day some of it is locked up in Martian polar ice caps. Scientists are trying to find effective ways to get water from the ice. The next thing humans require is food. To produce food on Mars, we need special farming technologies. We can apply a special growing system that has been tested on the International Space Station (ISS). Of course, farming in space is not easy. Plants can be grown in space, but they require very careful management of gases, water, and dirt. On Mars, the challenge will be more complex than on the ISS. In addition to recovering water that is locked up in ice, the poor quality of the soil and the weak gravity of Mars need to be overcome. Therefore, success in farming on Mars might take decades or even centuries. Until then, food could be printed by three-dimensional (3D) food printers. With proteins and carbohydrates from various sources such as insects and leaves, 3D food printers can print pizzas and bread, among other foods. A scientist at NASA predicts that there will be 25 to 50 basic food items. "We're not planning for food at fancy restaurants, but just healthy and nutritious meals," he says. As for oxygen, plants might be used to produce it, and human waste might be recycled to provide nutrients for the plants. Until there would be enough plants to produce sufficient amount of oxygen, NASA plans to use specially designed machines to convert the carbon dioxide in the Martian air into oxygen.
esp1-604
Another important issue involved in going to and living on Mars is our health. Our bodies work differently in space. On Earth, gravity drags bodily fluids downwards, but in space this does not happen. The heart has to work harder during space travel and on Mars to compensate for the weak or zero gravity. In addition, weightlessness in space weakens bones and muscles. Astronauts on the ISS do a lot of exercise to avoid these problems, with additional help from drugs and artificial gravity from a spinning device. Similar measures will be used on Mars. One great threat to our body in space and on Mars is cosmic radiation. When we are outside the protection of Earth's air and magnetic field, we are exposed to cosmic radiation that damages our DNA and increases our risk for cancer. The plan proposed so far is to cover space vehicles with radiation blocking materials and to build shelters beneath the surface of Mars.
People Build Trust and Make Connections. Stella is a retired designer who started a second life as a host to international travelers. When her husband passed away, she came down with depression. She started to share the room her husband used to occupy. Meeting new people from all over the world helped her recover from her grief. Now she enjoys telling her guests stories about the neighborhood and preparing them delicious local breakfasts, trying to make them feel at home. She has made friends with many guests and stays in touch with some of them. For sociable souls, meeting new people is a big part of the charm. In the age of "virtual" everything, more and more things are possible without ever meeting face to face with other people. But sharing assumes human interaction by its definition and appeals to the basic human needs for community. The core of a sharing economy is people directly dealing with each other, so trust between the parties involved is essential. Social network services play an important role, giving information on participants. Safety issues are important when dealing with strangers. Along with the background checks carried out by platform providers, online reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties. The remarkable thing is how well the system usually works.
esp1-601
In 1969, the spacecraft Apollo 11 landed humans on the moon for the very first time in history. The world has had to wait for half a century since then before seriously considering going to Mars. The delay has been because Mars is simply too far from Earth, and we have had only limited knowledge about it. With the development of science and technology over the last several decades, projects involving landing a human on Mars have begun. With many industrialized countries participating in those projects in one form or another, scientists are making progress, but big challenges still remain.
esp1-602
Because Mars is more than 100 times farther than the moon from Earth, reaching Mars requires serious hardware including a powerful rocket equipped with extremely fast computers. For this purpose, a new generation of spacecraft is being designed and built at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) of the United States. Even with such powerful rockets, however, a round trip to Mars would be difficult because it would take six months to go there. Even when the two planets are closest in their orbits, a round trip would take at least one year. Today's rockets and spacecraft cannot hold enough fuel for such an extended journey. While scientists are working to get around this problem, a European company has come up with a plan to launch a one-way trip with four astronauts to Mars, with additional crews joining them every two years to form a colony. The world will have to wait several years to see if the plan works.
esp1-603
Humans need water, food, and oxygen to survive. We have much more to learn about Mars, although much has already been discovered. The most exciting finding about Mars is water, one of the most vital ingredients for life. NASA scientists have confirmed that Mars once had more water than the Antarctic Ocean and to this day some of it is locked up in Martian polar ice caps. Scientists are trying to find effective ways to get water from the ice. The next thing humans require is food. To produce food on Mars, we need special farming technologies. We can apply a special growing system that has been tested on the International Space Station (ISS). Of course, farming in space is not easy. Plants can be grown in space, but they require very careful management of gases, water, and dirt. On Mars, the challenge will be more complex than on the ISS. In addition to recovering water that is locked up in ice, the poor quality of the soil and the weak gravity of Mars need to be overcome. Therefore, success in farming on Mars might take decades or even centuries. Until then, food could be printed by three-dimensional (3D) food printers. With proteins and carbohydrates from various sources such as insects and leaves, 3D food printers can print pizzas and bread, among other foods. A scientist at NASA predicts that there will be 25 to 50 basic food items. "We're not planning for food at fancy restaurants, but just healthy and nutritious meals," he says. As for oxygen, plants might be used to produce it, and human waste might be recycled to provide nutrients for the plants. Until there would be enough plants to produce sufficient amount of oxygen, NASA plans to use specially designed machines to convert the carbon dioxide in the Martian air into oxygen.
esp1-604
Another important issue involved in going to and living on Mars is our health. Our bodies work differently in space. On Earth, gravity drags bodily fluids downwards, but in space this does not happen. The heart has to work harder during space travel and on Mars to compensate for the weak or zero gravity. In addition, weightlessness in space weakens bones and muscles. Astronauts on the ISS do a lot of exercise to avoid these problems, with additional help from drugs and artificial gravity from a spinning device. Similar measures will be used on Mars. One great threat to our body in space and on Mars is cosmic radiation. When we are outside the protection of Earth's air and magnetic field, we are exposed to cosmic radiation that damages our DNA and increases our risk for cancer. The plan proposed so far is to cover space vehicles with radiation blocking materials and to build shelters beneath the surface of Mars.
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232_d2 본문읽기 5
본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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esp1-401
The sharing economy is an economic system based on sharing assets or services, for free or for a fee, directly from and between individuals. Named in 2011 by TIME Magazine as one of the 10 ideas that would change the world, the economic model is now transforming the landscape of the world economy. There are five key concepts of the sharing economy. Here you can read about them, along with appropriate case stories casting light on what the sharing economy is and how it works.
esp1-402
Two young men in San Francisco were so poor they could not pay their rent, so they thought to rent out three air mattresses on their floor to people and serve them breakfast. They made a simple website to promote their little bed and breakfast, and three people showed up, each paying $80. After the guests left, they thought this could be a big idea. Now their website offers 250,000 rooms in 30,000 cities in 192 countries. What they started was a whole new business model providing a platform for the sharing economy. The advance of technology brought sharing into economy. Thanks to the Internet and digital technology, now there is much more data about people and things, which makes sharing cheaper and easier than ever. You were able to rent a private room before the Internet, but it was usually more trouble than it was worth. For example, without the Internet, how can you know that somebody has a spare room to your taste in a simple family house? Now, finding a room and booking it is simply a click away. All you need to do is to download an app. The website deals with all the rest, locating the right space and dealing with safety issues, reservations, and payment.
esp1-403
Access Is As Good As Ownership. Hyeonwoo needed to install a new lighting fixture on his ceiling, but a power drill was too expensive to buy only for the occasion. In Hyeonwoo's neighborhood, however, there lived someone that had a power drill but hadn't needed to use it for a long while. A sharing website that matches owners and borrowers in the same area connected the two of them. Hyeonwoo could borrow a power drill from his neighbor, paying a reasonable fee for using it. Without the service, Hyeonwoo would have had no choice but to buy the expensive tool. Now you can access what you need, even when you don't own it, all thanks to the sharing economy. Why pay a lot of money for something when you can rent it more cheaply from other people online? Why own something when you can have access to it without owning it? That is the principle behind a sharing economy that enables people to share cars, accommodations, and other items because now they can get whatever they need whenever they want. The business model of a sharing economy instantly connects owners of underused assets with others willing to pay to use them. Easy access, made possible by Internet technology, is now as good as ownership.
esp1-404
Produce Less, and You Will Waste Less. Seonwha is a computer programmer who works mostly at home but sometimes goes to the office to have meetings. She doesn't own a car, but rents one through a sharing platform whenever she needs a ride to work. But for the sharing service, one more car would be made only to stay still in her garage most of the time. In order to use her car more often, she would drive to places where she usually goes on foot now. She thinks the sharing economy contributes to saving the environment since less car use means reduced CO₂ emissions. Though not primarily driven by environmental goals, the sharing economy brings considerable benefits to the environment. Resources are used more efficiently, which helps save on materials and energy. For example, car sharing services are proven to yield environmentally friendly results. Studies have found that car sharing helped reduce CO₂ emissions significantly. What the sharing economy aspires to is a more sustainable way of utilizing limited resources.
esp1-405
Experience Matters, Not Possession. Jimmy had newly decorated his room and wanted a piece of artwork that fit into the space. Through a website sharing works of art, he picked an artwork to his taste from a wide variety of artists and rented it monthly. When he paints his room a different color, he can return the current piece and rent another. He is not interested in permanent ownership of particular artworks. He simply wants to enjoy art in his daily life. Studies show that experience increases satisfaction far more than acquisitions do, and the new generation that embraces the sharing economy understands it better. For instance, art lovers used to find satisfaction in collecting artworks. Now they have begun to place value on the experience of enjoying them. There are many who appreciate artworks, but have no interest in owning them for good. This benefits the artists as well because they get a monthly income for their artworks that otherwise might be in storage or waiting for their next exhibition. The sharing economy is the experience economy. It is a powerful cultural trend in which people value experiences more than possessions.
The sharing economy is an economic system based on sharing assets or services, for free or for a fee, directly from and between individuals. Named in 2011 by TIME Magazine as one of the 10 ideas that would change the world, the economic model is now transforming the landscape of the world economy. There are five key concepts of the sharing economy. Here you can read about them, along with appropriate case stories casting light on what the sharing economy is and how it works.
esp1-402
Two young men in San Francisco were so poor they could not pay their rent, so they thought to rent out three air mattresses on their floor to people and serve them breakfast. They made a simple website to promote their little bed and breakfast, and three people showed up, each paying $80. After the guests left, they thought this could be a big idea. Now their website offers 250,000 rooms in 30,000 cities in 192 countries. What they started was a whole new business model providing a platform for the sharing economy. The advance of technology brought sharing into economy. Thanks to the Internet and digital technology, now there is much more data about people and things, which makes sharing cheaper and easier than ever. You were able to rent a private room before the Internet, but it was usually more trouble than it was worth. For example, without the Internet, how can you know that somebody has a spare room to your taste in a simple family house? Now, finding a room and booking it is simply a click away. All you need to do is to download an app. The website deals with all the rest, locating the right space and dealing with safety issues, reservations, and payment.
esp1-403
Access Is As Good As Ownership. Hyeonwoo needed to install a new lighting fixture on his ceiling, but a power drill was too expensive to buy only for the occasion. In Hyeonwoo's neighborhood, however, there lived someone that had a power drill but hadn't needed to use it for a long while. A sharing website that matches owners and borrowers in the same area connected the two of them. Hyeonwoo could borrow a power drill from his neighbor, paying a reasonable fee for using it. Without the service, Hyeonwoo would have had no choice but to buy the expensive tool. Now you can access what you need, even when you don't own it, all thanks to the sharing economy. Why pay a lot of money for something when you can rent it more cheaply from other people online? Why own something when you can have access to it without owning it? That is the principle behind a sharing economy that enables people to share cars, accommodations, and other items because now they can get whatever they need whenever they want. The business model of a sharing economy instantly connects owners of underused assets with others willing to pay to use them. Easy access, made possible by Internet technology, is now as good as ownership.
esp1-404
Produce Less, and You Will Waste Less. Seonwha is a computer programmer who works mostly at home but sometimes goes to the office to have meetings. She doesn't own a car, but rents one through a sharing platform whenever she needs a ride to work. But for the sharing service, one more car would be made only to stay still in her garage most of the time. In order to use her car more often, she would drive to places where she usually goes on foot now. She thinks the sharing economy contributes to saving the environment since less car use means reduced CO₂ emissions. Though not primarily driven by environmental goals, the sharing economy brings considerable benefits to the environment. Resources are used more efficiently, which helps save on materials and energy. For example, car sharing services are proven to yield environmentally friendly results. Studies have found that car sharing helped reduce CO₂ emissions significantly. What the sharing economy aspires to is a more sustainable way of utilizing limited resources.
esp1-405
Experience Matters, Not Possession. Jimmy had newly decorated his room and wanted a piece of artwork that fit into the space. Through a website sharing works of art, he picked an artwork to his taste from a wide variety of artists and rented it monthly. When he paints his room a different color, he can return the current piece and rent another. He is not interested in permanent ownership of particular artworks. He simply wants to enjoy art in his daily life. Studies show that experience increases satisfaction far more than acquisitions do, and the new generation that embraces the sharing economy understands it better. For instance, art lovers used to find satisfaction in collecting artworks. Now they have begun to place value on the experience of enjoying them. There are many who appreciate artworks, but have no interest in owning them for good. This benefits the artists as well because they get a monthly income for their artworks that otherwise might be in storage or waiting for their next exhibition. The sharing economy is the experience economy. It is a powerful cultural trend in which people value experiences more than possessions.
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수프림구문-1801
Louis Braille was born in France in 1809. When he was just three years old, he accidentally poked himself in the eye while playing with one of the tools in his father's shop. Doctors tried to save his eye, but the wound became infected. The infection eventually spread to his other eye, leaving Braille completely blind at the age of five. When he was 12, Braille learned about 'night writing,' a communication system created by Captain Charles Barbier and used by the French army. It was written by pressing dots and dashes into thick paper, which let soldiers communicate on the battlefield at night without any light. Braille simplified Barbier's system, creating an alphabet that could easily be read by the blind. One hundred years after Braille's death in 1852, his life's work was finally recognized by the French government. To honor him, his body was reburied in the Pantheon in Paris, a special building reserved for French national heroes.
수프림구문-1803
Some of the world's most beautiful places are at risk of being ruined forever. Thailand's Maya Bay, for example, has been shut down to allow the area to recover from the environmental damage it has sustained. Before the shutdown, it had been overwhelmed with visitors, receiving up to 200 boats and 5,000 tourists a day. Due to the litter and pollution left behind, an estimated 80% of May Bay's coral has been destroyed. Boracay, a tiny island long considered an idyllic tourist destination, was also shut down, remaining closed for six months for repair and restoration. The area had been damaged by an overflow of waste and sewage from excessive tourism. Although Boracay has reopened, there are now strict restrictions on tourism. These examples show why tourism is considered a double-edge sword. It can help a region's economy, but it also brings crowds of tourists who may end up damaging the environment.
수프림구문-1901
Air pollution has become a big problem in many urban areas. Trees are considered to be a deterrent to air pollution, so planting more trees within cities is commonly seen to be an effective solution. However, planting trees is not as efficient as most people think - trees require a large amount of land, and there is a limited amount of land available in most cities. This is why City Tree was developed. This innovation, which is capable of filtering out pollutants, is expected to relieve the problem of air pollution. Developed by a German firm, it uses a combination of mosses specially cultivated to thrive in urban environments. The mosses purify the air by capturing particles and absorbing them into their biomass. In order to help the mosses survive under difficult conditions, IoT technology is used to supply water and nutrients. According to City Tree's developers, it can reduce air pollutants in the surrounding area by up to 30%.
수프림구문-1902
Serpentinite is a type of rock that is known for its unique appearance. Its name comes from the unusual pattern on its surface, which is said to resemble the skin of a serpent. Formed deep within Earth's mantle hundreds of millions of years ago, these rocks gradually found their way to the planet's surface. Serpentinite has a slippery texture, and it is composed of high levels of iron, magnesium and water. It has historically been used as a material for constructing buildings for hundreds of years, mostly due to its marble-like characteristics. College Hall at the University of Pennsylvania, for example, was constructed out of serpentine stone in the late 19th century. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Because of its beautiful range of colors, including green, yellow and black, serpentinite is also used by artists to make sculptures and is sometimes cut into gemstones.
수프림구문-2001
British runner Roger Bannister set an impressive goal - to become the first person to run a mile in less than four minutes. Because he was studying to be a neurologist, Bannister didn't have enough time for training. He knew he had better come up with a plan. He decided to use a simple 30-minute daily routine to prepare his body and to rely on his self-belief and vision. Bannister used to close his eyes and visualize every moment of the race. He could see the finish line, hear the cheering crowd, and feel himself making history. What separated Bannister from the other runners who had tried and failed was that he truly believed he could do it. He would even write "3:58" on a piece of paper and place it in his shoe before races. On May 6, 1954, all of Bannister's mental preparation paid off. He ran a mile in 3:59.4, setting the world record.
Louis Braille was born in France in 1809. When he was just three years old, he accidentally poked himself in the eye while playing with one of the tools in his father's shop. Doctors tried to save his eye, but the wound became infected. The infection eventually spread to his other eye, leaving Braille completely blind at the age of five. When he was 12, Braille learned about 'night writing,' a communication system created by Captain Charles Barbier and used by the French army. It was written by pressing dots and dashes into thick paper, which let soldiers communicate on the battlefield at night without any light. Braille simplified Barbier's system, creating an alphabet that could easily be read by the blind. One hundred years after Braille's death in 1852, his life's work was finally recognized by the French government. To honor him, his body was reburied in the Pantheon in Paris, a special building reserved for French national heroes.
수프림구문-1803
Some of the world's most beautiful places are at risk of being ruined forever. Thailand's Maya Bay, for example, has been shut down to allow the area to recover from the environmental damage it has sustained. Before the shutdown, it had been overwhelmed with visitors, receiving up to 200 boats and 5,000 tourists a day. Due to the litter and pollution left behind, an estimated 80% of May Bay's coral has been destroyed. Boracay, a tiny island long considered an idyllic tourist destination, was also shut down, remaining closed for six months for repair and restoration. The area had been damaged by an overflow of waste and sewage from excessive tourism. Although Boracay has reopened, there are now strict restrictions on tourism. These examples show why tourism is considered a double-edge sword. It can help a region's economy, but it also brings crowds of tourists who may end up damaging the environment.
수프림구문-1901
Air pollution has become a big problem in many urban areas. Trees are considered to be a deterrent to air pollution, so planting more trees within cities is commonly seen to be an effective solution. However, planting trees is not as efficient as most people think - trees require a large amount of land, and there is a limited amount of land available in most cities. This is why City Tree was developed. This innovation, which is capable of filtering out pollutants, is expected to relieve the problem of air pollution. Developed by a German firm, it uses a combination of mosses specially cultivated to thrive in urban environments. The mosses purify the air by capturing particles and absorbing them into their biomass. In order to help the mosses survive under difficult conditions, IoT technology is used to supply water and nutrients. According to City Tree's developers, it can reduce air pollutants in the surrounding area by up to 30%.
수프림구문-1902
Serpentinite is a type of rock that is known for its unique appearance. Its name comes from the unusual pattern on its surface, which is said to resemble the skin of a serpent. Formed deep within Earth's mantle hundreds of millions of years ago, these rocks gradually found their way to the planet's surface. Serpentinite has a slippery texture, and it is composed of high levels of iron, magnesium and water. It has historically been used as a material for constructing buildings for hundreds of years, mostly due to its marble-like characteristics. College Hall at the University of Pennsylvania, for example, was constructed out of serpentine stone in the late 19th century. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Because of its beautiful range of colors, including green, yellow and black, serpentinite is also used by artists to make sculptures and is sometimes cut into gemstones.
수프림구문-2001
British runner Roger Bannister set an impressive goal - to become the first person to run a mile in less than four minutes. Because he was studying to be a neurologist, Bannister didn't have enough time for training. He knew he had better come up with a plan. He decided to use a simple 30-minute daily routine to prepare his body and to rely on his self-belief and vision. Bannister used to close his eyes and visualize every moment of the race. He could see the finish line, hear the cheering crowd, and feel himself making history. What separated Bannister from the other runners who had tried and failed was that he truly believed he could do it. He would even write "3:58" on a piece of paper and place it in his shoe before races. On May 6, 1954, all of Bannister's mental preparation paid off. He ran a mile in 3:59.4, setting the world record.
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evh-803
Musicians have also found inspiration from painters and their works of art. Modest Mussorgsky was a composer who is famous for his descriptions of colors in his music. One of his most frequently performed piano works, Pictures at an Exhibition, was composed in his efforts to capture what he felt about the paintings of an artist friend named Viktor Hartmann, who died at the early age of 39. After visiting a memorial exhibition of Hartmann's works, Mussorgsky composed a piano suite in 10 movements to describe each of Hartmann's paintings displayed at the exhibition. Anyone who listens to the movements can associate the melodies with what they see in Hartmann's paintings. While Mussorgsky was writing the melodies, he must have wanted to translate the stories in the paintings into his musical language.
evh-804
A novel or a play often inspires musicians and painters. For example, Felix Mendelssohn was inspired after reading Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, at the age of 17 and began to compose a piece of music to capture the magic and fantasy in Shakespeare's imaginary world. It became part of his famous work, A Midsummer Night's Dream. The Wedding March is one of the best known pieces from the suite. Marc Chagall, known for his use of dreamy colors, was also moved by the play and drew a painting with the same title, Midsummer Night's Dream. The figures in the painting recreate the dreamlike atmosphere of the play. Although Chagall and Mendelssohn lived in different times, they both translated Shakespeare's words and sentences into their own artistic languages.
evh-805
The English word "inspire" originally meant "to breathe in." Air breathed in has to be breathed out in one way or another. Kandinsky, Mussorgsky, Mendelssohn, and Chagall were great breathers because they turned their intakes into artwork that stimulates us in novel ways. Maybe, they knew we would interpret their works accordingly, noticing the melodies, colors, shapes, and the words influencing each other.
evh-8RM1
"Street corners can be powerful canvases on which artists express their talents and reach the ordinary people. They allow us to join the artists' world of imagination while walking along the streets." Graffiti in Berlin- Drawing pictures or letters on city walls is called graffiti. The Berlin Wall in Germany was the largest graffiti canvas in the world. During the Cold War, the western side of the Wall was filled with graffiti drawn by artists from around the world, while the eastern side was kept blank. A part of the wall still remains and shows the difference between the two sides. Flash Mobbing in São Paulo- A flash mob is a large group of people who suddenly assemble in a public place, perform an unusual act, then quickly disappear. Teenagers of São Paulo, Brazil love to hang out in a safer environment than their home streets. Thousands of text messages invite teenagers to a shopping mall, where they enjoy themselves, singing and dancing together.
evh-8RM2
Street installations refer to various objects set in public spaces. They are part of the streets people walk along every day. Visit Soho, London, for example, where a telephone booth lies on the street, broken in half. An artist named Banksy built it as a warning against the collapse of human interaction in the age of information. Buskers in Seoul- Busking is defined as singing, playing a musical instrument, or performing other forms of art in public spaces, sometimes for money. Playing on many street corners near subway stations in Seoul, buskers attract visitors from around the world. As in many other countries, their performances are often highly regarded as a unique art form.
Musicians have also found inspiration from painters and their works of art. Modest Mussorgsky was a composer who is famous for his descriptions of colors in his music. One of his most frequently performed piano works, Pictures at an Exhibition, was composed in his efforts to capture what he felt about the paintings of an artist friend named Viktor Hartmann, who died at the early age of 39. After visiting a memorial exhibition of Hartmann's works, Mussorgsky composed a piano suite in 10 movements to describe each of Hartmann's paintings displayed at the exhibition. Anyone who listens to the movements can associate the melodies with what they see in Hartmann's paintings. While Mussorgsky was writing the melodies, he must have wanted to translate the stories in the paintings into his musical language.
evh-804
A novel or a play often inspires musicians and painters. For example, Felix Mendelssohn was inspired after reading Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, at the age of 17 and began to compose a piece of music to capture the magic and fantasy in Shakespeare's imaginary world. It became part of his famous work, A Midsummer Night's Dream. The Wedding March is one of the best known pieces from the suite. Marc Chagall, known for his use of dreamy colors, was also moved by the play and drew a painting with the same title, Midsummer Night's Dream. The figures in the painting recreate the dreamlike atmosphere of the play. Although Chagall and Mendelssohn lived in different times, they both translated Shakespeare's words and sentences into their own artistic languages.
evh-805
The English word "inspire" originally meant "to breathe in." Air breathed in has to be breathed out in one way or another. Kandinsky, Mussorgsky, Mendelssohn, and Chagall were great breathers because they turned their intakes into artwork that stimulates us in novel ways. Maybe, they knew we would interpret their works accordingly, noticing the melodies, colors, shapes, and the words influencing each other.
evh-8RM1
"Street corners can be powerful canvases on which artists express their talents and reach the ordinary people. They allow us to join the artists' world of imagination while walking along the streets." Graffiti in Berlin- Drawing pictures or letters on city walls is called graffiti. The Berlin Wall in Germany was the largest graffiti canvas in the world. During the Cold War, the western side of the Wall was filled with graffiti drawn by artists from around the world, while the eastern side was kept blank. A part of the wall still remains and shows the difference between the two sides. Flash Mobbing in São Paulo- A flash mob is a large group of people who suddenly assemble in a public place, perform an unusual act, then quickly disappear. Teenagers of São Paulo, Brazil love to hang out in a safer environment than their home streets. Thousands of text messages invite teenagers to a shopping mall, where they enjoy themselves, singing and dancing together.
evh-8RM2
Street installations refer to various objects set in public spaces. They are part of the streets people walk along every day. Visit Soho, London, for example, where a telephone booth lies on the street, broken in half. An artist named Banksy built it as a warning against the collapse of human interaction in the age of information. Buskers in Seoul- Busking is defined as singing, playing a musical instrument, or performing other forms of art in public spaces, sometimes for money. Playing on many street corners near subway stations in Seoul, buskers attract visitors from around the world. As in many other countries, their performances are often highly regarded as a unique art form.
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evh-706
When we observe nature, we can be amazed by its beauty and its grand scale. We should remember that nature has had millions of years to experiment. Now, as we observe nature on all levels big and small, we have the technology and the means to copy what nature has perfected. Because there is still so much we do not know about nature, there is still much left to discover. Maybe one day you will be inspired by nature to invent a product that will change the world.
evh-7RM1
Cars, trains, and planes make travel very easy. Unfortunately, when many people travel, pollution and wasted time have measurable side effects. What if a traffic network were more efficient? A seemingly unintelligent slime mold may hold some answers and more. Slime molds are not quite an animal or a plant. They feed on dead plant material, so they can be found on grass, on trees, and even in air conditioners! Slime molds find food by sending out "arms" that reach out like a web. When an arm finds food, it grows to transport the food, and other arms that do not find food become smaller, saving energy. If this process goes on, inefficient paths are eliminated and efficient paths are made stronger. By nature, slime molds are able to find the best way to join two or more areas together.
evh-7RM2
In an experiment, scientists put a slime mold where Tokyo would be on a map of Japan. They put food where major cities were located on the map. After a few days, the slime mold created a design similar to the actual rail system around Tokyo. If it works for rail networks, could it work for other networks, too? Researchers are now looking into whether slime molds can help create better communication networks. During natural disasters, people try to contact friends and family, so cell phone use increases a lot. A smarter and more efficient network may keep service up, so loved ones can stay in touch. One day, the simple slime mold may become a designer for other networks of the future.
evh-801
A piece of work in one field can inspire artists in another field to create something new. Music can inspire a painter to create a visual representation of something he or she has heard. Likewise, a painting can inspire a musician to create music in which you can almost see different colors and shapes. Furthermore, lines from a novel or a poem can inspire painters or musicians to create visual or auditory art that gives life to a story. These interactions between artists can have unexpected results, producing works of art that have strong visual, auditory or emotional influences on people.
evh-802
Music has played a key role in the creation of some artwork. The influence of music on the visual arts can be best seen with the expressionist painter Wassily Kandinsky. Kandinsky studied law and economics and was successful in his law career. However, in his early 30's, he had an unusual visual experience while looking at Monet's Haystacks. He also was influenced by the melody of Wagner's Lohengrin. "I saw all my colors before my eyes," he said. He felt as if wild and powerful lines appeared in front of him. As a result, he gave up his law career to study painting. For Kandinsky, music and color were closely tied together. In his paintings, for example, yellow is linked with the sound of the trumpet and blue with that of the cello. In addition, certain shapes in his paintings were associated with particular feelings. The triangle represents aggressive feelings and the square calm moods. Each time he stroked the canvas with his brush, he might have intended to turn a series of musical notes into visual forms.
When we observe nature, we can be amazed by its beauty and its grand scale. We should remember that nature has had millions of years to experiment. Now, as we observe nature on all levels big and small, we have the technology and the means to copy what nature has perfected. Because there is still so much we do not know about nature, there is still much left to discover. Maybe one day you will be inspired by nature to invent a product that will change the world.
evh-7RM1
Cars, trains, and planes make travel very easy. Unfortunately, when many people travel, pollution and wasted time have measurable side effects. What if a traffic network were more efficient? A seemingly unintelligent slime mold may hold some answers and more. Slime molds are not quite an animal or a plant. They feed on dead plant material, so they can be found on grass, on trees, and even in air conditioners! Slime molds find food by sending out "arms" that reach out like a web. When an arm finds food, it grows to transport the food, and other arms that do not find food become smaller, saving energy. If this process goes on, inefficient paths are eliminated and efficient paths are made stronger. By nature, slime molds are able to find the best way to join two or more areas together.
evh-7RM2
In an experiment, scientists put a slime mold where Tokyo would be on a map of Japan. They put food where major cities were located on the map. After a few days, the slime mold created a design similar to the actual rail system around Tokyo. If it works for rail networks, could it work for other networks, too? Researchers are now looking into whether slime molds can help create better communication networks. During natural disasters, people try to contact friends and family, so cell phone use increases a lot. A smarter and more efficient network may keep service up, so loved ones can stay in touch. One day, the simple slime mold may become a designer for other networks of the future.
evh-801
A piece of work in one field can inspire artists in another field to create something new. Music can inspire a painter to create a visual representation of something he or she has heard. Likewise, a painting can inspire a musician to create music in which you can almost see different colors and shapes. Furthermore, lines from a novel or a poem can inspire painters or musicians to create visual or auditory art that gives life to a story. These interactions between artists can have unexpected results, producing works of art that have strong visual, auditory or emotional influences on people.
evh-802
Music has played a key role in the creation of some artwork. The influence of music on the visual arts can be best seen with the expressionist painter Wassily Kandinsky. Kandinsky studied law and economics and was successful in his law career. However, in his early 30's, he had an unusual visual experience while looking at Monet's Haystacks. He also was influenced by the melody of Wagner's Lohengrin. "I saw all my colors before my eyes," he said. He felt as if wild and powerful lines appeared in front of him. As a result, he gave up his law career to study painting. For Kandinsky, music and color were closely tied together. In his paintings, for example, yellow is linked with the sound of the trumpet and blue with that of the cello. In addition, certain shapes in his paintings were associated with particular feelings. The triangle represents aggressive feelings and the square calm moods. Each time he stroked the canvas with his brush, he might have intended to turn a series of musical notes into visual forms.
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evh-701
Do you remember your mom taking you to a doctor's office? The doctor decided to give you some medicine. She rolled up your sleeves and gave you a shot in the upper arm. That hurt, didn't it? What if a shot given in the arm didn't hurt? Well, maybe in the future, it won't. Some scientists have been studying how the lowly mosquito is able to bite us without us knowing. When they figure out the secrets, the doctor's shot might become a painless procedure. This is what "biomimetics" is about.
evh-702
People who study biomimetics look to solve human problems by copying how nature does it. It might sound complicated, but it is much easier once you understand. Let's look at some examples of biomimetics we see today or will see in the near future.
evh-703
Termites are simple creatures, but when they work together, they can build incredible natural structures. Some termite mounds can reach 7 meters in height. They even go 3 meters underground. There is another amazing fact about termite mounds: even though the temperature outside can vary from 40 degrees Celsius during the day to 1 degree Celsius at night, it is always about 30 degrees Celsius inside. Termite mounds are built in a way that hot air rises out and cool air comes in through the bottom. Inspired by termite mounds, Mike Pearce, an African architect, constructed a building in Zimbabwe and another in Australia using the same passive cooling techniques. These buildings were 10% cheaper to build because less money was spent on air moving equipment, and this design reduced cooling energy costs by 35%. Now that's a cool idea!
evh-704
If you look at an airplane's wings, you can sometimes see that the tips are turned upwards. These are called "winglets" and they may look neat, but they have measurable benefits. When engineers studied birds, they observed that birds' wings have tips that turned up in flight. They found that the tips smooth the flow of air, which helps them conserve energy when flying. The engineers thought that if it worked for birds, why not for airplanes? The end result is that the airplane winglets help keep planes smaller, saving about 10% in fuel costs. This is beneficial not just for the environment but for passengers' wallets, too.
evh-705
Sea urchins may be eaten in some parts of the world, but they can also damage parts of the sea environment with their bony mouths. A sea urchin mouth looks a lot like a five-fingered claw you might see while trying to pick up prizes at the arcade. This design is surprisingly efficient at grabbing and grinding. The efficiency of this natural design is now being tested for incorporation into missions in space. When small robots are sent to another planet to collect soil samples, the standard method is to use something inefficient like a small shovel. By copying the design of a sea urchin mouth, scientists believe it will be easier to collect samples. Amazingly, a design developed naturally in the deep sea may soon be seen in deep space.
Do you remember your mom taking you to a doctor's office? The doctor decided to give you some medicine. She rolled up your sleeves and gave you a shot in the upper arm. That hurt, didn't it? What if a shot given in the arm didn't hurt? Well, maybe in the future, it won't. Some scientists have been studying how the lowly mosquito is able to bite us without us knowing. When they figure out the secrets, the doctor's shot might become a painless procedure. This is what "biomimetics" is about.
evh-702
People who study biomimetics look to solve human problems by copying how nature does it. It might sound complicated, but it is much easier once you understand. Let's look at some examples of biomimetics we see today or will see in the near future.
evh-703
Termites are simple creatures, but when they work together, they can build incredible natural structures. Some termite mounds can reach 7 meters in height. They even go 3 meters underground. There is another amazing fact about termite mounds: even though the temperature outside can vary from 40 degrees Celsius during the day to 1 degree Celsius at night, it is always about 30 degrees Celsius inside. Termite mounds are built in a way that hot air rises out and cool air comes in through the bottom. Inspired by termite mounds, Mike Pearce, an African architect, constructed a building in Zimbabwe and another in Australia using the same passive cooling techniques. These buildings were 10% cheaper to build because less money was spent on air moving equipment, and this design reduced cooling energy costs by 35%. Now that's a cool idea!
evh-704
If you look at an airplane's wings, you can sometimes see that the tips are turned upwards. These are called "winglets" and they may look neat, but they have measurable benefits. When engineers studied birds, they observed that birds' wings have tips that turned up in flight. They found that the tips smooth the flow of air, which helps them conserve energy when flying. The engineers thought that if it worked for birds, why not for airplanes? The end result is that the airplane winglets help keep planes smaller, saving about 10% in fuel costs. This is beneficial not just for the environment but for passengers' wallets, too.
evh-705
Sea urchins may be eaten in some parts of the world, but they can also damage parts of the sea environment with their bony mouths. A sea urchin mouth looks a lot like a five-fingered claw you might see while trying to pick up prizes at the arcade. This design is surprisingly efficient at grabbing and grinding. The efficiency of this natural design is now being tested for incorporation into missions in space. When small robots are sent to another planet to collect soil samples, the standard method is to use something inefficient like a small shovel. By copying the design of a sea urchin mouth, scientists believe it will be easier to collect samples. Amazingly, a design developed naturally in the deep sea may soon be seen in deep space.
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본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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지금빈칸-30B
Radioactive waste disposal has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power has been fought. Environmentalists argue that no system of waste disposal can be absolutely safe, either now or in the future. Governments and the nuclear industry have tried to find acceptable solutions. But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution has been found. As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced. This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing. One avenue that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients. Some of the recovered material can be recycled as fuel. The remainder must be stored safely until it has become inactive. But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than assisting it. As a result, it too appears publicly unacceptable.
지금빈칸-301
Works of art are complex and valued human achievements capable of providing knowledge, aesthetic experience, and enjoyment. They also can provide occasions for thought-provoking encounters into problems and concerns affecting individuals and society. Unfortunately, too many students grow into adulthood unable to understand what they see in works of art. While it is true that most schoolchildren are not likely to become professional artists or scholars of the arts, my purpose in examining the cognitive implications of education in the arts is to see how or whether individuals can develop their powers of thought more fully through widening their understanding of art and the ideas one encounters in the study of art. The educational task is to build a foundation for lifelong learning inclusive of the arts.
지금빈칸-302
Beliefs represent man's conviction about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world operates. They are reflective of highly valued feelings about the world in which people live. Beliefs, like superstitions, folklore, myths, fables, proverbs, philosophy, theology, art and science, are usually incorporated in the whole vast body of knowledge while accumulated through time. These ideas aren't scientifically proven, and they are considered facts by those who hold them. The ideas held by the Negritos about nature spirits helping them in times of danger or sickness is just as regulative as the belief of the reliance of the Tagbanwa on the digging stick for tilling the soil for a good harvest. Even with advances in science, people still consider, consult, and depend on their body of beliefs for certain courses of action.
지금빈칸-303
People shouldn't ignore or trivialize the very real problems that things such as unwed parenthood or divorce can create. On the whole, children usually do better with two parents than one. But at the same time, people shouldn't condemn single mothers, divorced parents, or voluntarily childless couples as the culprits behind the destruction of society. Some unwed parents avoid their parental responsibilities, but others do a splendid job in raising their children. Some divorces do irrevocable harm, but others create better situations for everyone involved. Some married couples do decide not to have children for selfish reasons, but others are motivated by a real concern for society and find other ways to contribute to its perpetuation. In short, there is no formula that can predict which family forms are most likely to keep society functioning smoothly.
지금빈칸-40기출
Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.
Radioactive waste disposal has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power has been fought. Environmentalists argue that no system of waste disposal can be absolutely safe, either now or in the future. Governments and the nuclear industry have tried to find acceptable solutions. But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution has been found. As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced. This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing. One avenue that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients. Some of the recovered material can be recycled as fuel. The remainder must be stored safely until it has become inactive. But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than assisting it. As a result, it too appears publicly unacceptable.
지금빈칸-301
Works of art are complex and valued human achievements capable of providing knowledge, aesthetic experience, and enjoyment. They also can provide occasions for thought-provoking encounters into problems and concerns affecting individuals and society. Unfortunately, too many students grow into adulthood unable to understand what they see in works of art. While it is true that most schoolchildren are not likely to become professional artists or scholars of the arts, my purpose in examining the cognitive implications of education in the arts is to see how or whether individuals can develop their powers of thought more fully through widening their understanding of art and the ideas one encounters in the study of art. The educational task is to build a foundation for lifelong learning inclusive of the arts.
지금빈칸-302
Beliefs represent man's conviction about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world operates. They are reflective of highly valued feelings about the world in which people live. Beliefs, like superstitions, folklore, myths, fables, proverbs, philosophy, theology, art and science, are usually incorporated in the whole vast body of knowledge while accumulated through time. These ideas aren't scientifically proven, and they are considered facts by those who hold them. The ideas held by the Negritos about nature spirits helping them in times of danger or sickness is just as regulative as the belief of the reliance of the Tagbanwa on the digging stick for tilling the soil for a good harvest. Even with advances in science, people still consider, consult, and depend on their body of beliefs for certain courses of action.
지금빈칸-303
People shouldn't ignore or trivialize the very real problems that things such as unwed parenthood or divorce can create. On the whole, children usually do better with two parents than one. But at the same time, people shouldn't condemn single mothers, divorced parents, or voluntarily childless couples as the culprits behind the destruction of society. Some unwed parents avoid their parental responsibilities, but others do a splendid job in raising their children. Some divorces do irrevocable harm, but others create better situations for everyone involved. Some married couples do decide not to have children for selfish reasons, but others are motivated by a real concern for society and find other ways to contribute to its perpetuation. In short, there is no formula that can predict which family forms are most likely to keep society functioning smoothly.
지금빈칸-40기출
Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.
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본문 DB2023. 5. 11. 16:46
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evh-4RM1
"When you travel abroad and need a place to spend a night, would you prefer a comfortable room on a busy city street or a place that is a bit uncomfortable but unique and special? Check out the following accommodations that will give you a memorable experience."
evh-4RM2
When you visit Mongolia, a ger is a place worth sleeping in. It is a portable round house used by the people of Mongolia who had to move from place to place in search of water, food, and grass for their animals. Hustai Ger, located in Hustai National Park, is equipped with modern showers, restrooms, and restaurants for comfort. It provides visitors with a rare chance to explore the natural beauty of the park.
evh-4RM3
Ever dreamed of sleeping in an ice house? Try Icehotel in northern Sweden. It is a place made of ice where you can spend a night surrounded by walls of ice from the nearby Torne River. It is open only for six months from November to April, for obvious reasons. One great thing is that rooms are newly designed and built every year from the new ice of the river, which provides guests with unique, unforgettable memories.
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If spending a night in a tree house is on your wish list, visit Ariau Towers and your dream will come true. Set high above the Ariau Creek deep in the Amazon, it provides guests with a direct view of the Amazon rainforest from six towers linked by miles of wooden paths over the forest. Guests can enjoy some peace and quiet in the swimming pool built on tree tops or participate in tours such as a jungle walk, boat fishing, and a visit to traditional houses.
지금빈칸-30A
With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.
"When you travel abroad and need a place to spend a night, would you prefer a comfortable room on a busy city street or a place that is a bit uncomfortable but unique and special? Check out the following accommodations that will give you a memorable experience."
evh-4RM2
When you visit Mongolia, a ger is a place worth sleeping in. It is a portable round house used by the people of Mongolia who had to move from place to place in search of water, food, and grass for their animals. Hustai Ger, located in Hustai National Park, is equipped with modern showers, restrooms, and restaurants for comfort. It provides visitors with a rare chance to explore the natural beauty of the park.
evh-4RM3
Ever dreamed of sleeping in an ice house? Try Icehotel in northern Sweden. It is a place made of ice where you can spend a night surrounded by walls of ice from the nearby Torne River. It is open only for six months from November to April, for obvious reasons. One great thing is that rooms are newly designed and built every year from the new ice of the river, which provides guests with unique, unforgettable memories.
evh-4RM4
If spending a night in a tree house is on your wish list, visit Ariau Towers and your dream will come true. Set high above the Ariau Creek deep in the Amazon, it provides guests with a direct view of the Amazon rainforest from six towers linked by miles of wooden paths over the forest. Guests can enjoy some peace and quiet in the swimming pool built on tree tops or participate in tours such as a jungle walk, boat fishing, and a visit to traditional houses.
지금빈칸-30A
With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.
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