단어빈칸의 연습 모음집 (임희재 편저)
빅데이터 빈칸을 공개합니다.
여러분의 실력향상을 기원합니다.
감사하다면 댓글/추천 부탁합니다.
-임희재
1803H3 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181207 13:30:45
모의고사/수능 단어정리 + 단어시험 모음집 (임희재 편저)
빅데이터 단어정리를 공개합니다.
여러분의 실력향상을 기원합니다.
감사하다면 댓글/추천 부탁합니다.
-임희재
1803H3 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181207 13:30:45
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2018년 11월 고1 모의고사 한줄해석
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What is the topic sentence?
If you were at a social gathering in a large building and you overheard someone say that "the roof is on fire," what would be your reaction?
Until you knew more information, your first inclination might be toward safety and survival.
But if you were to find out that this particular person was talking about a song called "The Roof Is on Fire," your feelings of threat and danger would be diminished.
So once the additional facts are understood ―that the person was referring to a song and not a real fire ― the context is better understood and you are in a better position to judge and react.
All too often people react far too quickly and emotionally over information without establishing context.
It is so important for us to identify context related to information because if we fail to do so, we may judge and react too quickly.
VOCAB: additional 추가의 context 문맥/상황 diminished 감소하다 emotionally 감정적으로 establishing 설립하다 identify 확인하다 inclination 성향/의향 judge 판사/판단하다 overheard 우연히 듣다/엿듣다 particular 특별한/특수한 position 위치/입장 react 반응하다 referring언급 related 관계시키다 social 사회의 survival 생존/살아남기 threat 위협/우려
What is the topic sentence?
Imagine that your body is a battery and the more energy this battery can store, the more energy you will be able to have within a day.
Every night when you sleep, this battery is recharged with as much energy as you spent during the previous day.
If you want to have a lot of energy tomorrow, you need to spend a lot of energy today.
Our brain consumes only 20% of our energy, so it's a must to supplement thinking activities with walking and exercises that spend a lot of energy, so that your internal battery has more energy tomorrow.
Your body stores as much energy as you need: for thinking, for moving, for doing exercises.
The more active you are today, the more energy you spend today and the more energy you will have to burn tomorrow.
Exercising gives you more energy and keeps you from feeling exhausted.
VOCAB: consumes 소비하다 exhausted 고갈시키다/소진하다 internal 내부의 previous 이전의 recharged 재충전- supplement 보완/보충
What is the topic sentence?
When we read a number, we are more influenced by the leftmost digit than by the rightmost, since that is the order in which we read, and process, them.
The number 799 feels significantly less than 800 because we see the former as 7-something and the latter as 8-something, whereas 798 feels pretty much like 799.
Since the nineteenth century, shopkeepers have taken advantage of this trick by choosing prices ending in a 9, to give the impression that a product is cheaper than it is.
Surveys show that around a third to two-thirds of all retail prices now end in a 9.
Though we are all experienced shoppers, we are still fooled.
In 2008, researchers at the University of Southern Brittany monitored a local pizza restaurant that was serving five types of pizza at €8.00 each.
When one of the pizzas was reduced in price to €7.99, its share of sales rose from a third of the total to a half.
VOCAB: advantage 유리/이점 digit 자릿수/숫자 impression 인상 감명 influenced 영향을 미치다 latter 후자의/하반기의 leftmost 극좌의 monitored 감시하다 process 경과/과정 retail 소매/유통 rightmost 극우의 significantly 크게/현저히 surveys 설문조사
What is the topic sentence?
In a competitive environment, such as a college admissions process or a job application situation, almost everyone has strong qualifications.
Almost everyone has facts in their favor.
But how valuable are facts alone?
Think back to the most recent lecture or presentation you attended.
How many facts do you remember from it?
If you're like most people, you can't recall many, if any.
Chances are good, however, that you remember stories, anecdotes, and examples from the event, even if you can't think of their exact context.
The average person today is flooded with facts and data, and we let most of this pass through our brains with minimal retention or reaction ―unless something makes the information stand out in a meaningful way.
That's where story comes in.
VOCAB: admissions 입학/입장 anecdotes 일화 application 지원/응용 attended 참석하다 average 평균(의) competitive 경쟁의/경쟁력을 지닌 context 문맥/상황 environment 환경 exact 정확한 favor 부탁/선호하다 meaningful 의미있는 minimal 최소의 presentation 발표 process 경과/과정 qualifications 자격/자질 reaction 반동/반응 recall 상기하다 retention 보유/유지 situation 상황/사태 valuable 가치있는/귀중한
What is the topic sentence?
Born in 1867 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Charles Henry Turner was an early pioneer in the field of insect behavior.
His father owned an extensive library where Turner became fascinated with reading about the habits and behavior of insects.
Proceeding with his study, Turner earned a doctorate degree in zoology, the first African American to do so.
Even after receiving his degree, Turner was unable to get a teaching or research position at any major universities, possibly as a result of racism.
He moved to St. Louis and taught biology at Sumner High School, focusing on research there until 1922.
Turner was the first person to discover that insects are capable of learning, illustrating that insects can alter behavior based on previous experience.
He died of cardiac disease in Chicago in 1923.
During his 33-year career, Turner published more than 70 papers.
His last scientific paper was published the year after his death.
VOCAB: alter 바꾸다 based 기초/기반 behavior 행동/태도 biology 생물학 capable ~할 수 있는/유능한 cardiac 심장병의 degree 정도/학위 doctorate 박사 학위 extensive 광범위한/대규모의 fascinated 매료시키다/사로잡다 illustrating 설명하다 pioneer 개척하다 position 위치/입장 possibly 아마 previous 이전의 proceeding 나아가다 published 발표하다 racism없다앋아다앋아다아 receiving받다/수상하다 unable 할 수 없는 zoology 동물학
What is the topic sentence?
Poetry in the Park Saturday, October 13, 11:00 a.m.― 6:00 p.m.
This annual festival, now in its sixth year, is held with the support of Riverside Public Library.
◈ Poetry Workshop • Meet and talk with renowned poets about their poems.
Jane Kenny(11:30 a.m.), Michael Weil(12:30 p.m.) • Learn how to express your feelings poetically.
◈ Poetry Contest • Theme for this year's contest is "Arrivals and Departures."
• Only one poem per participant • Due by 3:00 p.m. • The winners will be announced at 5:00 p.m. on the day on site.
For questions about the festival, please visit our website at www.poetryinthepark.org.
VOCAB: annual 연간의/연례의 arrivals 도착/등장 departures 떠남/출발 participant 참가자 poetically 시적으로 renowned 명성 support 지원하다 workshop 워크샵/토론회
What is the topic sentence?
Dinosaur Museum Established in 1993, the Dinosaur Museum has developed into the largest display of dinosaur and prehistoric life in Canada.
Hours • 9:00 a.m. ― 5:00 p.m. (Monday ― Friday) • 9:00 a.m. ― 3:00 p.m. (Saturday & Sunday) Admission • $4 for adults, $2 for students & children Programs • Paint a Dinosaur Egg!
At 10:00 a.m. every day, kids can paint a dinosaur egg to take home.
• Dinosaur Quiz At 2:00 p.m. during the weekend, one winner of our dinosaur quiz will be given a real fossil as a prize.
• Guided Tours The tours run at 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. every day.
The tours are free and require no bookings.
Just show up!
Notice • Food and pets are prohibited in the museum.
• Please do not touch or climb on the exhibits.
VOCAB: admission 입학/입장 bookings 기장/예야 display (작품을) 전시하다 established 설립하다 fossil 화석/시대에 뒤진 사람 prehistoric 선사시대의 prohibited 금지하다 require 필요로하다
What is the topic sentence?
The belief that humans have morality and animals don't is such a longstanding assumption that it could well be called a habit of mind, and bad habits, as we all know, are extremely hard to break.
A lot of people have caved in to this assumption because it is easier to deny morality to animals than to deal with the complex effects of the possibility that animals have moral behavior.
The historical tendency, framed in the outdated dualism of us versus them, is strong enough to make a lot of people cling to the status quo.
Denial of who animals are conveniently allows for maintaining false stereotypes about the cognitive and emotional capacities of animals.
Clearly a major paradigm shift is needed, because the lazy acceptance of habits of mind has a strong influence on how animals are understood and treated.
VOCAB: acceptance 받아들임 allows 하게하다/허용하다 assumption 가정/추측 behavior 행동/태도 belief 믿음/신념 capacities 능력 cling 달라붙다/고수하다 cognitive 인지의 complex 복잡한 conveniently 편리하게/쉽게 denial 부인/부정 deny 부인하다 dualism 이중성 emotional 감정적인 extremely 매우/극도로 false 거짓의/잘못하여 framed 구조 historical 역사의/전통적인 influence 영향을 미치다 longstanding 예전부터의 maintaining 유지하다 moral 도덕의 outdated 구식의 paradigm 전형적 예/이론적 테두리 possibility 가능성/기회 shift 변화/전환 status 상태/지위 stereotypes 고정관념 tendency 경향 versus 대해/대비하여
What is the topic sentence?
We notice repetition among confusion, and the opposite: we notice a break in a repetitive pattern.
But how do these arrangements make us feel?
And what about "perfect" regularity and "perfect" chaos?
Some repetition gives us a sense of security, in that we know what is coming next.
We like some predictability.
We arrange our lives in largely repetitive schedules.
Randomness, in organization or in events, is more challenging and more frightening for most of us.
With "perfect" chaos we are frustrated by having to adapt and react again and again.
But "perfect" regularity is perhaps even more horrifying in its monotony than randomness is.
It implies a cold, unfeeling, mechanical quality.
Such perfect order does not exist in nature; there are too many forces working against each other.
Either extreme, therefore, feels threatening.
VOCAB: adapt 적응시키다/조정하다 against 에 대한/반대로 arrangements 준비/배열 challenging 도전 chaos 혼돈 무질서 confusion 혼란/혼동 exist 존재하다 extreme 극단의 frightening 놀라게 하다 frustrated 좌절시키다 horrifying 무서워하게 하다 implies 함축/내포하다 largely 주로/대량으로 mechanical 기계의 monotony 단조로움 opposite 정반대의/상대 organization 기관 predictability 예측 가능함 quality 질 randomness 임의로 함 react 반응하다 regularity 질서/규칙적임 repetition 반복/되풀이 security 안보/보안 threatening 위협하다 unfeeling 무정한/감각이 없는
What is the topic sentence?
Albert Einstein once boarded a train from Philadelphia.
The conductor came around to punch the tickets and said, "Ticket, please."
Einstein reached into his vest pocket for the ticket, but did not find it.
He checked his jacket pocket.
No ticket.
He checked his brief case.
But still, he could not find his ticket.
The conductor, noting his obvious distress, kindly said, "I know who you are, Dr. Einstein.
Don't worry about your ticket."
Several minutes later the conductor turned around from the front of the traincar to see Einstein continuing to search under his seat for the missing ticket.
Quickly, he hurried back to assure the gray-haired gentleman.
"Dr. Einstein, Dr. Einstein, I know who you are!"
he repeated.
"Please don't worry about your ticket."
Dr. Einstein slowly arose from his knees and addressed the young conductor.
"Son, you don't understand.
I, too, know who I am.
What I don't know is where I'm going."
VOCAB: arose 발생했다 assure 보증하다 brief 보고서/짧은 distress 고통 괴롭히다 hurried 서두르는/매우 급한 obvious 명백한 punch 펀치/때리다 reached 도달하다 vest 의복을 입다/조끼
What is the topic sentence?
If you follow science news, you will have noticed that cooperation among animals has become a hot topic in the mass media.
For example, in late 2007 the science media widely reported a study by Claudia Rutte and Michael Taborsky suggesting that rats display what they call "generalized reciprocity."
They each provided help to an unfamiliar and unrelated individual, based on their own previous experience of having been helped by an unfamiliar rat.
Rutte and Taborsky trained rats in a cooperative task of pulling a stick to obtain food for a partner.
Rats who had been helped previously by an unknown partner were more likely to help others.
Before this research was conducted, generalized reciprocity was thought to be unique to humans.
VOCAB: based 기초/기반 conducted 실시하다 cooperation 협력 display (작품을) 전시하다 follow 뒤따르다 generalized 일반화하다 individual 개인의 likely 가능성 있는/할 것 같은 mass 대규모의/거대한 obtain 얻다 previous 이전의 provided 제공하다 reciprocity 호혜주의/상호 의존 task 과제/업무 topic 주제/화제 unfamiliar 익숙지 않은 unique 독특한/특별한 unknown 알려지지 않은 unrelated 관련이 없는
What is the topic sentence?
We have to recognize that there always exists in us the strongest need to utilize all our attention.
And this is quite evident in the great amount of displeasure we feel any time the entirety of our capacity for attention is not being put to use.
When this is the case, we will seek to find outlets for our unused attention.
If we are playing a chess game with a weaker opponent, we will seek to supplement this activity with another: such as watching TV, or listening to music, or playing another chess game at the same time.
Very often this reveals itself in unconscious movements, such as playing with something in one's hands or pacing around the room; and if such an action also serves to increase pleasure or relieve displeasure, all the better.
VOCAB: attention 관심/주의력 capacity 능력/수용력 displeasure 불만/화남 entirety 완전한 상태/전부 evident 명백한/분명한 exists 존재하다 movements 운동/움직임 opponent 대립자/반대의적/적수 outlets 배출구/출구 pacing 보조 맞추기 recognize 인식하다 relieve 완화시키다/안도하다 reveals 나타내다 누설하다 supplement 보완/보충 unconscious 무의식의 unused 쓰이지 않는 utilize 이용하다 weaker 더 약한
What is the topic sentence?
From an economic perspective, a short-lived event can become an innovative event if it generates goods and services that can be sold to people, in particular to those from outside the locality.
The remarkable growth of art exhibitions, cultural festivals and sports competitions, for example, can be analysed in this light.
They are temporary activities that can attract large numbers of outsiders to a locality, bringing in new sources of income.
But even here, there is a two-way interaction between the event and the context.
The existence of an infrastructure, a reputation, a history of an activity for an area may have important effects on the economic success or failure of an event.
In other words, events do not take place in a vacuum.
They depend on an existing context which has been in the making for a long time.
The short-lived event, therefore, would be performed in relation to this long-term context.
VOCAB: analysed 분석하다 attract 끌다 competitions 경쟁/대회 context 문맥/상황 cultural 문화의/교양의 economic 경제의/경제학 existence존재/생존 failure 실패/실수 generates 낳다/발생하다 growth 성장/발전 income 소득/수입 infrastructure 기간 시설/기반 innovative 혁신적인 interaction 상호작용 locality 지역/지방 outsiders 아웃사이더 particular 특별한/특수한 performed 공연하다 perspective 가망/전망 relation 관계/관련 remarkable 놀라운/주목할만한 reputation 명성/평판 success 성공/성과 temporary 일시적인/임시의 term 임기/용어 vacuum 진공(의)
What is the topic sentence?
Interestingly, in nature, the more powerful species have a narrower field of vision.
The distinction between predator and prey offers a clarifying example of this.
The key feature that distinguishes predator species from prey species isn't the presence of claws or any other feature related to biological weaponry.
The key feature is the position of their eyes.
Predators evolved with eyes facing forward ―which allows for binocular vision that offers accurate depth perception when pursuing prey.
Prey, on the other hand, often have eyes facing outward, maximizing peripheral vision, which allows the hunted to detect danger that may be approaching from any angle.
Consistent with our place at the top of the food chain, humans have eyes that face forward.
We have the ability to gauge depth and pursue our goals, but we can also miss important action on our periphery.
VOCAB: ability 능력/재능 accurate 정확한 allows 하게하다/허용하다 approaching 접근하다 binocular 쌍안경 biological 생물학의/생물학적 clarifying 명백히하다/분명해지다 consistent 변함없는 detect 발견하다 distinction 구별/차이 evolved 발전시키다/고안하다 feature 특징/용모 forward 앞으로/발전한 gauge 측정하다 interestingly 흥미롭게 maximizing 최대화하다 narrower 더 좁은 outward 표면상의/밖으로 향하는 perception 지각/인식 peripheral 주위의 position 위치/입장 presence 존재/영향력 prey 먹이/사냥 pursue 추구하다 related 관계시키다 species종/종류 vision 비전/시력 weaponry 무기류
What is the topic sentence?
Wouldn't it be nice if you could take your customers by the hand and guide each one through your store while pointing out all the great products you would like them to consider buying?
Most people, however, would not particularly enjoy having a stranger grab their hand and drag them through a store.
Rather, let the store do it for you.
Have a central path that leads shoppers through the store and lets them look at many different departments or product areas.
This path leads your customers from the entrance through the store on the route you want them to take all the way to the checkout.
VOCAB: checkout 숙박료정산 consider 고려하다 customers 고객/소비자 drag 끌다 grab 잡다 particularly 특히/특별하게 route 길/방법
What is the topic sentence?
Color can impact how you perceive weight.
Dark colors look heavy, and bright colors look less so.
Interior designers often paint darker colors below brighter colors to put the viewer at ease.
Product displays work the same way.
Place bright-colored products higher and dark-colored products lower, given that they are of similar size.
This will look more stable and allow customers to comfortably browse the products from top to bottom.
In contrast, shelving dark-colored products on top can create the illusion that they might fall over, which can be a source of anxiety for some shoppers.
Black and white, which have a brightness of 0% and 100%, respectively, show the most dramatic difference in perceived weight.
In fact, black is perceived to be twice as heavy as white.
Carrying the same product in a black shopping bag, versus a white one, feels heavier.
So, small but expensive products like neckties and accessories are often sold in dark-colored shopping bags or cases.
VOCAB: allow 하게하다/허용하다 anxiety 불안/걱정 bottom 바닥/아래 brightness 광도/밝음 comfortably 편안하게 customers 고객/소비자 displays (작품을) 전시하다 ease 완화하다 illusion 착각/환상 impact 영향/충격 interior 내부/인테리어 neckties 넥타이 perceive 인지하다/인식하다 respectively 각각/각자 shelving 선반 stable 안정된/외양간 versus 대해/대비하여
What is the topic sentence?
Ethical and moral systems are different for every culture.
According to cultural relativism, all of these systems are equally valid, and no system is better than another.
The basis of cultural relativism is the notion that no true standards of good and evil actually exist.
Therefore, judging whether something is right or wrong is based on individual societies' beliefs, and any moral or ethical opinions are affected by an individual's cultural perspective.
There exists an inherent logical inconsistency in cultural relativism, however.
If one accepts the idea that there is no right or wrong, then there exists no way to make judgments in the first place.
To deal with this inconsistency, cultural relativism creates "tolerance."
However, with tolerance comes intolerance, which means that tolerance must imply some sort of ultimate good.
Thus, tolerance also goes against the very notion of cultural relativism, and the boundaries of logic make cultural relativism impossible.
VOCAB: accepts 받아들이다/수용하다 affected 영향을 주다/작용하다 against 에 대한/반대로 based 기초/기반 basis 기초 beliefs 믿음/신념 boundaries 경계 cultural 문화의/교양의 equally 똑같이/마찬가지로 ethical 윤리의/도덕의 evil 사악한/악 exist 존재하다 imply 암시하다 impossible 불가능한 inconsistency 모순/불일치 individual 개인의 inherent 타고난 intolerance 견딜 수 없음/편협 judging 판단 logic 논리(학) moral 도덕의 notion 개념/생각 opinions 의견/생각 perspective 가망/전망 relativism없다앋아다앋아다아 societies사회들 sort 분류하다 standards 기준/표준 tolerance 관용/포용력 ultimate 궁극적인/최종의 valid 유효한/타당한
What is the topic sentence?
The way we communicate influences our ability to build strong and healthy communities.
Traditional ways of building communities have emphasized debate and argument.
For example, the United States has a strong tradition of using town hall meetings to deliberate important issues within communities.
In these settings, advocates for each side of the issue present arguments for their positions, and public issues have been discussed in such public forums.
Yet for debate and argument to work well, people need to come to such forums with similar assumptions and values.
The shared assumptions and values serve as a foundation for the discussion.
However, as society becomes more diverse, the likelihood that people share assumptions and values diminishes.
As a result, forms of communication such as argument and debate become polarized, which may drive communities apart as opposed to bringing them together.
VOCAB: ability 능력/재능 advocates 변호하다 argument 주장/논쟁 assumptions 가정/추측 communicate 의사소통하다 debate 논쟁(하다) deliberate 고의적인/심의하다 diminishes 감소하다 discussion 논의/토론 diverse 다양한/다른 emphasized 강조하다 forums 포럼/회의 foundation 기초 influences 영향을 미치다 issue 논쟁 likelihood 가능성/기회 opposed 반대하다 polarized 대립시키다 positions 위치/입장 settings 설치/환경 traditional 전통적인/구식의 values 가치/가치관
What is the topic sentence?
Some people believe that the social sciences are falling behind the natural sciences.
They maintain that not only does social science have no exact laws, but it also has failed to eliminate great social evils such as racial discrimination, crime, poverty, and war.
They suggest that social scientists have failed to accomplish what might reasonably have been expected of them.
Such critics are usually unaware of the real nature of social science and of its special problems and basic limitations.
For example, they forget that the solution to a social problem requires not only knowledge but also the ability to influence people.
Even if social scientists discover the procedures that could reasonably be followed to achieve social improvement, they are seldom in a position to control social action.
For that matter, even dictators find that there are limits to their power to change society.
VOCAB: ability 능력/재능 accomplish 성취하다 achieve 달성하다 control 제어하다/통제하다 critics 비평가/비판가 dictators 독재자 discrimination 차별/편견 eliminate 없애다/제거하다 evils 사악한/악 exact 정확한 followed 뒤따르다 improvement 개선/향상 influence 영향을 미치다 knowledge 지식/아는 것 limitations 한계/제한 maintain 유지하다 natural 자연의/당연한 position 위치/입장 poverty 빈곤 procedures수속/진행 racial 인종의 reasonably 합리적으로/상당히 requires 필요로하다 seldom 거의~않다/좀처럼 social 사회의 solution 해결/용해 unaware 모르는/알지 못하는
What is the topic sentence?
We cannot predict the outcomes of sporting contests, which vary from week to week.
This heterogeneity is a feature of sport.
It is the uncertainty of the result and the quality of the contest that consumers find attractive.
For the sport marketer, this is problematic, as the quality of the contest cannot be guaranteed, no promises can be made in relations to the result and no assurances can be given in respect of the performance of star players.
Unlike consumer products, sport cannot and does not display consistency as a key feature of marketing strategies.
The sport marketer therefore must avoid marketing strategies based solely on winning, and must instead focus on developing product extensions such as the facility, parking, merchandise, souvenirs, food and beverages rather than on the core product (that is, the game itself).
VOCAB: assurances 보장/확언 attractive 매력적인/매혹적인 avoid 피하다 based 기초/기반 beverages 음료 consistency 일관성/농도 display(작품을) 전시하다 extensions 연장/내선번호 facility 손쉬움/ (편위)시설/기관 feature 특징/용모 guaranteed 보장하다 heterogeneity 이종성 merchandise 상품 outcomes 결과/성과 performance 공연/실적 predict 예언하다 problematic 문제의 quality 질 relations 관계/관련 solely 오로지/오직 souvenirs 기념품/선물 strategies 전략들 uncertainty 반신반의/불확실 vary 다양하다
What is the topic sentence?
Plants are nature's alchemists; they are expert at transforming water, soil, and sunlight into an array of precious substances.
Many of these substances are beyond the ability of human beings to conceive.
While we were perfecting consciousness and learning to walk on two feet, they were, by the same process of natural selection, inventing photosynthesis (the astonishing trick of converting sunlight into food) and perfecting organic chemistry.
As it turns out, many of the plants' discoveries in chemistry and physics have served us well.
From plants come chemical compounds that nourish and heal and delight the senses.
Why would they go to all this trouble?
Why should plants bother to devise the recipes for so many complex molecules and then expend the energy needed to manufacture them?
Plants can't move, which means they can't escape the creatures that feed on them.
A great many of the chemicals plants produce are designed, by natural selection, to compel other creatures to leave them alone: deadly poisons, foul flavors, toxins to confuse the minds of predators.
Plants also can't change location or extend their reproductive range without help.
Many other of the substances plants make draw other creatures to them by stirring and gratifying their desire.
It is this fact of plants' immobility that causes them to make chemicals.
VOCAB: ability 능력/재능 alchemists 연금술사 array 다양한/정렬시키다 astonishing 놀라게 하다 bother 괴롭히다/성가시게 하다 chemical 화학적인/화학물질 compel 강요하다 conceive 마음에 품다/상상하다 confuse 혼란스럽다/혼동하다 consciousness 의식/인식 converting 바꾸다 creatures 생물/생명체 deadly 치명적인/위험한 delight 기쁘게 하다 desire 바라다 devise 고안하다/마련하다 escape 탈출하다 expend 들이다/소비하다 extend 넓히다/연장하다 feed 먹이/먹이다 flavors 맛/향기 foul 나쁜/욕설 gratifying 기쁘게 하다 heal 치료하다 immobility 부동/고정 location 장소/위치 manufacture 제조~ molecules 분자 natural 자연의/당연한 nourish 기르다 organic 유기적인/근본적인 photosynthesis 광합성 physics 물리학 poisons 독(약)중독되다/독 process 경과/과정 recipes 요리법/레시피 reproductive 복사하는/재생하는 selection 선택/선발 stirring 휘젓다 substances 물질/본질 toxins 독성물질의 transforming 변화시키다
What is the topic sentence?
Rangan opened his cycle shop early in the morning.
Yesterday he could not attend to business as he was laid up with high fever, but today he made it up to the shop to earn money for his family.
Shouting to the tea boy in the next shop for a strong cup of tea, he lined up all the bicycles to be repaired outside.
He took a sip of the tea, thinking about the order in which he had to go ahead with his job.
Rangan's thoughts were disturbed by an old man walking with his bicycle towards his shop.
The old man was wearing an old turban on his head.
His hands and face were covered in wrinkles.
In a gloomy tone, he said, "Would you please replace the tire?
I'll pay you this evening."
Feeling sympathy for him, Rangan fixed the bicycle.
He even treated the old man to a cup of tea.
The old man thanked Rangan and left.
Rangan worked hard to finish what he had to do.
It was already late evening but there was no sign of the old man.
Doubts filled him.
What if the old man does not return with the money?
He regretted fixing up the old man's bicycle.
Suddenly he lost all hope and he could wait no longer.
He locked up his shop later than usual and cursed himself for getting tricked by an old man.
At home, Rangan was confused.
Washing his greasy hands, he heard a knock at his door.
It was the old man and the tea boy.
The old man said, "Your shop was closed when I returned.
Luckily, I saw this boy in front of the shop."
Handing over the money to Rangan, he continued, "Thanks for your hospitality."
Rangan grinned at the kind words the old man spoke to him.
The fact that he had suspected the old man pained his heart.
VOCAB: ahead 앞서/앞에 attend 참석하다 confused 혼란스럽다/혼동하다 disturbed 방해하다 doubts 의심하다 fever 얼 gloomy 어두운/우울한 greasy 기름진/기름기가 도는 grinned 밝게 웃었다 hospitality 환대 laid 놓다(과거) locked 잠그다/갇히다 luckily 운좋게 regretted 후회- repaired 수리(하다 suddenly 갑자기/순식간에 suspected 의심하다 sympathy 동정 공감 tone 어조/톤 turban 터번/터번풍의 여성용 모자 wrinkles 주름
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우리의 영어 1은
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빈칸/순서/삽입
D3 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | 181112 15:31:09
Henry Kent는 평범한 소년 같아 보였지만, 평범함과는 거리가 멀었다.
1. 🥕Henry Kent looked like an o
그는 매우 똑똑해서 사람들은 그를 'Genius Kent'라고 불렀다.
2. He was
Genius Kent의 아버지는 Spring-field의 경찰서장인 Kent 서장이었다.
3. Genius Kent's father was C
Genius는 Kent 서장의 비밀 탐정으로 그를 도왔다.
4. Genius helped C
어느 날 저녁, Genius의 가족은 몇 시간 전에 지역 금은방에서 일어났던 도난 사건에 관해 이야기하고 있었다.
5. One evening, Genius's family was talking about the r
바로 그때, Genius의 친구인 Otto Johnson이 Kent 씨네 집으로 뛰어 들어왔다.
6. Just then, Genius's friend, Otto Johnson, ran into the Kents' house.
그는 나뭇잎처럼 떨고 있었다.
7. He was s
"Otto, 무슨 일이니⍰" Kent서장이 물었다.
8. Otto, what's wrong⍰ asked C
"해변에서 Jennifer Mack을 보았어요" Otto가 말했다.
9. I saw Jennifer Mack at the beach said Otto.
"그녀는 긴 웨딩드레스를 입고 있었어요.
10. She was wearing a long wedding dress.
드레스가 그 여자 뒤에서 질질 끌리고 있었고요!"
11. It was d
Kent 서장의 입이 떡 벌어졌다.
12. C
모든 사람들이 Jennifer 유령의 이야기에 대해 알고 있었다.
13. Everybody knew about the story of Jennifer's ghost.
Jennifer Mack은 200여 년 전에 살았다.
14. Jennifer Mack lived over two hundred years ago.
그녀의 남자친구는 결혼식 전날 밤 해변에서 사라졌다.
15. Her boyfriend
그 후, 그녀는 웨딩드레스를 입은 채 매일 해변을 따라 걸어 다녔다.
16.
"그 밖에 또 그녀를 본 사람은 없었니⍰" Kent 서장이 물었다.
17. Did anyone else see her⍰ asked C
"글쎄요, 제가 유령을 보기 전에 자루를 메고 다리를 절뚝거리는 남자를 보았어요.
18. Well, before I saw the ghost, I saw a l
그 사람도 틀림없이 유령을 봤을 거예요" Otto가 말했다.
19. He
"절뚝거리는 남자라고⍰" Kent 서장이 말했다.
20. A l
"어떤 여자가 도난이 일어난 시간에 절뚝거리는 남자가 금은방에서 나가는 것을 봤다고 했는데.
21. A woman said she
"Genius가 말했다, "그러면 다리를 절뚝거리는 그 남자를 찾아봐요.
22. Genius said, Then let's look for the l
분명히 모래 위에서 특이한 발자국을 발견할 수 있을 거예요."
23. I'm sure we'll find unusual f
"해변으로 가자" Kent 서장이 말했다.
24. Let's go to the beach, said C
그들은 해변에 도착했다.
25. 🥕They arrived at the beach.
"저는 이 바위 옆에 앉아 있었어요.
26. I was sitting by this rock.
바람이 몹시 불었어요.
27. It was very w
먼저, 저는 절뚝거리는 남자를 보았어요" Otto가 말했다.
28. First, I saw the l
"그런 후에 그 유령이 지나가는 것을 보았어요."
29. Then later, I saw the ghost walk
그들은 발자국을 찾아보았지만, 아무 발자국도 없었다.
30. They looked for f
갑자기 Kent 서장이 멈춰 섰다.
31. S
"여기를 봐라" 그가 말했다.
32. Look here, he said.
그들은 모래에서 폭이 넓은 선을 보았다.
33. They saw a wide line in the sand.
"어째서 넓은 선만 있고 발자국은 없는 거죠⍰" Otto가 물었다.
34. How come there is only a wide line and no f
"이 선은 해변의 반대쪽으로 가서 David Slade의 집까지 이어져 있어.
35. The line goes to the other side of the beach, and it leads to David Slade's house.
그 사람과 그의 부인은 결혼한 직후 거기로 이사했어" Kent 서장이 말했다.
36. He and his wife moved there right after they g
"그러고 David는 다리를 절뚝거리지."
37. And David l
"David가 도둑인가요⍰" Otto가 물었다.
38. Is David the r
"확실치는 않아.
39. I'm not sure.
발자국이 없잖니" Kent 서장이 말했다.
40. There
"Jennifer Mack의 유령은 어떻게 된 거죠⍰" Otto가 물었다.
41. What about the ghost of Jennifer Mack⍰ asked Otto.
"전 정말로 유령을 봤다니까요!"
42. I really saw a ghost!
"그래 넌 유령을 봤어.
43. Yes, you did.
그리고 난 무슨 일이 있었는지 알겠어," Genius가 말했다.
44. And I know what h
Genius의 해답 도둑은 David Slade이고, 유령은 그의 아내이다.
45. Genius's Answer The r
단서는 그날 저녁에 바람이 많이 불었음에도 불구하고 그 유령의 드레스가 그녀의 뒤로 질질 끌렸다는 점이다.
46. The c
일어난 일은 다음과 같다.
47. Here's what h
David Slade의 아내는 Jennifer Mack의 유령처럼 보이기 위해 자신의 웨딩드레스를 입었다.
48. David Slade's wife wore her wedding dress to look like Jennifer Mack's ghost.
그녀는 해변을 따라 걷기 전에, 드레스 뒤에 무거운 판자를 매달았다.
49. Before she walked along the beach, she
그 판자는 그녀 자신의 발자국과 David의 발자국 또한 감쪽같이 지워 버렸다.
50. The board s
그래서 모래에는 넓은 선만 있고 발자국이 없었던 것이다.
51. That's why there was a wide line but no f
조선 시대의 전문직 종사자들 조선 시대에는 네 개의 사회 계급이 있었다: 바로 양반, 중인, 상인, 그리고 천민이다.
52. 🥕There
사람들은 사회 계급에 따라 서로 다른 일을 했다.
53. D
중인 계급에 속한 사람들 중 다수는 역관, 율관, 의관과 같은 전문직 종사자들이었다.
54. Many of the people who b
그러한 전문직 종사자가 되기 위해 중인 계급의 사람들은 국가시험을 통과하여 정부 관리가 되어야 했다.
55. In o
역관 중인 계급에게 가장 인기 있는 직업 중 하나는 역관이 되는 것이었다.
56. I
역관들은 고위 정부 관리들의 외국인들과 의사소통하는 것을 돕기 위해 그들과 함께 자주 외국에 갔다.
57. I
역관들 중 일부는 외국 사람들과 무역을 하여 돈을 벌기도 했다.
58. Some of the i
역관이 되고 싶은 사람들은 국립 통역 학교에 들어갔다.
59. People who wanted to become i
학교에서 학생들은 배우고 있는 언어로만 말해야 했다.
60. At school, students had to speak only the l
다양한 언어들을 가르쳤지만, 중국어가 가장 중요한 외국어였다.
61. Many different l
중국어 수업 시간에 학생들은 한국 최초의 외국어 교재인 '노걸대' 로 공부했다.
62. In Chinese class, students studied with Nogeoldae, the first f
중인 계급에게 인기 있는 또 다른 직업은 율관이 되는 것이었다.
63. 🥕
나라 전역에서 재판이 많았고, 그래서 율관들이 많이 필요했다.
64. There
조선 시대에는 지방 정부 관리들이 판관으로 일했다.
65. In the Joseon D
그러나 그들은 법을 잘 알지 못했는데, 법을 연구하는 것은 중인계급의 일이었기 때문이다.
66.
율관들은 법을 해석하고 형벌을 정함으로써 판관들이 재판 중에 올바른 판결을 내리도록 도왔다.
67. Lawyers helped j
의관 중인 계급은 의원들도 많이 배출하였다.
68. Doctors The Jungin class
의원이 되는 데에는 많은 훈련이 필요했다.
69. It t
사람들은 숙련된 의원들에게 배웠는데, 이 의원들은 주로 그들의 아버지였다.
70. People learned from s
그러고 나서 그들은 국가시험을 봤다.
71. Then they t
일단 시험에 합격하면 그들은 국립 의료 기관에서 일하면서 더 많은 훈련을 받았다.
72. Once they passed the exam, they worked in a national hospital and r
가장 뛰어난 의원은 어의가 되었다.
73. The most s
어의는 고위 관리가 될 수 있었다.
74. The king's doctor could become a high - r
그러나 왕의 질환을 고치지 못했을 때 어의는 처벌을 받았다.
75.
⚽ 🥕Henry Kent looked like an ordinary boy, but he was far from ordinary.
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⚽ Everybody knew about the story of Jennifer's ghost.
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⚽ 🥕They arrived at the beach.
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⚽ "What about the ghost of Jennifer Mack⍰" asked Otto.
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⚽ 🥕There were four social classes in the Joseon Dynasty: Yangban, Jungin, Sangmin, and Cheonmin.
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⚽ 🥕Another popular job for the Jungin class was being a lawyer.
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Everybody knew about the story of Jennifer's ghost. ① Jennifer Mack lived over two hundred years ago. ② After that, she walked along the beach in a wedding dress every day. ③ "Did anyone else see her⍰" asked Chief Kent. ④ "Well, before I saw the ghost, I saw a limping man with a bag. ⑤ He must have seen the ghost, too" said Otto. "A limping man⍰" said Chief Kent. "A woman said she had seen a limping man leave the gold store at the time of the robbery. "Genius said, "Then let's look for the limping man. I'm sure we'll find unusual footprints on the sand." "Let's go to the beach," said Chief Kent.
🥕They arrived at the beach. ① "I was sitting by this rock. ② It was very windy. ③ First, I saw the limping man," said Otto. ④ "Then later, I saw the ghost walk by." ⑤ Suddenly, Chief Kent stopped. "Look here," he said. They saw a wide line in the sand. "How come there is only a wide line and no footprints⍰" asked Otto. "The line goes to the other side of the beach, and it leads to David Slade's house. He and his wife moved there right after they got married," said Chief Kent. "And David limps." "Is David the robber⍰" asked Otto. "I'm not sure. There are no footprints," said Chief Kent.
"What about the ghost of Jennifer Mack⍰" asked Otto. ① "I really saw a ghost!" ② "Yes, you did. ③ Genius's Answer The robber is David Slade, and the ghost is his wife. ④ The clue is that the ghost's dress was dragging behind her although it was very windy that evening. ⑤ Here's what happened. David Slade's wife wore her wedding dress to look like Jennifer Mack's ghost. Before she walked along the beach, she had tied a heavy board to the back of the dress. The board smoothed over her own footprints and David's footprints as well. That's why there was a wide line but no footprints in the sand.
🥕There were four social classes in the Joseon Dynasty: Yangban, Jungin, Sangmin, and Cheonmin. ① Many of the people who belonged to the Jungin class were professionals such as interpreters, lawyers, and doctors. ② In order to become such professionals, people in the Jungin class had to pass national exams and become government officials. ③ Interpreters One of the most popular jobs for the Jungin class was being an interpreter. ④ Interpreters often went to foreign countries with high-ranking government officials to help them communicate with foreigners. ⑤ Some of the interpreters also made money by trading with people from other countries. People who wanted to become interpreters went to a national interpretation school. At school, students had to speak only the language that they were learning. Many different languages were taught, but Chinese was the most important foreign language. In Chinese class, students studied with Nogeoldae, the first foreign language textbook in Korea.
🥕There were four social classes in the Joseon Dynasty: Yangban, Jungin, Sangmin, and Cheonmin. ① Depending on their social class, people did different kinds of work. ② In order to become such professionals, people in the Jungin class had to pass national exams and become government officials. ③ Interpreters One of the most popular jobs for the Jungin class was being an interpreter. ④ Interpreters often went to foreign countries with high-ranking government officials to help them communicate with foreigners. ⑤ Some of the interpreters also made money by trading with people from other countries. People who wanted to become interpreters went to a national interpretation school. At school, students had to speak only the language that they were learning. Many different languages were taught, but Chinese was the most important foreign language. In Chinese class, students studied with Nogeoldae, the first foreign language textbook in Korea.
🥕There were four social classes in the Joseon Dynasty: Yangban, Jungin, Sangmin, and Cheonmin. ① Depending on their social class, people did different kinds of work. ② Many of the people who belonged to the Jungin class were professionals such as interpreters, lawyers, and doctors. ③ Interpreters One of the most popular jobs for the Jungin class was being an interpreter. ④ Interpreters often went to foreign countries with high-ranking government officials to help them communicate with foreigners. ⑤ Some of the interpreters also made money by trading with people from other countries. People who wanted to become interpreters went to a national interpretation school. At school, students had to speak only the language that they were learning. Many different languages were taught, but Chinese was the most important foreign language. In Chinese class, students studied with Nogeoldae, the first foreign language textbook in Korea.
🥕There were four social classes in the Joseon Dynasty: Yangban, Jungin, Sangmin, and Cheonmin. Depending on their social class, people did different kinds of work. ① Many of the people who belonged to the Jungin class were professionals such as interpreters, lawyers, and doctors. ② In order to become such professionals, people in the Jungin class had to pass national exams and become government officials. ③ Interpreters One of the most popular jobs for the Jungin class was being an interpreter. ④ Interpreters often went to foreign countries with high-ranking government officials to help them communicate with foreigners. ⑤ People who wanted to become interpreters went to a national interpretation school. At school, students had to speak only the language that they were learning. Many different languages were taught, but Chinese was the most important foreign language. In Chinese class, students studied with Nogeoldae, the first foreign language textbook in Korea.
🥕Another popular job for the Jungin class was being a lawyer. ① There were a lot of trials across the country, so many lawyers were needed. ② However, they were not familiar with the law because studying law was the job of the Jungin class. ③ Lawyers helped judges make the right decisions during trials by interpreting the law and determining the penalties. ④ Doctors The Jungin class also produced many doctors. ⑤ It took a lot of training to become a doctor. People learned from skilled doctors, who were often their fathers. Then they took a national exam. Once they passed the exam, they worked in a national hospital and received more training. The most skilled doctor became the king's doctor. The king's doctor could become a high-ranking official. However, the king's doctor was punished when he could not cure the illnesses of the king.
🥕Another popular job for the Jungin class was being a lawyer. ① There were a lot of trials across the country, so many lawyers were needed. ② In the Joseon Dynasty, local government officials also served as judges. ③ Lawyers helped judges make the right decisions during trials by interpreting the law and determining the penalties. ④ Doctors The Jungin class also produced many doctors. ⑤ It took a lot of training to become a doctor. People learned from skilled doctors, who were often their fathers. Then they took a national exam. Once they passed the exam, they worked in a national hospital and received more training. The most skilled doctor became the king's doctor. The king's doctor could become a high-ranking official. However, the king's doctor was punished when he could not cure the illnesses of the king.
🥕Another popular job for the Jungin class was being a lawyer. ① There were a lot of trials across the country, so many lawyers were needed. ② In the Joseon Dynasty, local government officials also served as judges. ③ However, they were not familiar with the law because studying law was the job of the Jungin class. ④ Lawyers helped judges make the right decisions during trials by interpreting the law and determining the penalties. ⑤ It took a lot of training to become a doctor. People learned from skilled doctors, who were often their fathers. Then they took a national exam. Once they passed the exam, they worked in a national hospital and received more training. The most skilled doctor became the king's doctor. The king's doctor could become a high-ranking official. However, the king's doctor was punished when he could not cure the illnesses of the king.
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2018 06 고1 모의고사 본문 한줄해석
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What is the topic sentence? 🚍
The upgrade of the Wellington Waste Water Treatment Facility will begin on Monday, July 30, 2018.
The construction will take about 28 months and may lead to increased traffic along Baker Street due to work on and around it.
Construction vehicles may also use this street to gain access to the main construction site.
We sincerely apologize for any inconveniences that may be experienced.
We will try to keep them to a minimum.
This work is part of our continuous effort to maintain and improve the basic systems and services of our city.
For any questions, please contact Ronald Brown at 022-807-4725.
What is the topic sentence? 🎢
One night, I opened the door that led to the second floor, noting that the hallway light was off.
I thought nothing of it because I knew there was a light switch next to the stairs that I could turn on.
What happened next was something that chilled my blood.
When I put my foot down on the first step, I felt a movement under the stairs.
My eyes were drawn to the darkness beneath them.
Once I realized something strange was happening, my heart started beating fast.
Suddenly, I saw a hand reach out from between the steps and grab my ankle.
I let out a terrifying scream that could be heard all the way down the block, but nobody answered!
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
Something comes over most people when they start writing.
They write in a language different from the one they would use if they were talking to a friend.
If, however, you want people to read and understand what you write, write it in spoken language.
Written language is more complex, which makes it more work to read.
It's also more formal and distant, which makes the readers lose attention.
You don't need complex sentences to express ideas.
Even when specialists in some complicated field express their ideas, they don't use sentences any more complex than they do when talking about what to have for lunch.
If you simply manage to write in spoken language, you have a good start as a writer.
What is the topic sentence? 🛳
Too many companies advertise their new products as if their competitors did not exist.
They advertise their products in a vacuum and are disappointed when their messages fail to get through.
Introducing a new product category is difficult, especially if the new category is not contrasted against the old one.
Consumers do not usually pay attention to what's new and different unless it's related to the old.
That's why if you have a truly new product, it's often better to say what the product is not, rather than what it is.
For example, the first automobile was called a "horseless" carriage, a name which allowed the public to understand the concept against the existing mode of transportation.
What is the topic sentence? 🎠
Human beings are driven by a natural desire to form and maintain interpersonal relationships.
From this perspective, people seek relationships with others to fill a fundamental need, and this need underlies many emotions, actions, and decisions throughout life.
Probably, the need to belong is a product of human beings' evolutionary history as a social species.
Human beings have long depended on the cooperation of others for the supply of food, protection from predators, and the acquisition of essential knowledge.
Without the formation and maintenance of social bonds, early human beings probably would not have been able to cope with or adapt to their physical environments.
Thus, seeking closeness and meaningful relationships has long been vital for human survival.
What is the topic sentence? 🚍
Mammals tend to be less colorful than other animal groups, but zebras are strikingly dressed in black-and-white.
What purpose do such high contrast patterns serve?
The colors' roles aren't always obvious.
The question of what zebras can gain from having stripes has puzzled scientists for more than a century.
To try to solve this mystery, wildlife biologist Tim Caro spent more than a decade studying zebras in Tanzania.
He ruled out theory after theory ― stripes don't keep them cool, stripes don't confuse predators ― before finding an answer.
In 2013, he set up fly traps covered in zebra skin and, for comparison, others covered in antelope skin.
He saw that flies seemed to avoid landing on the stripes.
After more research, he concluded that stripes can literally save zebras from disease-carrying insects.
What is the topic sentence? 🚍
Tomas Luis de Victoria, the greatest Spanish composer of the sixteenth century, was born in Avila and as a boy sang in the church choir.
When his voice broke, he went to Rome to study and he remained in that city for about 20 years, holding appointments at various churches and religious institutions.
In Rome, he met Palestrina, a famous Italian composer, and may even have been his pupil.
In the 1580s, after becoming a priest, he returned to Spain and spent the rest of his life peacefully in Madrid as a composer and organist to members of the royal household.
He died in 1611, but his tomb has yet to be identified.
What is the topic sentence? 🎡
Plastic is extremely slow to degrade and tends to float, which allows it to travel in ocean currents for thousands of miles.
Most plastics break down into smaller and smaller pieces when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, forming microplastics.
These microplastics are very difficult to measure once they are small enough to pass through the nets typically used to collect them.
Their impacts on the marine environment and food webs are still poorly understood.
These tiny particles are known to be eaten by various animals and to get into the food chain.
Because most of the plastic particles in the ocean are so small, there is no practical way to clean up the ocean.
One would have to filter enormous amounts of water to collect a relatively small amount of plastic.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
People have higher expectations as their lives get better.
However, the higher the expectations, the more difficult it is to be satisfied.
We can increase the satisfaction we feel in our lives by controlling our expectations.
Adequate expectations leave room for many experiences to be pleasant surprises.
The challenge is to find a way to have proper expectations.
One way to do this is by keeping wonderful experiences rare.
No matter what you can afford, save great wine for special occasions.
Make an elegantly styled silk blouse a special treat.
This may seem like an act of denying your desires, but I don't think it is.
On the contrary, it's a way to make sure that you can continue to experience pleasure.
What's the point of great wines and great blouses if they don't make you feel great?
What is the topic sentence? 🗼
"Wanna work together?"
a cheerful voice spoke on Amy's first day at a new school.
It was Wilhemina.
Amy was too surprised to do anything but nod.
The big black girl put her notebook down beside Amy's.
After dropping the notebook, she lifted herself up onto the stool beside Amy.
"I'm Wilhemina Smiths, Smiths with an s at both ends," she said with a friendly smile.
"My friends call me Mina.
You're Amy Tillerman.
"Amy nodded and stared.
As the only new kid in the school, she was pleased to have a lab partner.
But Amy wondered if Mina chose her because she had felt sorry for the new kid.
What is the topic sentence? 🎡
One outcome of motivation is behavior that takes considerable effort.
For example, if you are motivated to buy a good car, you will research vehicles online, look at ads, visit dealerships, and so on.
Likewise, if you are motivated to lose weight, you will buy low-fat foods, eat smaller portions, and exercise.
Motivation not only drives the final behaviors that bring a goal closer but also creates willingness to expend time and energy on preparatory behaviors.
Thus, someone motivated to buy a new smartphone may earn extra money for it, drive through a storm to reach the store, and then wait in line to buy it.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
Good managers have learned to overcome the initial feelings of anxiety when assigning tasks.
They are aware that no two people act in exactly the same way and so do not feel threatened if they see one employee going about a task differently than another.
Instead, they focus on the end result.
If a job was successfully done, as long as people are working in a manner acceptable to the organization (for example, as long as salespeople are keeping to the company's ethical selling policy), then that's fine.
If an acceptable final outcome wasn't achieved, then such managers respond by discussing it with the employee and analyzing the situation, to find out what training or additional skills that person will need to do the task successfully in the future.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
There is good evidence that in organic development, perception starts with recognizing outstanding structural features.
For example, when two-year-old children and chimpanzees had learned that, of two boxes presented to them, the one with a triangle of a particular size and shape always contained attractive food, they had no difficulty applying their training to triangles of very different appearance.
The triangles were made smaller or larger or turned upside down.
A black triangle on a white background was replaced by a white triangle on a black background, or an outlined triangle by a solid one.
These changes seemed not to interfere with recognition.
Similar results were obtained with rats.
Karl Lashley, a psychologist, has asserted that simple transpositions of this type are universal in all animals including humans.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
There is a very old story involving a man trying to fix his broken boiler.
Despite his best efforts over many months, he can't do it.
Eventually, he gives up and decides to call in an expert.
The engineer arrives, gives one gentle tap on the side of the boiler, and it springs to life.
The engineer gives a bill to the man, and the man argues that he should pay only a small fee as the job took the engineer only a few moments.
The engineer explains that the man is not paying for the time he took to tap the boiler but rather the years of experience involved in knowing exactly where to tap.
Just like the expert engineer tapping the boiler, effective change does not have to be time-consuming.
In fact, it is often simply a question of knowing exactly where to tap.
What is the topic sentence? 🛳
Interpersonal messages combine content and relationship dimensions.
That is, they refer to the real world, to something external to both speaker and listener; at the same time they also refer to the relationship between parties.
For example, a supervisor may say to a trainee, "See me after the meeting.
"This simple message has a content message that tells the trainee to see the supervisor after the meeting.
It also contains a relationship message that says something about the connection between the supervisor and the trainee.
Even the use of the simple command shows there is a status difference that allows the supervisor to command the trainee.
You can appreciate this most clearly if you visualize the same command being made by the trainee to the supervisor.
It appears awkward and out of place, because it violates the normal relationship between supervisor and trainee.
What is the topic sentence? 🏟
The scientific study of the physical characteristics of colors can be traced back to Isaac Newton.
One day, he spotted a set of prisms at a big county fair.
He took them home and began to experiment with them.
In a darkened room he allowed a thin ray of sunlight to fall on a triangular glass prism.
As soon as the white ray hit the prism, it separated into the familiar colors of the rainbow.
This finding was not new, as humans had observed the rainbow since the beginning of time.
It was only when Newton placed a second prism in the path of the spectrum that he found something new.
The composite colors produced a white beam.
Thus he concluded that white light can be produced by combining the spectral colors.
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
When I was very young, I had a difficulty telling the difference between dinosaurs and dragons.
But there is a significant difference between them.
Dragons appear in Greek myths, legends about England's King Arthur, Chinese New Year parades, and in many tales throughout human history.
But even if they feature in stories created today, they have always been the products of the human imagination and never existed.
Dinosaurs, however, did once live.
They walked the earth for a very long time, even if human beings never saw them.
They existed around 200 million years ago, and we know about them because their bones have been preserved as fossils.
What is the topic sentence? 🛳
Acoustic concerns in school libraries are much more important and complex today than they were in the past.
Years ago, before electronic resources were such a vital part of the library environment, we had only to deal with noise produced by people.
Today, the widespread use of computers, printers, and other equipment has added machine noise.
People noise has also increased, because group work and instruction are essential parts of the learning process.
So, the modern school library is no longer the quiet zone it once was.
Yet libraries must still provide quietness for study and reading, because many of our students want a quiet study environment.
Considering this need for library surroundings, it is important to design spaces where unwanted noise can be eliminated or at least kept to a minimum.
What is the topic sentence? 🚖
Of the many forest plants that can cause poisoning, wild mushrooms may be among the most dangerous.
This is because people sometimes confuse the poisonous and edible varieties, or they eat mushrooms without making a positive identification of the variety.
Many people enjoy hunting wild species of mushrooms in the spring season, because they are excellent edible mushrooms and are highly prized.
However, some wild mushrooms are dangerous, leading people to lose their lives due to mushroom poisoning.
To be safe, a person must be able to identify edible mushrooms before eating any wild one.
What is the topic sentence? 🚖
Recent studies point to the importance of warm physical contact for healthy relationships with others.
In one study, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in another study, participants holding a hot (versus cold) pack were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of something for themselves.
These findings illustrate that mere contact experiences of physical warmth activate feelings of interpersonal warmth.
Moreover, this temporarily increased activation of interpersonal warmth feelings then influences judgments toward other people in an unintentional manner.
Such feelings activated in one context last for a while thereafter and have influence on judgment and behavior in later contexts without the person's awareness.
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
Hundreds of thousands of people journeyed far to take part in the Canadian fur trade.
Many saw how inhabitants of the northern regions stored their food in the winter ― by burying the meats and vegetables in the snow.
But probably few of them had thoughts about how this custom might relate to other fields.
One who did was a young man named Clarence Birdseye.
He was amazed to find that freshly caught fish and duck, frozen quickly in such a fashion, kept their taste and texture.
He started wondering: Why can't we sell food in America that operates on the same basic principle?
With this thought, the frozen foods industry was born.
He made something extraordinary from what, for the northern folk, was the ordinary practice of preserving food.
So, what went on in his mind when he observed this means of storage?
Something mysterious happened in his curious, fully engaged mind.
Curiosity is a way of adding value to what you see.
In the case of Birdseye, it was strong enough to lift him out of the routine way of seeing things.
It set the stage for innovation and discovery, for coming up with something new.
What is the topic sentence? ⛲
There was a business executive who was deep in debt and could see no way out.
He couldn't borrow more money from any bank, and couldn't pay his suppliers.
One day, he sat on a park bench, head in hands, wondering if anything could save his company from bankruptcy.
Suddenly an old man appeared before him.
I can see that something is troubling you, he said.
After listening to the executive's worries, the old man said, "I believe I can help you.
"He asked the man his name, wrote out a check, and pushed it into his hand.
He said, "Take this money.
Meet me here exactly one year from today, and you can pay me back at that time.
"Then he turned and disappeared as quickly as he had come.
The executive saw in his hand a check for $500,000, signed by John D. Rockefeller, then one of the richest men in the world!
I can erase my money worries in an instant!
he thought.
But instead, the executive decided to put the check in his safe.
Just knowing it was there might give him the strength to work out a way to save his business, he thought.
Within a few months, he was out of debt and making money once again.
Exactly one year later, he returned to the park with the check.
At the agreed-upon time, the old man appeared.
But just then, a nurse came running up and grabbed the old man.
"I hope he hasn't been bothering you.
He's always escaping from the rest home and telling people he's John D. Rockefeller," the nurse said.
The surprised executive just stood there.
Suddenly, he realized that it wasn't the money, real or imagined, that had turned his life around.
It was his newfound self-confidence that enabled him to achieve anything he went after.
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What is the topic sentence? 🚖
This is a reply to your inquiry about the shipment status of the desk you purchased at our store on September 26.
Unfortunately, the delivery of your desk will take longer than expected due to the damage that occurred during the shipment from the furniture manufacturer to our warehouse.
We have ordered an exact replacement from the manufacturer, and we expect that delivery will take place within two weeks.
As soon as the desk arrives, we will telephone you immediately and arrange a convenient delivery time.
We regret the inconvenience this delay has caused you.
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
Garnet blew out the candles and lay down.
It was too hot even for a sheet.
She lay there, sweating, listening to the empty thunder that brought no rain, and whispered, "I wish the drought would end.
"Late in the night, Garnet had a feeling that something she had been waiting for was about to happen.
She lay quite still, listening.
The thunder rumbled again, sounding much louder.
And then slowly, one by one, as if someone were dropping pennies on the roof, came the raindrops.
Garnet held her breath hopefully.
The sound paused.
"Don't stop!
Please!"
she whispered.
Then the rain burst strong and loud upon the world.
Garnet leaped out of bed and ran to the window.
She shouted with joy, "It's raining hard!
"She felt as though the thunderstorm was a present.
What is the topic sentence? 🚔
How do you encourage other people when they are changing their behavior?
Suppose you see a friend who is on a diet and has been losing a lot of weight.
It's tempting to tell her that she looks great and she must feel wonderful.
It feels good for someone to hear positive comments, and this feedback will often be encouraging.
However, if you end the discussion there, then the only feedback your friend is getting is about her progress toward an outcome.
Instead, continue the discussion.
Ask about what she is doing that has allowed her to be successful.
What is she eating?
Where is she working out?
What are the lifestyle changes she has made?
When the conversation focuses on the process of change rather than the outcome, it reinforces the value of creating a sustainable process.
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
It might seem that praising your child's intelligence or talent would boost his self-esteem and motivate him.
But it turns out that this sort of praise backfires.
Carol Dweck and her colleagues have demonstrated the effect in a series of experimental studies: "When we praise kids for their ability, kids become more cautious.
They avoid challenges.
"It's as if they are afraid to do anything that might make them fail and lose your high appraisal.
Kids might also get the message that intelligence or talent is something that people either have or don't have.
This leaves kids feeling helpless when they make mistakes.
What's the point of trying to improve if your mistakes indicate that you lack intelligence?
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
Fast fashion refers to trendy clothes designed, created, and sold to consumers as quickly as possible at extremely low prices.
Fast fashion items may not cost you much at the cash register, but they come with a serious price: tens of millions of people in developing countries, some just children, work long hours in dangerous conditions to make them, in the kinds of factories often labeled sweatshops.
Most garment workers are paid barely enough to survive.
Fast fashion also hurts the environment.
Garments are manufactured using toxic chemicals and then transported around the globe, making the fashion industry the world's second-largest polluter, after the oil industry.
And millions of tons of discarded clothing piles up in landfills each year.
What is the topic sentence? 🎠
If you want to protect yourself from colds and flu, regular exercise may be the ultimate immunity-booster.
Studies have shown that moderate aerobic exercise can more than halve your risk for respiratory infections and other common winter diseases.
But when you feel sick, the story changes.
"Exercise is great for prevention, but it can be lousy for therapy," says David Nieman, the director of the Human Performance Lab.
Research shows that moderate exercise has no effect on the duration or severity of the common cold.
If you have the flu or other forms of fever-causing systemic infections, exercise can slow recovery and, therefore, is a bad idea.
Your immune system is working overtime to fight off the infection, and exercise, a form of physical stress, makes that task harder.
What is the topic sentence? 🎠
Eddie Adams was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania.
He developed his passion for photography in his teens, when he became a staff photographer for his high school paper.
After graduating, he joined the United States Marine Corps, where he captured scenes from the Korean War as a combat photographer.
In 1958, he became staff at the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, a daily evening newspaper published in Philadelphia.
In 1962, he joined the Associated Press (AP), and after 10 years, he left the AP to work as a freelancer for Time magazine.
The Saigon Execution photo that he took in Vietnam earned him the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography in 1969.
He shot more than 350 covers of magazines with portraits of political leaders such as Deng Xiaoping, Richard Nixon, and George Bush.
What is the topic sentence? 🚖
My dad worked very late hours as a musician―until about three in the morning―so he slept late on weekends.
As a result, we didn't have much of a relationship when I was young other than him constantly nagging me to take care of chores like mowing the lawn and cutting the hedges, which I hated.
He was a responsible man dealing with an irresponsible kid.
Memories of how we interacted seem funny to me today.
For example, one time he told me to cut the grass and I decided to do just the front yard and postpone doing the back, but then it rained for a couple days and the backyard grass became so high I had to cut it with a sickle.
That took so long that by the time I was finished, the front yard was too high to mow, and so on.
What is the topic sentence? 🛳
People are innately inclined to look for causes of events, to form explanations and stories.
That is one reason storytelling is such a persuasive medium.
Stories resonate with our experiences and provide examples of new instances.
From our experiences and the stories of others we tend to form generalizations about the way people behave and things work.
We attribute causes to events, and as long as these cause-and-effect pairings make sense, we use them for understanding future events.
Yet these causal attributions are often mistaken.
Sometimes they implicate the wrong causes, and for some things that happen, there is no single cause.
Rather, there is a complex chain of events that all contribute to the result; if any one of the events would not have occurred, the result would be different.
But even when there is no single causal act, that doesn't stop people from assigning one.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
Leaving a store, I returned to my car only to find that I'd locked my car key and cell phone inside the vehicle.
A teenager riding his bike saw me kick a tire in frustration.
"What's wrong?"
he asked.
I explained my situation.
"But even if I could call my husband," I said, "he can't bring me his car key, since this is our only car.
"He handed me his cell phone.
The thoughtful boy said, "Call your husband and tell him I'm coming to get his key.
""Are you sure?
That's four miles round trip.
""Don't worry about it."
An hour later, he returned with the key.
I offered him some money, but he refused.
"Let's just say I needed the exercise," he said.
Then, like a cowboy in the movies, he rode off into the sunset.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
One CEO in one of Silicon Valley's most innovative companies has what would seem like a boring, creativity-killing routine.
He holds a three-hour meeting that starts at 9:00 A.M. one day a week.
It is never missed or rescheduled at a different time.
It is mandatory―so much so that even in this global firm all the executives know never to schedule any travel that will conflict with the meeting.
At first glance there is nothing particularly unique about this.
But what is unique is the quality of ideas that come out of the regular meetings.
Because the CEO has eliminated the mental cost involved in planning the meeting or thinking about who will or won't be there, people can focus on creative problem solving.
What is the topic sentence? 🚍
When meeting someone in person, body language experts say that smiling can portray confidence and warmth.
Online, however, smiley faces could be doing some serious damage to your career.
In a new study, researchers found that using smiley faces makes you look incompetent.
The study says, "contrary to actual smiles, smileys do not increase perceptions of warmth and actually decrease perceptions of competence.
"The report also explains, "Perceptions of low competence, in turn, lessened information sharing.
"Chances are, if you are including a smiley face in an email for work, the last thing you want is for your coworkers to think that you are so inadequate that they chose not to share information with you.
What is the topic sentence? 🚡
How funny are you?
While some people are natural humorists, being funny is a set of skills that can be learned.
Exceptionally funny people don't depend upon their memory to keep track of everything they find funny.
In the olden days, great comedians carried notebooks to write down funny thoughts or observations and scrapbooks for news clippings that struck them as funny.
Today, you can do that easily with your smartphone.
If you have a funny thought, record it as an audio note.
If you read a funny article, save the link in your bookmarks.
The world is a funny place and your existence within it is probably funnier.
Accepting that fact is a blessing that gives you everything you need to see humor and craft stories on a daily basis.
All you have to do is document them and then tell someone.
What is the topic sentence? 🚏
If you ask a physicist how long it would take a marble to fall from the top of a ten-story building, he will likely answer the question by assuming that the marble falls in a vacuum.
In reality, the building is surrounded by air, which applies friction to the falling marble and slows it down.
Yet the physicist will point out that the friction on the marble is so small that its effect is negligible.
Assuming the marble falls in a vacuum simplifies the problem without substantially affecting the answer.
Economists make assumptions for the same reason: Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.
To study the effects of international trade, for example, we might assume that the world consists of only two countries and that each country produces only two goods.
By doing so, we can focus our thinking on the essence of the problem.
Thus, we are in a better position to understand international trade in the complex world.
What is the topic sentence? 🚍
Water is the ultimate commons.
Once, watercourses seemed boundless and the idea of protecting water was considered silly.
But rules change.
Time and again, communities have studied water systems and redefined wise use.
Now Ecuador has become the first nation on Earth to put the rights of nature in its constitution.
This move has proclaimed that rivers and forests are not simply property but maintain their own right to flourish.
According to the constitution, a citizen might file suit on behalf of an injured watershed, recognizing that its health is crucial to the common good.
More countries are acknowledging nature's rights and are expected to follow Ecuador's lead.
What is the topic sentence? 🎠
No one likes to think they're average, least of all below average.
When asked by psychologists, most people rate themselves above average on all manner of measures including intelligence, looks, health, and so on.
Self-control is no different: people consistently overestimate their ability to control themselves.
This overconfidence in self-control can lead people to assume they'll be able to control themselves in situations in which, it turns out, they can't.
This is why trying to stop an unwanted habit can be an extremely frustrating task.
Over the days and weeks from our resolution to change, we start to notice it popping up again and again.
The old habit's well-practiced performance is beating our conscious desire for change into submission.
What is the topic sentence? 🚍
Trade will not occur unless both parties want what the other party has to offer.
This is referred to as the double coincidence of wants.
Suppose a farmer wants to trade eggs with a baker for a loaf of bread.
If the baker has no need or desire for eggs, then the farmer is out of luck and does not get any bread.
However, if the farmer is enterprising and utilizes his network of village friends, he might discover that the baker is in need of some new cast-iron trivets for cooling his bread, and it just so happens that the blacksmith needs a new lamb's wool sweater.
Upon further investigation, the farmer discovers that the weaver has been wanting an omelet for the past week.
The farmer will then trade the eggs for the sweater, the sweater for the trivets, and the trivets for his fresh-baked loaf of bread.
What is the topic sentence? 🏯
Have you heard someone say, "He has no one to blame but himself" for some problem?
In everyday life we often blame people for "creating" their own problems.
Although individual behavior can contribute to social problems, our individual experiences are often largely beyond our own control.
They are determined by society as a whole ― by its historical development and its organization.
If a person sinks into debt because of overspending or credit card abuse, other people often consider the problem to be the result of the individual's personal failings.
However, thinking about it this way overlooks debt among people in low-income brackets who have no other way than debt to acquire basic necessities of life.
By contrast, at middle- and upper-income levels, overspending takes on a variety of meanings typically influenced by what people think of as essential for their well-being and associated with the so-called "good life" that is so heavily marketed.
But across income and wealth levels, larger-scale economic and social problems may affect the person's ability to pay for consumer goods and services.
What is the topic sentence? 🏟
Traditionally, people were declared dead when their hearts stopped beating, their blood stopped circulating and they stopped breathing.
So doctors would listen for a heartbeat, or occasionally conduct the famous mirror test to see if there were any signs of moisture from the potential deceased's breath.
It is commonly known that when people's hearts stop and they breathe their last, they are dead.
But in the last half-century, doctors have proved time and time again that they can revive many patients whose hearts have stopped beating by various techniques such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
So a patient whose heart has stopped can no longer be regarded as dead.
Instead, the patient is said to be 'clinically dead'.
Someone who is only clinically dead can often be brought back to life.
What is the topic sentence? 🏯
At the Leipzig Zoo in Germany, 34 zoo chimpanzees and orangutans participating in a study were each individually tested in a room, where they were put in front of two boxes.
An experimenter would place an object inside one box and leave the room.
Another experimenter would enter the room, move the object into the other box and exit.
When the first experimenter returned and tried retrieving the object from the first box, the great ape would help the experimenter open the second box, which it knew the object had been transferred to.
However, most apes in the study did not help the first experimenter open the second box if the first experimenter was still in the room to see the second experimenter move the item.
The findings show the great apes understood when the first experimenter still thought the item was where he or she last left it.
What is the topic sentence? 🎢
It's reasonable to assume that every adult alive today has, at some point in their life, expressed or heard from someone else a variation of the following: "Where did all the time go?
""I can't believe it's the New Year.
Time flies!
""Enjoy it.
One day you'll wake up and you'll be 50.
"While different on the surface, the sentiment behind these phrases is the same: time feels like it moves faster as we get older.
But why does this happen?
According to psychologist Robert Ornstein, the speed of time and our perception of it is heavily influenced by how much new information is available for our minds to absorb and process.
In essence, the more new information we take in, the slower time feels.
This theory could explain in part why time feels slower for children.
Assigned the enormous task of absorbing and processing all this new perceptual and sensory information around them, their brains are continuously alert and attentive.
Why?
Because everything is unfamiliar.
Consider the mind of a child: having experienced so little, the world is a mysterious and fascinating place.
Adults and children may live in the same world, but reality for a child is vastly different ―full of wonders and curiosities and miraculous little events that most adults ignore.
Perhaps this is why we think so fondly about the joy of childhood, that freedom of mind and body before the world becomes familiar and predictable.
What is the topic sentence? 🏟
A 10-year-old boy decided to learn judo despite the fact that he had lost his left arm in a devastating car accident.
The boy began lessons with an old Japanese judo master.
The boy was doing well, so he couldn't understand why, after three months of training, the master had taught him only one move.
Not quite understanding but believing in his master, the boy kept training.
Several months later, the master took the boy to his first tournament.
Surprising himself, the boy easily won his first two matches.
The third match proved to be more difficult, but after some time, his opponent became impatient and charged; the boy skillfully used his one move to win the match.
Still amazed by his success, he was now in the finals.
This time, his opponent was bigger, stronger, and more experienced.
Concerned that he might get hurt, the referee called a timeout to stop the match.
Then the master intervened.
"No," the master insisted, "let him continue.
"Soon after the match resumed, his opponent made a critical mistake: he dropped his guard.
Instantly, the boy used his move to pin him.
The boy had won the match and the tournament.
He was the champion.
On the way home, after reviewing all the matches he had, he summoned the courage to ask what was on his mind.
"Master, how did I become the champion with only one move?
""You won for two reasons," the master answered.
"First, you've mastered one of the most difficult throws in all of judo.
And second, the only known defense for that move is for your opponent to grab your left arm.
"The boy's biggest weakness had become his biggest strength.
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What is the topic sentence? 🎡
I understand that on May 3, 2018 when you were a guest at our restaurant in the Four Hills Plaza, you experienced an unfortunate incident that resulted in a beverage being spilled on your coat.
Please accept my sincere apology.
Unfortunately the staff on duty at the time did not reflect our customer service policy.
I have investigated the situation and scheduled additional customer service training for them.
We'd like to have you back as a customer so I'm sending you a coupon for two free entrees that can be used at any of our five locations in New Parkland.
Again, my apologies for the incident.
I hope you give us the opportunity to make this right.
What is the topic sentence? 🚖
Patricia is eager to be the best mom she can be, but she finds parenting a hard task.
Here's how she put it: "Just when I think I have it down, then something changes, and I have to make major adjustments.
Parenting well feels like a moving target."
Patricia is correct.
In fact, much research has been done on the developmental stages of childhood.
Babies learn to sit up, then crawl, and finally walk.
Kids have a greater ability to reason as they get older, and logic makes sense as they move further into preadolescence.
A logical implication of these developmental changes is that parents will need to make parenting shifts along the way.
In other words, the one strategy to keep in mind as your children grow and change is that you must also change to meet their new developmental needs and abilities.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
While backpacking through Costa Rica, Masami found herself in a bad situation.
She had lost all of her belongings, and had only $5 in cash.
To make matters worse, because of a recent tropical storm, all telephone and Internet services were down.
She had no way to get money, so decided to go knocking door to door, explaining that she needed a place to stay until she could contact her family back in Japan to send her some money.
Everybody told her they had no space or extra food and pointed her in the direction of the next house.
It was already dark when she arrived at a small roadside restaurant.
The owner of the restaurant heard her story and really empathized.
Much to her delight, Masami was invited in.
The owner gave her some food, and allowed her to stay there until she could contact her parents.
What is the topic sentence? 🏯
The development of writing was pioneered not by gossips, storytellers, or poets, but by accountants.
The earliest writing system has its roots in the Neolithic period, when humans first began to switch from hunting and gathering to a settled lifestyle based on agriculture.
This shift began around 9500 BC in a region known as the Fertile Crescent, which stretches from modern‑day Egypt, up to southeastern Turkey, and down again to the border between Iraq and Iran.
Writing seems to have evolved in this region from the custom of using small clay pieces to account for transactions involving agricultural goods such as grain, sheep, and cattle.
The first written documents, which come from the Mesopotamian city of Uruk and date back to around 3400 B.C., record amounts of bread, payment of taxes, and other transactions using simple symbols and marks on clay tablets.
What is the topic sentence? 🏰
Why do you go to the library?
For books, yes — and you like books because they tell stories.
You hope to get lost in a story or be transported into someone else's life.
At one type of library, you can do just that — even though there's not a single book.
At a Human Library, people with unique life stories volunteer to be the "books."
For a certain amount of time, you can ask them questions and listen to their stories, which are as fascinating and inspiring as any you can find in a book.
Many of the stories have to do with some kind of stereotype.
You can speak with a refugee, a soldier suffering from PTSD, and a homeless person.
The Human Library encourages people to challenge their own existing notions — to truly get to know, and learn from, someone they might otherwise make quick judgements about.
What is the topic sentence? 🚔
We create a picture of the world using the examples that most easily come to mind.
This is foolish, of course, because in reality, things don't happen more frequently just because we can imagine them more easily.
Thanks to this prejudice, we travel through life with an incorrect risk map in our heads.
Thus, we overestimate the risk of being the victims of a plane crash, a car accident, or a murder.
And we underestimate the risk of dying from less spectacular means, such as diabetes or stomach cancer.
The chances of bomb attacks are much rarer than we think, and the chances of suffering depression are much higher.
We attach too much likelihood to spectacular, flashy, or loud outcomes.
Anything silent or invisible we downgrade in our minds.
Our brains imagine impressive outcomes more readily than ordinary ones.
What is the topic sentence? 🎢
After earning her doctorate degree from the University of Istanbul in 1940, Halet Cambel fought tirelessly for the advancement of archaeology.
She helped preserve some of Turkey's most important archaeological sites near the Ceyhan River and established an outdoor museum at Karatepe.
There, she broke ground on one of humanity's oldest known civilizations by discovering a Phoenician alphabet tablet.
Her work preserving Turkey's cultural heritage won her a Prince Claus Award.
But as well as revealing the secrets of the past, she also firmly addressed the political atmosphere of her present.
As just a 20yearold archaeology student, Cambel went to the 1936 Berlin Olympics, becoming the first Muslim woman to compete in the Games.
She was later invited to meet Adolf Hitler but she rejected the offer on political grounds.
What is the topic sentence? 🚏
Getting in the habit of asking questions transforms you into an active listener.
This practice forces you to have a different inner life experience, since you will, in fact, be listening more effectively.
You know that sometimes when you are supposed to be listening to someone, your mind starts to wander.
All teachers know that this happens frequently with students in classes.
It's what goes on inside your head that makes all the difference in how well you will convert what you hear into something you learn.
Listening is not enough.
If you are constantly engaged in asking yourself questions about things you are hearing, you will find that even boring lecturers become a bit more interesting, because much of the interest will be coming from what you are generating rather than what the lecturer is offering.
When someone else speaks, you need to be thought provoking!
What is the topic sentence? 🛳
Allowing people to influence each other reduces the precision of a group's estimate.
To derive the most useful information from multiple sources of evidence, you should always try to make these sources independent of each other.
This rule is part of good police procedure.
When there are multiple witnesses to an event, they are not allowed to discuss it before giving their testimony.
The goal is not only to prevent collusion by hostile witnesses, it is also to prevent witnesses from influencing each other.
Witnesses who exchange their experiences will tend to make similar errors in their testimony, reducing the total value of the information they provide.
The standard practice of open discussion gives too much weight to the opinions of those who speak early and confidently, causing others to line up behind them.
What is the topic sentence? ⛲
Loneliness can creep into your life as you get older, which is why it's nice to find some ways to not be lonely.
Patrick Arbore knows this, and it's why he values meaningful conversation.
Director and founder of Elderly Suicide Prevention, Arbore, founded the Friendship Line, a 24hour hotline whose volunteers reach out to potentially suicidal seniors.
He says, "What brings me joy is when I can be the listener when someone is hungry for connection."
Arbore remembers one man in particular who was feeling suicidal in his 70's after his wife's death.
The man spoke with him on the Friendship Line at a stage when he wanted to end his life.
After some time he said to him "I am no longer thinking about suicide because people care about me."
Arbore found this exchange profound.
"All we did was express caring," he says.
"Our work is really quite simple.
It's connection and care."
What is the topic sentence? ⛲
Do you advise your kids to keep away from strangers?
That's a tall order for adults.
After all, you expand your network of friends and create potential business partners by meeting strangers.
Throughout this process, however, analyzing people to understand their personalities is not all about potential economic or social benefit.
There is your safety to think about, as well as the safety of your loved ones.
For that reason, Mary Ellen O'Toole, who is a retired FBI profiler, emphasizes the need to go beyond a person's superficial qualities in order to understand them.
It is not safe, for instance, to assume that a stranger is a good neighbor, just because they're polite.
Seeing them follow a routine of going out every morning well‑dressed doesn't mean that's the whole story.
In fact, O'Toole says that when you are dealing with a criminal, even your feelings may fail you.
That's because criminals have perfected the art of manipulation and deceit.
What is the topic sentence? 🚘
"Survivorship bias" is a common logical fallacy.
We're prone to listen to the success stories from survivors because the others aren't around to tell the tale.
A dramatic example from history is the case of statistician Abraham Wald who, during World War Ⅱ, was hired by the U.S・ Air Force to determine how to make their bomber planes safer.
The planes that returned tended to have bullet holes along the wings, body, and tail, and commanders wanted to reinforce those areas because they seemed to get hit most often.
Wald, however, saw that the important thing was that these bullet holes had not destroyed the planes, and what needed more protection were the areas that were not hit.
Those were the parts where, if a plane was struck by a bullet, it would never be seen again.
His calculations based on that logic are still in use today, and they have saved many pilots.
What is the topic sentence? 🏯
In the early 2000s, British psychologist Richard Wiseman performed a series of experiments with people who viewed themselves as either 'lucky'(they were successful and happy, and events in their lives seemed to favor them) or 'unlucky'(life just seemed to go wrong for them).
What he found was that the 'lucky' people were good at spotting opportunities.
In one experiment he told both groups to count the number of pictures in a newspaper.
The 'unlucky' diligently ground their way through the task; the 'lucky' usually noticed that the second page contained an announcement that said: "Stop counting — there are 43 photographs in this newspaper."
On a later page, the 'unlucky' were also too busy counting images to spot a note reading: "Stop counting, tell the experimenter you have seen this, and win $250."
Wiseman's conclusion was that, when faced with a challenge, 'unlucky' people were less flexible.
They focused on a specific goal, and failed to notice that other options were passing them by.
What is the topic sentence? 🎢
Appreciating the collective nature of knowledge can correct our false notions of how we see the world.
People love heroes.
Individuals are given credit for major breakthroughs.
Marie Curie is treated as if she worked alone to discover radioactivity and Newton as if he discovered the laws of motion by himself.
The truth is that in the real world, nobody operates alone.
Scientists not only have labs with students who contribute critical ideas, but also have colleagues who are doing similar work, thinking similar thoughts, and without whom the scientist would get nowhere.
And then there are other scientists who are working on different problems, sometimes in different fields, but nevertheless set the stage through their own findings and ideas.
Once we start understanding that knowledge isn't all in the head, that it's shared within a community, our heroes change.
Instead of focusing on the individual, we begin to focus on a larger group.
What is the topic sentence? 🎡
Your story is what makes you special.
But the tricky part is showing how special you are without talking about yourself.
Effective personal branding isn't about talking about yourself all the time.
Although everyone would like to think that friends and family are eagerly waiting by their computers hoping to hear some news about what you're doing, they're not.
Actually, they're hoping you're sitting by your computer, waiting for news about them.
The best way to build your personal brand is to talk more about other people, events, and ideas than you talk about yourself.
By doing so, you promote their victories and their ideas, and you become an influencer.
You are seen as someone who is not only helpful, but is also a valuable resource.
That helps your brand more than if you just talk about yourself over and over.
What is the topic sentence? 🎡
Many years ago I visited the chief investment officer of a large financial firm, who had just invested some tens of millions of dollars in the stock of the ABC Motor Company.
When I asked how he had made that decision, he replied that he had recently attended an automobile show and had been impressed.
He said, "Boy, they do know how to make a car!"
His response made it very clear that he trusted his gut feeling and was satisfied with himself and with his decision.
I found it remarkable that he had apparently not considered the one question that an economist would call relevant: Is the ABC stock currently underpriced?
Instead, he had listened to his intuition; he liked the cars, he liked the company, and he liked the idea of owning its stock.
From what we know about the accuracy of stock picking, it is reasonable to believe that he did not know what he was doing.
What is the topic sentence? 🏕
You may be wondering why people prefer to prioritize internal disposition over external situations when seeking causes to explain behaviour.
One answer is simplicity.
Thinking of an internal cause for a person's behaviour is easy — the strict teacher is a stubborn person, the devoted parents just love their kids.
In contrast, situational explanations can be complex.
Perhaps the teacher appears stubborn because she's seen the consequences of not trying hard in generations of students and wants to develop self‑discipline in them.
Perhaps the parents who're boasting of the achievements of their children are anxious about their failures, and conscious of the cost of their school fees.
These situational factors require knowledge, insight, and time to think through.
Whereas, jumping to a dispositional attribution is far easier.
What is the topic sentence? 🚏
A child bounces up to you holding her school work; perhaps she's your daughter, cousin, or neighbour.
She proudly shows you a big red A at the bottom of her test paper.
How do you praise her?
For decades, people have been told that praise is vital for happy and healthy children and that the most important job in raising a child is nurturing her self‑esteem.
Recently, however, some researchers found that how people are praised is very important.
They discovered that if you say "What a very clever girl you are" to the child showing you an A, you may cause her more harm than good.
For your children to succeed and be happy, you need to convince them that success comes from effort, not from some talent that they're born with or without.
What is the topic sentence? 🚔
The body has an effective system of natural defence against parasites, called the immune system.
The immune system is so complicated that it would take a whole book to explain it.
Briefly, when it senses a dangerous parasite, the body is mobilized to produce special cells, which are carried by the blood into battle like a kind of army.
Usually the immune system wins, and the person recovers.
After that, the immune system remembers the molecular equipment that it developed for that particular battle, and any following infection by the same kind of parasite is beaten off so quickly that we don't notice it.
That is why, once you have had a disease like the measles or chicken pox, you're unlikely to get it again.
What is the topic sentence? 🎢
The wife of American physiologist Hudson Hoagland became sick with a severe flu.
Dr・ Hoagland was curious enough to notice that whenever he left his wife's room for a short while, she complained that he had been gone for a long time.
In the interest of scientific investigation, he asked his wife to count to 60, with each count corresponding to what she felt was one second, while he kept a record of her temperature.
His wife reluctantly accepted and he quickly noticed that the hotter she was, the faster she counted.
When her temperature was 38 degrees Celsius, for instance, she counted to 60 in 45 seconds.
He repeated the experiment a few more times, and found that when her temperature reached 39_5 degrees Celsius, she counted one minute in just 37 seconds.
The doctor thought that his wife must have some kind of 'internal clock' inside her brain that ran faster as the fever went up.
What is the topic sentence? 🏯
David Stenbill, Monica Bigoutski, Shana Tirana.
I just made up these names.
If you encounter any of them within the next few minutes, you are likely to remember where you saw them.
You know, and will know for a while, that these are not the names of minor celebrities.
But suppose that a few days from now you are shown a long list of names, including those of some minor celebrities and "new" names of people that you have never heard of; your task will be to check every name of a celebrity on the list.
There is a substantial probability that you will identify David Stenbill as a well‑known person, although you will not know whether you encountered his name in the context of movies, sports, or politics.
Larry Jacoby, the psychologist who first demonstrated this memory illusion in the laboratory, titled his article "Becoming Famous Overnight".
How does this happen?
Start by asking yourself how you know whether or not someone is famous.
In some cases of truly famous people, you have a mental file with rich information about a person — think Albert Einstein, Michael Jackson, or Hillary Clinton.
But you will have no file of information about David Stenbill if you encounter his name in a few days.
All you will have is a sense of familiarity.
What is the topic sentence? 🚏
Is it possible that two words can change someone's day, someone's life?
What if those same two words could change the world?
Well, Cheryl Rice is on a quest to find out.
This quest accidentally began in November, 2016 in a grocery store.
She was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60's.
When it was the woman's turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.
The woman looked down, shook her head and said, "Not so good.
My husband just lost his job.
I don't know how I'm going to get through the holidays.
"Then she gave the cashier some food stamps.
Cheryl's heart ached.
She wanted to help but didn't know how.
"Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband's resume?"
She did nothing — yet.
And the woman left the store.
As Cheryl walked into the parking lot, she spotted the woman returning her shopping cart, and she remembered something in her purse that could help her.
She approached the woman and said, "Excuse me, I couldn't help overhearing what you said to the cashier.
It sounds like you're going through a really hard time right now.
I'm so sorry.
I'd like to give you something.
"And she handed her a small card.
When the woman read the card's only two words, she began to cry.
And through her tears, she said, "You have no idea how much this means to me.
"She was a little startled by her reply.
Having never done anything like this before, Cheryl hadn't anticipated the reaction she might receive.
All she could think to respond was, "Oh, my.
Would it be OK to give you a hug?
"After they embraced, she walked back to her car and began to cry too.
The words on the card?
"You Matter."
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2018 09 고2 모의고사 본문 한줄해석 (0) | 2018.11.11 |
2018 06 고3 모의고사 본문 한줄해석 (0) | 2018.11.11 |
2018 09 고3 모의고사 본문 한줄해석 (0) | 2018.11.11 |
2018 09 고2 모의고사 본문 한줄해석
1. 🥕 I am the principal of Springfield Public School.
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2. As you know, Springfield Public School is located at the intersection of First Street and Pine Street.
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3. The safety of our children is at risk largely due to the disregard for speed limits by motorists traveling along Pine Street.
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4. I have regularly witnessed vehicles traveling far in excess of the speed limit on Pine Street.
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5. Additionally, parents have expressed concern for the safety of their children who must cross Pine Street.
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6. For these reasons, we are requesting the installation of speed bumps on Pine Street.
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7. I know that one of your missions, as well as ours, is to ensure that our young people are afforded a safe and secure environment to and from school each day.
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8. I anticipate that your approval of this request will greatly improve the safety of our children.
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9. 🥕 Rivera, who was closest to the dispenser, spun around.
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10. He cast about, looking for the source of the fire, and for a second Steve thought he might miss the smoke.
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11. Then Rivera grabbed the burning cylinder and headed for the edge of the flight deck.
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12. There was a crack like a rifle shot.
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13. Sparks and rockets ripped apart the night.
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14. Rivera rolled on the ground.
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15. His entire arm was a glowing torch.
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16. Steve ran.
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17. When he reached the burning man, he plunged to his knees and ripped off his float coat.
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18. He used the vest to smother the flames on Rivera's arm and back, screaming for a medic even though he knew he wouldn't be heard.
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19. 🥕 When you enter a store, what do you see?
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20. It is quite likely that you will see many options and choices.
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21. It doesn't matter whether you want to buy tea, coffee, jeans, or a phone.
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22. In all these situations, we are basically flooded with options from which we can choose.
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23. What will happen if we ask someone, whether online or offline, if he or she prefers having more alternatives or less?
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24. The majority of people will tell us that they prefer having more alternatives.
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25. This finding is interesting because, as science suggests, the more options we have, the harder our decision making process will be.
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26. The thing is that when the amount of options exceeds a certain level, our decision making will start to suffer.
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27. 🥕 What we need in education is not measurement, accountability, or standards.
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28. While these can be useful tools for improvement, they should hardly occupy center stage.
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29. Our focus should instead be on making sure we are giving our youth an education that is going to arm them to save humanity.
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30. We are faced with unprecedented perils, and these perils are multiplying and pushing at our collective gates.
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31. We should be bolstering curriculum that helps young people mature into ethical adults who feel a responsibility to the global community.
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32. Without this sense of responsibility we have seen that many talented individuals give in to their greed and pride, and this destroys economies, ecosystems, and entire species.
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33. While we certainly should not abandon efforts to develop standards in different content areas, and also strengthen the STEM subjects, we need to take seriously our need for an education centered on global responsibility.
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34. If we don't, we risk extinction.
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35. 🥕 Although we don't know the full neurological effects of digital technologies on young children's development, we do know that all screen time is not created equal.
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36. For example, reading an e-book, videoconferencing with grandma, or showing your child a picture you just took of them is not the same as the passive, television-watching screen time that concerns many parents and educators.
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37. So, rather than focusing on how much children are interacting with screens, parents and educators are turning their focus instead to what children are interacting with and who is talking with them about their experiences.
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38. Though parents may be tempted to hand a child a screen and walk away, guiding children's media experiences helps them build important 21st Century skills, such as critical thinking and media literacy.
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39. 🥕 Many parents do not understand why their teenagers occasionally behave in an irrational or dangerous way.
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40. At times, it seems like teens don't think things through or fully consider the consequences of their actions.
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41. Adolescents differ from adults in the way they behave, solve problems, and make decisions.
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42. There is a biological explanation for this difference.
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43. Studies have shown that brains continue to mature and develop throughout adolescence and well into early adulthood.
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44. Scientists have identified a specific region of the brain that is responsible for immediate reactions including fear and aggressive behavior.
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45. This region develops early.
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46. However, the frontal cortex, the area of the brain that controls reasoning and helps us think before we act, develops later.
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47. This part of the brain is still changing and maturing well into adulthood.
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48. 🥕 Shah Rukh Khan is an Indian film actor and producer.
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49. Khan studied economics in college but spent much of his time at Delhi's Theatre Action Group, where he studied acting.
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50. He moved from Delhi to Mumbai to pursue a full-time career in Bollywood, which led him to great fame.
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51. Referred to in the media as the "King of Bollywood" or "King Khan," he has appeared in more than 80 Bollywood films.
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52. In 2007, the French government awarded Khan the Order of Arts and Letters for his contribution to cinema.
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53. He is regularly featured on lists of the most influential people in Indian culture, and in 2008, he was chosen as one of the 50 most powerful people in the world.
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54. Khan's philanthropic endeavors have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honored with UNESCO's Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of children's education.
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55. 🥕 Are cats liquid or solid?
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56. That's the kind of question that could win a scientist an Ig Nobel Prize, a parody of the Nobel Prize that honors research that "makes people laugh, then think."
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57. But it wasn't with this in mind that Marc-Antoine Fardin, a physicist at Paris Diderot University, set out to find out whether house cats flow.
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58. Fardin noticed that these furry pets can adapt to the shape of the container they sit in similarly to what fluids such as water do.
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59. So he applied rheology, the branch of physics that deals with the deformation of matter, to calculate the time it takes for cats to take up the space of a vase or bathroom sink.
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60. The conclusion?
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61. Cats can be either liquid or solid, depending on the circumstances.
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62. A cat in a small box will behave like a fluid, filling up all the space.
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63. But a cat in a bathtub full of water will try to minimize its contact with it and behave very much like a solid.
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64. 🥕 A phenomenon in social psychology, the Pratfall Effect states that an individual's perceived attractiveness increases or decreases after he or she makes a mistake ― depending on the individual's perceived competence.
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65. As celebrities are generally considered to be competent individuals, and often even presented as flawless or perfect in certain aspects, committing blunders will make one's humanness endearing to others.
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66. Basically, those who never make mistakes are perceived as being less attractive and "likable" than those who make occasional mistakes.
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67. Perfection, or the attribution of that quality to individuals, creates a perceived distance that the general public cannot relate to ―making those who never make mistakes perceived as being less attractive or likable.
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68. However, this can also have the opposite effect ― if a perceived average or less than average competent person makes a mistake, he or she will be less attractive and likable to others.
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69. 🥕 A lovely little girl was holding two apples with both hands.
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70. Her mom came in and softly asked her little daughter with a smile, "My sweetie, could you give your mom one of your two apples?"
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71. The girl looked up at her for some seconds.
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72. Then she suddenly took a quick bite of one apple, and then quickly of the other.
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73. Although the mom felt the smile on her face freeze, she tried hard not to reveal her disappointment.
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74. Then the little girl handed one of her bitten apples to her, and said, "Mommy, here you are.
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75. This is the sweeter one."
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76. There, she realized no matter who you are, how experienced you are, and how knowledgeable you think you are, you should always delay judgment.
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77. 🥕 Online environments vary widely in how easily you can save whatever happens there, what I call its recordability and preservability.
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78. Even though the design, activities, and membership of social media might change over time, the content of what people posted usually remains intact.
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79. Email, video, audio, and text messages can be saved.
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80. When perfect preservation is possible, time has been suspended.
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81. Whenever you want, you can go back to reexamine those events from the past.
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82. In other situations, permanency slips between our fingers, even challenging our reality testing about whether something existed at all, as when an email that we seem to remember receiving mysteriously disappears from our inbox.
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83. The slightest accidental tap of the finger can send an otherwise everlasting document into nothingness.
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84. 🥕 Verbal and nonverbal signs are not only relevant but also significant to intercultural communication.
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85. The breakdown of them helps to identify aspects of conversations.
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86. Here is an excellent example.
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87. Newly hired Indian and Pakistani assistants in a staff cafeteria at Heathrow Airport were often perceived as rude or uncooperative by their supervisors and the airport staff, while the Indian and Pakistani women complained of discrimination.
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88. Observation revealed that intonation patterns were the primary cause.
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89. When the staff ordered meat, the cafeteria assistant was supposed to ask them whether they would like to have some gravy.
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90. Instead of saying "gravy" with a rising intonation, the Asian assistants would say "gravy" with a falling intonation, which is their normal way of asking a question.
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91. However, this may appear rude to native speakers of English: "gravy" with falling intonation came across as a statement, suggesting "This is gravy.
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92. Take it or leave it."
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93. 🥕 Science can only tell us how the world appears to us, not how it is independent of our observation of it, and therefore right now will always elude science.
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94. When you look into space, you are looking into an ancient past.
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95. Some of the stars are already long dead yet we still see them because of their traveling light.
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96. Let's say that we are on one of those stars situated roughly sixty million light-years away.
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97. If we had a really awesome telescope pointed at the earth, we would see the dinosaurs walking around.
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98. The end of the universe is probably so old that if we had that telescope, we might be able to see the beginning.
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99. Besides faraway things, even the immediate objects around us are all afterimages of the past because there is still a time lag for the reflection of light to reach our eyes.
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100. Every sensation our body feels has to wait for the information to be carried to the brain.
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101. 🥕 For many centuries European science, and knowledge in general, was recorded in Latin ― a language that no one spoke any longer and that had to be learned in schools.
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102. Very few individuals, probably less than one percent, had the means to study Latin enough to read books in that language and therefore to participate in the intellectual discourse of the times.
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103. Moreover, few people had access to books, which were handwritten, scarce, and expensive.
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104. The great explosion of scientific creativity in Europe was certainly helped by the sudden spread of information brought about by Gutenberg's use of movable type in printing and by the legitimation of everyday languages, which rapidly replaced Latin as the medium of discourse.
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105. In sixteenth-century Europe it became much easier to make a creative contribution not necessarily because more creative individuals were born then than in previous centuries or because social supports became more favorable, but because information became more widely accessible.
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106. 🥕 Calling your pants "blue jeans" almost seems redundant because practically all denim is blue.
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107. While jeans are probably the most versatile pants in your wardrobe, blue actually isn't a particularly neutral color.
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108. Ever wonder why it's the most commonly used hue?
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109. Blue was the chosen color for denim because of the chemical properties of blue dye.
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110. Most dyes will permeate fabric in hot temperatures, making the color stick.
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111. The natural indigo dye used in the first jeans, on the other hand, would stick only to the outside of the threads.
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112. When the indigo-dyed denim is washed, tiny amounts of that dye get washed away, and the thread comes with them.
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113. The more denim was washed, the softer it would get, eventually achieving that worn-in, made-just-for-me feeling you probably get with your favorite jeans.
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114. That softness made jeans the trousers of choice for laborers.
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115. 🥕 Your concepts are a primary tool for your brain to guess the meaning of incoming sensory inputs.
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116. For example, concepts give meaning to changes in sound pressure so you hear them as words or music instead of random noise.
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117. In Western culture, most music is based on an octave divided into twelve equally spaced pitches: the equal-tempered scale codified by Johann Sebastian Bach in the 17th century.
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118. All people of Western culture with normal hearing have a concept for this ubiquitous scale, even if they can't explicitly describe it.
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119. Not all music uses this scale, however.
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120. When Westerners hear Indonesian gamelan music first time, which is based on seven pitches per octave with varied tunings, it's more likely to sound like noise.
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121. A brain that's been wired by listening to twelve-tone scales doesn't have a concept for that music.
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122. 🥕 Framing matters in many domains.
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123. When credit cards started to become popular forms of payment in the 1970s, some retail merchants wanted to charge different prices to their cash and credit card customers.
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124. To prevent this, credit card companies adopted rules that forbade their retailers from charging different prices to cash and credit customers.
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125. However, when a bill was introduced in Congress to outlaw such rules, the credit card lobby turned its attention to language.
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126. Its preference was that if a company charged different prices to cash and credit customers, the credit price should be considered the "normal" (default) price and the cash price a discount ― rather than the alternative of making the cash price the usual price and charging a surcharge to credit card customers.
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127. The credit card companies had a good intuitive understanding of what psychologists would come to call "framing."
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128. The idea is that choices depend, in part, on the way in which problems are stated.
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129. 🥕 Tap your finger on the surface of a wooden table or desk, and observe the loudness of the sound you hear.
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130. Then, place your ear flat on top of the table or desk.
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131. With your finger about one foot away from your ear, tap the table top and observe the loudness of the sound you hear again.
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132. The volume of the sound you hear with your ear on the desk is much louder than with it off the desk.
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133. Sound waves are capable of traveling through many solid materials as well as through air.
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134. Solids, like wood for example, transfer the sound waves much better than air typically does because the molecules in a solid substance are much closer and more tightly packed together than they are in air.
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135. This allows the solids to carry the waves more easily and efficiently, resulting in a louder sound.
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136. The density of the air itself also plays a determining factor in the loudness of sound waves passing through it.
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137. 🥕 At their heart, games differ from other media in one fundamental way: they offer players the chance to influence outcomes through their own efforts.
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138. With rare exception, this is not true of film, novels, or television.
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139. Readers and viewers of these other media follow along, reacting to the story and its twists and turns, without having a direct personal impact on the events they witness.
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140. In games, players have the unique ability to control what unfolds.
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141. As Sid Meier, a game designer, once said, "A good game is a series of interesting choices."
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142. 🥕 A primary school teacher is helping students to understand fractional parts by using what she thinks is a commonplace reference.
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143. "Today, we're going to talk about cutting up a Thanksgiving holiday favorite ―pumpkin pie."
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144. She continues with an explanation of parts.
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145. Well into her discourse, a young African American boy, looking puzzled, asks, "What is pumpkin pie?"
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146. Most African Americans are likely to serve sweet potato pie for holiday dinners.
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147. In fact, one of the ways that African American parents explain pumpkin pie to their children is to say that it is something like sweet potato pie.
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148. For them, sweet potato pie is the common referent.
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149. Even the slight difference of being unfamiliar with pumpkin pie can serve as a source of interference for the student.
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150. Rather than be engaged actively in the lesson, he may have been preoccupied with trying to imagine pumpkin pie: What does it taste like?
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151. How does it smell?
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152. Is its texture chunky like apple or cherry pie?
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153. In the mind of a child, all of these questions can become more of the focus than the subject of fractions that the teacher is attempting to teach.
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154. Even small differences in cultural knowledge have the potential to affect students' learning.
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155. 🥕 In 2000, James Kuklinski of the University of Illinois led an influential experiment in which more than 1,000 Illinois residents were asked questions about welfare.
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156. More than half indicated that they were confident that their answers were correct ― but in fact, only three percent of the people got more than half of the questions right.
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157. Perhaps more disturbingly, the ones who were the most confident they were right were generally the ones who knew the least about the topic.
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158. Kuklinski calls this sort of response the "I know I'm right" syndrome.
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159. "It implies not only that most people will resist correcting their factual beliefs," he wrote, "but also that the very people who most need to correct them will be least likely to do so."
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160. How can we have things so wrong and be so sure that we're right?
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161. Part of the answer lies in the way our brains are wired.
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162. Generally, people tend to seek consistency.
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163. There is a substantial body of psychological research showing that people tend to interpret information with an eye toward reinforcing their preexisting views.
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164. If we believe something about the world, we are more likely to passively accept as truth any information that confirms our beliefs, and actively dismiss information that doesn't.
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165. This is known as "motivated reasoning."
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166. Whether or not the consistent information is accurate, we might accept it as fact, as confirmation of our beliefs.
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167. This makes us more confident in said beliefs, and even less likely to entertain facts that contradict them.
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168. 🥕 Once, there were two woodcutters ― a young, strong one and an old one ― cutting down trees in a jungle.
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169. The young man was very hardworking.
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170. On his first day, he worked through his break time and complained that the old man was wasting time, taking several breaks to eat and drink.
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171. That day, the young woodcutter brought 15 trees to their boss.
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172. "Fantastic" the boss said.
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173. "Keep up the great work!"
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174. Highly motivated by his words, the young woodcutter tried harder the next day, but he could only bring ten trees.
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175. The third day he tried even harder, but he was only able to bring seven trees.
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176. Day after day, he was bringing less and less trees.
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177. As time went by, he noticed that even though he worked through his break time and hardly took a rest, the old woodcutter was cutting down the same amount of trees as him― and sometimes chopped down even more.
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178. It was as if the old man worked through the break time just as he did.
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179. So, the young woodcutter decided to work harder the next day.
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180. Unfortunately, the results were even worse.
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181. "I must be losing my strength," the young man thought.
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182. One day, the old man invited him for a drink during the break time.
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183. The young man refused and said he had no extra time.
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184. Then, the old man smiled and said to him, "It is a waste of effort to keep chopping trees without re-sharpening your axe.
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185. Sooner or later, you will have to give up because you've spent too much energy."
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186. Suddenly the young woodcutter realized that during break times while the old man was having a drink, he was also re-sharpening his axe, which the young woodcutter never did.
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187. That's how he could chop more than the young man in less time!
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188. The old man said that we all need time to relax, to think and meditate, and to learn and grow.
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189. If we don't take the time to sharpen the "axe," we will become dull and lose our effectiveness.
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1. 저는 Springfield 공립학교 교장입니다.
2. 아시다시피, Springfield 공립학교는 First Street와 Pine Street의 교차로에 있습니다.
3. 우리 아이들의 안전이 Pine Street를 지나가는 자동차 운전자들의 제한 속도 무시로 인해 크게 위협받고 있습니다.
4. 저는 종종 Pine Street의 제한속도를 훨씬 초과하여 운행하는 차량들을 목격해 왔습니다.
5. 게다가, 학부모들은 Pine Street를 건너야 하는 자녀들의 안전을 우려해 왔습니다.
6. 이러한 이유로, 우리는 Pine Street에 과속 방지턱을 설치해 줄 것을 요청합니다.
7. 저는 당신의 임무 중에 하나가, 우리의 임무와 마찬가지로, 우리의 아이들에게 매일 안전하고 위험이 없는 통학 환경을 제공하도록 보장하는 것이라고 알고 있습니다.
8. 저는 이러한 요청에 대한 당신의 승인이 우리 아이들의 안전을 크게 향상시켜 줄 것이라고 기대합니다.
9. 디스펜서와 가장 가까운 곳에 있었던 Rivera는 휙 돌아섰다.
10. 그는 발화지점을 찾으며 돌아다녔고, 그리고 잠시 Steve는 그가 연기를 놓쳤을지도 모른다고 생각했다.
11. 그러고 나서 Rivera는 타오르는 실린더를 움켜쥐고 비행갑판 끝으로 향했다.
12. 총성과 같은 날카로운 소리가 있었다.
13. 섬광과 불꽃이 어둠을 갈가리 흩뜨렸다.
14. Rivera는 바닥 위를 굴렀다.
15. 그의 팔 전체가 불타오르는 횃불이 되었다.
16. Steve는 달렸다.
17. 그가 불타고 있는 남자에게 다가갔을 때, 그는 털썩 무릎을 꿇고 그의 구명조끼를 벗었다.
18. 그는 Rivera의 팔과 등에 타오르는 불을 덮어서 끄기 위해 구명조끼를 사용했고, 들리지 않을 것을 알고 있었음에도 위생병을 외쳤다.
19. 당신이 상점에 들어갈 때, 무엇을 보게 되는가?
20. 당신은 많은 선택 사항들과 선택지를 보게 될 것이다.
21. 당신이 차, 커피, 청바지 혹은 전화기를 사고 싶어 하는가의 여부는 중요하지 않다.
22. 이러한 모든 상황 속에서, 우리는 기본적으로 우리가 고를 수 있는 선택 사항들로 넘쳐나게 된다.
23. 만약, 온라인이든 오프라인이든, 우리가 누군가에게 더 많은 선택 사항을 선호하는지 더 적은 선택 사항을 선호 하는지를 묻는다면, 무슨 일이 일어날까?
24. 대다수의 사람들은 그들이 더 많은 선택 사항을 갖는 것을 선호한다고 우리에게 말할 것이다.
25. 이러한 발견은 흥미로운데 왜냐하면, 과학이 보여주듯이, 선택의 폭이 넓어질수록, 우리의 의사 결정 과정은 더 어려워질 것이기 때문이다.
26. 중요한 점은 선택 사항의 양이 일정 수준을 넘어서면, 우리의 의사 결정이 고통스러워지기 시작할 것이라는 점이다.
27. 교육에서 우리가 필요한 것은 측정, 책무성, 또는 표준이 아니다.
28. 이러한 것들은 향상을 위한 유용한 도구가 될 수 있지만, 이러한 것들이 중심적인 위치를 차지해서는 안 된다.
29. 그 대신에 우리는 우리의 아이들에게 인류를 지키도록 그들을 준비시킬 교육을 제공하는 것을 보장하는 데 초점을 맞추어야 한다.
30. 우리는 전례 없는 위기에 직면해 있고 이 위기들은 증가하고 있으며 우리 공동체의 문을 밀어붙이고 있다.
31. 우리는 우리의 아이들이 지구 공동체에 책임감을 느끼는 도덕적인 인간으로 성숙해지는 것에 도움을 주는 교육과정을 강화해야 한다.
32. 우리는 많은 재능이 있는 개인들이 이러한 책임감 없이 그들의 탐욕과 자만심에 굴복하는 것, 그리고 이것이 경제, 생태계, 그리고 전체 종을 파괴하는 것을 보아 왔다.
33. 우리는 다양한 내용 영역에서 기준을 개발하고 STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) 과목들을 강화하려는 노력을 정말 단념해서는 안되지만, 우리는 지구 공동체 책임감에 중점을 둔 교육에 대한 우리의 필요성을 진지하게 받아들여야 한다.
34. 그렇지 않으면, 우리는 멸종의 위험에 놓이게 된다.
35. 비록 우리가 아이들의 발달에 미치는 디지털 기술의 모든 신경학적인 영향을 알지 못하지만, 우리는 모든 screen time이 동등하게 만들어지지 않는다는 사실을 분명히 알고 있다.
36. 예를 들어, 전 자책을 읽는 것, 할머니와 화상 통화를 하는 것, 혹은 당신이 방금 찍은 아이의 사진을 아이에게 보여주는 것은 많은 부모와 교육자를 걱정시키는 수동적으로 TV를 시청하는 screen time과 같지 않다.
37. 그래서 아이들이 얼마나 많이 스크린과 상호작용하는가에 집중하기보다는, 그 대신에 부모 와 교육자는 아이들이 무엇과 상호작용하고 있는가와 누가 그들과 그들의 경험에 대해 이야기하고 있는가로 초점을 돌리고 있다.
38. 비록 부모가 아이에게 스크린을 건네주고 떠나고 싶은 유혹을 느낄 수 있으나, 아이들에게 미디어에 대한 경험을 안내해 주는 것은 그들이 비판적 사고력과 미디어 정보 독해력과 같은 중요한 21세기 핵심 역량을 발달시키는 데 도움을 준다.
39. 비합리적이거나 위험한 방식으로 행동하는 이유를 알지 못한다.
40. 가끔씩, 십대 아이들은 충분히 생각하지 않거나 그들의 행동의 결과를 충분히 고려하지 않는 것처럼 보인다.
41. 청소년들은 그들이 행동하고 문제를 해결하고 의사를 결정하는 방식에서 어른과 다르다.
42. 이러한 차이에 대한 생물학적 설명이 있다.
43. 연구는 두뇌가 청소년기에 걸쳐서 그리고 초기 성인기까지 계속해서 성숙하고 발달한다는 것을 보여준다.
44. 과학자들은 두려움과 공격적인 행동을 포함하는 즉각적인 반응을 관장하는 두뇌의 특정 영역을 확인하였다.
45. 이 영역은 일찍 발달한다.
46. 그러나 이성을 통제하고 우리가 행동하기 전에 생각하는 것을 도와주는 두뇌의 영역인 전두엽은 나중에 발달한다.
47. 두뇌의 이러한 영역은 성인기까지 계속 변화하고 성숙한다.
48. Shah Rukh Khan은 인도의 영화배우이자 제작자이다.
49. Khan은 대학에서 경제학을 공부했지 만 Delhi의 Theatre Action Group에서 많은 시간을 보냈고, 그곳에서 연기를 공부했다.
50. Bollywood 에서 전업으로 일을 하기 위해 Delhi에서 Mumbai 로 이주했고, 이는 그에게 큰 명성을 가져다 주었다.
51. "King of Bollywood" 또는 "King Khan"으로 매체에서 불렸던 그는 80편이 넘는 Bollywood 영화에 출연했다.
52. 2007년에 프랑스 정부는 영화에 대한 공로로 Khan에게 the Order of Arts and Letters를 수여하였다.
53. 그는 정기적으로 인도 문화에서 가장 영향력 있는 인물들 목록에 등재되며, 2008년에는 세계에서 가장 영향력 있는 50인 중 한 명으로 선정되었다.
54. Khan의 박애주의적인 노력은 의료 서비스와 재난 구호를 제공해왔으며, 그는 2011년에 아동 교육에 대한 후원으로 UNESCO에서 Pyramide con Marni 상을 받았다.
55. 고양이는 액체일까 고체일까?
56. 이는 "사람들을 웃게 한 후 생각을 하게 만드는" 연구에 경의를 표하는, 노벨상의 패러디인 이그 노벨상을 과학자가 타게 할 수 있는 종류의 질문이다.
57. 하지만 Paris Diderot 대학의 물리학자인 MarcAntoine Fardin은 이런 생각을 하면서 집고양이가 액체처럼 흐물거리며 움직이는지 아닌지를 알아내는 것을 시작한 것은 아니었다.
58. Fardin은 털로 덮인 이 애완동물이 물과 같은 액체가 하는 것과 유사하게 그들이 들어가 앉아 있는 용기의 모양에 맞게 조절할 수 있다는 것을 알아냈다.
59. 그래서 그는 고양이가 꽃병 또는 욕조의 공간을 채우는 데 걸리는 시간을 계산하기 위해 물질의 변형을 다루는 물리학의 한 분야인 유동학을 적용했다.
60. 결론은?
61. 고양이는 환경에 따라 액체도 될 수 있고 고체도 될 수 있다.
62. 작은 상자 안의 고양이는 그 모든 공간을 채우며 액체처럼 행동할 것이다.
63. 하지만 물로 가득 찬 욕조의 고양이는 그것과의 접촉을 최소화하려고 노력하면서 고체와 매우 유사하게 움직일 것이다.
64. 사회 심리학의 한 현상인 Pratfall Effect는 한 개인의 인지된 매력도가 그 또는 그녀가 실수를 한 후에 그 사람의 인지된 능력에 따라 증가 또는 감소한다고 말한다.
65. 유명 인사들은 일반적으로 능력 있는 사람들로 여겨지고 특정한 측면에서 종종 흠이 없고 완벽하다고도 보이기 때문에, 실수를 저지르는 것은 그 사람의 인간미를 다른 사람들에게 사랑을 받도록 만들 것이다.
66. 기본적으로 실수를 전혀 저지르지 않는 사람들은 이따금 실수를 저지르는 사람들에 비해 덜 매력적이거나 덜 호감을 주는 것으로 인지된다.
67. 완벽성, 혹은 그 자질을 개인들에게 귀속하는 것은 일반 대중들이 (자신과) 관련 지을 수 없는 인지된 거리감을 만들며 실수를 전혀 저지르지 않는 사람들을 덜 매력적이고 덜 호감이 가도록 만든다.
68. 하지만 이것은 또한 정반대의 효과도 가지는데, 인지된 평균 혹은 그 이하의 능력을 가진 사람이 실수를 저지른다면, 그 또는 그녀는 다른 사람들에게 덜 매력적이고 호감을 덜 주게 될 것이다.
69. 사랑스러운 작은 소녀가 양 손에 두 개의 사과를 들고 있었다.
70. 그녀의 어머니가 들어와 미소를 띠며 그녀의 어린 딸에게 상냥히 물었다, "우리 아가, 엄마에게 네가 갖고 있는 사과 중에 하나를 줄 수 있을까?"
71. 그 소녀는 그녀를 잠시 올려다보았다.
72. 그런 후 그녀는 갑자기 한 사과의 한 입을, 그리고 다른 사과의 한 입을 재빨리 베어 물었다.
73. 어머니는 그녀의 얼굴에서 미소가 굳어지는 것을 느꼈지만, 그녀는 그녀의 실망을 드러내지 않으려 몹시 노력했다.
74. 그 후에 어린 소녀는 자신이 베어 문 사과 중 하나를 그녀에게 건네주고 말했다, "엄마, 여기 있어요.
75. 이게 더 단 거예요."
76. 그 부분에서 그녀는 당신이 누구인지, 얼마나 경험이 있는지, 그리고 당신이 생각하기에 당신이 얼마나 박식한지에 상관없이 항상 판단을 보류해야 한다는 것을 깨달았다.
77. 온라인 환경은 거기에서 일어나는 일이 무엇이든지 간에 얼마나 쉽게 저장할 수 있는지에 따라 아주 다양한데, 나는 그것의 기록 가능성과 저장 가능성이라고 부른다.
78. 비록 소셜 미디어의 디자인, 활동, 멤버십이 시간이 지남에 따라 바뀔지도 모르겠지만, 사람들이 게시했던 것의 내용은 보통 훼손되지 않고 남아 있다.
79. 이메일, 동영상, 음성, 텍스트 메시지는 저장될 수 있다.
80. 완벽한 보존이 가능할 때, 시간은 멈춰 있다.
81. 당신이 원할 때마다 그러한 과거의 사건들을 다시 돌아보기 위해 되돌아 갈 수 있다.
82. 또 다른 상황에서, 우리가 받았다고 기억하는 것처럼 보이는 이메일이 우리의 받은 편지함에서 불가사의하게 사라질 때처럼, 어떤 것이 어떤 식으로든 존재했었는지에 대한 실재 검증에 심지어 이의를 제기하면서, 영속성은 우리 손가락 사이로 빠져나간다.
83. 손가락으로 우연하게 살짝 톡 친 것이 그렇게 하지 않았으면 영원히 존재했을 문서를 무(無)의 상태로 보내 버릴 수 있다.
84. 언어적, 비언어적 신호들은 문화 간 의사소통과 관련되어 있을 뿐만 아니라 (문화 간 의사소통에 있어서) 중요하다.
85. 그것들을 분석하는 것은 대화의 양상을 파악하는 데 도움이 된다.
86. 여기 아주 훌륭한 예가 있다.
87. Heathrow 공항 직원 식당에 새로 고용된 인도, 파키스탄 직원들은 관리자들과 공항 직원들로부터 종종 무례하고 비협조적이라고 여겨졌던 반면 인도와 파키스탄 여성들은 차별에 대해 불평했다.
88. 억양 패턴이 주요 이유라고 관찰에 의해 밝혀졌다.
89. 공항 직원이 고기를 주문했을 때, 그 식당 직원은 gravy가 조금 필요한지 아닌지 물어봐야 했다.
90. 상승조의 "gravy"라고 말하는 것 대신에 아시아계 직원들은 하강조로 "gravy"라고 말하곤 했는데, 그것은 그들의 일반적인 질문 방식이다.
91. 그러나 이것은 영어를 모국어로 쓰는 사람들에게는 무례하게 비춰질지도 모른다- 하강조의 "gravy"는 "이것이 gravy예요.
92. 가져 가든지 말든지"를 암시하는 말의 인상을 주었다.
93. 과학은 세상이 세상에 대한 우리의 관찰과 어떻게 별개인가가 아니라, 세상이 어떻게 우리에 게 보이는지를 말해 줄 수 있을 뿐이고, 그러므로 바로 지금은 항상 과학을 벗어날 것이다.
94. 당신이 우주를 들여다볼 때, 먼 옛날의 과거를 들여다보는 것이다.
95. 몇몇 별들은 이미 오래 전에 죽었지만 우리는 그 별들의 이동하는 빛 때문에 여전히 그것들을 본다.
96. 대략 6,000만 광년 떨어진 곳에 위 치한 별들 중 하나에 우리가 존재한다고 가정해 보자.
97. 만약 우리가 지구를 향해 있는 성능이 정말 좋은 망원경을 가지고 있다면, 공룡이 걸어 다니고 있는 것을 볼 것이다.
98. 우주의 끝은 아마도 너무 오래되어서 만약 우리가 그러한 망원경을 가지고 있다면 우주의 시작을 볼 수 있을지도 모른다.
99. 멀리 떨어진 것들 외에도 가까이 있는 물체들조차 모두 과거의 잔상인데 그 이유는 빛의 반사가 우리 눈에 도달하는 데 여전히 시간상의 지체가 있기 때문이다.
100. 우리 몸이 느끼는 모든 감각은 그 정보가 뇌에 전달되기까지 기다려야 한다.
101. 수 세기 동안, 유럽의 과학, 그리고 일반 지식이 라틴어로 기록되었는데, 그 언어는 아무도 더 이상 말하지 않고 학교에서 배워야 하는 언어였다.
102. 아마도 1퍼센트도 안 되는 아주 극소수의 사람들만 이 그 언어로 된 책을 읽고 그래서 그 당시의 지적인 담화에 참여할 만큼 충분히 라틴어를 공부할 수단을 가졌다.
103. 게다가, 책에 접근할 수 있는 사람은 거의 없었는데, 그 책들은 손으로 쓰였고 아주 희귀하고 비쌌다.
104. 구텐베르크의 인쇄술에서의 가동 활자의 사용과 일상 언어의 합법적 인정에 의해 생겨난 갑작스런 정보의 확산은 유럽에서 과학적 창의성의 거대한 폭발을 확실히 도왔고, 그것은 담화의 수단으로써 라틴어를 빠르게 대체했다.
105. 이전 시대보다 반드시 그 때에 더 많은 창의적인 사람들이 태어났기 때문이거나, 사회적인 지원이 좀 더 호의적이었기 때문이 아니라, 정보가 더욱 널리 접근 가능하게 되었기 때문에 16세기 유럽에서 창의적인 기여를 하는 것이 훨씬 더 쉬워졌다.
106. 거의 모든 데님이 파란색이기 때문에 바지를 "파란 청바지"라 부르는 것은 거의 표현이 중복된 것처럼 보인다.
107. 청바지가 아마도 당신의 옷장 속에 있는 가장 활용도가 높은 바지이지만, 사실 파란 색이 특별히 무난한 색은 아니다.
108. 왜 파란색이 (청바지에) 가장 흔하게 사용되는 색상인지 궁금해 해 본 적이 있는가?
109. 파란색은 청색 염료의 화학적 특성 때문에 데님의 색깔로 선택되었다.
110. 대부분의 염료는 높은 온도에서 색이 천에 들러붙게 하며 스며들게 된다.
111. 반면에 최초의 청바지에 사용되었던 천연 남색 염료는 옷감의 바깥쪽에만 들러붙었다.
112. 남색으로 염색된 데님을 빨 때, 그 염료 중 소량은 씻겨나가게 되고 실이 염료와 함께 나오게 된다.
113. 데님을 더 많이 빨수록, 더 부드러워지게 되고, 마침내 당신이 가장 좋아하는 청바지로부터, 닳아 해어지고, 나만을 위해 만들어졌다는 느낌을 아마도 얻게 된다.
114. 이 부드러움은 청바지를 노동자들이 가장 많이 선택하는 바지로 만들었다.
115. 당신의 개념은 입력되는 감각 정보의 의미를 추측하게 하는 뇌의 주요한 도구이다.
116. 예를 들어, 개념은 음압의 변화에 의미를 부여하며, 그래서 당신은 그 변화를 마구잡이의 소음 대신에 말이나 음악으로 듣는다.
117. 서구 문화에서 대부분의 음악은 12개의 동일한 간격을 가지고 있는 음의 높낮이로 나누어진 하나의 옥타브를 기본으로 하는데, 이것은 17세기의 Johann Sebastian Bach의 평균율 음계를 체계화한 것이다.
118. 비록 정상적인 듣기 능력을 가지고 있는 서구 문화의 모든 사람들 이 명시적으로 설명할 수 없을지라도 그들은 이 흔한 음계에 대한 개념을 가지고 있다.
119. 그러나 모든 음악이 이 음계를 사용하는 것은 아니다.
120. 서구 인들이 다양한 음의 조율과 더불어 한 옥타브 당 7개의 음의 높낮이를 기본으로 한 인도네시아 gamelan 음악을 처음 들었을 때 그것이 소음처럼 들릴 가능성이 더 높다.
121. 12음계를 들음으로써 고정된 뇌는 그 음악에 대한 개념을 가지고 있지 않다.
122. 프레이밍(Framing)은 많은 영역에서 중요하다.
123. 신용카드가 1970년대에 인기 있는 지불 방식이 되기 시작했을 때, 몇몇 소매상들은 그들의 현금과 신용카드 고객들에게 다른 가격을 청구하기를 원했다.
124. 이것을 막기 위해서, 신용카드 회사 들은 소매상들이 현금과 신용카드 고객들에게 다른 가격을 청구하는 것을 막는 규정을 채택했다.
125. 하지만, 그러한 규정들을 금지하기 위한 법안이 의회에 제출되었을 때, 신용카드 압력단체는 주의를 언어로 돌렸다.
126. 그 단체가 선호하는 것은 만약 회사가 다른 가격을 현금과 신용카드 고객들에게 청구한다면, 현금 가격을 보통 가격으로 만들고 신용카드 고객들에게 추가요금을 청구하는 방안보다는 오히려 신용카드 가격은 "정상"(디폴트)가 격, 현금 가격은 할인으로 여겨져야 한다는 것이었다.
127. 신용카드 회사들은 심리학자들이 "프레이밍" 이라고 부르게 된 것에 대한 훌륭한 직관적 이해를 하고 있었다.
128. 이러한 발상은 선택이, 어느 정도는, 문제들이 언급되는 방식에 달려있다는 것이다.
129. 손가락으로 나무 탁자나 책상의 표면 위를 두드려라, 그리고 당신이 듣는 소리의 크기를 관찰해라.
130. 그런 다음, 귀를 탁자나 책상의 표면에 바싹 대어라.
131. 손가락을 귀로부터 대략 1피트정도 떨어지게 놓고, 다시 탁자 표면을 두드리고 당신에 귀를 대고 듣는 소리의 크기는 책상으로부터 귀를 떼고 듣는 소리보다 훨씬 크다.
132. 음파는 공기를 통해서뿐만 아니라 많은 고체 물질을 통해 이동할 수 있다.
133. 고체는, 예를 들어 나무처럼, 공기가 전형적으로 음파를 전달하는 것보다 훨씬 더 잘 전달하는데 왜냐하면 공기 중에서 보다 고체 물체의 분자들이 훨씬 더 가깝고 더 촘촘하게 함께 뭉쳐있기 때문이다.
134. 이것이 고체로 하여금 그 파장을 더 쉽고 효율적으로 이동시켜서, 더 큰 소리를 만들어 낸다.
135. 또한 공기의 밀도는 그것을 통과하는 음파의 크기를 결정하는 요소로 작용한다.
136. 본질적으로, 게임은 한 가지 근본적인 면에서 다른 매체와 다르다.
137. 그것들은 게임을 하는 사람들에게 그들 자신의 노력을 통해서 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 기회를 제공한다.
138. 거의 예외 없이, 이것은 영화, 소설, 또는 텔레비전에는 해당되지 않는다.
139. 이런 다른 매체의 독자들과 시청자 들은, 이야기와 그것의 반전과 전환에 반응을 보이며, 목격한 사건들에 대해 직접적으로 개인적인 영향을 주지 않으면서 따라간다.
140. 게임에서, 게임을 하는 사람들은 (게임에서) 전개되는 것을 통제하는 특유의 능력을 가지고 있다.
141. 게임 디자이너인 Sid Meier가 언젠가 말한 것처럼, "좋은 게임은 일련의 흥미로운 선택들이다."
142. 한 초등학교 선생님이 그녀가 아주 흔히 언급되는 것이라고 생각한 것을 사용해서 학생들이 분수 부분을 이해하도록 돕고 있는 중이다.
143. "오늘, 우리는 추수감사절에 인기 있는 것인 호박 파이를 자르는 것에 대해 이야기할 거예요."
144. 그녀는 (분수) 부분들에 대한 설명을 이어간다.
145. 그녀의 이야 기에 열심히 몰두하던, 한 어린 아프리카계 미국인 소년이, 의아해하며 질문한다, "호박 파이가 뭐예요?"
146. 대부분의 아프리카계 미국인들은 명절 만찬으로 고구마 파이를 내는 경향이 있다.
147. 사실, 아프리카계 미국인 부모들이 그들의 자녀들에게 호박 파이를 설명하는 방식들 중의 하나는 그것이 고구마 파이와 비슷한 무언가라고 말하는 것이다.
148. 그들에게 있어서, 고구마 파이는 흔하게 언급되는 것이다.
149. 심지어 호박 파이에 대한 낯섦이라는 작은 차이도 그 학생에게는 간섭의 원인으로 작용할 수 있다.
150. 그 수업에 적극적으로 참여하기보다는, 그는 호박 파이를 상상하기 위해 노력하는 데 사로잡혀 있었을지도 모른다: 그건 무슨 맛일까?
151. 그건 무슨 향이 날까?
152. 그것의 질감이 사과나 체리 파이처럼 덩어리가 들어 있을까?
153. 한 아이의 마음 속에서, 이러한 모든 질문들은 그 선생님이 가르치려 시도하는 분수라는 주제보다 더 초점이 될 수 있다.
154. 문화적 지식에 있어서의 작은 차이조차도 학생들의 학습에 영향을 미칠 잠재성이 있다.
155. 2000년에, Illinois 대학의 James Kuklinski가 1,000명이 넘는 Illinois의 거주자들에게 복지에 대한 질문을 하는 영향력 있는 실험을 이끌었다.
156. 절반이 넘는 응답자들이 그들의 답이 맞다고 확신한다고 말했지만 사실은 오직 그 사람들의 3퍼센트만이 질문의 답을 절반 넘게 맞혔다.
157. 아마도 더 충격적인 것은, 그들이 맞았다고 가장 확신했던 사람들이 대체로 그 주제에 대해 가장 적게 알았던 사람들이었다.
158. Kuklinski는 이러한 종류의 응답을 "내가 맞다는 것을 나는 안다"는 신드롬이라 불렀다.
159. "이것은 대부분의 사람들이 그들의 사실적 믿음을 고치는 것에 저항할 뿐만 아니라 또한 그것들 (자기가 믿고 있는 사실들)을 가장 고쳐야 할 필요가 있는 바로 그 사람들이 그렇게 할(고칠) 가능성 이 가장 적다는 것을 의미한다"라고 그가 썼다.
160. 어떻게 우리는 그렇게 틀리고도, 우리가 맞다고 그렇게 확신할 수 있을까?
161. 정답의 일부는 우리의 뇌가 고정된 방식에 있다.
162. 일반적으로, 사람들은 일관성을 추구하는 경향이 있다.
163. 사람들이 그들의 기존의 견해들을 강화하는 쪽으로의 시각을 가지고 정보를 해석하는 경향이 있다는 것을 보여주는 상당한 양의 심리학적인 연구조사가 있다.
164. 만약에 우리가 세상에 대해 무언가를 믿는다면, 우리는 우리의 믿음을 확인해 주는 어떠한 정보라도 수동적으로 사실로 받아들이고, 그렇지 않은 정보는 적극적으로 멀리하는 경향이 더 있다.
165. 이것은 "의도적 합리화"라고 알려져 있다.
166. 일관성이 있는 정보가 정확하든 아니든 간에, 우리는 그것을 사실로, 우리의 믿음에 대한 확인으로써 받아들일 것이다.
167. 이것은 우리가 (말로) 서술된 믿음에 더 확신을 갖게 만들고, 그리고 심지어 그것들에 모순되는 사실들은 덜 마음에 품는 경향을 갖게 만든다.
168. 옛날, 정글에서 나무를 베는 젊고 힘센 나무꾼과 늙은 나무꾼이 있었다.
169. 젊은 나무꾼은 매우 열심히 일을 하였다.
170. 첫째 날, 그는 쉬는 시간에도 일을 하였고 노인이 먹고 마시는데 몇 차례 휴식을 취하면서 시간을 낭비하고 있다고 불평했다.
171. 그날, 젊은 나무꾼은 사장에게 15개의 나무를 가져갔다.
172. "훌륭해"라고 사장이 말했다.
173. "계속 열심히 해!"
174. 그의 말에 매우 동기 부여된 그 젊은 나무꾼은 다음 날 더 열심히 노력했지만, 그는 겨우 10개의 나무만을 가져올 수 있었다.
175. 셋째 날 그는 훨씬 더 열심히 노력하였지만, 그는 겨우 7개의 나무만을 가져올 수 있었다.
176. 그는 날이 갈수록 점점 더 적은 나무를 가져왔다.
177. 시간이 지남에 따라, 그는 비록 그가 쉬는 시간 동안 일하고 거의 휴식을 취하지 않았음에도 불구하고, 그 늙은 나무꾼이 그와 같은 양의 나무를 베고 있었고 때로 는 훨씬 더 많이 베었다는 것을 알게 되었다.
178. 마치 노인은 그가 그랬던 것처럼 쉬는 시간 동안 일을 했던 것 같았다.
179. 그래서, 젊은 나무꾼은 그 다음날 더 열심히 일하기로 결심했다.
180. 불행하게도, 결과는 훨씬 더 좋지 않았다.
181. 젊은 나무꾼은 "나는 힘이 빠지고 있음에 틀림없어"라고 생각했다.
182. 어느 날, 노인이 쉬는 시간 동안 음료를 마시자고 그를 초대했다.
183. 그 젊은 나무꾼은 거절했고 여유 시간이 없다고 말했다.
184. 그 때, 노인이 웃으며 그에게 "너의 도끼날을 다시 갈지 않고서 계속해서 나무를 베는 것은 노력의 낭비다.
185. 곧, 너는 너무 많은 힘을 썼기 때문에 포기하게 될 것이다"라고 말했다.
186. 갑자기 젊은 나무꾼은 노인이 휴식 시간에 음료를 마시는 동안 또한 그의 도끼날을 다시 갈고 있었다고 깨달았는데, 그것은 젊은 나무꾼은 전혀 하지 않았던 일이었다.
187. 그것이 그가 더 적은 시간에 젊은 나무꾼보다 더 많이 나무를 벨 수 있었던 방법이다.
188. 우리 모두는 쉬고, 생각하고 명상하고, 배우고 성장할 시간이 필요하다고 노인은 말했다.
189. 만약에 "도끼날"을 갈 시간을 갖지 않는다면, 우리는 무뎌지고 효율성을 잃게 될 것이다.
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2018 06 고3 모의고사 본문 한줄해석
1. "Regularity is the key to mastery, Jean.
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2. Everything other than that is a waste of time," stressed Ms・ Baker, Jean's piano teacher, with a troubled look.
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3. However, Jean complained quite often about practicing and slipped out of her sessions occasionally.
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4. Concerned about Jean idling around, Ms・ Baker decided to change her teaching method.
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5. "You can make your own schedule, Jean.
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6. However, I want you to help me as an assistant," said Ms・ Baker.
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7. After that, Jean practiced hard to be a good example to the beginners and her skills improved incredibly day after day.
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8. The change in Jean was miraculous.
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9. A smile came over Ms・ Baker's face as she listened to Jean play.
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10. Ms・ Baker was convinced by Jean's improvement that her new teaching method was a success.
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11. We say to ourselves: "There is plenty of time.
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12. I'll manage somehow or other when the time comes for action.
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13. "We are rather proud of our ability to meet emergencies.
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14. So we do not plan and take precautions to prevent emergencies from arising.
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15. It is too easy to drift through school and college, taking the traditional, conventional studies that others take, following the lines of least resistance, electing "snap courses," and going with the crowd.
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16. It is too easy to take the attitude: "First I will get my education and develop myself, and then I will know better what I am fitted to do for a life work.
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17. "And so we drift, driven by the winds of circumstance, tossed about by the waves of tradition and custom.
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18. Eventually, most men find they must be satisfied with "any port in a storm.
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19. "Sailors who select a port because they are driven to it have scarcely one chance in a thousand of dropping anchor in the right one.
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20. Internet entrepreneurs are creating job-search products and bringing them online regularly.
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21. Within the past few years, new Internet-based businesses have come online that help people find internships, complete online classes tailored to individual employer job applications, or find volunteer work that will lead to full-time employment.
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22. Job mastery will mean keeping up with the rapidly evolving tools available on the Internet.
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23. It should be noted, though, that no development in the Internet job age has reduced the importance of the most basic job search skill: self-knowledge.
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24. Even in the Internet age, the job search starts with identifying individual job skills, sector interests, and preferred workplace environment and interests.
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25. Richard Bolles' best selling job search book, first published in 1970, had as its central theme the self-inventory of skills and workplace preferences.
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26. This self-inventory continues to be the starting point for any job search today no matter what the Internet technology involved.
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27. The term "biological control" has been used, at times, in a broad context to cover a full spectrum of biological organisms and biologically based products.
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28. This has been spectacularly successful in many instances, with a number of pest problems permanently resolved by importation and successful establishment of natural enemies.
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29. These importation successes have been limited largely to certain types of ecosystems and/or pest situations such as introduced pests in perennial ecosystems.
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30. On the other hand, this approach has met with limited success for major pests of row crops or other ephemeral systems.
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31. In these situations, the problem is often not the lack of effective natural enemies but management practices and a lack of concerted research on factors that determine the success or failure of importation attempts in the specific agro-ecosystem setting.
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32. Thus, importation programs, to date, are largely a matter of trial and error based on experience of the individual specialists involved.
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33. According to the individualist form of rhetoric about science, still much used for certain purposes, discoveries are made in laboratories.
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34. They are the product of inspired patience, of skilled hands and an inquiring but unbiased mind.
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35. Moreover, they speak for themselves, or at least they speak too powerfully and too insistently for prejudiced humans to silence them.
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36. It would be wrong to suppose that such beliefs are not sincerely held, yet almost nobody thinks they can provide a basis for action in public contexts.
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37. Any scientist who announces a so-called discovery at a press conference without first permitting expert reviewers to examine his or her claims is automatically castigated as a publicity seeker.
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38. The norms of scientific communication presuppose that nature does not speak unambiguously, and that knowledge isn't knowledge unless it has been authorized by disciplinary specialists.
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39. A scientific truth has little standing until it becomes a collective product.
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40. What happens in somebody's laboratory is only one stage in its construction.
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41. Richard Burton was a highly regarded Welsh actor of stage and screen.
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42. He was born in 1925 in South Wales, the twelfth child of a poor miner.
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43. Burton was the first member of his family to go to secondary school.
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44. Then, he attended Oxford University and later joined the British air force during wartime.
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45. After leaving the military in 1947, he made his film debut in 1949, in The Last Days of Dolwyn.
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46. Richard Burton went on to become a praised actor of stage and screen, who was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won an Oscar.
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47. It is well-known that he had a powerful voice overwhelming the camera, the microphone, and all the intimacy of film acting.
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48. His final film was an adaptation of George Orwell's famous novel, 1984.
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49. Humans are so averse to feeling that they're being cheated that they often respond in ways that seemingly make little sense.
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50. Behavioral economists ― the economists who actually study what people do as opposed to the kind who simply assume the human mind works like a calculator ― have shown again and again that people reject unfair offers even if it costs them money to do so.
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51. The typical experiment uses a task called the ultimatum game.
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52. It's pretty straightforward.
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53. One person in a pair is given some money ― say $10.
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54. She then has the opportunity to offer some amount of it to her partner.
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55. The partner only has two options.
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56. He can take what's offered or refuse to take anything.
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57. There's no room for negotiation; that's why it's called the ultimatum game.
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58. What typically happens?
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59. Many people offer an equal split to the partner, leaving both individuals happy and willing to trust each other in the future.
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60. Here's an interesting thought.
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61. If glaciers started re-forming, they have a great deal more water now to draw on ― Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of which existed to fuel the last ice sheet ― so they would grow very much quicker.
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62. And if they did start to advance again, what exactly would we do?
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63. Blast them with TNT or maybe nuclear missiles?
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64. Well, doubtless we would, but consider this.
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65. In 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America rocked Alaska with 200,000 megatons of concentrated might, the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs.
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66. Almost 3,000 miles away in Texas, water sloshed out of swimming pools.
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67. A street in Anchorage fell twenty feet.
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68. The quake devastated 24,000 square miles of wilderness, much of it glaciated.
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69. And what effect did all this might have on Alaska's glaciers?
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70. None.
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71. John was once in the office of a manager, Michael, when the phone rang.
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72. Immediately, Michael bellowed, "That disgusting phone never stops ringing.
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73. "He then proceeded to pick it up and engage in a fifteen-minute conversation while John waited.
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74. When he finally hung up, he looked exhausted and frustrated.
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75. He apologized as the phone rang once again.
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76. He later confessed that he was having a great deal of trouble completing his tasks because of the volume of calls he was responding to.
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77. At some point John asked him, "Have you ever considered having a certain period of time when you simply don't answer the phone?
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78. "Michael said, "As a matter of fact, no," looking at him with a puzzled look.
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79. It turned out that this simple suggestion helped Michael not only to relax, but to get more work done as well.
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80. Like many people, he didn't need hours of uninterrupted time, but he did need some!
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81. Although prices in most retail outlets are set by the retailer, this does not mean that these prices do not adjust to market forces over time.
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82. On any particular day we find that all products have a specific price ticket on them.
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83. However, this price may be different from day to day or week to week.
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84. The price that the farmer gets from the wholesaler is much more flexible from day to day than the price that the retailer charges consumers.
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85. If, for example, bad weather leads to a poor potato crop, then the price that supermarkets have to pay to their wholesalers for potatoes will go up and this will be reflected in the prices they mark on potatoes in their stores.
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86. Thus, these prices do reflect the interaction of demand and supply in the wider marketplace for potatoes.
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87. Although they do not change in the supermarket from hour to hour to reflect local variations in demand and supply, they do change over time to reflect the underlying conditions of the overall production of and demand for the goods in question.
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88. An individual characteristic that moderates the relationship with behavior is self-efficacy, or a judgment of one's capability to accomplish a certain level of performance.
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89. People who have a high sense of self-efficacy tend to pursue challenging goals that may be outside the reach of the average person.
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90. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy, therefore, may be more willing to step outside the culturally prescribed behaviors to attempt tasks or goals for which success is viewed as improbable by the majority of social actors in a setting.
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91. For these individuals, culture will have little or no impact on behavior.
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92. For example, Australians tend to endorse the "Tall Poppy Syndrome.
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93. "This saying suggests that any "poppy" that outgrows the others in a field will get "cut down;" in other words, any overachiever will eventually fail.
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94. Interviews and observations suggest that it is the high self-efficacy Australians who step outside this culturally prescribed behavior to actually achieve beyond average.
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95. Theorists of the novel commonly define the genre as a biographical form that came to prominence in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to establish the individual character as a replacement for traditional sources of cultural authority.
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96. The novel, Georg Lukács argues, "seeks, by giving form, to uncover and construct the concealed totality of life" in the interiorized life story of its heroes.
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97. The typical plot of the novel is the protagonist's quest for authority within, therefore, when that authority can no longer be discovered outside.
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98. By this accounting, there are no objective goals in novels, only the subjective goal of seeking the law that is necessarily created by the individual.
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99. The distinctions between crime and heroism, therefore, or between madness and wisdom, become purely subjective ones in a novel, judged by the quality or complexity of the individual's consciousness.
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100. Rules can be thought of as formal types of game cues.
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101. They tell us the structure of the test, that is, what should be accomplished and how we should accomplish it.
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102. In this sense, rules create a problem that is artificial yet intelligible.
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103. Only within the rules of the game of, say, basketball or baseball do the activities of jump shooting and fielding ground balls make sense and take on value.
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104. It is precisely the artificiality created by the rules, the distinctive problem to be solved, that gives sport its special meaning.
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105. That is why getting a basketball through a hoop while not using a ladder or pitching a baseball across home plate while standing a certain distance away becomes an important human project.
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106. It appears that respecting the rules not only preserves sport but also makes room for the creation of excellence and the emergence of meaning.
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107. Engaging in acts that would be considered inconsequential in ordinary life also liberates us a bit, making it possible to explore our capabilities in a protected environment.
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108. While being an introvert comes with its challenges, it definitely has its advantages as well.
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109. For example, an introvert is far less likely to make a mistake in a social situation, such as inadvertently insulting another person whose opinion is not agreeable.
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110. An introvert would enjoy reflecting on their thoughts, and thus would be far less likely to suffer from boredom without outside stimulation.
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111. The only risk that you will face as an introvert is that people who do not know you may think that you are aloof or that you think you are better than them.
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112. If you learn how to open up just a little bit with your opinions and thoughts, you will be able to thrive in both worlds.
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113. You can then stay true to your personality without appearing to be antisocial.
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114. A carbon sink is a natural feature that absorbs or stores more carbon than it releases.
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115. The value of carbon sinks is that they can help create equilibrium in the atmosphere by removing excess CO2.
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116. One example of a carbon sink is a large forest.
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117. Its mass of plants and other organic material absorb and store tons of carbon.
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118. However, the planet's major carbon sink is its oceans.
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119. Since the Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century, CO2 released during industrial processes has greatly increased the proportion of carbon in the atmosphere.
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120. Carbon sinks have been able to absorb about half of this excess CO2, and the world's oceans have done the major part of that job.
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121. They absorb about one-fourth of humans' industrial carbon emissions, doing half the work of all Earth's carbon sinks combined.
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122. Promoting attractive images of one's country is not new, but the conditions for trying to create soft power have changed dramatically in recent years.
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123. For one thing, nearly half the countries in the world are now democracies.
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124. In such circumstances, diplomacy aimed at public opinion can become as important to outcomes as traditional classified diplomatic communications among leaders.
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125. Information creates power, and today a much larger part of the world's population has access to that power.
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126. Technological advances have led to a dramatic reduction in the cost of processing and transmitting information.
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127. The result is an explosion of information, and that has produced a "paradox of plenty.
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128. "Plentiful information leads to scarcity of attention.
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129. When people are overwhelmed with the volume of information confronting them, they have difficulty knowing what to focus on.
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130. Attention, rather than information, becomes the scarce resource, and those who can distinguish valuable information from background clutter gain power.
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131. Tourism takes place simultaneously in the realm of the imagination and that of the physical world.
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132. In contrast to literature or film, it leads to 'real', tangible worlds, while nevertheless remaining tied to the sphere of fantasies, dreams, wishes ― and myth.
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133. It thereby allows the ritual enactment of mythological ideas.
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134. There is a considerable difference as to whether people watch a film about the Himalayas on television and become excited by the 'untouched nature' of the majestic mountain peaks, or whether they get up and go on a trek to Nepal.
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135. Even in the latter case, they remain, at least partly, in an imaginary world.
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136. They experience moments that they have already seen at home in books, brochures and films.
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137. Their notions of untouched nature and friendly, innocent indigenous people will probably be confirmed.
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138. But now this confirmation is anchored in a physical experience.
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139. The myth is thus transmitted in a much more powerful way than by television, movies or books.
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140. Humans can tell lies with their faces.
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141. Although some are specifically trained to detect lies from facial expressions, the average person is often misled into believing false and manipulated facial emotions.
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142. One reason for this is that we are "two-faced.
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143. "By this I mean that we have two different neural systems that manipulate our facial muscles.
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144. One neural system is under voluntary control and the other works under involuntary control.
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145. There are reported cases of individuals who have damaged the neural system that controls voluntary expressions.
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146. They still have facial expressions, but are incapable of producing deceitful ones.
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147. The emotion that you see is the emotion they are feeling, since they have lost the needed voluntary control to produce false facial expressions.
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148. There are also clinical cases that show the flip side of this coin.
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149. These people have injured the system that controls their involuntary expressions, so that the only changes in their demeanor you will see are actually willed expressions.
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150. In some subject areas, topics build on one another in a hierarchical fashion, so that a learner must almost certainly master one topic before moving to the next.
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151. For example, an elementary school student should probably master principles of addition before moving to multiplication, because multiplication is an extension of addition.
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152. Similarly, a medical student must have expertise in human anatomy before studying surgical techniques: It's difficult to perform an appendectomy if you can't find the appendix.
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153. Vertical transfer refers to such situations: A learner acquires new knowledge or skills by building on more basic information and procedures.
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154. In other cases, knowledge of one topic may affect learning a second topic even though the first isn't a necessary condition for the second.
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155. Knowledge of French isn't essential for learning Spanish, yet knowing French can help with Spanish because many words are similar in the two languages.
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156. When knowledge of the first topic is helpful but not essential to learning the second one, lateral transfer is occurring.
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157. By the turn of the twentieth century, the permanent repertoire of musical classics dominated almost every field of concert music, from piano, song, or chamber music recitals to operas and orchestral concerts.
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158. The change from a century before was enormous.
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159. In the eighteenth century, performers and listeners demanded new music all the time, and "ancient music" included anything written more than twenty years earlier.
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160. But musicians and audiences in the early 1900s expected that most concert music they performed or heard would be at least a generation old, and they judged new music by the standards of the classics already enshrined in the repertoire.
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161. In essence, concert halls and opera houses had become museums for displaying the musical artworks of the past two hundred years.
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162. The repertoire varied according to the performing medium and from region to region, but the core was largely the same throughout most of Europe and the Americas, including operas and operatic excerpts from Mozart through Verdi, Wagner, and Bizet; orchestral and chamber music from Haydn through the late Romantics; and keyboard music by J・ S・ Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and prominent nineteenth-century composers.
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163. Living composers increasingly found themselves in competition with the music of the past.
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164. This is the great theme of modern music in the classical tradition, especially in the first half of the century: in competing with past composers for the attention of performers and listeners who loved the classical masterworks, living composers sought to secure a place for themselves by offering something new and distinctive while continuing the tradition.
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165. They combined individuality and innovation with emulation of the past, seeking to write music that would be considered original and worthy of performance alongside the masterworks of earlier times.
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1. "Jean, 규칙적으로 하는 것이 숙달의 열쇠야.
2. 그 외의 모든 것은 시간 낭비야"라고 Jean의 피아노 선생님인 Ms・ Baker는 걱정스런 표정을 지으며 강조를 했다.
3. 하지만, Jean은 꽤 자주 연습에 대해 불평을 했고 가끔 연습 시간에 몰래 빠져 나갔다.
4. Jean 이 빈둥거리는 것에 대해 걱정이 되어 Ms・ Baker는 자신의 교수 방법을 바꾸기로 결 심했다.
5. "Jean, 네 계획은 네가 짤 수 있어.
6. 하지만 나는 네가 조교로 나를 도와주기를 원해"라고 Ms・ Baker는 말했다.
7. 그 후에, Jean은 초보자들에게 훌륭한 모범을 보이기 위해 열심히 연습을 했고 그녀의 기량은 매일 매일 믿을 수 없을 정도로 향상되었다.
8. Jean의 변화는 기적적이었다.
9. Jean의 연주를 들으면서 Ms・ Baker의 얼굴에는 미소가 번졌다.
10. Ms・ Baker는 자신의 새로운 교수 방법이 성공적이었음을 Jean의 향상에 의해 확신하게 되었다.
11. 우리는 스스로에게 "많은 시간이 있어.
12. 행동을 할 때가 오면 어떻게 해서든 처리할 거야"라고 말한다.
13. 우리는 비상사태에 대응하는 우리의 능력을 다소 자랑스러워한다.
14. 그래서 비상사태가 생기는 것을 막기 위해 계획을 세우고 예방조치를 취하지 않는다.
15. 다른 사람들이 수강하는 전통적이고 관례적인 과목들을 택하고, 가장 저항이 적은 방향을 따라가고, '쉬운 과정들'을 선택하고, 그리고 대세에 따르면서 학창시절을 빈둥거리며 보내기가 너무나 쉽다.
16. "나는 먼저 교육을 받고 스스로를 발전시킬 것이고, 그런 후에 나는 평생의 일로 하기에 딱 맞는 것을 더 잘 알게 될 거야"라는 태도를 가지기가 너무나 쉽다.
17. 그리하여 우리는 주변 환경의 바람에 의해 몰리고 전통과 관습의 물결에 의해 이리저리 내던져지면서 표류하게 된다.
18. 결국, 대부분의 사람들은 스스로가 '폭풍 속의 어떤 항구(궁여지책)'에 만족해야 한다는 것을 발견한다.
19. 어떤 항구로 내몰리기 때문에 그것을 선택하는 선원들은 적기에 닻을 내릴 기회를 천 번 중에 한 번도 거의 가지지 못한다.
20. 인터넷 사업가들은 구직 상품을 만들고 정기적으로 그것들을 온라인으로 가져 온다.
21. 지난 몇 년 이내에, 사람들이 인턴직을 발견하거나, 개별 고용주 구직 지원서에 맞춘 온라인 수업을 끝내거나, 혹은 정규직으로 이어질 자원봉사 일을 발견하도록 도와주는 인터넷에 기반을 둔 새로운 사업체들이 온라인으로 들어왔다.
22. 일에 대한 숙달은 인터넷에서 이용 가능한 빠르게 발전하는 도구들을 계속 따라 잡는 것을 의미할 것이다.
23. 하지만 인터넷 직업 시대에서의 어떠한 발전도 가장 기본적인 구직 기술, 즉 자기 이해의 중요성을 감소시키지는 않았다는 것에 주목해야 한다.
24. 인터넷 시대에 있어서 조차도 구직은 개인적인 직업 역량, 분야에 대한 관심, 선호하는 직장 분위기와 흥미를 확인하는 것과 함께 시작된다.
25. 1970년에 처음 출판된 Richard Bolles의 가장 잘 판매되는 구직서는 역량에 대한 자신의 목록과 직장 선호도를 그것의 중심 주제로 가지고 있었다.
26. 이러한 자신의 목록은 어떤 인터넷 기술이 관련되더라도 오늘날에도 계속해서 모든 구직을 위한 출발점이 되고 있다.
27. '생물학적 방제'라는 용어는 모든 범위의 생물학적인 유기체와 생물학적 기반의 제품 들을 포함하기 위해 가끔 넓은 맥락에서 사용되어 왔다.
28. 이것은 많은 해충 문제가 천적의 도입과 성공적인 정착에 의해 영구적으로 해결이 되면서, 많은 경우에 있어서 멋지게 성공을 거두어 왔다.
29. 이러한 도입의 성공은 특정한 유형의 생태계와/생태계나 다년생의 생태계에 있는 도입된 해충과 같은 해충 상황에는 대체로 제한적이었다.
30. 다른 한편으로는, 이런 접근은 줄뿌림 작물이나 다른 단명하는 계통의 주요한 해충에서는 제한적인 성공과 맞닥뜨렸다.
31. 이러한 상황에서, 문제는 흔히 효과적인 천적이 없는 것이 아니라 관리 관행과 특정한 농업 생태계 환경에 있어서 도입 시도의 성공 혹은 실패를 결정하는 요인들에 대한 공동의 연구가 없다는 것이다.
32. 따라서 도입 프로그램은 지금까지 대체로 관련된 개별 전문가의 경험에 기초를 둔 시행착오의 문제이다.
33. 특정한 목적으로 여전히 많이 이용되고 있는, 과학에 대한 개인주의적인 수사적 표현 형태에 따르면, 발견은 실험실에서 이루어진다.
34. 발견은 영감을 받은 인내, 솜씨 있는 손, 그리고 탐구적이지만 편견이 없는 정신의 산물이다.
35. 더욱이, 발견은 자신을 변호하는데, 바꾸어 말하면, 발견은 적어도 매우 강력하고 매우 끈질기게 말하므로, 편견을 가진 사람들이 그것들을 침묵하게 할 수 없다.
36. 그러한 믿음을 진심으로 가지는 것은 아니라고 가정하는 것은 잘못일 터이지만, 그것들이 공적인 상황에서 행동의 근거를 제공할 수 있다고 생각하는 사람은 거의 없다.
37. 먼저 전문적인 검토자에게 자신의 주장을 검증하도록 허용하지 않은 채로 기자 회견에서 이른바 발견을 발표하는 과학자는 누구나 자동으로 명성을 좇는 사람이라는 혹평을 받는다.
38. 과학적 의사전달의 기준은, 자연은 모호하지 않게 말하지 않으며, 지식은 학문 분야의 전문가들에게 정당성을 인정받지 않은 한 지식이 아니라는 것을 전제한다.
39. 과학적 진실은 집단의 산물이 아닌 한 설 자리가 거의 없다.
40. 어떤 사람의 실험실 안에서 일어나는 것은 과학적 진실 구축의 한 단계에 불과하다.
41. Richard Burton은 높은 평가를 받는 웨일스 출신의 연극 및 영화 연기자였다.
42. 그는 1925년 남웨일스에서 가난한 광부의 12번째 아이로 태어났다.
43. Burton은 가족 중에서 중등학교에 다닌 첫 번째 사람이었다.
44. 그 다음 그는 옥스퍼드 대학교에 다녔으며, 나중에는 전쟁 기간에 영국 공군에 입대했다.
45. 1947년에 군에서 제대한 후, 그는 1949년 에
46. Richard Burton은 이어서 칭송되는 연극 및 영화 연기자가 되었는데, 그는 일곱 차례 아카데미 상 후보자로 지명되었지만, 오스카상(= 아카데미상)을 받지 못했다.
47. 그는 카메라와 마이크를 압도하는 힘 있는 목소리와 영화 연기의 모든 해박한 지식을 가지고 있었던 것으로 잘 알려져 있다.
48. 그의 마지막 영화는 George Orwell의 유명한 소설 <1984년>을 각색한 작품이었다.
49. 인간은 속고 있다고 느끼는 것을 매우 싫어해서 흔히 겉보기에는 거의 말이 되지 않는 방식으로 반응한다.
50. 인간의 마음이 계산기처럼 작동한다고 단순히 가정하는 부류의 사람들과는 대조적으로 사람들이 하는 행동을 실제로 연구하는 경제학자들인 행동 경제학자들은, 사람들은 불공정한 제안을 거부하는 것이 자신에게 돈이 든다고 해도 그렇게 한다는 것을 반복해서 보여 주었다.
51. 대표적인 실험은 최후통첩 게임이라고 불리는 과업을 이용한다.
52. 그것은 매우 간단하다.
53. 짝을 이루는 두 사람 중 한 사람이 얼마간의 돈, 가령 10달러를 받는다.
54. 그러고 나서 그 사람은 자기 짝에게 그 돈의 일부를 주는 기회를 가진다.
55. 그 짝에게는 두 가지의 선택권만 있다.
56. 그는 주어지는 것을 받거나, 아무것도 받지 않겠다고 거절할 수 있다.
57. 협상의 여지는 없고, 그런 이유로 그것은 최후통첩 게임이라 불린다.
58. 대체로 어떤 일이 일어나는가?
59. 많은 사람은 짝에게 똑같이 나눈 몫을 제안하며, 그것은 두 사람을 모두 행복하게 하고 장래에 서로를 기꺼이 신뢰하게 한다.
60. 여기 한 가지 재미있는 생각이 있다.
61. 만일 빙하가 다시 형성되기 시작한다면, 그것들은 이제는 이용할 훨씬 더 많은 물, 즉 존재하지 않아서 마지막 대륙 빙하에 물을 공급하지 못했던 Hudson만(灣), 오대호, 캐나다의 수십만 개의 호수를 가지고 있어서, 매우 훨씬 더 빠르게 커질 것이다.
62. 그리고 그것들(의 형성)이 다시 진행하기 시작한다면 우리는 정확히 무엇을 할 것인가?
63. 그것들을 티엔티(TNT)나 아마 핵미사일로 폭파 할 것인가?
64. 의심할 바 없이 우리는 그렇게 하겠지만, 이것을 고려해 보라.
65. 1964년에, 북미에서 기록된 것 중 가장 커다란 지진이 2천 개의 핵폭탄에 상당하는 것인 20만 메가톤의 응집된 힘으로 알래스카를 뒤흔들었다.
66. 거의 3천마일 떨어진 텍사스에서 물이 수영장 밖으로 철벅철벅 튀었다.
67. 앵커리지의 어떤 거리는 20피트 가라앉았다.
68. 그 지진은 2만 4천 제곱 마일의 황무지를 황폐시켰는데, 그 황무지의 많은 부분이 빙하로 덮여 있었다.
69. 그리고 이 모든 힘이 알래스카의 빙하에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가?
70. 아무런 영향도 미치지 못했다.
71. 전에 John이 관리자 Michael의 사무실 안에 있었을 때, 전화벨이 울렸다.
72. 즉시 Michael은 "저 지긋지긋한 전화기는 결코 벨 소리를 멈추지 않네"라고 고함을 질렀다.
73. 그러고 나서 이어서 그는 그 전화기를 집어 들고, John이 기다리는 동안 15분간 통화했다.
74. 마침내 그가 전화를 끊었을 때, 그는 기진맥진하고 낙담한 것처럼 보였다.
75. 전화벨이 다시 한 번 울리자 그는 사과했다.
76. 나중에 그는 자신이 응답하는 전화의 양 때문에 자신의 업무를 완수하는 데 많은 어려움이 있다고 고백했다.
77. 어느 순간 John 은 그에게 "당신이 그냥 전화를 받지 않는 특정한 기간을 가져보는 것을 생각해 본 적이 있나요"라고 물었다.
78. Michael은 어리둥절한 표정으로 그를 바라보면서, "사실 은 없어요"라고 말했다.
79. 이 간단한 제안은 Michael이 긴장을 풀도록 도와주었을 뿐만 아니라 더 많은 일도 또한 완수하도록 도와주었다는 것이 밝혀졌다.
80. 많은 사람처럼, 그는 방해받지 않는 여러 시간이 필요한 것은 아니었지만, 정말이지 얼마간은 그런 시간이 필요했다!
81. 대부분의 소매점에서 가격은 소매상에 의해 결정되지만, 이 말은 이 가격이 시간이 지나면서 시장의 힘에 조정되지 않는다는 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다.
82. 그 어느 특정 한 날에도 우리는 모든 제품에 명확한 가격표가 붙어 있다는 것을 안다.
83. 그러나 이 가격은 날마다 또는 주마다 다를 수 있다.
84. 도매상에게서 농부가 받는 가격은 소매상 이 소비자에게 부과하는 가격보다 그날그날 훨씬 더 유동적이다.
85. 예를 들어, 악천후가 감자의 흉작을 초래한다면, 슈퍼마켓이 감자에 대해 도매상에게 지급해야 하는 가격은 상승할 것이고, 이것은 그들이 자기 가게의 감자에 매기는 가격에 반영될 것이다.
86. 따라서 이 가격은 더 광범위한 감자 시장에서의 수요와 공급의 상호 작용을 정말로 반영하는 것이다.
87. 그 가격이 수요와 공급에서의 지역적 변동을 반영하기 위해 슈퍼마켓에서 시간마다 바뀌지는 않지만, 그 가격은 문제의 상품의 전체적인 생산과 수요의 기저에 있는 상황을 반영하기 위해 시간이 지나면서 정말로 바뀐다.
88. 행동과의 관계를 조정하는 개인적인 특징은 자기 효능감, 즉 특정한 수준의 성과를 달성하는 자신의 능력에 대한 판단이다.
89. 높은 자기 효능감을 가진 사람들은 평균적인 사람들이 미치는 범위를 벗어나 있을 수도 있는 도전적인 목표를 추구하는 경향이 있다.
90. 그러므로 강한 자기 효능감을 가진 사람들은 어떤 환경의 사회적인 행위자들 대다수가 성공이 있을 법하지 않다고 여기는 일이나 목표를 시도하기 위해 문화적으로 규정된 행동 밖으로 더 기꺼이 발을 디디려 할 수도 있다.
91. 이런 사람들에게, 문화는 행동에 거의 혹은 전혀 영향을 주지 않을 것이다.
92. 예를 들어 호주 사람들은 '키 큰 양귀비 증후군'을 지지하는 경향이 있다.
93. 이 격언은 밭에서 다른 것들보다 더 자라는 어떤 '양귀비'이든 '잘리게' 된다는 것, 다시 말해 기대 이상의 성공을 거두는 사람은 누구든지 결국 실패하리라는 것을 보여 준다.
94. 표준 이상을 실제로 성취하기 위해 이 문화적으로 규정된 행동을 벗어나는 사람들이 바로 높은 자기 효능감을 가진 호주 사람들이라는 것을 면접과 관찰은 보여 준다.
95. 소설의 이론가들은 공통으로 그 장르를 문화적 권위의 전통적인 원천에 대한 대체물로 개인적 특성을 확립하기 위해 18세기 말과 19세기에 두드러졌던 전기의 형식으로 규정한다.
96. 소설은 "형식을 제공함으로써" 주인공들의 내면화된 삶에서 "삶의 숨겨진 전체를 드러내어 구성하고자 한다"라고 Georg Lukács는 주장한다.
97. 따라서 소설의 전형적인 줄거리는 그 권위를 외부에서 더는 찾을 수 없을 때 일어나는, 주인공이 내부에서 하는 권위 탐구이다.
98. 이 설명에 의하면 소설에 객관적 목표는 없으며, 반드시 개인에 의해 만들어지는 법칙을 찾는 주관적 목표만 있을 뿐이다.
99. 따라서 범죄와 영웅주의, 혹은 광기와 지혜의 차이는 소설에서는 전적으로 주관적인 것이 되고, 개인적 의식의 특성이나 복잡성에 의해 판단된다.
100. 규칙은 공식적인 유형의 경기 신호라 생각할 수 있다.
101. 규칙은 시험의 구조, 즉 무엇 이 달성되어야 하고, 그것을 어떻게 달성해야 하는지를 우리에게 알려준다.
102. 이 점에서 규칙은 인위적이지만 이해할 수 있는 문제를 만들어 낸다.
103. 예컨대 농구나 야구 경기의 규칙 내에서만 오로지 점프 슈팅과 땅볼을 잡아서 처리하는 행위가 의미가 통하고 가치를 지닌다.
104. 스포츠에 특별한 의미를 부여하는 것은, 바로 규칙이 만들어낸 인위성, 즉 해결되어야 하는 독특한 문제이다.
105. 그것이 사다리를 사용하지 않고서 농구공을 링으로 통과시키거나, 특정한 거리를 두고 선 채로 본루로 야구공을 던지는 것이 인간의 중요한 활동인 이유이다.
106. 규칙을 존중하는 것은 스포츠를 보존할 뿐만 아니라 탁월성 창출과 의미 발생의 여지도 또한 만들어 내는 것처럼 보인다.
107. 평범한 삶에서 중요하지 않다고 여겨질 수 있을 행위에 참여하는 것은 또한 우리를 약간 해방해, 보 호된 환경에서 우리의 능력을 탐구할 수 있게 해준다.
108. 내성적인 사람이라는 것에는 그 자체의 어려움이 있지만, 또한 분명히 이점도 있다.
109. 예를 들어, 내성적인 사람은, 찬성할 수 없는 의견을 가진 다른 사람을 무심코 모욕하는 것과 같은, 사교 상황에서의 실수를 할 가능성이 훨씬 더 작다.
110. 내성적인 사람은 자신의 생각을 즐겨 성찰할 것이고, 이리하여 외부 자극이 없어도 지루함에 시달릴 가능성이 훨씬 더 작을 것이다.
111. 내성적인 사람으로서 여러분이 직면할 유일한 위험은, 여러분을 모르는 사람들은 여러분이 쌀쌀하다거나 여러분이 자신을 그들보다 더 낫다고 생각한다고 여길 수 있다는 것이다.
112. 여러분이 자신의 의견 및 사고와 관련하여 약간만 마음을 터놓는 법을 배운다면, 여러분은 양쪽 세계 모두에서 잘 지낼 수 있을 것이다.
113. 그러면 여러분은 비사교적으로 보이지 않으면서 자신의 개성에 계속 충실할 수 있다.
114. 카본 싱크(이산화탄소 흡수계)는 배출하는 양보다 더 많은 탄소를 흡수하거나 저장하는 천연 지형이다.
115. 카본 싱크의 가치는 초과한 이산화탄소를 제거함으로써 대기 안의 평형 상태를 만드는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 것이다.
116. 카본 싱크의 한 예는 거대 한 숲이다.
117. 그 안의 수많은 식물 및 다른 유기 물질은 많은 양의 탄소를 흡수하고 저장한다.
118. 하지만, 지구의 주요 카본 싱크는 바다이다.
119. 산업 혁명이 18세기에 시작된 이후로, 산업 공정 중에 배출된 이산화탄소는 대기의 탄소 비율을 크게 증가시켰다.
120. 카본 싱크는 이러한 초과한 이산화탄소 중 거의 절반을 흡수할 수 있었고 지구의 바다가 그 일의 주된 역할을 해 왔다.
121. 바다는 인간의 산업으로 인한 탄소 배출물의 대략 4분의 1을 흡수하여, 지구의 모든 카본 싱크를 합친 것이 하는 일의 절반을 한다.
122. 자기 나라의 매력적인 이미지를 홍보하는 것이 새로운 것은 아니지만, 소프트파워를 창출하려는 노력을 위한 환경은 최근 몇 년 동안에 크게 바뀌었다.
123. 한 예로 전 세계 국가의 거의 절반이 현재 민주 국가이다.
124. 그러한 상황에서는 대중의 의견을 목표로 한 외교가 지도자들 사이의 전통적인 비밀 외교 소통만큼이나 결과에 중요할 수 있다.
125. 정보는 권력을 창출하는데, 오늘날에는 세계 인구의 훨씬 더 많은 부분이 그 권력에 접근할 수 있다.
126. 기술적인 발전은 정보의 처리와 전달 비용의 극적인 감소를 가져왔다.
127. 그 결과로 정보가 폭발적으로 증가하게 되었고, 그로 인해 '풍요의 역설'이 생겨났다.
128. 풍요로운 정보는 주의력 부족을 초래한다.
129. 자신들이 직면해 있는 정보의 양에 압도당할 때, 사람들은 무엇에 초점을 두어야 할지 알기 어렵다.
130. 정보가 아니라 주의력이 부족 자원이 되고, 배후의 혼란으로부터 가치 있는 정보를 식별해 낼 수 있는 사람이 권력을 얻는다.
131. 관광은 상상의 영역 그리고 물리적인 세계의 영역에서 동시에 일어난다.
132. 문학 또는 영화와는 달리, 관광은 '실제적인', 감지할 수 있는 세계로 이어지는데, 반면에 그럼에 도 불구하고 환상, 꿈, 소망 ― 그리고 신화의 영역과 여전히 관련되어 있다.
133. 그렇기 때문에 관광은 신화적인 개념을 의식으로 시행할 수 있게 한다.
134. 사람들이 텔레비전에서 히말라야산맥에 대한 영화를 시청하고 장엄한 산봉우리의 '손대지 않은 자연'에 흥분하게 되는지, 또는 사람들이 일어나서 네팔로 긴 여행을 하는지에 관해서는 상당한 차이가 있다.
135. 심지어 후자의 경우에도, 사람들은 적어도 부분적으로는 상상 속의 세계에 머물러 있다.
136. 그들은 집에서 책, 안내 책자 그리고 영화에서 이미 보았던 순간을 경험한다.
137. 손대지 않은 자연과 친절하고 순진한 토착민에 대한 그들의 개념은 아마도 확고해질 것이다.
138. 하지만 이제 이 확고함은 물리적인 경험에 단단히 기반을 두고 있다.
139. 따라서 신화는 텔레비전, 영화, 또는 책에 의한 것보다 훨씬 더 강력한 방식으로 전달된다.
140. 사람은 얼굴로 거짓말을 할 수 있다.
141. 비록 어떤 사람들은 얼굴 표정으로부터 거짓말을 탐지하도록 특별히 훈련되어 있지만, 보통 사람은 흔히 거짓되고 조작된 얼굴에 나타난 감정을 믿도록 현혹된다.
142. 이것의 한 가지 이유는 우리가 '두 얼굴이기' 때문이다.
143. 이 말로써 내가 의미하는 것은 얼굴 근육을 조종하는 두 가지 서로 다른 신경 체계가 우리에게 있다는 것이다.
144. 하나의 신경 체계는 자발적인 통제 하에 있고 다른 하나는 비자발적인 통제 하에서 작동한다.
145. 자발적인 표현을 통제하는 신경 체계가 손상 된 사람들의 보고된 사례들이 있다.
146. 그들은 여전히 얼굴 표정은 가지고 있지만, 속이는 얼굴 표정을 지을 수는 없다.
147. 그들은 거짓의 얼굴 표정을 짓기 위해 필요한 자발 적인 통제를 잃었으므로, 여러분이 보는 감정은 그들이 느끼고 있는 감정이다.
148. 그 동전의 반대쪽 면을 보여 주는 임상 사례도 있다.
149. 이 사람들은 자신의 비자발적 표현을 통제하는 시스템을 다쳤으며, 그래서 여러분이 보는 그들의 유일한 표정의 변화는 실제로 자발적인 표정일 것이다.
150. 일부 과목 영역에서는, 주제들이 서로 계층적 방식으로 형성되므로, 학습자가 다음 주제로 넘어가기 전에 한 주제를 거의 확실히 통달해야 한다.
151. 예를 들어, 곱셈은 덧셈의 확장이므로 초등학생은 아마도 곱셈으로 옮겨가기 전에 덧셈의 원리를 통달해야 할 것이다.
152. 마찬가지로, 의대생은 수술의 기법을 공부하기 전에 인간 해부학에 대한 전문 지식을 갖고 있어야만 한다: 충수를 찾을 수 없다면 맹장 수술을 하기는 어려운 것이다.
153. 수직적 전이는 그러한 상황을 가리킨다: 학습자는 더 기본적인 정보와 절차를 바탕으로 하여 새로운 지식이나 기술을 습득한다.
154. 다른 경우에는, 첫 번째 주제가 두 번째 주제에 필수적인 조건이 아니라 하더라도, 한 주제에 대한 지식이 두 번째 주제를 배우는 데 영향을 줄 수 있다.
155. 프랑스어에 대한 지식은 스페인어를 배우는 데 필수적이지는 않지만, 두 언어에서 비슷한 단어가 많기 때문에 프랑스어를 아는 것이 스페인어에 도움을 줄 수 있다.
156. 첫 번째 주제에 대한 지식이 두 번째 주제를 배우는 데 도움이 되지만 필수적이지는 않을 때, 횡적 전이가 일어난다.
157. 20세기로 바뀔 무렵, 음악 고전 작품의 영구적인 레퍼토리가, 피아노, 성악, 실내악 연주에서부터 오페라와 오케스트라의 연주회에 이르기까지 콘서트 음악의 거의 모든 분야를 지배했다.
158. 한 세기 이전으로부터의 변화는 엄청났다.
159. 18세기에, 연주자들과 청중들은 항상 새로운 음악을 요구했는데, '고대 음악'에는 작곡된 지 20년이 넘은 음악은 무엇이든 포함되었다.
160. 그러나 1900년대 초반의 음악가들과 청중들은 자신들이 연주하거나 듣는 대부분의 콘서트 음악이 최소한 나온 지 삼십 년은 될 것이라고 기대했으며, 그들은 새로운 음악을 이미 레퍼토리에 소중히 간직된 클래식 음악의 기준으로 평가했다.
161. 본질적으로, 콘서트홀과 오페라 하우스는 지난 200년 동안의 음악 작품들을 보여 주기 위한 박물관이 되어 버렸다.
162. 연주 매체와 지역에 따라 레퍼토리가 다양했지만, 그 핵심은 유럽과 아메리카의 대부분의 지역에서, 모차르트에서 베르디, 바그너, 비제에 이르는 오페라와 오페라 발췌곡, 하이든에서 후기 낭만파 음악가에 이르는 오케스트라 음악과 실내 음악, 그리고 J・ S. 바흐, 하이든, 모차르트, 베토벤, 그리고 저명한 19세기 작곡가들이 작곡한 건반 음악을 포함하여, 대체로 같았다.
163. 살아있는 작곡가들은 점차로 자신이 과거의 음악과 경쟁하고 있다는 것을 알게 되었다.
164. 이것은, 특히 세기의 전반부에는, 고전 음악의 전통 안에서 현대 음악의 큰 주제였다: 즉, 고전 음악의 걸작들을 애호했던 연주자와 청중의 관심을 얻기 위해서 과거의 작곡가들과 경쟁하면서, 살아있는 작곡가들은 전통을 이어가면서 뭔가 새롭고 독특한 것을 제공함으로써 자신들의 자리를 확보하려고 노력했다.
165. 그들은 개성과 혁신을 과거의 모방과 결합하여, 이전 시대의 걸작들과 나란히 독창적이고 공연 할 가치가 있는 것으로 여겨질 음악을 작곡하려고 노력했다.
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