2332 본문읽기 20
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 12:27
728x90
반응형
2332-35
Human processes differ from rational processes in their outcome. A process is rational if it always does the right thing based on the current information, given an ideal performance measure. In short, rational processes go by the book and assume that the book is actually correct. Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don't necessarily reflect the book and may not even consider the existing data. As an example, the rational way to drive a car is to always follow the laws. However, traffic isn't rational; if you follow the laws precisely, you end up stuck somewhere because other drivers aren't following the laws precisely. To be successful, a self‑driving car must therefore act humanly, rather than rationally.
2332-36
Like positive habits, bad habits exist on a continuum of easy‑to‑change and hard‑to‑change. When you get toward the "hard" end of the spectrum, note the language you hear - breaking bad habits and battling addiction. It's as if an unwanted behavior is a nefarious villain to be aggressively defeated. But this kind of language (and the approaches it spawns) frames these challenges in a way that isn't helpful or effective. I specifically hope we will stop using this phrase: "break a habit." This language misguides people. The word "break" sets the wrong expectation for how you get rid of a bad habit. This word implies that if you input a lot of force in one moment, the habit will be gone. However, that rarely works, because you usually cannot get rid of an unwanted habit by applying force one time.
2332-37
A common but incorrect assumption is that we are creatures of reason when, in fact, we are creatures of both reason and emotion. We cannot get by on reason alone since any reason always eventually leads to a feeling. Should I get a wholegrain cereal or a chocolate cereal? I can list all the reasons I want, but the reasons have to be based on something. For example, if my goal is to eat healthy, I can choose the wholegrain cereal, but what is my reason for wanting to be healthy? I can list more and more reasons such as wanting to live longer, spending more quality time with loved ones, etc., but what are the reasons for those reasons? You should be able to see by now that reasons are ultimately based on non‑reason such as values, feelings, or emotions. These deep‑seated values, feelings, and emotions we have are rarely a result of reasoning, but can certainly be influenced by reasoning. We have values, feelings, and emotions before we begin to reason and long before we begin to reason effectively.
2332-38
Electric communication is mainly known in fish. The electric signals are produced in special electric organs. When the signal is discharged the electric organ will be negatively loaded compared to the head and an electric field is created around the fish. A weak electric current is created also in ordinary muscle cells when they contract. In the electric organ the muscle cells are connected in larger chunks, which makes the total current intensity larger than in ordinary muscles. The fish varies the signals by changing the form of the electric field or the frequency of discharging. The system is only working over small distances, about one to two meters. This is an advantage since the species using the signal system often live in large groups with several other species. If many fish send out signals at the same time, the short range decreases the risk of interference.
2332-39
Creativity can have an effect on productivity. Creativity leads some individuals to recognize problems that others do not see, but which may be very difficult. Charles Darwin's approach to the speciation problem is a good example of this; he chose a very difficult and tangled problem, speciation, which led him into a long period of data collection and deliberation. This choice of problem did not allow for a quick attack or a simple experiment. In such cases creativity may actually decrease productivity (as measured by publication counts) because effort is focused on difficult problems. For others, whose creativity is more focused on methods and technique, creativity may lead to solutions that drastically reduce the work necessary to solve a problem. We can see an example in the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which enables us to amplify small pieces of DNA in a short time. This type of creativity might reduce the number of steps or substitute steps that are less likely to fail, thus increasing productivity.
Human processes differ from rational processes in their outcome. A process is rational if it always does the right thing based on the current information, given an ideal performance measure. In short, rational processes go by the book and assume that the book is actually correct. Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don't necessarily reflect the book and may not even consider the existing data. As an example, the rational way to drive a car is to always follow the laws. However, traffic isn't rational; if you follow the laws precisely, you end up stuck somewhere because other drivers aren't following the laws precisely. To be successful, a self‑driving car must therefore act humanly, rather than rationally.
2332-36
Like positive habits, bad habits exist on a continuum of easy‑to‑change and hard‑to‑change. When you get toward the "hard" end of the spectrum, note the language you hear - breaking bad habits and battling addiction. It's as if an unwanted behavior is a nefarious villain to be aggressively defeated. But this kind of language (and the approaches it spawns) frames these challenges in a way that isn't helpful or effective. I specifically hope we will stop using this phrase: "break a habit." This language misguides people. The word "break" sets the wrong expectation for how you get rid of a bad habit. This word implies that if you input a lot of force in one moment, the habit will be gone. However, that rarely works, because you usually cannot get rid of an unwanted habit by applying force one time.
2332-37
A common but incorrect assumption is that we are creatures of reason when, in fact, we are creatures of both reason and emotion. We cannot get by on reason alone since any reason always eventually leads to a feeling. Should I get a wholegrain cereal or a chocolate cereal? I can list all the reasons I want, but the reasons have to be based on something. For example, if my goal is to eat healthy, I can choose the wholegrain cereal, but what is my reason for wanting to be healthy? I can list more and more reasons such as wanting to live longer, spending more quality time with loved ones, etc., but what are the reasons for those reasons? You should be able to see by now that reasons are ultimately based on non‑reason such as values, feelings, or emotions. These deep‑seated values, feelings, and emotions we have are rarely a result of reasoning, but can certainly be influenced by reasoning. We have values, feelings, and emotions before we begin to reason and long before we begin to reason effectively.
2332-38
Electric communication is mainly known in fish. The electric signals are produced in special electric organs. When the signal is discharged the electric organ will be negatively loaded compared to the head and an electric field is created around the fish. A weak electric current is created also in ordinary muscle cells when they contract. In the electric organ the muscle cells are connected in larger chunks, which makes the total current intensity larger than in ordinary muscles. The fish varies the signals by changing the form of the electric field or the frequency of discharging. The system is only working over small distances, about one to two meters. This is an advantage since the species using the signal system often live in large groups with several other species. If many fish send out signals at the same time, the short range decreases the risk of interference.
2332-39
Creativity can have an effect on productivity. Creativity leads some individuals to recognize problems that others do not see, but which may be very difficult. Charles Darwin's approach to the speciation problem is a good example of this; he chose a very difficult and tangled problem, speciation, which led him into a long period of data collection and deliberation. This choice of problem did not allow for a quick attack or a simple experiment. In such cases creativity may actually decrease productivity (as measured by publication counts) because effort is focused on difficult problems. For others, whose creativity is more focused on methods and technique, creativity may lead to solutions that drastically reduce the work necessary to solve a problem. We can see an example in the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which enables us to amplify small pieces of DNA in a short time. This type of creativity might reduce the number of steps or substitute steps that are less likely to fail, thus increasing productivity.
728x90
반응형
2332 본문읽기 15
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 12:27
728x90
반응형
2332-30
Robert Blattberg and Steven Hoch noted that, in a changing environment, it is not clear that consistency is always a virtue and that one of the advantages of human judgment is the ability to detect change. Thus, in changing environments, it might be advantageous to combine human judgment and statistical models. Blattberg and Hoch examined this possibility by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products and then creating a composite forecast by averaging these judgments with the forecasts of statistical models based on past data. The logic was that statistical models assume stable conditions and therefore cannot account for the effects on demand of novel events such as actions taken by competitors or the introduction of new products. Humans, however, can incorporate these novel factors in their judgments. The composite ─ or average of human judgments and statistical models ─ proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone.
2332-31
Free play is nature's means of teaching children that they are not helpless. In play, away from adults, children really do have control and can practice asserting it. In free play, children learn to make their own decisions, solve their own problems, create and follow rules, and get along with others as equals rather than as obedient or rebellious subordinates. In active outdoor play, children deliberately dose themselves with moderate amounts of fear and they thereby learn how to control not only their bodies, but also their fear. In social play children learn how to negotiate with others, how to please others, and how to manage and overcome the anger that can arise from conflicts. None of these lessons can be taught through verbal means; they can be learned only through experience, which free play provides.
2332-32
Many early dot‑com investors focused almost entirely on revenue growth instead of net income. Many early dot‑com companies earned most of their revenue from selling advertising space on their Web sites. To boost reported revenue, some sites began exchanging ad space. Company A would put an ad for its Web site on company B's Web site, and company B would put an ad for its Web site on company A's Web site. No money ever changed hands, but each company recorded revenue (for the value of the space that it gave up on its site) and expense (for the value of its ad that it placed on the other company's site). This practice did little to boost net income and resulted in no additional cash inflow ─ but it did boost reported revenue. This practice was quickly put to an end because accountants felt that it did not meet the criteria of the revenue recognition principle.
2332-33
Scholars of myth have long argued that myth gives structure and meaning to human life; that meaning is amplified when a myth evolves into a world. A virtual world's ability to fulfill needs grows when lots and lots of people believe in the world. Conversely, a virtual world cannot be long sustained by a mere handful of adherents. Consider the difference between a global sport and a game I invent with my nine friends and play regularly. My game might be a great game, one that is completely immersive, one that consumes all of my group's time and attention. If its reach is limited to the ten of us, though, then it's ultimately just a weird hobby, and it has limited social function. For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide‑ranging value, its participants must be a large enough group to be considered a society. When that threshold is reached, psychological value can turn into wide‑ranging social value.
2332-34
It seems natural to describe certain environmental conditions as 'extreme', 'harsh', 'benign' or 'stressful'. It may seem obvious when conditions are 'extreme': the midday heat of a desert, the cold of an Antarctic winter, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake. But this only means that these conditions are extreme for us, given our particular physiological characteristics and tolerances. To a cactus there is nothing extreme about the desert conditions in which cacti have evolved; nor are the icy lands of Antarctica an extreme environment for penguins. It is lazy and dangerous for the ecologist to assume that all other organisms sense the environment in the way we do. Rather, the ecologist should try to gain a worm's‑eye or plant's‑eye view of the environment: to see the world as others see it. Emotive words like harsh and benign, even relativities such as hot and cold, should be used by ecologists only with care.
Robert Blattberg and Steven Hoch noted that, in a changing environment, it is not clear that consistency is always a virtue and that one of the advantages of human judgment is the ability to detect change. Thus, in changing environments, it might be advantageous to combine human judgment and statistical models. Blattberg and Hoch examined this possibility by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products and then creating a composite forecast by averaging these judgments with the forecasts of statistical models based on past data. The logic was that statistical models assume stable conditions and therefore cannot account for the effects on demand of novel events such as actions taken by competitors or the introduction of new products. Humans, however, can incorporate these novel factors in their judgments. The composite ─ or average of human judgments and statistical models ─ proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone.
2332-31
Free play is nature's means of teaching children that they are not helpless. In play, away from adults, children really do have control and can practice asserting it. In free play, children learn to make their own decisions, solve their own problems, create and follow rules, and get along with others as equals rather than as obedient or rebellious subordinates. In active outdoor play, children deliberately dose themselves with moderate amounts of fear and they thereby learn how to control not only their bodies, but also their fear. In social play children learn how to negotiate with others, how to please others, and how to manage and overcome the anger that can arise from conflicts. None of these lessons can be taught through verbal means; they can be learned only through experience, which free play provides.
2332-32
Many early dot‑com investors focused almost entirely on revenue growth instead of net income. Many early dot‑com companies earned most of their revenue from selling advertising space on their Web sites. To boost reported revenue, some sites began exchanging ad space. Company A would put an ad for its Web site on company B's Web site, and company B would put an ad for its Web site on company A's Web site. No money ever changed hands, but each company recorded revenue (for the value of the space that it gave up on its site) and expense (for the value of its ad that it placed on the other company's site). This practice did little to boost net income and resulted in no additional cash inflow ─ but it did boost reported revenue. This practice was quickly put to an end because accountants felt that it did not meet the criteria of the revenue recognition principle.
2332-33
Scholars of myth have long argued that myth gives structure and meaning to human life; that meaning is amplified when a myth evolves into a world. A virtual world's ability to fulfill needs grows when lots and lots of people believe in the world. Conversely, a virtual world cannot be long sustained by a mere handful of adherents. Consider the difference between a global sport and a game I invent with my nine friends and play regularly. My game might be a great game, one that is completely immersive, one that consumes all of my group's time and attention. If its reach is limited to the ten of us, though, then it's ultimately just a weird hobby, and it has limited social function. For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide‑ranging value, its participants must be a large enough group to be considered a society. When that threshold is reached, psychological value can turn into wide‑ranging social value.
2332-34
It seems natural to describe certain environmental conditions as 'extreme', 'harsh', 'benign' or 'stressful'. It may seem obvious when conditions are 'extreme': the midday heat of a desert, the cold of an Antarctic winter, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake. But this only means that these conditions are extreme for us, given our particular physiological characteristics and tolerances. To a cactus there is nothing extreme about the desert conditions in which cacti have evolved; nor are the icy lands of Antarctica an extreme environment for penguins. It is lazy and dangerous for the ecologist to assume that all other organisms sense the environment in the way we do. Rather, the ecologist should try to gain a worm's‑eye or plant's‑eye view of the environment: to see the world as others see it. Emotive words like harsh and benign, even relativities such as hot and cold, should be used by ecologists only with care.
728x90
반응형
2332 본문읽기 10
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 12:27
728x90
반응형
2332-23
What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains? A few large studies have helped to shed some light. In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. This finding was unusual, since people who eat more fruit usually display the benefits associated with a healthy diet. In this study, however, the researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets and found that fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors. Another study from the Mayo Clinic saw a similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex, the large outer layer of the brain. Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high‑sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do.
2332-24
Winning turns on a self‑conscious awareness that others are watching. It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you and no one is paying attention. You can mess up and be rough and get dirty because no one even knows you're there. But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. You're being judged. You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses, and you start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model and good citizen and a leader that others can respect. There is nothing wrong with that. But if you do it at the expense of being who you really are, making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself, you're not going to be in that position very long. When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.
2332-25
The above graph shows how often German children and young adults read books in 2022 according to age groups. In each age group except 12 to 13‑year‑olds, those who said they read books once a month or less accounted for the largest proportion. Of the 12 to 13‑year‑old group, 42% stated they read daily or several times a week, which was the highest share within that group. In the 14 to 15‑year‑old group, the percentage of teenagers who read daily or several times a week was three times higher than that of those who never read a book in the same age group. In the 16 to 17‑year‑old group, those who read between once a week and once every two weeks were less than 20%. More than one fifth of the age group of 18 to 19 years responded that they never read any book.
2332-26
British photographer Julia Margaret Cameron is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century. Born in Calcutta, India, into a British family, Cameron was educated in France. Given a camera as a gift by her daughter in December 1863, she quickly and energetically devoted herself to the art of photography. She cleared out a chicken coop and converted it into studio space where she began to work as a photographer. Cameron made illustrative studio photographs, convincing friends and family members to pose for photographs, fitting them in theatrical costumes and carefully composing them into scenes. Criticized for her so‑called bad technique by art critics in her own time, she ignored convention and experimented with composition and focus. Later critics appreciated her valuing of spiritual depth over technical perfection and now consider her portraits to be among the finest expressions of the artistic possibilities of the medium.
2332-29
Human beings like certainty. This liking stems from our ancient ancestors who needed to survive alongside saber‑toothed tigers and poisonous berries. Our brains evolved to help us attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward. In fact, we learned that the more certain we were about something, the better chance we had of making the right choice. Is this berry the same shape as last time? The same size? If I know for certain it is, my brain will direct me to eat it because I know it's safe. And if I'm uncertain, my brain will send out a danger alert to protect me. The dependence on certainty all those millennia ago ensured our survival to the present day, and the danger‑alert system continues to protect us. This is achieved by our brains labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events and experiences as uncertain. Our brains then generate sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe from the uncertain element, and we live to see another day.
What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains? A few large studies have helped to shed some light. In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. This finding was unusual, since people who eat more fruit usually display the benefits associated with a healthy diet. In this study, however, the researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets and found that fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors. Another study from the Mayo Clinic saw a similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex, the large outer layer of the brain. Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high‑sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do.
2332-24
Winning turns on a self‑conscious awareness that others are watching. It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you and no one is paying attention. You can mess up and be rough and get dirty because no one even knows you're there. But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. You're being judged. You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses, and you start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model and good citizen and a leader that others can respect. There is nothing wrong with that. But if you do it at the expense of being who you really are, making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself, you're not going to be in that position very long. When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.
2332-25
The above graph shows how often German children and young adults read books in 2022 according to age groups. In each age group except 12 to 13‑year‑olds, those who said they read books once a month or less accounted for the largest proportion. Of the 12 to 13‑year‑old group, 42% stated they read daily or several times a week, which was the highest share within that group. In the 14 to 15‑year‑old group, the percentage of teenagers who read daily or several times a week was three times higher than that of those who never read a book in the same age group. In the 16 to 17‑year‑old group, those who read between once a week and once every two weeks were less than 20%. More than one fifth of the age group of 18 to 19 years responded that they never read any book.
2332-26
British photographer Julia Margaret Cameron is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century. Born in Calcutta, India, into a British family, Cameron was educated in France. Given a camera as a gift by her daughter in December 1863, she quickly and energetically devoted herself to the art of photography. She cleared out a chicken coop and converted it into studio space where she began to work as a photographer. Cameron made illustrative studio photographs, convincing friends and family members to pose for photographs, fitting them in theatrical costumes and carefully composing them into scenes. Criticized for her so‑called bad technique by art critics in her own time, she ignored convention and experimented with composition and focus. Later critics appreciated her valuing of spiritual depth over technical perfection and now consider her portraits to be among the finest expressions of the artistic possibilities of the medium.
2332-29
Human beings like certainty. This liking stems from our ancient ancestors who needed to survive alongside saber‑toothed tigers and poisonous berries. Our brains evolved to help us attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward. In fact, we learned that the more certain we were about something, the better chance we had of making the right choice. Is this berry the same shape as last time? The same size? If I know for certain it is, my brain will direct me to eat it because I know it's safe. And if I'm uncertain, my brain will send out a danger alert to protect me. The dependence on certainty all those millennia ago ensured our survival to the present day, and the danger‑alert system continues to protect us. This is achieved by our brains labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events and experiences as uncertain. Our brains then generate sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe from the uncertain element, and we live to see another day.
728x90
반응형
2332 본문읽기 5수정
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 12:27
728x90
반응형
2332-18
It was a pleasure meeting you at your gallery last week. I appreciate your effort to select and exhibit diverse artwork. As I mentioned, I greatly admire Robert D. Parker's paintings, which emphasize the beauty of nature. Over the past few days, I have been researching and learning about Robert D. Parker's online viewing room through your gallery's website. I'm especially interested in purchasing the painting that depicts the horizon, titled Sunrise. I would like to know if the piece is still available for purchase. It would be a great pleasure to house this wonderful piece of art. I look forward to your reply to this inquiry.
2332-19
On opening day, Isabel arrives at the cafe very early with nervous anticipation. She looks around the cafe, but she can't shake off the feeling that something is missing. As she sets out cups, spoons, and plates, Isabel's doubts grow. She looks around, trying to imagine what else she could do to make the cafe perfect, but nothing comes to mind. Then, in a sudden burst of inspiration, Isabel grabs her paintbrush and transforms the blank walls into landscapes, adding flowers and trees. As she paints, her doubts begin to fade. Looking at her handiwork, which is beautifully done, she is certain that the cafe will be a success. 'Now, success is not exactly guaranteed,' she thinks to herself, 'but I'll definitely get there.'
2332-20
The more people have to do unwanted things the more chances are that they create unpleasant environment for themselves and others. If you hate the thing you do but have to do it nonetheless, you have choice between hating the thing and accepting that it needs to be done. Either way you will do it. Doing it from place of hatred will develop hatred towards the self and others around you; doing it from the place of acceptance will create compassion towards the self and allow for opportunities to find a more suitable way of accomplishing the task. If you decide to accept the fact that your task has to be done, start from recognising that your situation is a gift from life; this will help you to see it as a lesson in acceptance.
2332-21
Everyone's heard the expression don't let the perfect become the enemy of the good. If you want to get over an obstacle so that your idea can become the solution‑based policy you've long dreamed of, you can't have an all‑or‑nothing mentality. You have to be willing to alter your idea and let others influence its outcome. You have to be okay with the outcome being a little different, even a little less, than you wanted. Say you're pushing for a clean water act. Even if what emerges isn't as well‑funded as you wished, or doesn't match how you originally conceived the bill, you'll have still succeeded in ensuring that kids in troubled areas have access to clean water. That's what counts, that they will be safer because of your idea and your effort. Is it perfect? No. Is there more work to be done? Absolutely. But in almost every case, helping move the needle forward is vastly better than not helping at all.
2332-22
Brands that fail to grow and develop lose their relevance. Think about the person you knew who was once on the fast track at your company, who is either no longer with the firm or, worse yet, appears to have hit a plateau in his or her career. Assuming he or she did not make an ambitious move, more often than not, this individual is a victim of having failed to stay relevant and embrace the advances in his or her industry. Think about the impact personal computing technology had on the first wave of executive leadership exposed to the technology. Those who embraced the technology were able to integrate it into their work styles and excel. Those who were resistant many times found few opportunities to advance their careers and in many cases were ultimately let go through early retirement for failure to stay relevant and update their skills.
It was a pleasure meeting you at your gallery last week. I appreciate your effort to select and exhibit diverse artwork. As I mentioned, I greatly admire Robert D. Parker's paintings, which emphasize the beauty of nature. Over the past few days, I have been researching and learning about Robert D. Parker's online viewing room through your gallery's website. I'm especially interested in purchasing the painting that depicts the horizon, titled Sunrise. I would like to know if the piece is still available for purchase. It would be a great pleasure to house this wonderful piece of art. I look forward to your reply to this inquiry.
2332-19
On opening day, Isabel arrives at the cafe very early with nervous anticipation. She looks around the cafe, but she can't shake off the feeling that something is missing. As she sets out cups, spoons, and plates, Isabel's doubts grow. She looks around, trying to imagine what else she could do to make the cafe perfect, but nothing comes to mind. Then, in a sudden burst of inspiration, Isabel grabs her paintbrush and transforms the blank walls into landscapes, adding flowers and trees. As she paints, her doubts begin to fade. Looking at her handiwork, which is beautifully done, she is certain that the cafe will be a success. 'Now, success is not exactly guaranteed,' she thinks to herself, 'but I'll definitely get there.'
2332-20
The more people have to do unwanted things the more chances are that they create unpleasant environment for themselves and others. If you hate the thing you do but have to do it nonetheless, you have choice between hating the thing and accepting that it needs to be done. Either way you will do it. Doing it from place of hatred will develop hatred towards the self and others around you; doing it from the place of acceptance will create compassion towards the self and allow for opportunities to find a more suitable way of accomplishing the task. If you decide to accept the fact that your task has to be done, start from recognising that your situation is a gift from life; this will help you to see it as a lesson in acceptance.
2332-21
Everyone's heard the expression don't let the perfect become the enemy of the good. If you want to get over an obstacle so that your idea can become the solution‑based policy you've long dreamed of, you can't have an all‑or‑nothing mentality. You have to be willing to alter your idea and let others influence its outcome. You have to be okay with the outcome being a little different, even a little less, than you wanted. Say you're pushing for a clean water act. Even if what emerges isn't as well‑funded as you wished, or doesn't match how you originally conceived the bill, you'll have still succeeded in ensuring that kids in troubled areas have access to clean water. That's what counts, that they will be safer because of your idea and your effort. Is it perfect? No. Is there more work to be done? Absolutely. But in almost every case, helping move the needle forward is vastly better than not helping at all.
2332-22
Brands that fail to grow and develop lose their relevance. Think about the person you knew who was once on the fast track at your company, who is either no longer with the firm or, worse yet, appears to have hit a plateau in his or her career. Assuming he or she did not make an ambitious move, more often than not, this individual is a victim of having failed to stay relevant and embrace the advances in his or her industry. Think about the impact personal computing technology had on the first wave of executive leadership exposed to the technology. Those who embraced the technology were able to integrate it into their work styles and excel. Those who were resistant many times found few opportunities to advance their careers and in many cases were ultimately let go through early retirement for failure to stay relevant and update their skills.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 55
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
맞수실전-1003
The Mannerists were a group of 16th-century Italian painters who followed a generation of great Renaissance artists that included Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. Although they borrowed the basic style of these Renaissance painters, they exaggerated and distorted it. As a result, they produced some very unusual works of art. Their paintings often feature bright, unsettling colors such as pink, orange, and green. During this period, the works of the Mannerists were either ignored or harshly criticized. Hundreds of years later, however, art critics began to appreciate the bold experimental style of these artists.
맞수실전-1004
In 1947, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(BAS) created a special device known as the Doomsday Clock. It represents how close the human race is to a major disaster that will cause the world to end. It was originally developed as a way of illustrating the threat of nuclear war, but has since incorporated other serious threats to our planet, including climate change. The clock was first set at 11:53 p.m., and it continuously moves closer to and farther from the "doomsday" time of midnight as the world's situation changes. In January of 2012, the BAS moved the clock forward to 11:55 p.m. in response to the uncontrolled spread of nuclear weapons around the world.
맞수실전-1005
A snowy landscape may seem lifeless at first glance. The trees are leafless and there are few, if any, animals moving about. But under the snow is an active area called the "subnivium" where plants are growing and animals are active. The name "subnivium" is made up of the Latin words sub meaning "below" and nivis meaning "snow."This name is appropriate because the subnivium exists in the tiny area between the ground and the snow. When the snow is at least six inches deep, it actually protects the soil beneath it from the winds and cold above. Therefore, the temperature in the area just below the snow-the subnivium-stays slightly above freezing, allowing plants to flourish and animals to survive.
맞수실전-1006
Some foods, such as potatoes and bananas, are more likely to cause you to suffer from gas. This is because farting is caused by an interaction between bacteria in our bowels and certain substances, especially carbohydrates and sugars. Since these are difficult to break down during the digestive process, they travel relatively untouched to the bowels. There, fermentation is carried out by bacteria, and this produces gas. In addition, many processed foods contain artificial sugars that pass to the bowels unabsorbed and create the gas we call a fart. Chocolates and fruit juices are two other well-documented causes of gas.
맞수실전-1101
Movies may be said to support the dominant culture and to serve as a means for its reproduction over time. But one may ask why audiences would find such movies enjoyable if all they do is give cultural directives and prescriptions for proper living. Most of us would likely grow tired of such didactic movies and would probably come to see them as propaganda, similar to the cultural artwork that was common in the Soviet Union and other autocratic societies. The simple answer to this question is that movies do more than present two-hour civics lessons or editorials on responsible behavior. They also tell stories that, in the end, we find satisfying. The bad guys are usually punished; the romantic couple almost always find each other despite the obstacles and difficulties they encounter on the path to true love; and the way we wish the world to be is how, in the movies, it more often than not winds up being. No doubt it is this utopian aspect of movies that accounts for why we enjoy them so much.
The Mannerists were a group of 16th-century Italian painters who followed a generation of great Renaissance artists that included Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. Although they borrowed the basic style of these Renaissance painters, they exaggerated and distorted it. As a result, they produced some very unusual works of art. Their paintings often feature bright, unsettling colors such as pink, orange, and green. During this period, the works of the Mannerists were either ignored or harshly criticized. Hundreds of years later, however, art critics began to appreciate the bold experimental style of these artists.
맞수실전-1004
In 1947, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(BAS) created a special device known as the Doomsday Clock. It represents how close the human race is to a major disaster that will cause the world to end. It was originally developed as a way of illustrating the threat of nuclear war, but has since incorporated other serious threats to our planet, including climate change. The clock was first set at 11:53 p.m., and it continuously moves closer to and farther from the "doomsday" time of midnight as the world's situation changes. In January of 2012, the BAS moved the clock forward to 11:55 p.m. in response to the uncontrolled spread of nuclear weapons around the world.
맞수실전-1005
A snowy landscape may seem lifeless at first glance. The trees are leafless and there are few, if any, animals moving about. But under the snow is an active area called the "subnivium" where plants are growing and animals are active. The name "subnivium" is made up of the Latin words sub meaning "below" and nivis meaning "snow."This name is appropriate because the subnivium exists in the tiny area between the ground and the snow. When the snow is at least six inches deep, it actually protects the soil beneath it from the winds and cold above. Therefore, the temperature in the area just below the snow-the subnivium-stays slightly above freezing, allowing plants to flourish and animals to survive.
맞수실전-1006
Some foods, such as potatoes and bananas, are more likely to cause you to suffer from gas. This is because farting is caused by an interaction between bacteria in our bowels and certain substances, especially carbohydrates and sugars. Since these are difficult to break down during the digestive process, they travel relatively untouched to the bowels. There, fermentation is carried out by bacteria, and this produces gas. In addition, many processed foods contain artificial sugars that pass to the bowels unabsorbed and create the gas we call a fart. Chocolates and fruit juices are two other well-documented causes of gas.
맞수실전-1101
Movies may be said to support the dominant culture and to serve as a means for its reproduction over time. But one may ask why audiences would find such movies enjoyable if all they do is give cultural directives and prescriptions for proper living. Most of us would likely grow tired of such didactic movies and would probably come to see them as propaganda, similar to the cultural artwork that was common in the Soviet Union and other autocratic societies. The simple answer to this question is that movies do more than present two-hour civics lessons or editorials on responsible behavior. They also tell stories that, in the end, we find satisfying. The bad guys are usually punished; the romantic couple almost always find each other despite the obstacles and difficulties they encounter on the path to true love; and the way we wish the world to be is how, in the movies, it more often than not winds up being. No doubt it is this utopian aspect of movies that accounts for why we enjoy them so much.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 50
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
맞수실전-904
Imagine you are at a movie theater and one of your friends has just thrown trash on the floor. You want to tell him to pick it up, but none of your other friends have said anything. Not wanting to appear different, you simply say nothing. However, in reality, most of your other friends are also upset about the trash on the floor. But since nobody has said anything, nobody knows this. This is known as "pluralistic ignorance."It refers to situations in which people assume that their values differ from those of the rest of the group. If just one person had said how he or she really felt, the pluralistic ignorance would have instantly disappeared.
맞수실전-905
All around the world, honeybee populations are declining. There are several theories as to what's causing this, including climate change, genetically-modified crops, and viruses. Now, some scientists want to add cell phones to this list. Researchers in Switzerland studied a phenomenon called "colony collapse disorder," which occurs when worker bees abandon a hive. Eventually, the queen bee runs out of food and the colony is destroyed. The researchers placed cell phones in several hives, and then recorded the sounds the bees made when the phones were active and when they were not. Inactive phones didn't seem to have an effect on the bees, but ringing phones, which create electromagnetic waves, threw them into confusion, causing them to fly away from the hive. This behavior has led the researchers to believe that bees are sensitive to electromagnetic fields.
맞수실전-906
In many of the world's languages, tones are used to imbue words with meaning. A remarkable new study has shown that languages that use three or more tones for sound contrast are significantly more likely to be used in humid than dry parts of the world. In other words, climate appears to be one of the factors exerting influence on the development of languages over time. The study points out that this is an example of how humans adapt to their various environments. The researchers noted that breathing in dry air leads to dehydration of the larynx and reduces the elasticity of the vocal folds, making it harder to produce complex tones. Therefore, people in drier areas would avoid using them.
맞수실전-1001
When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter 's art.
맞수실전-1002
Cruise ships offer a variety of features to make a vacation memorable. It is important, however, to choose a cruise company that is right for you. There are many companies that offer cruises, including Royal Caribbean, Carnival, and Disney. You should start by finding several offers that suit your budget. Once you've found cruises you can afford, decide what type of activities you prefer. Couples, for example, often choose cruises that feature romantic activities, while families are more interested in cruises with fun events and exciting performances. Another important criterion is the number of vacation days you have available. Most companies offer trips that last anywhere from three to fourteen days. These factors can help you choose the perfect cruise.
Imagine you are at a movie theater and one of your friends has just thrown trash on the floor. You want to tell him to pick it up, but none of your other friends have said anything. Not wanting to appear different, you simply say nothing. However, in reality, most of your other friends are also upset about the trash on the floor. But since nobody has said anything, nobody knows this. This is known as "pluralistic ignorance."It refers to situations in which people assume that their values differ from those of the rest of the group. If just one person had said how he or she really felt, the pluralistic ignorance would have instantly disappeared.
맞수실전-905
All around the world, honeybee populations are declining. There are several theories as to what's causing this, including climate change, genetically-modified crops, and viruses. Now, some scientists want to add cell phones to this list. Researchers in Switzerland studied a phenomenon called "colony collapse disorder," which occurs when worker bees abandon a hive. Eventually, the queen bee runs out of food and the colony is destroyed. The researchers placed cell phones in several hives, and then recorded the sounds the bees made when the phones were active and when they were not. Inactive phones didn't seem to have an effect on the bees, but ringing phones, which create electromagnetic waves, threw them into confusion, causing them to fly away from the hive. This behavior has led the researchers to believe that bees are sensitive to electromagnetic fields.
맞수실전-906
In many of the world's languages, tones are used to imbue words with meaning. A remarkable new study has shown that languages that use three or more tones for sound contrast are significantly more likely to be used in humid than dry parts of the world. In other words, climate appears to be one of the factors exerting influence on the development of languages over time. The study points out that this is an example of how humans adapt to their various environments. The researchers noted that breathing in dry air leads to dehydration of the larynx and reduces the elasticity of the vocal folds, making it harder to produce complex tones. Therefore, people in drier areas would avoid using them.
맞수실전-1001
When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter 's art.
맞수실전-1002
Cruise ships offer a variety of features to make a vacation memorable. It is important, however, to choose a cruise company that is right for you. There are many companies that offer cruises, including Royal Caribbean, Carnival, and Disney. You should start by finding several offers that suit your budget. Once you've found cruises you can afford, decide what type of activities you prefer. Couples, for example, often choose cruises that feature romantic activities, while families are more interested in cruises with fun events and exciting performances. Another important criterion is the number of vacation days you have available. Most companies offer trips that last anywhere from three to fourteen days. These factors can help you choose the perfect cruise.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 45
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
맞수실전-805
In the early stages of civilization, people lived in nomadic groups that roamed from place to place, relying on hunting and gathering to collect food. The concept of taxes, needless to say, had yet to be formed. Later, however, humans acquired agricultural knowledge and began to cultivate grains; this development led to the beginning of land ownership. To protect their fields from wild animals and enemies, these landholders organized themselves into communities, within which each family contributed some money for common use. This was the earliest form of taxation. Later, as these communities became more complex and developed into towns, they began to select respected individuals to serve as organizers and planners. These leaders, in turn, were rendered a direct reward for their efforts, paid to them by the other members of the community.
맞수실전-806
Human memory can be divided into two main parts: retention and recall. The former refers to the ability to store information and the latter to the ability to retrieve it again. Our memory is excellent at storing information, but we sometimes have difficulty recalling it. However, recall performance can be improved considerably by practicing certain techniques. After learning something, recall rises for a brief time as we absorb the information, and then it drops dramatically. This loss of memory can be minimized by combining periods of activity and rest. When reading, recall can be improved by breaking up learning periods into sessions of twenty to forty minutes, during which notes are made. Memory is reinforced by a short review of the same material the next day and then again the following week.
맞수실전-901
Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos.'How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i．e． the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e．g． Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.
맞수실전-902
Have you ever felt uncomfortable simply because of the presence of other people whom you've never met before? When we don't know exactly what others think of us, it's very easy to have feelings of insecurity and self-doubt. The American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley explained such reactions with his concept of the looking-glass self, which states that an individual's self-image is produced through social interaction. According to this concept, our self-perception and level of personal insecurity in social situations are influenced by how we think others perceive us. That is, our images of ourselves are reflections of what we believe others' evaluations to be.
맞수실전-903
Human beings have a natural desire to search for patterns in our daily lives. Even when it comes to events that are completely random, we try to interpret them as being meaningful. For example, if a coin is flipped three times and it lands heads-up each time, we will think it much more likely that the coin will come up tails the next time. In fact, though, each single flip is equally as likely to come up heads as it is to come up tails, regardless of what has happened before. That is, the coin has no "memory" of the previous results. Regardless of this fact, we still find it difficult to accept randomness in the world.
In the early stages of civilization, people lived in nomadic groups that roamed from place to place, relying on hunting and gathering to collect food. The concept of taxes, needless to say, had yet to be formed. Later, however, humans acquired agricultural knowledge and began to cultivate grains; this development led to the beginning of land ownership. To protect their fields from wild animals and enemies, these landholders organized themselves into communities, within which each family contributed some money for common use. This was the earliest form of taxation. Later, as these communities became more complex and developed into towns, they began to select respected individuals to serve as organizers and planners. These leaders, in turn, were rendered a direct reward for their efforts, paid to them by the other members of the community.
맞수실전-806
Human memory can be divided into two main parts: retention and recall. The former refers to the ability to store information and the latter to the ability to retrieve it again. Our memory is excellent at storing information, but we sometimes have difficulty recalling it. However, recall performance can be improved considerably by practicing certain techniques. After learning something, recall rises for a brief time as we absorb the information, and then it drops dramatically. This loss of memory can be minimized by combining periods of activity and rest. When reading, recall can be improved by breaking up learning periods into sessions of twenty to forty minutes, during which notes are made. Memory is reinforced by a short review of the same material the next day and then again the following week.
맞수실전-901
Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos.'How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i．e． the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e．g． Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.
맞수실전-902
Have you ever felt uncomfortable simply because of the presence of other people whom you've never met before? When we don't know exactly what others think of us, it's very easy to have feelings of insecurity and self-doubt. The American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley explained such reactions with his concept of the looking-glass self, which states that an individual's self-image is produced through social interaction. According to this concept, our self-perception and level of personal insecurity in social situations are influenced by how we think others perceive us. That is, our images of ourselves are reflections of what we believe others' evaluations to be.
맞수실전-903
Human beings have a natural desire to search for patterns in our daily lives. Even when it comes to events that are completely random, we try to interpret them as being meaningful. For example, if a coin is flipped three times and it lands heads-up each time, we will think it much more likely that the coin will come up tails the next time. In fact, though, each single flip is equally as likely to come up heads as it is to come up tails, regardless of what has happened before. That is, the coin has no "memory" of the previous results. Regardless of this fact, we still find it difficult to accept randomness in the world.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 40
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
2262-40
The great irony of performance psychology is that it teaches each sportsman to believe, as far as he is able, that he will win. No man doubts. No man indulges his inner skepticism. That is the logic of sports psychology. But only one man can win. That is the logic of sport. Note the difference between a scientist and an athlete. Doubt is a scientist's stock in trade. Progress is made by focusing on the evidence that refutes a theory and by improving the theory accordingly. Skepticism is the rocket fuel of scientific advance. But doubt, to an athlete, is poison. Progress is made by ignoring the evidence; it is about creating a mindset that is immune to doubt and uncertainty. Just to reiterate: From a rational perspective, this is nothing less than crazy. Why should an athlete convince himself he will win when he knows that there is every possibility he will lose? Because, to win, one must proportion one's belief, not to the evidence, but to whatever the mind can usefully get away with.
맞수실전-801
Suppose we know that Paula suffers from a severe phobia. If we reason that Paula is afraid either of snakes or spiders, and then establish that she is not afraid of snakes, we will conclude that Paula is afraid of spiders. However, our conclusion is reasonable only if Paula's fear really does concern either snakes or spiders. If we know only that Paula has a phobia, then the fact that she's not afraid of snakes is entirely consistent with her being afraid of heights, water, dogs or the number thirteen. More generally, when we are presented with a list of alternative explanations for some phenomenon, and are then persuaded that all but one of those explanations are unsatisfactory, we should pause to reflect. Before conceding that the remaining explanation is the correct one, consider whether other plausible options are being ignored or overlooked. The fallacy of false choice misleads when we're insufficiently attentive to an important hidden assumption, that the choices which have been made explicit exhaust the sensible alternatives.
맞수실전-802
When food manufacturers chose to undertake flavor research in the past, they generally would give consumers new products and take note of their reactions. These days, however, it has become a much more complex and scientific process. As customers demand more novelty and variety in the flavors of their food, scientists have been put to work in laboratories. Their goal is to create products that will please today's customers. To do so, they are analyzing brain structures and even genetic codes in the hope that it will enable them to create flavors tailored to specific types of consumers. Simply tasting good is not enough anymore; today's food needs to provide an exceptional flavor "experience."As companies continue to refine their products, consumers can expect more interesting flavors in the future.
맞수실전-803
Have you ever had a word on the tip of your tongue but it took you a long time to retrieve it from your memory? This phenomenon, called "lethologica," is defined as the "inability to remember the correct word."It occurs because the mind remembers things by building patterns of interconnected information. Our ability to recall words relies on these patterns, and some words are harder to recall than others because our minds have not linked them to other important bits of information. The result is that we temporarily forget what is not essential in our lives, such as words that we don't use very often, so that we can prioritize what is most important.
맞수실전-804
In recent years there has been widespread speculation that cloning could produce a human child who would be identical to an already existing person. This reflects an erroneous belief that genes alone determine all aspects of an individual. Although genes play an essential role in the formation of physical and behavioral characteristics, each individual is, in fact, the result of a complex interaction between genes and the environment within which he or she develops. Even identical twins who grow up together and thus share the same genes and a similar home environment have different interests, and can have very different talents. Clearly, the more we learn about genes, the more we realize our inability to produce a human being who is a true replica of anyone else.
The great irony of performance psychology is that it teaches each sportsman to believe, as far as he is able, that he will win. No man doubts. No man indulges his inner skepticism. That is the logic of sports psychology. But only one man can win. That is the logic of sport. Note the difference between a scientist and an athlete. Doubt is a scientist's stock in trade. Progress is made by focusing on the evidence that refutes a theory and by improving the theory accordingly. Skepticism is the rocket fuel of scientific advance. But doubt, to an athlete, is poison. Progress is made by ignoring the evidence; it is about creating a mindset that is immune to doubt and uncertainty. Just to reiterate: From a rational perspective, this is nothing less than crazy. Why should an athlete convince himself he will win when he knows that there is every possibility he will lose? Because, to win, one must proportion one's belief, not to the evidence, but to whatever the mind can usefully get away with.
맞수실전-801
Suppose we know that Paula suffers from a severe phobia. If we reason that Paula is afraid either of snakes or spiders, and then establish that she is not afraid of snakes, we will conclude that Paula is afraid of spiders. However, our conclusion is reasonable only if Paula's fear really does concern either snakes or spiders. If we know only that Paula has a phobia, then the fact that she's not afraid of snakes is entirely consistent with her being afraid of heights, water, dogs or the number thirteen. More generally, when we are presented with a list of alternative explanations for some phenomenon, and are then persuaded that all but one of those explanations are unsatisfactory, we should pause to reflect. Before conceding that the remaining explanation is the correct one, consider whether other plausible options are being ignored or overlooked. The fallacy of false choice misleads when we're insufficiently attentive to an important hidden assumption, that the choices which have been made explicit exhaust the sensible alternatives.
맞수실전-802
When food manufacturers chose to undertake flavor research in the past, they generally would give consumers new products and take note of their reactions. These days, however, it has become a much more complex and scientific process. As customers demand more novelty and variety in the flavors of their food, scientists have been put to work in laboratories. Their goal is to create products that will please today's customers. To do so, they are analyzing brain structures and even genetic codes in the hope that it will enable them to create flavors tailored to specific types of consumers. Simply tasting good is not enough anymore; today's food needs to provide an exceptional flavor "experience."As companies continue to refine their products, consumers can expect more interesting flavors in the future.
맞수실전-803
Have you ever had a word on the tip of your tongue but it took you a long time to retrieve it from your memory? This phenomenon, called "lethologica," is defined as the "inability to remember the correct word."It occurs because the mind remembers things by building patterns of interconnected information. Our ability to recall words relies on these patterns, and some words are harder to recall than others because our minds have not linked them to other important bits of information. The result is that we temporarily forget what is not essential in our lives, such as words that we don't use very often, so that we can prioritize what is most important.
맞수실전-804
In recent years there has been widespread speculation that cloning could produce a human child who would be identical to an already existing person. This reflects an erroneous belief that genes alone determine all aspects of an individual. Although genes play an essential role in the formation of physical and behavioral characteristics, each individual is, in fact, the result of a complex interaction between genes and the environment within which he or she develops. Even identical twins who grow up together and thus share the same genes and a similar home environment have different interests, and can have very different talents. Clearly, the more we learn about genes, the more we realize our inability to produce a human being who is a true replica of anyone else.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 35
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
2262-35
Inflationary risk refers to uncertainty regarding the future real value of one's investments. Say, for instance, that you hold $100 in a bank account that has no fees and accrues no interest. If left untouched there will always be $100 in that bank account. If you keep that money in the bank for a year, during which inflation is 100 percent, you've still got $100. Only now, if you take it out and put it in your wallet, you'll only be able to purchase half the goods you could have bought a year ago. In other words, if inflation increases faster than the amount of interest you are earning, this will decrease the purchasing power of your investments over time. That's why we differentiate between nominal value and real value.
2262-36
Touch receptors are spread over all parts of the body, but they are not spread evenly. Most of the touch receptors are found in your fingertips, tongue, and lips. On the tip of each of your fingers, for example, there are about five thousand separate touch receptors. In other parts of the body there are far fewer. In the skin of your back, the touch receptors may be as much as 2 inches apart. You can test this for yourself. Have someone poke you in the back with one, two, or three fingers and try to guess how many fingers the person used. If the fingers are close together, you will probably think it was only one. But if the fingers are spread far apart, you can feel them individually. Yet if the person does the same thing on the back of your hand (with your eyes closed, so that you don't see how many fingers are being used), you probably will be able to tell easily, even when the fingers are close together.
2262-37
One interesting feature of network markets is that "history matters." A famous example is the QWERTY keyboard used with your computer. You might wonder why this particular configuration of keys, with its awkward placement of the letters, became the standard. The QWERTY keyboard in the 19th century was developed in the era of manual typewriters with physical keys. The keyboard was designed to keep frequently used keys (like E and O) physically separated in order to prevent them from jamming. By the time the technology for electronic typing evolved, millions of people had already learned to type on millions of QWERTY typewriters. Replacing the QWERTY keyboard with a more efficient design would have been both expensive and difficult to coordinate. Thus, the placement of the letters stays with the obsolete QWERTY on today's English-language keyboards.
2262-38
One way of measuring temperature occurs if an object is hot enough to visibly glow, such as a metal poker that has been left in a fire. The color of a glowing object is related to its temperature: as the temperature rises, the object is first red and then orange, and finally it gets white, the "hottest" color. The relation between temperature and the color of a glowing object is useful to astronomers. The color of stars is related to their temperature, and since people cannot as yet travel the great distances to the stars and measure their temperature in a more precise way, astronomers rely on their color. This temperature is of the surface of the star, the part of the star which is emitting the light that can be seen. The interior of the star is at a much higher temperature, though it is concealed. But the information obtained from the color of the star is still useful.
2262-39
The holy grail of the first wave of creativity research was a personality test to measure general creativity ability, in the same way that IQ measured general intelligence. A person's creativity score should tell us his or her creative potential in any field of endeavor, just like an IQ score is not limited to physics, math, or literature. But by the 1970s, psychologists realized there was no such thing as a general "creativity quotient." Creative people aren't creative in a general, universal way; they're creative in a specific sphere of activity, a particular domain. We don't expect a creative scientist to also be a gifted painter. A creative violinist may not be a creative conductor, and a creative conductor may not be very good at composing new works. Psychologists now know that creativity is domain specific.
Inflationary risk refers to uncertainty regarding the future real value of one's investments. Say, for instance, that you hold $100 in a bank account that has no fees and accrues no interest. If left untouched there will always be $100 in that bank account. If you keep that money in the bank for a year, during which inflation is 100 percent, you've still got $100. Only now, if you take it out and put it in your wallet, you'll only be able to purchase half the goods you could have bought a year ago. In other words, if inflation increases faster than the amount of interest you are earning, this will decrease the purchasing power of your investments over time. That's why we differentiate between nominal value and real value.
2262-36
Touch receptors are spread over all parts of the body, but they are not spread evenly. Most of the touch receptors are found in your fingertips, tongue, and lips. On the tip of each of your fingers, for example, there are about five thousand separate touch receptors. In other parts of the body there are far fewer. In the skin of your back, the touch receptors may be as much as 2 inches apart. You can test this for yourself. Have someone poke you in the back with one, two, or three fingers and try to guess how many fingers the person used. If the fingers are close together, you will probably think it was only one. But if the fingers are spread far apart, you can feel them individually. Yet if the person does the same thing on the back of your hand (with your eyes closed, so that you don't see how many fingers are being used), you probably will be able to tell easily, even when the fingers are close together.
2262-37
One interesting feature of network markets is that "history matters." A famous example is the QWERTY keyboard used with your computer. You might wonder why this particular configuration of keys, with its awkward placement of the letters, became the standard. The QWERTY keyboard in the 19th century was developed in the era of manual typewriters with physical keys. The keyboard was designed to keep frequently used keys (like E and O) physically separated in order to prevent them from jamming. By the time the technology for electronic typing evolved, millions of people had already learned to type on millions of QWERTY typewriters. Replacing the QWERTY keyboard with a more efficient design would have been both expensive and difficult to coordinate. Thus, the placement of the letters stays with the obsolete QWERTY on today's English-language keyboards.
2262-38
One way of measuring temperature occurs if an object is hot enough to visibly glow, such as a metal poker that has been left in a fire. The color of a glowing object is related to its temperature: as the temperature rises, the object is first red and then orange, and finally it gets white, the "hottest" color. The relation between temperature and the color of a glowing object is useful to astronomers. The color of stars is related to their temperature, and since people cannot as yet travel the great distances to the stars and measure their temperature in a more precise way, astronomers rely on their color. This temperature is of the surface of the star, the part of the star which is emitting the light that can be seen. The interior of the star is at a much higher temperature, though it is concealed. But the information obtained from the color of the star is still useful.
2262-39
The holy grail of the first wave of creativity research was a personality test to measure general creativity ability, in the same way that IQ measured general intelligence. A person's creativity score should tell us his or her creative potential in any field of endeavor, just like an IQ score is not limited to physics, math, or literature. But by the 1970s, psychologists realized there was no such thing as a general "creativity quotient." Creative people aren't creative in a general, universal way; they're creative in a specific sphere of activity, a particular domain. We don't expect a creative scientist to also be a gifted painter. A creative violinist may not be a creative conductor, and a creative conductor may not be very good at composing new works. Psychologists now know that creativity is domain specific.
728x90
반응형
232_h2 본문읽기 30
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
728x90
반응형
2262-30
The most advanced military jets are fly‑by‑wire: They are so unstable that they require an automated system that can sense and act more quickly than a human operator to maintain control. Our dependence on smart technology has led to a paradox. As technology improves, it becomes more reliable and more efficient, and human operators depend on it even more. Eventually they lose focus, become distracted, and check out, leaving the system to run on its own. In the most extreme case, piloting a massive airliner could become a passive occupation, like watching TV. This is fine until something unexpected happens. The unexpected reveals the value of humans; what we bring to the table is the flexibility to handle new situations. Machines aren't collaborating in pursuit of a joint goal; they are merely serving as tools. So when the human operator gives up oversight, the system is more likely to have a serious accident.
2262-31
Followers can be defined by their position as subordinates or by their behavior of going along with leaders' wishes. But followers also have power to lead. Followers empower leaders as well as vice versa. This has led some leadership analysts like Ronald Heifetz to avoid using the word followers and refer to the others in a power relationship as "citizens" or "constituents." Heifetz is correct that too simple a view of followers can produce misunderstanding. In modern life, most people wind up being both leaders and followers, and the categories can become quite fluid. Our behavior as followers changes as our objectives change. If I trust your judgment in music more than my own, I may follow your lead on which concert we attend (even though you may be formally my subordinate in position). But if I am an expert on fishing, you may follow my lead on where we fish, regardless of our formal positions or the fact that I followed your lead on concerts yesterday.
2262-32
Color is an interpretation of wavelengths, one that only exists internally. And it gets stranger, because the wavelengths we're talking about involve only what we call "visible light", a spectrum of wavelengths that runs from red to violet. But visible light constitutes only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum ― less than one ten-trillionth of it. All the rest of the spectrum ― including radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, cell phone conversations, wi-fi, and so on ― all of this is flowing through us right now, and we're completely unaware of it. This is because we don't have any specialized biological receptors to pick up on these signals from other parts of the spectrum. The slice of reality that we can see is limited by our biology.
2262-33
What is unusual about journalism as a profession is its lack of independence. In theory, practitioners in the classic professions, like medicine or the clergy, contain the means of production in their heads and hands, and therefore do not have to work for a company or an employer. They can draw their income directly from their clients or patients. Because the professionals hold knowledge, moreover, their clients are dependent on them. Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical in nature; one might argue that the public depends on journalists in the same way that patients depend on doctors, but in practice a journalist can serve the public usually only by working for a news organization, which can fire her or him at will. Journalists' income depends not on the public, but on the employing news organization, which often derives the large majority of its revenue from advertisers.
2262-34
In most of the world, capitalism and free markets are accepted today as constituting the best system for allocating economic resources and encouraging economic output. Nations have tried other systems, such as socialism and communism, but in many cases they have either switched wholesale to or adopted aspects of free markets. Despite the widespread acceptance of the free-market system, markets are rarely left entirely free. Government involvement takes many forms, ranging from the enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations to direct participation in the economy through entities like the U.S.'s mortgage agencies. Perhaps the most important form of government involvement, however, comes in the attempts of central banks and national treasuries to control and affect the ups and downs of economic cycles.
The most advanced military jets are fly‑by‑wire: They are so unstable that they require an automated system that can sense and act more quickly than a human operator to maintain control. Our dependence on smart technology has led to a paradox. As technology improves, it becomes more reliable and more efficient, and human operators depend on it even more. Eventually they lose focus, become distracted, and check out, leaving the system to run on its own. In the most extreme case, piloting a massive airliner could become a passive occupation, like watching TV. This is fine until something unexpected happens. The unexpected reveals the value of humans; what we bring to the table is the flexibility to handle new situations. Machines aren't collaborating in pursuit of a joint goal; they are merely serving as tools. So when the human operator gives up oversight, the system is more likely to have a serious accident.
2262-31
Followers can be defined by their position as subordinates or by their behavior of going along with leaders' wishes. But followers also have power to lead. Followers empower leaders as well as vice versa. This has led some leadership analysts like Ronald Heifetz to avoid using the word followers and refer to the others in a power relationship as "citizens" or "constituents." Heifetz is correct that too simple a view of followers can produce misunderstanding. In modern life, most people wind up being both leaders and followers, and the categories can become quite fluid. Our behavior as followers changes as our objectives change. If I trust your judgment in music more than my own, I may follow your lead on which concert we attend (even though you may be formally my subordinate in position). But if I am an expert on fishing, you may follow my lead on where we fish, regardless of our formal positions or the fact that I followed your lead on concerts yesterday.
2262-32
Color is an interpretation of wavelengths, one that only exists internally. And it gets stranger, because the wavelengths we're talking about involve only what we call "visible light", a spectrum of wavelengths that runs from red to violet. But visible light constitutes only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum ― less than one ten-trillionth of it. All the rest of the spectrum ― including radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, cell phone conversations, wi-fi, and so on ― all of this is flowing through us right now, and we're completely unaware of it. This is because we don't have any specialized biological receptors to pick up on these signals from other parts of the spectrum. The slice of reality that we can see is limited by our biology.
2262-33
What is unusual about journalism as a profession is its lack of independence. In theory, practitioners in the classic professions, like medicine or the clergy, contain the means of production in their heads and hands, and therefore do not have to work for a company or an employer. They can draw their income directly from their clients or patients. Because the professionals hold knowledge, moreover, their clients are dependent on them. Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical in nature; one might argue that the public depends on journalists in the same way that patients depend on doctors, but in practice a journalist can serve the public usually only by working for a news organization, which can fire her or him at will. Journalists' income depends not on the public, but on the employing news organization, which often derives the large majority of its revenue from advertisers.
2262-34
In most of the world, capitalism and free markets are accepted today as constituting the best system for allocating economic resources and encouraging economic output. Nations have tried other systems, such as socialism and communism, but in many cases they have either switched wholesale to or adopted aspects of free markets. Despite the widespread acceptance of the free-market system, markets are rarely left entirely free. Government involvement takes many forms, ranging from the enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations to direct participation in the economy through entities like the U.S.'s mortgage agencies. Perhaps the most important form of government involvement, however, comes in the attempts of central banks and national treasuries to control and affect the ups and downs of economic cycles.
728x90
반응형
