2019년 10월 고3 영어 모의고사 한문장 읽기
THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 18:15:14
한 문장씩 자세히 보기
19103-18
1. We would like to thank you for your suggestion about switching to the new ABC software for maintaining the company's database system.
2. This update will surely make our management system more efficient as well as more cost-effective in the long run.
3. Your idea is currently being reviewed by the board.
4. In order to further discuss your idea, you are required to attend a meeting with the technical team at 2 p.m. on October 8th in Meeting Room A.
5. After assessing the feasibility of the proposal, we would like to proceed with the implementation without any delay.
6. Thank you for your dedication.
19103-19
1. Mary held my hand and made me follow her.
2. With my eyes blindfolded, I was wondering to what fantastic place she was taking me.
3. She stopped me suddenly and played my all-time favorite song: When the Stars Go Blue.
4. I took a deep, shaky breath.
5. When Mary pulled off my blindfold, my jaw dropped and I gasped at the sight before me.
6. We were on a hill.
7. There were no city lights anywhere in sight.
8. The only things giving off light were the moon and the stars.
9. Mary took my hand in hers again.
10. The next thing I knew was that we were dancing, staring into each other's eyes.
11. I wished the night would last forever.
19103-20
1. The human brain is wired to look for threats — a trait that kept us alive when we were living on the savannas but that can prevent happiness in our modern lives.
2. This so-called "negativity bias" can keep you focused on what's going wrong (which explains why complaining is such a popular pastime).
3. To break out of this neural rut, train yourself to acknowledge when things go right.
4. If you keep a calendar or a journal, make a point to write down what went well.
5. If you're more of a verbal processor, start your conversations with friends by sharing a recent win (anything that gives you that yesssss feeling).
6. Where the mind goes, reality follows.
7. The more you appreciate life, the more reasons you have to celebrate it.
19103-21
1. Most people who try to slow down put the proverbial cart before the horse.
2. They make dramatic, often costly changes in their lifestyle, only to encounter two disappointing results.
3. First, they don't enjoy the changes they make.
4. People who are temperamentally used to a fast-paced life quickly discover that a slower-paced life in the country all but drives them crazy.
5. Their habitual, hectic thinking won't allow them to adjust the superficial changes they make.
6. Second, lifestyle changes alone rarely make a real difference.
7. You can rearrange the externals of your life in a radically different way, but you always take your thinking with you.
8. If you are a hurried, rushed person in the city, you'll also be a hurried, rushed person in the country.
9. To mend the problem, you should slow down your life from the inside out.
19103-22
1. We tend to think of technology as shiny tools and gadgets.
2. Even if we acknowledge that technology can exist in disembodied form, such as software, we tend not to include in this category paintings, literature, music, dance, poetry, and the arts in general.
3. But we should.
4. If a thousand lines of letters in UNIX qualifies as a technology (the computer code for a web page), then a thousand lines of letters in English (Hamlet) must qualify as well.
5. They both can change our behavior, alter the course of events, or enable future inventions.
6. A Shakespeare sonnet and a Schubert symphony, then, are in the same category as Google's search engine and the smartphone: They are something useful produced by a mind.
7. We can't separate out the multiple overlapping technologies responsible for a Lord of the Rings movie.
8. The literary rendering of the original novel is as much an invention as the digital rendering of its fantastical creatures.
9. Both are useful works of the human imagination.
10. Both influence audiences powerfully.
11. Both are technological.
19103-23
1. Sometimes social learning is direct.
2. I want to know how to solve a problem with my computer, and the help-desk adviser tells me where to find the crucial command in the menu; I want to know how to operate my wireless speaker set, and my daughter shows me the right command.
3. Most of the recent, expanding experimental literature focuses on such cases of pure instruction, or pure demonstration, for example, in testing the reliability of transmission chains under various conditions.
4. Many studies of social learning in children focus on the fidelity with which information flows from one child to another in diffusion chains.
5. But the most consequential cases of social learning in humans have not depended on pure demonstration or instruction.
6. Rather, most social learning is hybrid learning: agents acquire skills through socially guided trial and error and socially guided practice.
7. Children do get advice, instruction, and other informational head starts from others, but they get this support while engaged in exploratory learning in their environment.
19103-24
1. I can report a number of occasions when my own dogs reacted in a marked, I would say enthusiastic, manner when I wore jingling jewelry that produced a regular rhythm as I walked, though admittedly they did not tap their feet.
2. Although this is a mere anecdote, it suggests that it is wrong to claim that animals are incapable of responding to pronounced rhythms.
3. The specific response of tapping one's foot or deliberately marking any external rhythm does seem to be a particularly human skill, but this need not be interpreted as the decisive capacity involved in musical response.
4. My dogs in fact responded to other musical features beside the regular jingling of my jewelry.
5. The sound of a siren would set them to howling, as would the sound of my husband's saxophone.
6. Perhaps Aristotle observed similar reactions of dogs to musical instruments and rhythms.
7. Apparently Darwin did.
8. He reports observing a dog that was "always whining, when one note on a concertina, which was out of tune, was played."
19103-25
1. The graph above shows the results of a 2018 survey on the attachment feelings of U.S. adults to their local community.
2. Identical percentages of adults living in suburban and in rural communities said they felt very attached to their local community.
3. More than 40% of adults in each of the three types of community responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community.
4. The percentage of adults who felt very attached to their local community increased as their age progressed.
5. In the three groups ages 30 and over, more than 40% responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community, respectively.
6. In terms of those who felt very attached, the percentage of adults who had lived in their community for 6 to 10 years was less than twice that of those who had resided for less than 6 years.
19103-26
1. Kurt Gödel, one of the most important logicians of the contemporary period, was born in what is today Brno, the Czech Republic.
2. Gödel entered the University of Vienna, where he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy.
3. On completing his undergraduate degree he started graduate work in mathematics, earning his doctorate at age twenty-four.
4. After the publication of the incompleteness theorem, he became an internationally known intellectual figure.
5. He began giving mathematical lectures around the world starting in 1933.
6. He gave his first lecture in the United States that year, where he first met Albert Einstein.
7. This was the beginning of a close friendship that would last until Einstein's death in 1955.
8. In 1940, under the threat of being drafted into the German army, Gödel left for the United States, where he accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton.
9. He received the first Albert Einstein Award.
10. In 1974 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.
19103-29
1. The modern adult human brain weighs only 1/50 of the total body weight but uses up to 1/5 of the total energy needs.
2. The brain's running costs are about eight to ten times as high, per unit mass, as those of the body's muscles.
3. And around 3/4 of that energy is expended on neurons, the specialized brain cells that communicate in vast networks to generate our thoughts and behaviours.
4. An individual neuron sending a signal in the brain uses as much energy as a leg muscle cell running a marathon.
5. Of course, we use more energy overall when we are running, but we are not always on the move, whereas our brains never switch off.
6. Even though the brain is metabolically greedy, it still outclasses any desktop computer both in terms of the calculations it can perform and the efficiency at which it does this.
7. We may have built computers that can beat our top Grand Master chess players, but we are still far away from designing one that is capable of recognizing and picking up one of the chess pieces as easily as a typical three-year-old child can.
19103-30
1. Discovering how people are affected by jokes is often difficult.
2. People mask their reactions because of politeness or peer pressure.
3. Moreover, people are sometimes unaware of how they, themselves, are affected.
4. Denial, for example, may conceal from people how deeply wounded they are by certain jokes.
5. Jokes can also be termites or time bombs, lingering unnoticed in a person's subconscious, gnawing on his or her self-esteem or exploding it at a later time.
6. But even if one could accurately determine how people are affected, this would not be an accurate measure of hatefulness.
7. People are often simply wrong about whether a joke is acceptable or hateful.
8. For example, people notoriously find terribly hateful jokes about themselves or their sex, nationalities, professions, etc.
9. unproblematic until their consciousness becomes raised.
10. And the raising of consciousness is often followed by a period of hypersensitivity where people are hurt or offended even by tasteful, tactful jokes.
19103-31
1. The developmental control that children with certain serious medical problems can exert over their physical activity is relevant to device safety.
2. For example, an infant in a crib and a cognitively intact 14-year-old confined to bed due to illness or injury may both be relatively inactive.
3. The adolescent can, however, be expected to have more awareness of and control over movements such as rolling over that might dislodge or otherwise impair the functioning of a medical device such as a breathing tube or feeding tube.
4. Likewise, a 5-year-old and a 25-year-old who have had a cardiac pacemaker implanted may each know that they need to protect the device, but developmental differences in the understanding of risk and causation and in the control of impulses increase the probability of risky behavior by the child, for example, jumping off a porch.
19103-32
1. There's more to striving to be in the majority of one's group than merely acquiring power.
2. We work to be in the majority of our groups not just because the majority controls material and psychological resources, but also because who we are is largely defined by those who claim us as their own.
3. Drawing distinctions between who's in and who's out, between who's right and who's wrong, between privileged or disadvantaged — in short, between us and them — motivates us to be counted among those who do the counting.
4. We seek to belong to the majority of our group, even if our group is in the minority, not just because the majority holds the power, but because the privilege attached to being in the majority position is commonly viewed by others and by ourselves as deserved.
5. We had it coming.
6. This perception contributes to our sense of worth, of who we are, and to others' assessments of our value as well.
19103-33
1. Eating was the original science, the original study of the environment.
2. Kids, just like primitive lifeforms, learn about reality by putting it in their mouths.
3. This mouth knowledge knows no abstracts.
4. The world is either sweet or bitter, smooth or prickly, pleasant or unpleasant.
5. Mouth knowledge comes with gut-level certainty.
6. So to eat is literally to know.
7. But to know what?
8. It is to know self from nonself.
9. Mouth knowledge taught us the boundaries of our bodies.
10. When, as babies, we sucked an object, such as a pacifier, we felt it only from one side, from the side of the mouth.
11. When we sucked our thumbs, we felt them from the outside, through the mouth, and from the inside, through the feeling of the thumb being sucked on.
12. This mouth knowledge ― unlike later school knowledge ― gave us a glimpse of our paradoxical nature: that somehow we are both the subject and the object of our own experience.
19103-34
1. Multiple and often conflicting notions of truth coexist in Internet situations, ranging from outright lying through mutually aware pretence to playful trickery.
2. As Patricia Wallace puts it, 'The fact that it is so easy to lie and get away with it ― as long as we can live with our own deceptions and the harm they may cause others ― is a significant feature of the Internet.
3. 'It is of course possible to live out a lie or fantasy logically and consistently, and it is on this principle that the games in virtual worlds operate and the nicknamed people in chatgroups interact.
4. But it is by no means easy to maintain a consistent presence through language in a world where multiple interactions are taking place under pressure, where participants are often changing their names and identities, and where the cooperative principle can be arbitrarily abandoned.
5. Putting this another way, when you see an Internet utterance, you often do not know how to take it, because you do not know what set of conversational principles it is obeying.
19103-35
1. Competition is basically concerned with how the availability of resources, such as the food and space utilised by various organisms, is reduced by other organisms.
2. Tourism and recreation can result in the transfer of plants and animals to locations where they do not normally occur.
3. In these situations the 'alien' species are often at an advantage, because the new environment is usually devoid of any natural controls that the 'invader' would have evolved with in its original environment.
4. Alien plants compete with indigenous species for space, light, nutrients and water.
5. The introduction of alien plants can result in the disruption and impoverishment of natural plant communities.
6. This has occurred in South Africa, for example, where introduced Australian shrubs have been and are degrading species-rich fynbos plant communities in the Southern Cape region.
19103-36
1. There are times when we hold contradictory views and we know it, at least at one of the deeper levels of consciousness.
2. Most of us could not comfortably live with ourselves if we made a habit of holding flatly contradictory statements at the forefront of our consciousness.
3. For example, I could not explicitly say to myself "I tell many deliberate lies to Stephanie" and "I never lie to Stephanie.
4. "What I do, assuming the first statement reflects objective facts, is suppress the second statement.
5. Another way I can allow myself to hold on to statements that contradict the facts is deliberately to refrain from examining the facts to which the statements refer.
6. This attitude is expressed by the quip "Don't bother me with the facts; I've already made up my mind.
7. "Mental operations of these kinds are not so much instances of reasoning as evasion of reasoning.
8. Obviously, this can have nothing to do with logic.
9. Those forms of unhealthy reasoning can be known as "rationalization.
10. "Rationalization is reasoning in the service of falsehood.
19103-37
1. Centuries of technological advances have created possibilities where few or none existed before.
2. At their most basic, technologies allow people, if sufficiently armed with capital, to partially overcome their local geography and make it productive.
3. The more difficult that geography, the more expensive it is to make it useful, and the more expensive to keep it useful.
4. Economic and social development, then, are about figuring out how to use technology and capital, to find out not only what is possible but also feasible.
5. Economists call this opportunity costs.
6. For example, you may be able to build a road to the top of the mountain to reach a remote chalet, build it strong enough to withstand spring floods, plow it to keep it open in the winter, and repair it and clear it of avalanche debris in the summer.
7. But with those same resources you can build fifty times the length of road in flat lowlands and service several tens of thousands of people.
8. Both tasks are possible, but only one is an efficient and productive use of resources and therefore the more feasible.
19103-38
1. For decades, we have been measuring intelligence at the individual level, just as we have been measuring creativity, engagement, and grit.
2. But it turns out we were failing to measure something with far greater impact.
3. As reported in the journal Science, researchers from MIT, Union College, and Carnegie Mellon have finally found a method for systematically measuring the intelligence of a group as opposed to an individual.
4. Just as we evaluate how successful an individual student will be at solving a problem, we are now able to predict how successful a group of people will be at solving a problem or problems.
5. It would be easy to assume that if you put a group of high-IQ people together, naturally they would exhibit a high collective intelligence.
6. But that's not what happens.
7. Indeed, their research found that a team on which each person was merely average in their individual abilities but possessed a collective intelligence would continually exhibit higher success rates than a team of individual geniuses.
19103-39
1. Biology is the smallest level at which we could explain creativity.
2. Biology's units of analysis are genes, DNA, and specific regions of the human brain.
3. In general, scientists agree that explanations at such lower levels of analysis are more general, more universal, more powerful, and have fewer exceptions than explanations at higher levels of analysis — like the explanations of psychology or sociology.
4. It always makes scientific sense to start your study by attempting to explain something at the lowest possible level.
5. However, at present the biological approach cannot explain creativity and all of the evidence suggests that creativity is not coded in our genes.
6. And decades of study have found no evidence that creativity is localized to any specific brain region; in fact, all of the evidence suggests that creativity is a whole-brain function, drawing on many diverse areas of the brain in a complex systemic fashion.
7. And there is no evidence of a link between mental illness and creativity.
8. To explain creativity, we need to look to the higher levels of explanation offered by psychology, sociology, and history.
19103-40
1. Color has not always been synonymous with truth and reality.
2. In the past, Plato and Aristotle both attacked the use of color in painting because they considered color to be an ornament that obstructed the truth.
3. Even the word "color" contains a snub against it.
4. The Latin colorem is related to celare, to hide or conceal; in Middle English to color is to adorn, to disguise, to render plausible, to misrepresent.
5. Today most people prefer color pictures to black-and-white pictures.
6. They assert that color photographs are more "real" than black-and-white photographs.
7. This implies that people tend to conflate color photography and reality to an even greater extent than they do with black-and-white photographs.
8. Many people have had the experience of someone pointing to an 8×10-inch color photograph and saying, "There's Mary.
9. She sure looks good, doesn't she?
10. "We know that it is not Mary, but such a typical response acts as a vivid reminder of how we expect photography to duplicate our reality for us.
19103-4142
1. The history of the twentieth century revolved to a large extent around the reduction of inequality between classes, races, and genders.
2. Though the world of the year 2000 still had its share of hierarchies, it was nevertheless a far more equal place than the world of 1900.
3. So people expected that the egalitarian process would continue and even accelerate.
4. In particular, they hoped that globalization would spread economic prosperity throughout the world, and that as a result people in India and Egypt would come to enjoy the same opportunities and privileges as people in Finland and Canada.
5. An entire generation grew up on this promise.
6. Now it seems that this promise might not be fulfilled.
7. Globalization has certainly benefited large segments of humanity, but there are signs of growing inequality both between and within societies.
8. Some groups increasingly monopolize the fruits of globalization, while billions are left behind.
9. Today, the richest 1 percent own half the world's wealth.
10. This situation could get far worse.
11. The rise of AI might eliminate the economic value and political power of most humans.
12. At the same time, improvements in biotechnology might make it possible to translate economic inequality into biological inequality.
13. The superrich will finally have something really worthwhile to do with their enormous wealth.
14. While up until now they have only been able to buy little more than status symbols, soon they might be able to buy life itself.
15. If new treatments for extending life and upgrading physical and cognitive abilities prove to be expensive, humankind might split into biological castes.
19103-4345
1. One day while Grace was in reading class, the teacher called on Billy to read a sentence from the board.
2. He had been sick most of the winter and had missed a lot of school.
3. Billy stood to read the sentence, but he didn't know all the words.
4. Since she had been listening to the class, Grace read it for him.
5. Billy sat down, red-faced and unhappy.
6. Grace felt rather proud of herself for having known more than Billy did.
7. Her pride didn't last long, however.
8. Her brother, Justin, reported to Mom what had happened.
9. He said, "Grace made Billy feel like a fool today.
10. "Grace tossed her head defiantly.
11. "Well, I did know the words, and Billy didn't," she said proudly.
12. "Your brother is right, Grace," said Mom.
13. "You made Billy feel bad by reading for him.
14. After this, you are not to speak up, even if you do know the answer.
15. "Grace nodded her head.
16. She understood that if she knew something, she was to keep it to herself.
17. After that incident, the teacher was invited to a church dinner which Grace's mom attended, too.
18. While talking with her, the teacher happened to remark, "I know Grace is bright, but I'm worried these days.
19. She doesn't recite or answer any question during class.
20. I can't understand it.
21. "Mom couldn't understand it either.
22. She had heard Grace reading her book at home, and her brother drilled her on her sums until she knew them well.
23. Mom approached the subject at suppertime, asking, "Grace, can you read your lessons?
24. "Grace said, "Sure, Mom.
25. I can read the whole book!
26. "Mom was puzzled.
27. "Then why," she asked, "does the teacher say you don't recite in school?
28. "Grace was surprised.
29. "Why, Mom," she answered, "you told me not to!
30. "Mom exclaimed, "Why, Grace, I did no such thing!
31. ""Yes, you did," Grace said.
32. "You told me not to speak up, even when I knew the answer."
33. Mom remembered.
34. The matter was soon straightened out, and Grace recited again during class.
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2018 수능 영어 단락별 읽기
THE BLUET 1813 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 18:07:41
1811H3-18
① I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest. ② However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible. ③ I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes. ④ I couldn't see any information about changing recipes. ⑤ I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted. ⑥ Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe. ⑦ I look forward to your response.
1811H3-19
① The waves were perfect for surfing. ② Dave, however, just could not stay on his board. ③ He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it. ④ He felt that he would never succeed. ⑤ He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time. ⑥ The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave. ⑦ One more try!" ⑧ Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water. ⑨ He waited for the right wave. ⑩ Finally, it came. ⑪ He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced. ⑫ And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore. ⑬ Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"
1811H3-20
① War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy. ② It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war. ③ 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt. ④ 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'. ⑤ The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:. ⑥ 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'. ⑦ However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way. ⑧ Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.
1811H3-21
① Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. ② Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. ③ Society helps them along in this mad chase. ④ Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. ⑤ But it's wrong. ⑥ Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. ⑦ The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. ⑧ A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance. ⑨ The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. ⑩ Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."
1811H3-22
① With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. ② As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. ③ Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. ④ Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. ⑤ Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.
1811H3-23
① We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. ② Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. ③ Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation. ④ With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. ⑤ Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. ⑥ Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.
1811H3-24
① A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. ② To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. ③ This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately. ④ However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption. ⑤ Many people do not understand large numbers. ⑥ Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling). ⑦ This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent. ⑧ On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need. ⑨ On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.
1811H3-25
① The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017. ② The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980. ③ Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. ④ The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017. ⑤ South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. ⑥ Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.
1811H3-26
① Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. ② While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post. ③ After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer. ④ In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. ⑤ This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. ⑥ In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. ⑦ Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name. ⑧ Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.
1811H3-29
① "Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. ② Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. ③ The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. ④ Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size. ⑤ But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. ⑥ An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. ⑦ Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight." ⑧ This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.
1811H3-30
① Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer. ② Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task. ③ The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. ④ While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. ⑤ At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat. ⑥ Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. ⑦ It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.
1811H3-31
① Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens. ② The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared. ③ By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event. ④ At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory." ⑤ The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds. ⑥ Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have. ⑦ Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events. ⑧ Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened. ⑨ The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.
1811H3-32
① Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'. ② How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? ③ The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across. ④ The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. ⑤ Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. ⑥ Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. ⑦ Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. ⑧ Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.
1811H3-33
① Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. ② The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future. ③ It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present. ④ Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts. ⑤ It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past. ⑥ In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents. ⑦ Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.
1811H3-34
① The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools. ② Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions. ③ Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways. ④ When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas. ⑤ Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. ⑥ Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically. ⑦ Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2. ⑧ This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.
1811H3-35
① When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. ② The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. ③ Some painters made practical use of the invention. ④ There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. ⑤ But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. ⑥ Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.
1811H3-36
① Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior. ② This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. ③ It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. ④ It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. ⑤ Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). ⑥ People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. ⑦ But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;. ⑧ That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.
1811H3-37
① Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember. ② But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. ③ Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:. ④ Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation. ⑤ Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal." ⑥ Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting. ⑦ Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation. ⑧ As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.
1811H3-38
① The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. ② Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. ③ While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. ④ It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. ⑤ The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. ⑥ The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. ⑦ But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. ⑧ A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. ⑨ A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.
1811H3-39
① A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography. ② This can be done in various ways. ③ One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. ④ Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines. ⑤ A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation. ⑥ A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top. ⑦ When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler. ⑧ Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography. ⑨ At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.
1811H3-40
① Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. ② As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. ③ For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. ④ Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.
1811H3-4142
① Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term. ② This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. ③ However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work. ④ Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. ⑤ 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. ⑥ Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements. ⑦ Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. ⑧ This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. ⑨ Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. ⑩ Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible. ⑪ The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.
1811H3-4345
① Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages. ② Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" ③ "Yes, I learned about it in biology class. ④ It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered. ⑤ "Right! ⑥ But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves! ⑦ So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?" ⑧ Grandma suggested. ⑨ The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready. ⑩ Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma. ⑪ When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was. ⑫ There seemed to be a million cabbages. ⑬ Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field. ⑭ She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off. ⑮ Olivia sighed in despair. ⑯ Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry. ⑰ We are only working on this first row here today." ⑱ Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage. ⑲ The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them. ⑳ It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs. ㉑ The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield. ㉒ Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on. ㉓ She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared. ㉔ Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?" ㉕ Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature? ㉖ The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower." ㉗ Olivia realized she was right. ㉘ Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment. ㉙ Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty. ㉚ Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.
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THE BLUET 1813 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 17:57:48
한 문장씩 자세히 보기
1811H3-18
1. I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest.
2. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible.
3. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes.
4. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes.
5. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted.
6. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe.
7. I look forward to your response.
1811H3-19
1. The waves were perfect for surfing.
2. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board.
3. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it.
4. He felt that he would never succeed.
5. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time.
6. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave.
7. One more try!"
8. Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water.
9. He waited for the right wave.
10. Finally, it came.
11. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced.
12. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore.
13. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"
1811H3-20
1. War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy.
2. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war.
3. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt.
4. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'.
5. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:.
6. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'.
7. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way.
8. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.
1811H3-21
1. Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance.
2. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results.
3. Society helps them along in this mad chase.
4. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions.
5. But it's wrong.
6. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions.
7. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery.
8. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance.
9. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result.
10. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."
1811H3-22
1. With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged.
2. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically.
3. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations.
4. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained.
5. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.
1811H3-23
1. We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change.
2. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries.
3. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation.
4. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement.
5. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels.
6. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.
1811H3-24
1. A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences.
2. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses.
3. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately.
4. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption.
5. Many people do not understand large numbers.
6. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling).
7. This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent.
8. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need.
9. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.
1811H3-25
1. The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017.
2. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980.
3. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017.
4. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017.
5. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017.
6. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.
1811H3-26
1. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings.
2. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post.
3. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer.
4. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida.
5. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek.
6. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
7. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name.
8. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.
1811H3-29
1. "Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art.
2. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt.
3. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect.
4. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size.
5. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality.
6. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance.
7. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight."
8. This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.
1811H3-30
1. Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer.
2. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task.
3. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly.
4. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water.
5. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat.
6. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land.
7. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.
1811H3-31
1. Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens.
2. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared.
3. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event.
4. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory."
5. The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds.
6. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have.
7. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events.
8. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened.
9. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.
1811H3-32
1. Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'.
2. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority?
3. The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across.
4. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence.
5. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change.
6. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view.
7. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change.
8. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.
1811H3-33
1. Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present.
2. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future.
3. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present.
4. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts.
5. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past.
6. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents.
7. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.
1811H3-34
1. The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools.
2. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions.
3. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways.
4. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas.
5. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area.
6. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically.
7. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2.
8. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.
1811H3-35
1. When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis.
2. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could.
3. Some painters made practical use of the invention.
4. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting.
5. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century.
6. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.
1811H3-36
1. Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior.
2. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves.
3. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population.
4. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity.
5. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!).
6. People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings.
7. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;.
8. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.
1811H3-37
1. Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember.
2. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory.
3. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:.
4. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation.
5. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal."
6. Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting.
7. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation.
8. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.
1811H3-38
1. The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves.
2. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth.
3. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember.
4. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error.
5. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale.
6. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.
7. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way.
8. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day.
9. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.
1811H3-39
1. A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography.
2. This can be done in various ways.
3. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land.
4. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines.
5. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation.
6. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top.
7. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler.
8. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography.
9. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.
1811H3-40
1. Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future.
2. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives.
3. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront.
4. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.
1811H3-4142
1. Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term.
2. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours.
3. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work.
4. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off.
5. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production.
6. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements.
7. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure.
8. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes.
9. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises.
10. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible.
11. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.
1811H3-4345
1. Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages.
2. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?"
3. "Yes, I learned about it in biology class.
4. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered.
5. "Right!
6. But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves!
7. So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?"
8. Grandma suggested.
9. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready.
10. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma.
11. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was.
12. There seemed to be a million cabbages.
13. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field.
14. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off.
15. Olivia sighed in despair.
16. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry.
17. We are only working on this first row here today."
18. Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage.
19. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them.
20. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs.
21. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield.
22. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on.
23. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared.
24. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?"
25. Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature?
26. The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower."
27. Olivia realized she was right.
28. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment.
29. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty.
30. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.
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2018년 11월 영어 수능 데이터 총망라
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2018년 11월 대수능
영문+국문 🧔🏻읽고 또 읽어봅시다!,만든이: 임희재 (wayne36@daum.net) 지문번호,영문장,국문장 1811H3-18,1. I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest.,며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 2. However, I would like to change my recipe if
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1811H3-18::I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe. I look forward to your response.::며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 하지만, 가능하다면 저의 요리법을 바꾸고 싶습니다. 제가 웹사이트를 다시 확인해 보았지만, 대회 날짜와 시간, 그리고 상에 관한 정보만 발견할 수 있었습니다. 요리법을 바꾸는 데에 대한 어떤 정보도 볼 수 없었습니다. 저는 이제 막 훌륭한 새로운 요리법을 만들었는데, 사람들이 제가 이미 제출한 것보다 이것을 더 좋아할 것이라고 믿고 있습니다. 제가 제출한 요리법을 바꿀 수 있는지 저에게 알려 주십시오. 귀하의 응답을 고대하고 있겠습니다.
1811H3-19::The waves were perfect for surfing. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it. He felt that he would never succeed. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave. One more try!" Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water. He waited for the right wave. Finally, it came. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"::파도는 서핑하기에 완벽했다. 하지만 Dave는 자신의 보드 위에 도저히 서 있을 수 없었다. 그는 일어서려고 열 번 넘게 시도해 보았지만 결코 해낼 수 없었다. 그는 자신이 결코 성공할 수 없을 것이라고 느꼈다. 막 포기하려고 할 때 그는 바다를 마지 막으로 한 번 쳐다보았다. 넘실거리는 파도가 "이리와, Dave. 한 번 더 시도해 봐"라고 말하는 것 같았다. 심호흡을 하면서 그는 자신의 보드를 집어 들고 바다로 달려 들어갔다. 그는 적당한 파도를 기다렸다. 마침내 그것이 왔다. 그는 자신이 연습했던 그대로 보드 위로 점프해 올랐다. 그리고 이번에는 똑바로 서서 그는 해안으로 되돌아오는 내내 파도와 싸웠다. 기쁨에 차서 물 밖으로 걸어 나오며 그는 "와, 내가 해냈어"라고 환호성을 질렀다.
1811H3-20::War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.::전쟁은 적에 대한 '약간의' 이미지, 즉 개념 없이는 생각할 수 없다. 전쟁에 의미와 정당화를 제공하는 것은 바로 적의 존재이다. Carl Schmitt는 이렇게 썼다, '전쟁은 증오감을 따라 나온다. 전쟁은 그 나름의 전략적, 전술적, 그리고 여타의 규칙과 관점을 가지고 있지만, 그것들 모두 적이 누구냐에 대해 정치적인 결정이 이미 내려졌다는 것을 상정하고 있다.' 적의 개념은 전쟁의 도덕적 평가에 핵심적이다. 즉 '적의 이미지를 확립하는 데 있어서 전쟁을 하고 있는 국가의 기본적인 목표는 죽이는 행위와 살인의 행위를 가능한 한 뚜렷이 구별하는 것이다.' 하지만, 우리는 전쟁과 그것에 영향을 미치는 적의 이미지를 추상적이고 획일적인 방식으로 생각하는 것에 대해 주의를 할 필요가 있다. 오히려 둘은 그것들 본연의 문화적이고 불확정적인 현상으로 간주되어야 한다.
1811H3-21::Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. Society helps them along in this mad chase. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. But it's wrong. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."::비록 명시적인 목표는 아니지만, 최고의 과학은 실제로 무지를 개선하는 것으로 여겨질 수 있다. 과학자들, 특히 젊은 과학자들은 결과에 너무 집착할 수 있다. 사회는 그들이 이런 무모한 추구를 계속하도록 돕는다. 큰 발견들이 언론에 보도되고, 대학의 홈페이지에 등장하고, 보조금을 얻는데 도움을 주고, 승진을 위한 논거를 만든다. 그러나 그것은 잘못된 것이다. 위대한 과학자들, 우리가 존경하는 선구자들은 결과가 아니라 다음 문제에 관심이 있다. 아주 존경 받는 물리학자인 Enrico Fermi는 자신의 학생들에게 가설을 성공적으로 입증하는 실험은 측정이며, 그렇지 않은 것은 발견이라고 말했다. 새로운 무지의 발견, (새로운 무지를) 드러내는 것이라고. 과학적인 성취의 정점인 노벨상은 평생의 과학적인 업적이 아니라 하나의 발견, 결과에 대해 수여된다. 노벨상 위원회조차도 이것이 실제로 과학의 진정한 의미 속에 있는 것이 아니라는 것을 어떤 점에서 인식하고 있으며, 그들의 상에 쓰인 문구들도 흔히 '한 분야를 열었거나,' '한 분야를 변화시켰거나,' 혹은 '한 분야를 새롭고 예상치 못한 방향으로 이끈' 발견을 기리고 있다.
1811H3-22::With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.::산업 사회가 정보에 기반한 사회로 진화해가면서, 하나의 상품, 그 나름의 가치를 가진 하나의 제품으로서의 정보의 개념이 등장했다. 결과적으로 가장 고품질의 정보를 소유한 그러한 사람, 조직, 그리고 국가들이 경제적으로, 사회적으로, 그리고 정치적으로 번창할 가능성이 높다. 정보의 경제학에 대한 연구는 정보와 정보 서비스의 비용, 정보가 의사 결정에 미치는 영향, 효과적인 정보 취득으로 인한 절약, 정보가 생산성에 미치는 영향, 그리고 (기업, 기술, 혹은 의학 도서관과 같은) 특정한 기관이 조직의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 포함하는 다양한 범주를 망라한다. 이러한 많은 분야들이 서로 겹치는 것은 분명하지만, 정보가 그것이 포함되는 매체를 벗어나 그 나름의 생명력을 얻게 되었다는 것은 분명하다. 정보는 측정되고, 평가되고, 값이 매겨지는 인정받는 실재(독립체)가 되었다.
1811H3-23::We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.::우리는 정의의 윤리적 원칙이 아직 태어나지 않은 세대와 가장 가난한 나라들을 기후 변화로부터 보호하기 위한 정책에 대한 근본적인 기초를 제공한다고 주장하는 바이다. 농업과 물 공급에 대한 점점 증가하는 위협과 주로 부유한 국가들에게만 이득을 주는 국제 무역의 규칙에 직면하여, 이 (가난한) 국가들을 위한 현재의 끈질기게 부족한 원조와 관련하여 연계된 문제들이 발생한다. 세계의 가장 가난한 국민들에 대한 원조를 증가시키는 것은 효과적인 (탄소 배출) 완화의 필수적인 부분이다. 탄소 배출량의 20%는 (대개 열대 지역의) 벌채로부터 오므로, 삼림 보존을 위한 탄소 배출권은 더 가난한 국가들에 대한 원조와 비용 효율성이 가장 높은 (탄소 배출) 감소의 형태 중의 하나와 결합시켜 줄 것이다. 아마 비용 효율성이 가장 높지만 정치적으로 가장 복잡한 정책 개혁은, OECD에서 두 가지의 가장 큰 수혜 분야, 곧 파괴적인 산업화 농업과 화석 연료로부터 오는 연간 수천억 달러의 직접적인 보조금을 없애는 일일 것이다. 이 돈의 적은 양이라도 보존 농업으로의 근본적인 변화를 촉진할 뿐만 아니라, 많은 지역에서 이미 빠르게 진행되고 있는 재생 가능한 에너지에 대한 기술적 진보와 투자를 가속할 것이다.
1811H3-24::A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption. Many people do not understand large numbers. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling). This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.::큰 재해를 정의하는 요소 하나는 그 해로운 결과의 거대한 규모이다. 사회가 큰 재해로부터 오는 손실을 방지하거나 줄이는 데 도움을 주기 위해서, 잠재적 혹은 실제적 손실의 규모와 범위를 산정하고 전달하기 위한 대단히 큰 노력과 기술적인 정교한 지식이 자주 사용된다. 이 노력은 사람들이 그 결과로 생기는 수를 이해할 수 있고 그에 의거하여 적절하게 행동할 수 있다는 것을 가정한다. 그러나 최근의 행동 연구는 이러한 근본적인 가정에 의혹을 던진다. 큰 수를 이해하지 못하는 사람들이 많다. 사실상 큰 수는 정서적 반응(감정)을 전달하지 않는다면 의미가 없으며 결정을 할 때 과소평가된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 의사 결정의 이성적인 모델이 표현하지 못하는 역설을 만들어 낸다. 한편으로 우리는 곤궁한 상태에 빠진 한 사람을 돕기 위하여 강렬하게 반응한다. 다른 한편으로 우리는 대량의 비극을 방지하거나 자연재해로부터 잠재적인 손실을 줄이기 위한 적절한 조치를 하지 못할 때가 흔히 있다.
1811H3-25::The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.::위 표는 1979-1980학년도와 2016-2017학년도의 두 학년도에 미국의 대학과 종합대학에 등록한 상위 10개 출신국과 유학생의 수를 보여준다. 2016-2017학년도의 유학생 총수는 1979-1980학년도 유학생 총수보다 3배 넘게 많았다. 이란, 타이완, 나이지리아는 1979-1980학년도 유학생의 상위 3개 출신국이었는데, 그 중 타이완만이 2016-2017학년도 상위 10개 출신국 목록에 포함되었다. 인도 출신 학생 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 20배 넘게 많았으며, 인도는 2016-2017학년도에 중국보다 순위가 더 낮았다. 대한민국은 1979-1980학년도에는 상위 10개 출신국에 포함되지 않았는데, 2016-2017학년도에는 순위가 3위였다. 일본 출신 학생의 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 더 많았으나, 일본은 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 순위가 더 낮았다.
1811H3-26::Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.::1896년 Washington D.C.에서 태어난 미국 작가인 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings는 시골을 다룬 주제와 배경이 있는 소설을 썼다. 그녀가 어렸을 때, 그녀의 이야기 중 하나가 The Washington Post에 실렸다. 대학교를 졸업한 후 Rawlings는 저널리스트로 일하면서 동시에 소설가로 자리매김하려고 애썼다. 1928년에 그녀는 Florida주 Cross Creek에 있는 오렌지 과수원을 구입했다. 이것은 The Yearling과 자전적인 책인 Cross Creek을 포함해서 그녀의 일부 작품의 영감의 원천이 되었다. 1939년에 한 소년과 어미 잃은 아기 사슴에 관한 이야기였던 The Yearling은 퓰리처상 소설부문 수상작이 되었다. 그후, 1946에 The Yearling은 같은 이름의 영화로 제작되었다. Rawlings는 1953년에 세상을 떠났고, 그녀가 Cross Creek에 소유한 땅은 Florida 주립 공원이 되어 그녀의 업적을 기리고 있다.
1811H3-29::"Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight." This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.::'기념비적'이라는 말은 이집트 예술의 기본적인 특징을 표현하는 데 매우 근접하는 단어이다. 그 전에도 그 이후에도, 기념비성이라는 특성이 이집트에서처럼 완전히 달성된 적은 한 번도 없었다. 이에 대한 이유는 그들 작품의 외적 크기와 거대함이 아니다―비록 이집트인들이 이 점에 있어서 몇 가지 대단한 업적을 달성했다는 것이 인정되지만 말이다. 많은 현대 구조물은 순전히 물리적인 크기의 면에서는 이집트의 구조물들을 능가한다. 그러나 거대함은 기념비성과는 아무 관련이 없다. 예를 들어, 겨우 사람 손 크기의 이집트의 조각이 Leipzig의 전쟁 기념비를 구성하는 그 거대한 돌무더기보다 더 기념비적이다. 기념비성은 외적 무게의 문제가 아니라 '내적 무게'의 문제이다. 이 내적 무게가 이집트 예술이 지닌 특성인데, 이집트 예술은 그 안에 있는 모든 작품이 단지 폭이 몇 인치에 불과하거나 나무에 새겨져 있을지라도, 마치 산맥처럼 원시 시대의 돌로 만들어진 것처럼 보일 정도이다.
1811H3-30::Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.::유럽 최초의 '호모 사피엔스'는 주로 큰 사냥감, 특히 순록을 먹고 살았다. 심지어 이상적인 상황에서도, 이런 빠른 동물을 창이나 활과 화살로 사냥하는 것은 불확실한 일이다. 그러나 순록에게는 인류가 인정사정 없이 이용할 약점이 있었는데, 그것은 순록이 수영을 잘 못한다는 것이었다. 순록은 물에 떠 있는 동안, 코를 물 위로 내놓으려고 애쓰면서 가지진 뿔을 높이 쳐들고 천천히 움직이기 때문에, 유례없이 공격받기 쉬운 상태가 된다. 어느 시점에선가, 석기 시대의 한 천재가 수면 위를 미끄러지듯이 움직일 수 있음으로써 자신이 얻을 엄청난 사냥의 이점을 깨닫고 최초의 배를 만들었다. 쉽게 따라잡아서 도살한 먹잇감을 일단 배 위로 끌어 올리면, 사체를 부족이 머무는 곳으로 가지고 가는 것은 육지에서보다는 배로 훨씬 더 쉬웠을 것이다. 인류가 이런 장점을 다른 물품에 적용하는 데는 긴 시간이 걸리지 않았을 것이다.
1811H3-31::Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory." The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.::Finkenauer와 Rimé는 표본으로 추출된 많은 벨기에 시민들을 대상으로 1993년 벨기에 왕 Baudouin의 예기치 못한 죽음에 대한 기억을 조사했다. 그 자료는 왕의 죽음에 대한 소식이 널리 사회적으로 공유되었다는 것을 나타냈다. 그 사건에 관해 이야기함으로써 사람들은 서서히 그 감정적 사건의 사회적 이야기와 집단 기억을 구축했다. 동시에 그들은 그 사건이 발생했던 개인적 상황에 대한 자신들의 기억을 공고히 했는데, 그것은 '섬광 기억'으로 알려진 효과이다. 한 사건이 사회적으로 더 많이 공유되면 될수록, 그것은 사람들의 마음에 더 많이 고정될 것이다. 사회적 공유는 이런 식으로 사람들이 갖고 있을 수 있는 어떤 자연적인 성향을 중화시키는 데 도움이 될 수도 있다. 자연스럽게 사람들은 바람직하지 않은 사건을 '잊도록' 이끌릴 것이다. 그래서 방금 어떤 나쁜 소식을 들은 어떤 사람은 발생한 일을 처음에는 흔히 부인하고 싶어 한다. 나쁜 소식의 반복되는 사회적 공유는 현실성에 기여한다.
1811H3-32::Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.::소수 집단은 많은 힘이나 지위를 가지고 있지 않은 경향이 있고 심지어 말썽꾼, 극단주의자, 또는 단순히 '별난 사람'으로 일축될 수도 있다. 그렇다면 대체 그들은 어떻게 다수 집단에 대한 영향력을 행사하는가? 사회 심리학자 Serge Moscovici는 그 답이 그들의 '행동 양식', 즉 소수 집단이 자기네 의견을 이해시키는 '방식'에 있다고 주장한다. 여성 참정권 운동이 성공을 거둔 중대한 요인은 지지자들이 자신들의 관점에서 '일관적'이었다는 것이었는데, 이것이 상당한 정도의 사회적 영향력을 행사하였다. 자신들의 입장을 '일관되게' 옹호하고 방어하는 활동적이고 조직적인 소수 집단이 다수 집단의 구성원 사이에 사회적 갈등, 의심, 그리고 불확신을 만들어 낼 수 있고, 궁극적으로 이것이 사회 변화를 가져올 수도 있다. 그러한 변화가 흔히 일어난 까닭은 소수 집단이 다른 사람들을 자신의 관점으로 바꿔 놓았기 때문이다. 소수 집단의 영향 없이는 우리에게 어떤 혁신, 어떤 사회 변화도 없을 것이다. 우리가 현재 '주요' 사회 운동(예를 들어, 기독교 사상, 노동조합 운동, 또는 남녀평등주의)으로 여기는 많은 것이 본래는 거침없이 말하는 소수 집단의 영향력 때문에 생겨났다.
1811H3-33::Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.::문화유산은 매우 선별적인 물질적 인공물, 신화, 기억, 그리고 전통이 현재를 위한 자원이 되는 방식과 관련이 있다. 그 자원의 내용, 해석, 표현은 현재의 요구에 따라 선택되며, 상상된 과거는 상상된 미래로 전해질 수 있는 유산을 위한 자원을 제공한다. 그것은 또한 기억과 전통의 의미와 기능들이 현재에 와서 정의된다는 말이 된다. 게다가, 유산은 물질적 인공물보다 의미와 더 많이 관련된다. 후자(물질적 인공물)에게 문화적 혹은 재정적 가치를 부여하고 거의 무한하게 많은 과거의 것들로부터 왜 그것들이 선택되었는지 설명해 주는 것은 바로 전자(의미)이다. 결국, 현재 사회의 요구가 변화함에 따라, 혹은 심지어, 구 동유럽에서 현재 일어나고 있는 것처럼, 새로운 현재를 반영하기 위해서 과거가 재창조되어야 할 때, 그것들은 나중에 버려질 수도 있다. 따라서 유산은 과거를 기억하는 것만큼 과거를 잊는 것에 관한 것이다.
1811H3-34::The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.::인간은 새로운 문화적 도구를 발명함으로써 자신의 기능성을 확장하는 능력에 있어서 독특하다. 쓰기, 산수, 과학, 이 모든 것은 최근에 발명된 것이다. 우리의 뇌가 그것들을 위해 진화할 충분한 시간이 없었으나, 나는 우리가 우리의 오래된 영역들을 새로운 방식으로 동원할 수 있기 때문에 그것들이 가능하게 되었으리라고 추론한다. 우리가 읽는 것을 배울 때, 우리는 시각적인 단어-형태 영역이라고 알려진 우리의 시각 시스템의 특정 영역을 재활용하는데, 이것이 우리가 일련의 문자를 인식하고 그것들을 언어 영역에 연결할 수 있게 해 준다. 마찬가지로, 우리가 아라비아 숫자를 배울 때 우리는 그러한 모양들을 빠르게 수량으로 변환하는 회로를 만드는데, 이것은 양측 의 시각 영역을 정수리 부분의 수량 영역과 빠르게 연결하는 것이다. 손가락으로 헤아리기와 같은 기본적인 발명조차도 우리의 인지 능력을 극적으로 변화시킨다. 수를 세는 것을 발명하지 않은 아마존 사람들은, 예를 들어, 6 빼기 2처럼 간단한 것을 정확하게 계산할 수 없다. 이러한 '문화적 재활용'은 인간의 두뇌의 기능적 구조가 생물학적, 문화적 제약의 복잡한 혼합물로부터 생겨난 것이라는 것을 암시한다.
1811H3-35::When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.::사진술이 19세기에 나타났을 때, 회화는 위기에 처했다. 사진은 여태까지 화가가 할 수 있었던 것보다 자연을 모방하는 일을 더 잘하는 것처럼 보였다. 몇몇 화가들은 그 발명품(사진술)을 실용적으로 이용했다. 자신들이 그리고 있는 모델이나 풍경 대신에 사진을 사용하는 인상파 화가들이 있었다. 하지만 대체로, 사진은 회화에 대한 도전이었고 회화가 직접적인 표현과 복제로부터 멀어져 20세기의 추상 회화로 이동해 가는 한 가지 원인이었다. 사진은 사물을 세상에 존재하는 대로 아주 잘 표현했기 때문에, 화가들은 내면을 보고 자신들의 상상 속에서 존재하는 대로 사물을 표현할 수 있게 되어, 화가의 그림에 고유한 색, 양감, 선, 그리고 공간의 배치로 감정을 표현하였다.
1811H3-36::Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.::심리학 연구자들은 인간의 행동을 설명하는 데 도움을 주고 예측할 수 있는 연구를 수행하기 위해 과학적인 방법을 따른다. 이것은 달팽이나 음파를 연구하는 것보다 훨씬 더 어려운 작업이다. 이것은 자연적인 환경보다 실험실 내에서의 행동을 검사하는 것, 그리고 모집단의 대표적인 실제 예에서 데이터를 모으기보다 (심리학 입문을 공부하는 학생들처럼) 쉽게 구할 수 있는 사람들에게 참여하도록 요청하는 것과 같은 절충이 자주 필요하다. 사람들의 생각을 바꾸는 것, 즉 반응성이라 불리는 것 없이 그들이 생각하고 있는 것에 최대한 접근할 방안을 생각해 내는 것은 많은 경우 대단히 교묘한 솜씨가 필요하다. 단지 자신들이 관찰되고 있다는 것을 아는 것은 사람들이 (더욱 공손하게 하는 것처럼) (평소와) 다르게 행동하는 것을 유발할 수 있다. 사람들은 자신들의 실제 생각보다 더 사회적으로 바람직하다고 생각하는 답을 할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 심리학에 대한 모든 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고, 과학적인 방법의 이점은 연구 결과가 반복 가능하다는 것이다. 즉 같은 절차를 따르면서 같은 연구를 다시 진행하면, 같은 결과를 얻을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다.
1811H3-37::Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal." Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.::분명히, 도식적인 지식은 여러분의 이해를 이끌어주고 기억할 수 없는 것들을 재구성하게 하여 여러분에게 도움을 준다. 하지만 도식적인 지식은 또한 인식과 기억에 오류를 조장하여 여러분에게 해를 끼칠 수 있다. 게다가, 도식에 의해서 발생하는 오류의 '유형'은 상당히 예측 가능하다. 도식이 여러분의 경험의 광범위한 유형을 요약하며 그래서 그것(도식)이 본질적으로 주어진 상황에서 무엇이 전형적이거나 평범한 것인지 여러분에게 말해 준다는 것을 명심하라. 따라서, 도식에 대한 어떠한 의존이라 하더라도, 그것은 어떤 것이 '정상적'인 것인지에 대한 이러한 정보에 의해 형성될 것이다. 따라서 어떤 상황이나 사건을 보면서 여러분이 알아차리지 못하는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 상황에서 일반적으로 무엇이 어울리는지에 관한 지식으로 이러한 '공백'을 채우도록 여러분을 이끌어줄 것이다. 마찬가지로, 여러분이 기억할 수 없는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 공백을 그 상황에서 어떤 것이 일반적인 것인지에 대한 지식으로 채워 줄 것이다. 결과적으로, 도식에 의존하는 것은 불가피하게 세상을 실제보다 더 '정상적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이고, 과거를 실제보다 더 '규칙적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이다.
1811H3-38::The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.::인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장시켰다. 비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다. 이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것으로 제한했다. 그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다. 구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리와 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 탄생은 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나가는 능력을 강화했다. 그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다. 잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다.
1811H3-39::A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography. This can be done in various ways. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.::지도 제작자들의 커다란 도전은 집합적으로 지형이라고 불리는 언덕과 계곡, 경사지와 평지의 묘사이다. 이것은 여러 방법으로 할 수 있다. 한 가지 방법은 지형의 주름이 번갈아 빛이 비치고 그늘지게 빛과 그림자의 이미지를 만들어, 땅의 모양을 시각적으로 표현하는 것을 만들어 내는 것이다. 기술적으로 더 정확한 또 다른 방법은 등 고선을 그리는 것이다. 등고선은 동일한 고도에 있는 모든 점을 연결한다. 따라서 평야 위로 솟은 둥그런 산은 가장 큰 동심원이 맨 아랫부분에 그리고 가장 작은 동심원은 꼭대기 근처에 있는 일련의 동심원으로 지도에 나타날 것이다. 등고선이 서로 가깝게 배치되면 산의 경사가 가파르고, 등고선이 더 멀리 떨어져 있으면 기울기가 더 완만하다. 등고선은 지역 지형의 가파른 비탈, 분지, 계곡을 나타낼 수 있다. 한눈에, 그것들은 지도로 그려진 지역의 고저가 큰지 작은지를 드러내는데, '복잡한' 등고선 지도는 많은 높은 기복을 의미한다.
1811H3-40::Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.::시장 시스템이 있거나 없는 두 가지 인간 사회를 다 포함한 생물학적 유기체들은 불확실한 미래와 관련된 위험에 기초하여 현재 이용할 수 있는 생산물보다 (시간상으로) 멀리 있는 것들을 평가 절하한다. 투입과 생산의 시기가 에너지 유형에 따라 크게 다르기 때문에, 대체 에너지를 평가할 때 시간을 통합하려는 강력한 사례가 있다. 예를 들어 대부분의 투자가 생산하기 전에 발생하는 태양 전지판이나 풍력 엔진으로부터의 에너지 생산은 대부분의 화석 연료 추출 기술과 비교했을 때 다르게 평가될 필요가 있을 수 있는데, 화석 연료 추출 기술에서는 많은 비율의 에너지 생산이 훨씬 더 빨리 가능하고, 더 큰 (상대적) 비율의 투입이 추출 과정 동안에 적용되고 선행 투자되지는 않는다. 따라서 화석 연료, 특히 석유와 천연가스는 많은 재생 가능 기술보다 에너지 품질 이점(비용, 저장성, 운송 가능성 등)이 있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 소비/수익에 대한 인간의 행동 선호를 설명하는 것에 비추어 보면 '시간적 이점'도 또한 갖는다.
1811H3-4142::Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.::산업 자본주의는 일거리를 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라, 그 말의 현대적 의미로의 '여가'도 또한 만들어 냈다. 이것은 놀라운 것으로 보일 수 있는데, 초기의 목화 농장주들은 자신들의 기계를 가능한 한 오랫동안 가동하기를 원했고, 자신들의 일꾼들에게 매우 오랜 시간을 일하도록 강요했기 때문이다. 하지만 근무 시간 동안 지속적인 일을 요구하고 비업무 활동을 배제함으로써 고용주들은 여가를 업무와 분리했다. 어떤 사람들은 공장이 문을 닫는 별도의 휴가 기간을 만듦으로써 이 일을 매우 명시적으로 했는데, 왜냐하면 이렇게 하는 것이 그때그때 휴가를 내는 것에 의해 일을 중단시키는 것보다 더 나았기 때문이었다. 휴일의 형태이건, 주말의 형태이건, 혹은 저녁이라는 형태이건, 일하지 않는 별도의 기간으로서의 '여가'는 자본주의 생산으로 만들어진 통제되고 제한된 근로 시간의 결과였다. 그 후 노동자들은 더 많은 여가를 원했고, 여가 시간은 노동조합 운동에 의해 확대되었는데, 이 일은 면화 산업에서 맨 처음 시작되었고, 결국 노동 시간을 제한하고 노동자들에게 휴가의 권리를 주는 새로운 법이 통과되었다. 다른 의미에서 여가는 또한 여가의 상업화를 통한 자본주의의 창조였다. 이것은 더 이상 전통적인 스포츠와 여가 활동에의 참여를 의미하지 않았다. 노동자들은 자본주의 기업이 조직한 여가 활동에 돈을 지불하기 시작했다. 사람들에게 입장료를 받을 수 있는 관중 스포츠, 특히 축구와 경마로의 대중의 이동이 이제는 가능했다. 이것의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않는데, 왜냐하면 완전히 새로운 산업이 출현해 서 레저 시장을 개발하고 발전시키고 있었기 때문이었으며, 그 시장은 나중에 소비자의 수요, 고용, 그리고 이익의 거대한 원천이 될 것이었다.
1811H3-4345::Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" "Yes, I learned about it in biology class. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered. "Right! But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves! So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?" Grandma suggested. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was. There seemed to be a million cabbages. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off. Olivia sighed in despair. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry. We are only working on this first row here today." Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?" Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature? The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower." Olivia realized she was right. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.::Olivia와 그녀의 여동생 Ellie는 양배추의 한가운데 할머니와 함께 서 있었다. 갑자기 할머니가 "양배추 화이트가 뭔지 아니"라고 물었다. "네, 저는 생물 시간에 그것에 대해 배웠어요. 그것은 아름다운 하얀 나비예요"라고 Olivia가 대답했다. "맞아! 하지만 그것은 양배추에 알을 낳고, 그러고 나서 애벌레는 양배추 잎을 먹지! 그러니, 내가 애벌레를 잡는 것을 도와주지 않겠니"라고 할머니가 제안했다. 두 자매는 기꺼이 동의했고 준비를 위해 집으로 돌아갔다. 곧, 각자 작은 양동이를 갖춘 채 Olivia와 Ellie는 할머니에게 다시 갔다. 그들이 양배추 밭을 보았을 때, 그들은 갑자기 그것이 얼마나 넓은지 생각이 났다. 백만 개의 양배추가 있는 것 같았다. Olivia는 끝없는 양배추 밭을 보고 입을 벌린 채 서 있었다. 그녀는 그들이 아마도 애벌레를 모두 다 떼어낼 수 없으리라고 생각했다. Olivia는 절망감에 한숨을 쉬었다. 할머니는 그녀를 보고 미소를 지으며 "걱정하지 마라. 우리는 단지 오늘 여기 첫 번째 줄에서만 일할 거란다"라고 말했다. 안도한 채 그녀와 Ellie 는 첫 번째 양배추에서 시작했다. 양배추 화이트들이 그들 주위의 하늘을 가득 메운 채 애벌레들이 잡히면서 꿈틀거렸다. 마치 그 나비들은 Olivia를 놀리고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 그것들은 수백만 개 의 알을 더 낳겠다고 암시하면서 그녀를 비웃는 것처럼 보였다. 양배추 밭은 마치 전쟁터처럼 보였다. Olivia는 싸움에서 지고 있다고 느꼈지만, 그녀는 계속 싸웠다. 그녀는 (양동이) 바닥이 모습을 감출 때까지 계속해서 자신의 양동이를 애벌레로 채웠다. 지치고 낙담한 채 그녀는 할머니에게 "나비를 모두 없애서 더 이상의 알이나 애벌레가 생기지 않게 하면 어때요"라고 물었다. 할머니는 부드럽게 미소를 지으며 "왜 대자연과 싸우려고 하니? 나비들은 이 꽃에서 저 꽃으로 꽃가루를 옮기기 때문에 우리가 다른 식물들을 키우는 데 도움을 준 단다." Olivia는 그녀가 옳다는 것을 깨달았다. 할머니는 애벌레가 양배추에게 해를 끼친다는 것을 알지만 자연환경의 자연스러운 균형을 방해하고 싶지 않다고 덧붙였다. Olivia는 이제 나비의 진정한 아름다움을 깨달았다. Olivia와 Ellie는 자신들의 가득 찬 양동이를 보고 웃었다.
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| 2019년 3월 고3 모의고사 전범위 단어정리 (0) | 2019.03.10 |
EBS 만점마무리 1회 모든 자료
EBS 1-18::Paul has been doing well in class and seems interested in the material. I find him to be one of the most interesting students in my class. Lately, Paul seems to be having a problem handing in homework assignments on time or completing them fully. When I asked him about it, he said he was having a problem finding what he needed to get the work done at home. I was wondering if you could help us both out by establishing a small "homework box" that keeps all the things Paul needs for work together at home — pencils, rulers, paper, etc. I'm also going to check and make sure he's writing down his assignments in the agenda book, and I'll make sure I post the assignments on my website. Thank you so much for your help and support. I'm sure this will help get Paul back on track with his assignments. Please let me know if I can help you in any way.::Paul은 수업에 잘 임해 오고 있으며 (학습) 자료에 관심을 갖고 있는 것 같습니다. 저는 그가 제 학급에서 가장 재미있는 학생들 중 하나라고 생각합니다. 최근에 Paul은 과제를 제 때에 제출하거나 그것을 완수하는 데 어려움을 겪고 있는 것 같습니다. 제가 그에게 그것에 대해 물었을 때, 그는 집에서 과제를 끝마치기 위해서 필요한 것을 찾는 데 어려움을 겪고 있다고 말했습니다. 저는 학부모님께서 Paul이 집에서 과제를 하기 위해 필요로 하는 모든 것들, 즉 연필, 자, 종이 등을 한데 보관하는 작은 '과제용 상자'를 만들어서 저희 둘을 다 도와주실 수 있는지 묻고 싶었습니다. 저는 또한 그가 과제를 수첩에 적고 있는지 점검하고 확인하겠으며, 제 웹사이트에 과제물들을 꼭 게시하도록 하겠습니다. 학부모님의 도움과 지원에 대해 대단히 감사드립니다. 저는 이것이 Paul의 과제와 관련해서 그를 다시 정상적인 상태로 돌려놓는 데 도움이 될 거라고 확신합니다. 제가 어떤 식으로든 학부모님을 도와 드릴 수 있다면 저에게 알려 주십시오.
EBS 1-19::The fight went to the judges' scorecards. Chaos engulfed the arena as the fight fans — and fighters — awaited the decision. The announcer reentered the ring, and the spectators fell silent for the first time all night. "Ladies and gentlemen, after four rounds of boxing, we go to the scorecards. Judge McCowan scores the bout 37-39. Judges McCullough and Martin score the bout 39-37 for your winner, by split decision, 'El Matador' Chavez!" The audience clapped and cried with delight;. they got their money's worth. Chavez's parents and brother climbed into the ring. Chavez had won his first professional fight. El Matador blew kisses to his hometown folks. He had managed to overcome incredible odds and had beaten an up-and-coming contender in a strange city.::그 권투 경기는 심판들의 채점표에 맡겨졌다. 권투 경기의 팬들—그리고 권투 선수들—이 판정을 기다리고 있을 때 혼돈이 경기장을 휩쓸었다. 아나운서가 링으로 다시 들어왔고, 관중들은 그날 밤 처음으로 조용해졌다. "신사 숙녀 여러분, 4라운드의 권투 경기가 끝난 후에 우리는 채점표로 판정을 하게 되었습니다. McCowan 심판은 경기를 37-39로 채점하고 있습니다. 심판 McCullough와 Martin은 경기를 39-37로 채점하여, 불일치 판정으로 승자는 'El Matador, Chavez입니다!" 관중들은 손뼉을 치고 기뻐서 소리를 질렀다. 그들은 자신들이 지불한 돈의 가치를 보상받았다. Chavez의 부모와 형은 링 안으로 올라갔다. Chavez는 자신의 첫 번째 프로 경기에서 승리했다. El Matador는 자기 고향 사람들에게 키스를 날렸다. 그는 믿을 수 없는 역경을 용케도 이겨 냈으며 떠오르는 경쟁자를 낯선 도시에서 물리쳤다.
EBS 1-20::Most high schools divide students' studies into "subjects," most commonly titled English, social studies, mathematics, science, foreign language, art, music, and so on. However, the situations that both get the interest of adolescent learners and provide them with rich intellectual challenge rarely fall neatly within the boundaries of these traditional subject matters. The world operates as a whole. When students are taught connections among subject areas, they can better understand that their learning has application to the world outside of the classroom and is not simply a collection of isolated facts. Conversely, when subjects are taught in isolation, the focus often becomes accumulating and repeating information. An integrated curriculum demands higher-order thinking skills that synthesize material in order to promote long-term understanding, where students go beyond isolated facts to place issues in context.::대부분의 고등학교에서는 학생들의 학습 활동을 가장 흔하게 영어, 사회, 수학, 과학, 외국어, 미술, 음악 등의 이름이 붙는 '교과목'으로 나눈다. 그러나 청소년 학습자들의 관심을 얻기도 하고 그들에게 풍부한 지적 도전 과제를 제공하기도 하는 상황은 이러한 전통적인 교과목의 범위 안에 깔끔하게 들어가는 경우는 거의 없다. 세상은 전체로서 돌아간다. 학생들에게 교과목 영역 사이의 연관성을 가르칠 때, 그들은 자신들의 학습 내용이 교실 밖의 세계에 적용이 되며, 그것이 단지 고립된 사실들을 모아 놓은 것이 아니라는 것을 더 잘 이해할 수 있다. 반대로, 교과목들을 별개로 가르칠 때, 정보를 축적하고 반복하는 것이 흔히 초점이 된다. 통합 교육과정은 학생들이 고립된 사실에서 벗어나 문제들을 관련이 있는 모든 요소들과 함께 고려하는, 장기적인 안목의 이해를 촉진하기 위해 자료를 종합하는 높은 수준의 사고력을 요구한다.
EBS 1-21::Another class I had was an ESL class. The students came in and a boy and girl were yelling at each other. Then, they started swinging at each other. I didn't know them, and I wasn't getting in the middle, so I went into the hall and called for help. A male teacher came out of his room and separated them. Another teacher escorted them down to the office. I went back into the room to try and do the lesson, not very successfully, I must add. At the end of the day, the principal said that he thought I had done very well, and he hoped that I would return to substitute soon. I looked at him and said with all seriousness, "Take a good look at this face because you're never going to see it again." I walked out of the office and left. I never again accepted a substitute job at a junior high. It was going to be high school or nothing.::내가 맡은 또 다른 하나의 수업은 ESL 수업이었다. 학생들이 들어왔고 한 소년과 소녀가 서로에게 소리를 지르고 있었다. 그러고 나서, 그들은 서로를 향해 주먹을 휘두르기 시작했다. 나는 그들을 알지 못했고, 중간에 끼어들지 않고 있었으므로, 나는 복도로 나가서 도움을 청했다. 한 남자 교사가 자신의 교실에서 나와 그들을 떼어 놓았다. 또 다른 교사가 그들을 교무실로 데리고 내려갔다. 나는 교실로 돌아가 수업을 하려고 해 보았지만, 덧붙이자면 그다지 성공적이지 못했다. 그날 하루가 끝났을 때, 교장은 내가 아주 잘했다고 생각한다고 말했으며, 내가 곧 대체 교사로 돌아오기를 기대했다. 나는 그를 바라보며 최대한 진지하게 "다시는 그것(이 얼굴)을 볼 수 없으실 테니 이 얼굴을 잘 살펴 봐주십시오"라고 말했다. 나는 교무실에서 걸어 나와서 떠났다. 나는 결코 다시는 중학교에서 하는 대체 교사 업무를 받아들이지 않았다. 고등학교가 아니면 안 할 생각이었다.
EBS 1-22::In social work, as in other areas of life, there are many interventions which may be highly beneficial and desirable if undertaken properly, but which are better not attempted at all if they are not adequately resourced. A decision as to whether or not a given course of action is appropriate therefore often depends in part on whether or not the resources — money, time or expertise — are available to carry it out properly. The duty of realism requires that a responsible social worker pay due attention to these considerations before embarking on a piece of work. This is very obvious if we think about contexts other than social work. Imagine, for instance, that the slates on the roof of your house were getting old and the roof was beginning to leak. It might be desirable to replace them, but you would certainly not consider removing them unless you had first ensured that you had the funds to pay for new ones. A leaky roof, after all, is a lot better than no roof at all.::삶의 다른 분야에서처럼, 사회 복지 사업에서도 적절하게 수행된다면 매우 유익하고 바람직할 수 있지만, 자원이 적절하게 공급되지 않으면 아예 시도하지 않는 것이 더 나은 개입 행위들이 많이 있다. 따라서 주어진 행동 방침이 적절한지 여부에 대한 결정은 흔히 자원, 즉 돈, 시간, 또는 전문 지식 등이 그것을 적절하게 수행하도록 마련되어 있는지 여부에 부분적으로 달려 있다. 현실주의의 의무는 책임이 있는 사회 복지사가 어떤 일에 착수하기 전에 이러한 고려 사항에 적절한 주의를 기울일 것을 요구한다. 우리가 사회 복지 사업 외의 상황에 대해 생각해 보면 이것은 매우 명백하다. 예를 들어, 여러분의 집 지붕의 슬레이트가 낡고 있어서 지붕에서 물이 새기 시작한다고 상상해 보라. 그것을 교체하는 것이 바람직할 수도 있지만, 여러분이 먼저 새것을 살 자금을 갖고 있다는 것을 확인하지 않았다면 여러분은 분명 그것을 제거하는 것을 고려하지 않을 것이다. 어쨌든, 물이 새는 지붕이 아예 없는 것보다 훨씬 더 낫다.
EBS 1-23::The word ''rational'' is based upon the concept of reason. And it needs to be understood that reason is not even thinkable, apart from the use of logic. Therefore, if mathematics has any basis which is rational, then its foundation has to inhere in (or, at least, be in conformity with) logical principles. It is quite evident that no mathematical activity could even conceivably occur, without dependence upon logic. Logic involves the very building blocks, so to speak, for all of mathematics. It is sometimes thought that logic is a branch of mathematics. But this view is greatly erroneous. No mathematics whatsoever could ever be developed, without its reliance upon logical principles as its very foundational structure.::'합리적인'이라는 단어는 이성이라는 개념에 기초한다. 그리고 논리의 사용이 없으면, 이성은 생각조차도 할 수 없다는 것을 이해할 필요가 있다. 그러므로 만약 수학이 합리적인 어떤 기반을 갖고 있다면, 그것[수학]의 기초는 논리적인 원칙이 본래 갖추어져 있어야 (혹은 최소한 그것을 따라야) 한다. 논리에 의존하지 않고서는 생각건대 어떤 수학적 활동도 일어날 수 없을 것임은 아주 명백하다. 논리는 말하자면, 수학의 모든 것들을 위한 바로 그 구성 요소들을 포함한다. 때때로 논리는 수학의 한 분야라고 여겨진다. 그러나 이 견해는 매우 잘못된 것이다. 그 어떤 수학도 그것의 바로 그 기초적인 구조로서 논리적인 원칙에 의존하지 않고서는 결코 발전될 수 없을 것이다.
EBS 1-24::One hotel received a number of complaints about the long wait times for the elevators in the lobby. The hotel researched the equipment, and there was not much improvement to be made. The hotel manager then thought that perhaps if the guests were distracted from waiting, they might not perceive the wait as long and — voila! — the hotel installed mirrors around the elevator bank. This was the magic distraction; it allowed the customers a beautiful reflection of themselves and the environment, which kept them from counting the minutes while waiting for the elevator to arrive. The complaints stopped, and the hotel had started a trend: improving elevator experiences for customers. This urban legend has spurred many innovations in elevator comfort we experience today.::한 호텔이 로비에서 승강기를 기다리는 긴 대기 시간에 관한 많은 항의를 받았다. 호텔은 그 설비를 조사했는데, 개선될 수 있는 것이 많지 않았다. 그러자 호텔 매니저는 아마도 손님들이 기다림으로부터 관심을 다른 곳으로 돌리면, 기다림을 그렇게 길다고 인식하지 않을지도 모른다고 생각했으며—보라!—호텔 측에서는 일렬로 늘어선 승강기 주변에 거울을 설치했다. 이것은 마법의 주의 산만이었다. 그것은 고객들에게 고객과 주변 환경이 아름답게 비친 모습을 제공해 주었으며, 고객들이 승강기가 도착하기를 기다리는 동안 시간을 세고 있지 않게 해 주었다. 항의는 중단되었고, 호텔은 고객들을 위해 승강기 이용 경험을 개선하는 흐름을 시작하게 되었다. 이 도시형 전설이 오늘날 우리가 경험하는 승강기의 편안함에서의 많은 혁신을 촉발했다.
EBS 1-25::The graph above shows the top ten countries with the largest exclusive economic zones (EEZ), which grant special rights to resources such as fishing and mineral extraction in an area extending 200 nautical miles (370km) from a country's coast, as of 2015. Among the ten countries, the United States had the largest EEZ and Chile the smallest. While Russia had the largest land area among the ten countries, the size of its EEZ was only the fourth largest. In contrast, Britain had the smallest land area among the ten countries, but the size of its EEZ was the fifth largest. The land area of Indonesia was larger than that of New Zealand, but the size of Indonesia's EEZ was smaller than that of New Zealand's.::위의 도표는 2015년 현재 가장 큰 배타적 경제 수역(EEZ)을 가진 상위 10개국을 보여 주는데, EEZ는 한 나라의 해안으로부터 200해리(370km)까지 펼쳐진 지역에서 어업 및 광물 채취와 같은 자원에 대한 특별 권리를 인정한다. 10개국 중에서 미국이 가장 큰 EEZ를 가지고 있었고 칠레가 가장 작은 EEZ를 가지고 있었다. 러시아는 10개국 중 가장 큰 국토 면적을 갖고 있었던 반면, EEZ의 크기는 겨우 네 번째로 컸다. 그에 반해, 영국은 10개국 중에서 가장 작은 국토 면적을 갖고 있었지만, EEZ의 크기는 다섯 번째로 컸다. 인도네시아의 국토 면적은 뉴질랜드의 그것보다 더 컸지만, 인도네시아의 EEZ 크기는 뉴질랜드의 그것보다 더 작았다.
EBS 1-26::Jorge Luis Borges was born in 1899, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was a teacher. His English-born grandmother told him many stories. Borges was educated at home by an English governess and learned English before Spanish. At age 20 Borges started writing poems, essays, and a biography. However, when his father died in 1938, Borges had to take up a job as a librarian to support the family. The same year, Borges suffered a severe head wound that left him near death, unable to speak, and afraid he was insane. Later, he wrote political articles that angered the Argentine government and cost him his library job. In 1956 Borges received Argentina's national prize for literature. Unfortunately, he had been losing his eyesight for decades because of a rare disease, and by this time he was completely blind. Still, he created stories by having his mother and friends write as he dictated.::Jorge Luis Borges는 1899년에 아르헨티나의 Buenos Aires에서 태어났다. 그의 아버지는 변호사였고, 그의 어머니는 교사였다. 그의 영국 태생 할머니는 그에게 많은 이야기를 들려주었다. Borges는 집에서 영국인 여자 가정교사에 의해 교육을 받았고 스페인어보다 영어를 먼저 배웠다. 스무 살에 Borges는 시, 수필, 전기를 쓰기 시작했다. 하지만 1938년에 그의 아버지가 사망했을 때, Borges는 가족을 부양하기 위해 사서로서의 직업을 가져야만 했다. 같은 해에, Borges는 머리를 심하게 다쳤으며 그로 인해 거의 죽을 뻔했으며, 말을 할 수 없었고, 자신이 정신 이상이 될까 봐 두려워했다. 나중에, 그는 아르헨티나 정부를 화나게 하여 자신의 도서관 일자리를 잃게 한 정치적인 기사들을 썼다. 1956년에 Borges는 아르헨티나 국가 문학상을 받았다. 불행하게도, 그는 희귀병으로 인해 수십 년 동안 시력을 잃어가고 있었고, 이때쯤에는 완전히 시력을 잃었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그는 자신의 어머니와 친구들에게 자신이 불러 주는 대로 받아 적게 함으로써 소설을 창작했다.
EBS 1-29::The birth rate and fertility rate are benchmark statistics that help to illuminate potential future trends in the size of a country's population. The birth rate, which is the number of births per 1,000 people and the fertility rate, which estimates the number of children each woman is likely to give birth to throughout her reproductive years, both help to analyze past trends and forecast future trends not just in the number of people in a country, but the number of children in a population at various points in the future. Nearly always, birth rates and fertility rates in developing countries are higher than those in industrial, or developed, countries, because there is a need for as many children as possible to undertake subsistence work and contribute economically to their families and households. Further, reliable birth control is less available and less easily obtainable in poorer countries, where most health services are often inaccessible.::출생률과 출산율은 한 나라의 인구 규모의 잠재적인 미래의 추세를 설명하는 데 도움이 되는 기준 통계이다. 인구 1,000명당 출생아 수인 출생률과 각 여성이 가임 기간 동안 내내 출산하게 될 자녀의 수를 추산하는 출산율은 과거의 추세를 분석하고 미래의 다양한 시점에서 한 나라의 인구수뿐만 아니라, 인구 내의 아동의 수에 있어서도 미래의 추세를 예측하는 데 둘 다 도움이 된다. 생계 활동을 담당하고 자신들의 가족과 가정에 경제적으로 기여할 가능한 한 많은 아이들에 대한 필요가 있기 때문에, 거의 항상 개발 도상국의 출생률과 출산율은 산업 국가, 즉 선진국의 그것들보다 더 높다. 게다가, 더 가난한 나라에서는 신뢰할 만한 산아 제한 방법이 덜 보급되었고 획득하는 것이 덜 쉬운데, 이러한 나라에서는 흔히 대부분의 공공 의료 서비스를 이용할 수 없다.
EBS 1-30::Europeans produce virtually the same per worker hour as Americans, even though their per capita income is about a third less. Why? They work fewer hours. Europeans prefer to work less, earn less, live more simply, and play more. When the French government instituted the 35-hour workweek in 1998, it correctly figured that with each worker working fewer hours, there would be a need for more workers, which would in turn alleviate unemployment. The government subsidized companies to pay workers the same for 35 hours as for the previous 39-hour workweek. Employers were skeptical at first about the new seven-hour workday, but they found that happier, more rested workers accomplished virtually as much as they used to in more time. Employers were rewarded with more flexibility to assign workers for weekends or evenings, or to limit vacations to more efficient times. The result is a more relaxed populace.::유럽인들은 1인당 소득이 약 3분의 1이 더 적음에도 불구하고, 미국인들과 근로 시간당 거의 동일한 양을 생산한다. 왜일까? 그들은 더 적은 시간 동안 일한다. 유럽인들은 덜 일하고, 덜 벌고, 더 검소하게 살고, 더 많이 노는 것을 선호한다. 프랑스 정부가 1998년에 주 35시간 근무제를 도입했을 때, 프랑스 정부는 각 노동자들이 더 적은 시간 일하게 되면, 더 많은 노동자들이 필요하게 될 것이고, 이것은 결과적으로 실업률을 완화시킬 것이라고 정확히 판단했다. 정부는 기업이 이전에 주당 39시간 근무할 때 지불한 것과 같은 임금을 35시간 근무자에게 지불하도록 기업에 보조금을 지급했다. 고용주들은 처음에는 새롭게 실시하는 하루 7시간 근무하는 것에 대해 회의적이었지만, 그들은 더 행복하고 더 많은 휴식을 취한 근로자들이 거의 더 오랜 시간 동안에 성취했던 것만큼 많은 것을 성취했다는 것을 발견했다. 고용주들은 주말이나 저녁 시간에 근로자를 배정하거나 휴가를 더 효율적인 시간으로 제한할 수 있는 융통성을 더 많이 얻는 보상을 받았다. 그 결과는 더 느긋한 대중이다.
EBS 1-31::There is one advantage possessed by Mr. Darwin over his predecessors. He abhors mere speculation as nature abhors a vacuum. He is as greedy of cases and precedents as any constitutional lawyer, and all the principles he lays down are capable of being brought to the test of observation and experiment. The path he bids us follow professes to be not a mere airy track, fabricated of ideal cobwebs, but a solid and broad bridge of facts. If it be so, it will carry us safely over many a chasm in our knowledge, and lead us to a region free from the snares of those fascinating but barren Virgins, the Final Causes, against whom a high authority has so justly warned us. "My sons, dig in the vineyard," were the last words of the old man in the fable;. and, though the sons found no treasure, they made their fortunes by the grapes.::전임자들에 비해 Darwin 씨가 지닌 한 가지 장점이 있다. 자연이 공백 상태를 싫어하듯이 그는 단순한 추측을 혐오한다. 그는 어떤 합법적인 변호사 못지않게 사례와 선례를 갈망하며, 그가 정하는 모든 원칙은 관찰과 실험의 테스트를 받을 수 있다. 그가 우리에게 따르도록 명령하는 길은 관념적인 거미줄로 만들어진, 한갓 공허한 길이 아니라, 사실들로 이루어진 견고하고 넓은 다리라고 공언한다. 만약 그렇다면, 그것은 지식의 갈라진 많은 깊은 틈들 위로 우리를 안전하게 운반하여, 우리를 매혹적이지만 불모지인 원래의 것, 즉 궁극 원인의 올가미로부터 자유로운 지역으로 인도할 것인데, 그것(의 위험)에 대해 높은 권위를 지닌 사람이 우리에게 아주 합당하게 경고를 했었다. "나의 아들들아, 포도밭을 파라"는 우화 속 노인의 마지막 말이었다. 그리고 그 아들들은 보물을 찾지는 못하였지만, 포도 수확으로 엄청난 재산을 모았다.
EBS 1-32::Physical or daily-life abstractions differ considerably from mathematical abstractions. Let us take any actual object; for instance, what we call a pencil. Now, we may describe or 'define' a 'pencil' in as great detail as we please, yet it is impossible to include all the characteristics which we may discover in this actual objective pencil. If the reader will try to give a 'complete' description or a 'perfect' definition of any actual physical object, so as to include 'all' particulars, he will be convinced that this task is humanly impossible. These would have to describe, not only the numerous rough, macroscopic characteristics, but also the microscopic details, the chemical composition and changes, sub-microscopic characteristics and the endlessly changing relationship of this objective something which we have called pencil to the rest of the universe, an inexhaustible array of characteristics which could never be terminated. In general, physical abstractions, including daily-life abstractions are such that particulars are left out.::물리적인 혹은 일상적인 추상적 개념은 수학적인 추상적 개념과 상당히 다르다. 실제의 아무 물건, 이를테면 우리가 연필이라고 부르는 것을 예로 들어 보자. 자, 우리는 '연필'을 우리가 원하는 만큼 아주 자세히 설명하거나 '정의할' 수 있지만, 이 실제로 실재하는 연필에서 우리가 발견할 수 있는 '모든' 특성들을 포함시키는 것은 불가능하다. 독자가 '모든' 세부 사항을 포함시키기 위해 어떤 실제의 물리적인 물체에 대한 '완전한' 설명이나 '완벽한' 정의를 제시하려고 한다면, 그는 이 과업이 인간의 능력으로는 불가능하다는 것을 확신할 것이다. 이것들은 수많은 대략적인, 거시적인 특성들뿐만 아니라 미세한 세부 사항들, 화학적 구성과 변화들, 초미세한 특성들, 그리고 우리가 연필이라고 부르게 된 이 실재하는 물체와 나머지 우주와의 끊임없이 변화하는 관계, 즉 결코 끝날 수 없는 무궁무진하게 많은 특성들에 대해서도 설명해야 할 것이다. 일반적으로, 일상적인 추상적 개념을 포함하여 물리적인 추상적 개념은 너무나 크기 때문에 세부 사항들이 생략된다.
EBS 1-33::Most distortions are in our favor. When I had a disagreement with an academic paper coauthor about the ordering of our names (based on our respective contributions to the research), it was because our minds "overclaimed" credit. This is common. Our minds exaggerated our own contributions, so both of us were wrong. Perhaps our overclaiming is no surprise, considering that 94 percent of college professors think they do above-average work. Husbands and wives engage in the same mental exaggeration when they overestimate their contribution to housework. The estimates of MBA students' percentage contributions to a team assignment have totaled 139 percent. Concerning athletic prowess, 60 percent of high school students saw themselves above average, 6 percent below. Judging their ability to get along with others, 60 percent saw themselves to be in the top 10 percent, and 25 percent considered themselves in the top 1 percent. Most people see themselves as having above-average intelligence. Ninety percent of drivers consider themselves to be safer than average. The departure from reality is revealed in nearly everyone's rating himself or herself above average on something.::대부분의 왜곡은 우리에게 유리하다. 내가 학술 논문 공동 저자와 (연구에 대한 우리들 각자의 기여를 근거로 하는) 우리의 이름 배열 순서에 대해 의견 차이를 보였을 때, 그것은 우리의 마음이 기여를 '과도하게 주장했기' 때문이었다. 이것은 흔한 일이다. 우리의 마음은 우리 자신의 기여를 과장하였으므로, 우리는 둘 다 틀렸다. 94퍼센트의 대학교수가 자신이 평균 이상의 일을 한다고 생각한다는 것을 고려하면, 아마도 우리의 과도한 주장은 놀랄 일이 아닐 것이다. 남편과 아내가 가사 노동에 대한 자신들의 기여를 과대평가할 때 동일한 마음속 과장을 한다. MBA(경영학 석사 과정) 학생들의 팀 과제에 대한 기여 비율 추정치를 합쳤더니 총 139%가 되었다. 운동 기량과 관련하여, 고등학교 학생의 60%가 자신이 평균을 넘는다고 보았으며, 6%의 학생들이 평균 아래라고 보았다. 다른 사람들과 잘 지내는 능력을 판단하면서, 60%는 자신이 상위 10%에 속한다고 여겼으며, 25%는 자신이 상위 1%에 속한다고 여겼다. 대부분의 사람들은 자신이 평균을 상회하는 지능을 지니고 있다고 여긴다. 운전자의 90%는 자신이 평균보다 더 안전한 운전자라고 여긴다. 현실과 동떨어진 것이 거의 모든 사람이 무엇인가에 대해서 자신이 평균을 상회한다고 간주하는 것에서 드러난다.
EBS 1-34::It is important to monitor the quality of your understanding continually. You should not be too concerned if you have to read some academic texts several times to comprehend them properly. For one thing, academic texts are often difficult and complex, and several readings are sometimes needed to sift out the main ideas and to understand the interrelationships between them. This will often necessitate backtracking and re-reading. For example, when you realise you are not grasping a point you may need to clarify it by going back over text you have already read in order to determine how this point relates to what has gone before. Occasionally something will also strike you as being odd, and you may have to spend time sorting out something that is inconsistent or puzzling. In addition, careful scrutiny of texts, termed 'critical thinking', often requires checking back through the text to assess such things as logic, coherence and completeness. All these processes are both necessary and time-consuming.::여러분의 이해의 질을 지속적으로 추적 관찰하는 것이 중요하다. 몇몇 학문적인 글을 제대로 이해하기 위해 몇 차례 그것을 읽어야 한다고 해도 여러분은 너무 걱정하지 말아야 한다. 우선, 학문적인 글은 흔히 어렵고 복잡하여, 주요 개념들을 걸러 내고 그것들 사이의 상호 관계를 이해하기 위해서는 때로 몇 번 읽는 것이 필요하다. 이것은 흔히 되짚어 가기와 다시 읽기를 필요로 할 것이다. 예를 들어, 여러분이 어떤 요점을 파악하지 못하고 있다는 것을 깨달을 때, 이 요점이 앞서 지나간 부분과 어떻게 관련되어 있는지를 알아내기 위해서 이미 읽은 글을 다시 검토함으로써 그것을 분명하게 해야 할 필요가 있을 수도 있다. 가끔 어떤 내용이 여러분에게 이상하다고 느껴지기도 할 텐데, 그러면 여러분은 일관성이 없거나 혼란스럽게 하는 것을 해결하는 데 시간을 보내야만 할 것이다. 게다가, '비판적인 사고'라고 불리는 글에 대한 면밀한 정밀 조사는 흔히 논리, 응집성, 완결성과 같은 것들을 평가하기 위해 글 전체에 대한 재점검을 필요로 한다. 이 모든 과정들은 필요하기도 하고 시간도 많이 소비된다.
EBS 1-35::Research in sport studies is not only for academia, and the skills associated with research are not just important for those wishing to publish in academic journals. The enormous growth in sports employment in recent years has led to countless professions where a knowledge of research methods is important. Those employed in the sports marketing industry, for example, may need to be able to assess the effectiveness of a particular promotional strategy. Sports development officers may need to assess the reasons for non-participation in physical activity by members of a particular community. Governments may wish to measure the economic impacts of a particular sporting event, and so on. To be able to carry out such tasks, a wide range of research skills are required.::스포츠학에서의 연구는 학계만을 위한 것이 아니며, 연구와 관련된 기술은 학술지에 게재하기를 원하는 사람들에게만 중요한 것이 아니다. 최근 몇 년간 스포츠 분야 고용의 엄청난 성장으로 인해 연구 방법에 대한 지식이 중요한 수많은 직업들이 생겨나게 되었다. 예를 들어, 스포츠 마케팅 산업에 종사하는 사람들은 특정한 홍보 전략의 유효성을 평가할 수 있어야 할 필요가 있을 수 있다. 스포츠 개발 담당자들은 특정 공동체의 구성원들이 신체 활동에 참여하지 않는 이유를 평가할 필요가 있을 수 있다. 정부는 특정 스포츠 행사의 경제적 영향을 측정하기를 원할 수 있으며, 그 외에도 다른 사례들이 있다. 그러한 과제를 수행할 수 있으려면 폭넓은 연구 기술이 요구된다.
EBS 1-36::As your toddler communicates with you in increasingly complex (though still nonverbal) ways, she's starting to know what emotional or social patterns to expect from you. For example, she's beginning to notice which of her actions win hugs and kisses from you, and which ones are met by your angry voice or sagging shoulders. When you come home from work with a playful look in your eye and a lilt in your voice, your daughter recognizes that she's seen this happy sequence of behaviors before and can anticipate some fun. She may mischievously drag your briefcase down the hall, giggling to herself because she knows an exciting game of catch-me-if-you-can will follow. On the other hand, if your mouth is usually set in a grim line when you come in the door, and you collapse on the sofa with a sigh of exhaustion, your daughter will instead come to recognize a different pattern of behavior that may lead her to shy away from you.::걸음마를 배우는 여러분의 아기가 점점 더 복잡한 방식(비록 여전히 비언어적인 방식이기는 하지만)으로 여러분과 의사소통할 때, 아기는 여러분에게 어떤 감정적, 사회적 패턴을 기대해야 하는지를 알게 되기 시작한다. 예를 들어, 아기는 자신의 행동 중 어떤 행동이 여러분으로부터 포옹과 입맞춤을 얻어 내며, 어떤 행동이 여러분의 화난 목소리와 축 처진 어깨와 마주치게 되는지 알아차리기 시작한다. 여러분이 눈에 장난기 어린 표정을 짓고 목소리에 듣기 좋은 억양이 들어 있는 상태로 직장에서 집으로 돌아오면, 여러분의 딸은 자신이 전에 이런 행복한 일련의 행동들을 본 적이 있었다는 것을 인식하고, 약간의 재미있는 일을 기대할 수 있다. 여러분의 딸은 신나는 나 잡아 봐라 게임이 뒤따를 것임을 알고 있으므로 스스로 낄낄거리며 장난삼아 여러분의 서류 가방을 현관 입구 안쪽으로 끌고 갈지도 모른다. 반면에, 여러분이 문에 들어설 때, 여러분의 입술선이 보통 엄숙한 모양을 하고 있고 여러분이 기진맥진한 한숨 소리를 내며 소파에 맥없이 주저앉는다면, 대신에 여러분의 딸은 여러분을 피하게 만들 수 도 있는 다른 패턴의 행동을 인식하게 될 것이다.
EBS 1-37::The issue of how much use can (should) ultimately be accommodated in parks and protected areas is conventionally called carrying capacity in the professional literature, and the National Park Service (NPS) resolved in the early 1990s to address this issue. This effort was led by a group of NPS planners and was supported by several government and university scientists. Based on the scientific and professional literature, a framework was devised to analyze and manage carrying capacity in the national parks and related areas. The framework was called Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (now commonly referred to by its acronym VERP) as a positive expression of its intentions:. the framework was designed to identify and protect what is important about parks and not to inherently limit visitor use (though such limits are needed in some places and at some times). VERP defines indicators and standards for park resources and the quality of the visitor experience, establishes procedures for monitoring those conditions, and requires management actions to ensure that standards are maintained.::공원 및 보호 구역에서 궁극적으로 얼마나 많은 이용을 수용할 수 있느냐(해야 하느냐)의 문제는 통상적으로 전문 문헌에서 '수용력'이라고 불리며, 1990년대 초에 국립공원 관리 공단(NPS)에서 이 문제를 해결하기로 결정했다. 이 같은 노력은 NPS 기획자 단체가 주도하여 몇몇 정부 및 대학 과학자들의 지원을 받았다. 과학 및 전문 문헌을 바탕으로 국립공원과 관련 지역의 수용력을 분석하고 관리하기 위한 틀이 마련되었다. 그 틀은 그 의도의 긍정적인 표현으로 (요즘 흔히 그것의 축약어인 VERP로 언급되는) '방문자 체험 및 자원 보호'라고 불린다. 그 틀은 공원의 중요한 것을 파악하고 보호하며 방문객의 이용을 본질적으로 제한하지 않도록 (비록 일부 장소와 시기에 있어서 그러한 제한이 필요하기는 하지만) 설계되었다. VERP는 공원 자원에 대한 지표 및 기준 그리고 방문객 체험의 품질을 정의하고, 그러한 상태를 감시하기 위한 절차를 수립하며, 기준이 확실히 유지되도록 하기 위한 관리 조치를 요구한다.
EBS 1-38::John boarded a plane in San Francisco heading for Chicago. A broken toilet delayed the departure. The pilot and crew made an announcement about the problem and said that the flight would leave as soon as it was fixed. The pilot and crew gave frequent updates to the passengers and told them that the pilot was seeking permission to leave without one toilet operating. Every twenty minutes John received a text message on his cell phone updating the departure time. After an hour of unsuccessful effort to repair the toilet, the pilot announced that he had decided the plane would not fly with only one toilet working. Instead, he told the passengers that they would have to disembark and leave later on another plane. Despite the uncertainty and annoyance over the broken fixture, the passengers were calm and understanding. John's seatmate said he found it reassuring that the captain himself had made the final announcement and explained his reasoning.::John은 샌프란시스코에서 시카고로 향하는 비행기에 탑승했다. 고장 난 변기로 인해 출발이 지연되었다. 조종사와 승무원들은 그 문제에 대해 알렸으며 그것이 수리되는 대로 비행기가 출발할 것이라고 말했다. 조종사와 승무원들은 승객들에게 자주 최근 상황을 알려 주었으며, 기장이 변기가 하나 작동되지 않는 상태에서 출발할 수 있는 허가를 구하고 있다고 그들에게 말해 주었다. 20분마다 John은 자신의 휴대 전화로 새로 변경된 출발 시간을 알려 주는 문자 메시지를 받았다. 변기를 수리하려는 성공적이지 못한 한 시간의 노력 후에, 조종사는 한 개의 변기만 작동하는 상태로는 비행기가 비행하지 않기로 결정했다고 알렸다. 대신에, 그는 승객들이 (비행기에서) 내려서 나중에 다른 비행기로 출발해야 할 것이라고 승객들에게 말했다. 고장 난 시설물에 대한 불확실성과 성가심에도 불구하고 승객들은 침착하고 이해심이 있었다. John의 옆 좌석에 앉은 사람은 기장이 직접 최종 공지를 하고 자신의 추론을 설명한 것이 마음이 놓이게 해 주었다고 말했다.
EBS 1-39::Scientists are experimenting with modifying animals' genes so that they produce more growth hormone, a substance produced in the body that causes it to grow. Putting out more growth hormone would cause food animals to produce more meat. Another way to produce more meaty animals is being explored in pigs. Sows have been genetically modified to produce milk that is more easily digested by piglets. The piglets absorb more nutrients from such milk and grow larger than piglets that suckle on non-GMO sows. But volume is not the only area being worked on. Scientists are also working to improve the quality of meat. For instance, they are experimenting with genetic modification to make animals produce leaner meat by making them grow less fat.::과학자들은 몸을 성장하게 하는 몸속에서 만들어지는 물질인 성장 호르몬을 더 많이 만들어 내도록 동물의 유전자를 변형하는 실험을 하고 있다. 성장 호르몬을 더 많이 분비하게 되면 식용 동물이 더 많은 고기를 만들어 낼 것이다. 고기가 더 많은 동물을 생산하는 또 다른 방법이 돼지에서 연구되고 있다. 새끼 돼지에 의해 더 쉽게 소화되는 젖을 생산하도록 암퇘지가 유전적으로 변형되었다. 새끼 돼지는 그러한 젖으로부터 더 많은 영양분을 흡수하고 유전자가 변형되지 않은 암퇘지의 젖을 먹는 새끼 돼지보다 더 크게 자란다. 하지만 양이 연구되고 있는 유일한 분야는 아니다. 과학자들은 또한 고기의 질을 향상시키기 위해서 노력하고 있다. 예를 들어, 그들은 동물들로 하여금 더 적은 지방을 축적하게 함으로써 지방이 더 적은 고기를 만들도록 하기 위해 유전자를 변형하는 실험을 하고 있다.
EBS 1-40::Contemporary societies are characterized by increasing individualism and priority on freedom of choice. Mass media, travel, the Internet (e-commerce) and other organizational and technological improvements have rapidly expanded the amount of information available on places, activities and lifestyles, so choices have expanded. The perception of the needs for leisure is not constrained anymore to the basics: a place in the sun on the seaside, vacations once a year, etc. Contemporary tourists have multiple needs (relaxation plus culture, health, and so on) nowadays and increasing demands. Many are not first time visitors, and, as experienced tourists, they can compare places and look for better options which satisfy multiple needs and new preferences. There will be further growth of special types of tourism. There would be pressures for the tourism product to become increasingly complex, diversified and of high quality. This would require careful management of tourism destinations.::현대 사회는 증가하는 개인주의와 선택의 자유를 우선시하는 것이 특징이다. 대중 매체, 여행, 인터넷(전자 상거래) 그리고 여타의 조직적, 기술적 향상으로 인해 장소, 활동, 생활 방식에 관한 이용 가능한 정보의 양이 빠르게 확대되어 선택의 폭이 넓어졌다. 여가의 필요성에 대한 인식은 더 이상 해변의 햇빛이 비치는 장소, 일 년에 한 번 가는 휴가 등 기본적인 것으로 제한되지 않는다. 현대의 관광객들은 요즘 다양한 욕구(휴식에 문화, 건강 등을 더한)와 증가하는 수요를 갖고 있다. 많은 사람들이 처음 방문하는 사람들이 아니며, 경험 많은 관광객으로서 그들은 장소들을 비교하고 다양한 욕구와 새로운 선호를 만족시키는 더 나은 선택을 찾을 수 있다. 특별한 유형의 관광이 더욱 증가할 것이다. 관광 상품이 점점 복잡해지고, 다양해지고, 품질이 좋아져야 한다는 압력이 있을 것이다. 이것은 관광지에 대한 세심한 관리를 필요로 할 것이다.
EBS 1-4142::An especially terrible myth about evolution is the presumption that animals and humans are inherently selfish and that nature, in Tennyson's memorable description, is "red in tooth and claw." After The Origin of Species was published, the British philosopher Herbert Spencer immortalized natural selection in the phrase "survival of the fittest," one of the most misleading descriptions in the history of science that has been embraced by social Darwinists ever since, applying it inappropriately to racial theory, national politics, and economic doctrines. Even Darwin's bulldog, Thomas Henry Huxley, reinforced what he called this "gladiatorial" view of life in a series of essays, describing nature "whereby the strongest, the swiftest, and the cunningest live to fight another day." This view of life need not have become the dominant one. In 1902 the Russian anarchist and social commentator Petr Kropotkin published an article in opposition to Spencer and Huxley. Kropotkin notes: "If we... ask Nature: 'who are the fittest: those who are continually at war with each other, or those who support one another?' we at once see that those animals which acquire habits of mutual aid are undoubtedly the fittest. They have more chances to survive, and they attain the highest development of intelligence and bodily organization." In numerous trips to the wild hinterlands of Siberia, Kropotkin discovered that animal species there were highly social and cooperative in nature, an adaptation for survival that he deduced played a vital role in evolution. "In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies, and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life: understood, of course, in its wide Darwinian sense — not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence, but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species."::진화에 대한 특히 끔찍한 잘못된 믿음은 동물과 인간이 본질적으로 이기적이며, 자연은, Tennyson의 기억에 남는 서술에 의하면, '인정사정 봐주지 않는다'는 가정이다. '종의 기원'이 출판된 후, 영국의 철학자 Herbert Spencer가 '적자생존'이라는 문구로 자연 선택에 영원성을 부여했으며, 그것을 인종 이론, 국가 정치학, 경제 원칙에 부적절하게 적용하였는데, 그 말은 과학의 역사상 가장 오해하게 만드는 서술 중 하나이며 그 이후로 사회 진화론자들에 의해 받아들여져 왔다. 심지어 다윈의 불도그와 같은 사람이었던 Thomas Henry Huxley조차도 일련의 수필에서 자신이 이른바 '검투사와 같다고' 한 이 생명에 대한 견해를 강화시켰으며, 자연을 '그것에 의하여 가장 강하고, 가장 빠르고, 가장 교활한 자가 굴하지 않고 열심히 사는' 것으로 묘사했다. 생명체에 대한 이런 견해가 지배적인 것이 될 필요는 없었다. 1902년에 러시아의 무정부주의자이자 사회 논평가인 Petr Kropotkin은 Spencer와 Huxley에게 반대하는 논문을 발표했다. Kropotkin은 다음과 같이 언급한다: "만약 우리가 '끊임없이 서로 싸우는 자들, 혹은 서로를 지원해 주는 자들 중 누가 최적자인가?'라고 자연에게 물어보면, 상호 원조의 습관을 획득하는 동물들이 의심할 여지없이 최적자라는 것을 우리는 즉시 알게 된다. 그들이 생존할 가능성이 더 크며, 자신들의 각 부류에서 지능과 신체 조직의 가장 높은 발전에 도달한다." 시베리아의 야생 내륙 지역들을 여러 차례 여행하면서, Kropotkin은 그곳의 동물 종들이 자연에서 매우 사회적이고 협력적이라는 것을 발견했는데, 그것이 그가 추론하기로는 진화에서 중요한 역할을 한 생존을 위한 적응이었다. "동물 세계에서 우리는 아주 많은 대다수의 종들이 사회를 이루어 살고 있으며, 그것들은 유대 속에서 삶의 투쟁을 위한 가장 좋은 무기를 발견한다는 것을 보아 왔는데, 물론 그 투쟁이란 넓은 의미의 다윈의 진화론적 의미에서, 순전히 생존의 수단을 위한 투쟁으로서가 아니라, 그 종에게 불리한 모든 자연 조건들에 대한 투쟁으로서의 의미로 이해되는 것이다."
EBS 1-4345::Once upon a time, there was a proud man named Carl who loved to ride his horse through his vast estate, and to congratulate himself on his enormous wealth. One day he came upon Hans, an old tenant farmer, who had sat down to eat his lunch in the shade of a great oak tree. Hans's head was bowed in prayer. When Hans looked up, he said, "Oh, excuse me, sir. I didn't see you. I was giving thanks for my food." "Humph!" snorted the rich man noticing the coarse dark bread and cheese that made up the old man's lunch. "If that were all I had to eat," he sneered, "I don't think I'd feel like giving thanks." "Oh," replied Hans, "it's quite sufficient. But it's remarkable that you should come here today because I feel that I have to tell you something. I had a strange dream just before awakening this morning." "And what did you dream?" Carl asked with an amused smile. The old man answered, "There was beauty and peace all around, and yet I could hear a voice saying, 'The richest man in the valley will die tonight.'" "Ah, dreams!" cried Carl. "Nonsense!" He turned and galloped away, and Hans prayed as he watched the horse and its rider disappear. "Die tonight!" muttered Carl. "It's ridiculous! No use going into a panic." The best thing to do, he decided, was to forget the old man's dream. And yet, he couldn't forget it. He had felt fine, at least until Hans described that crazy dream of his. Now he wasn't sure that he felt all that well. So that evening he called his doctor, who was a personal friend. He asked him to come over right away, for he had to speak with him. When the doctor arrived, Carl told him of the old man's dream. "Ah," replied the doctor, "sounds like nonsense to me, but for your own peace of mind, let me examine you." A little later, the examination complete, the doctor was full of smiles and assurances. He said, ''Carl, you're as strong and healthy as that horse you ride. There's no way you're going to die tonight." The doctor was just closing his bag when a messenger arrived out of breath at the manor door. "Doctor, doctor," he cried, "come quick! It's old Hans. He just died in his sleep!"::옛날에 자신의 방대한 사유지를 말을 타고 다니며 자신의 엄청난 부를 자랑스러워하는 것을 몹시 좋아하는 Carl이라는 이름의 교만한 남자가 있었다. 어느 날 그는 늙은 소작농 Hans를 우연히 만났는데, 그는 거대한 오크 나무 그늘에 앉아 점심을 먹으려 하고 있었다. Hans는 머리를 숙여 기도를 하고 있었다. Hans가 고개를 들었을 때, 그는 말했다, "아, 죄송합니다, 나리. 저는 나리를 보지 못했습니다. 제 음식에 대한 감사 기도를 하는 중이었습니다." "흥!" 부자는 노인의 점심 식사를 구성하고 있는 치즈를 곁들인 거친 흑빵을 보며 코웃음을 쳤다. "내가 먹을 게 그것뿐이라면 나는 감사 기도를 할 기분이 나지 않을 거야"라고 그는 비웃었다. Hans가 대답했다, "아, 그거면 아주 충분합니다. 하지만 제가 나리께 말씀드릴 것이 있다는 생각을 하고 있는데 오늘 나리께서 여기에 오신 것은 놀랍습니다. 저는 오늘 아침 잠에서 깨기 직전에 이상한 꿈을 꿨습니다." "그래 무슨 꿈을 꾸었나?" Carl이 재미있다는 듯이 미소를 지으며 물었다. 노인이 대답하였다, "주변에 온통 아름다움과 평화가 있었지만, 저는 어떤 목소리가 '계곡에서 가장 부유한 사람이 오늘 밤에 죽을 것이다'라고 말하는 소리를 들을 수 있었습니다." "아, 꿈!" Carl이 소리쳤다. "말도 안 돼!" 그는 돌아서서 전속력으로 떠났고, Hans는 그 말과 말을 탄 사람이 사라지는 것을 지켜보면서 기도했다. "오늘 밤에 죽는다고!" Carl이 중얼거렸다. "말도 안 돼! 두려워해 봤자 소용없어." 그 노인의 꿈을 잊어버리는 것이 가장 좋은 방법이라고 그는 마음먹었다. 하지만 그는 그것을 잊을 수가 없었다. 그는 적어도 Hans가 그에 관한 그 말도 안 되는 꿈에 대해 말해 주기 전까지는 기분이 좋았었다. 이제 그는 자신이 그다지 기분이 좋다고는 확신할 수 없었다. 그래서 그는 그날 저녁 자신의 개인적인 친구인 자신의 의사를 불렀다. 그와 이야기해야 할 것이 있으니, 그는 그에게 당장 와 달라고 요청했다. 그 의사가 도착했을 때, Carl은 그 노인의 꿈에 대해 그에게 말해주었다. "아, 내게는 말도 안 되는 소리 같기는 하지만, 자네 자신의 마음의 평화를 위해서 내가 자네를 진찰해 보겠네"라고 의사가 대답했다. 잠시 후, 검진이 끝났을 때, 의사는 미소와 확언으로 가득 차 있었다. 그는 말했다, "Carl, 자네는 자네가 타는 저 말만큼이나 강하고 건강하네. 오늘 밤 자네는 전혀 죽을 리가 없네." 의사가 막 가방을 닫고 있을 때 소식을 전하는 사람이 숨을 헐떡이며 영주의 저택 문에 도착했다. 그가 외쳤다, "의사 선생님, 의사 선생님, 빨리 오세요! Hans 노인입니다요. 주무시다가 방금 돌아가셨어요!"
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2018년 11월 고3 수능 영어 띵크북
1811H3-18::I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest. However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible. I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes. I couldn't see any information about changing recipes. I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted. Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe. I look forward to your response.::며칠 전에 저는 제 2회 연례 DC Metro 요리 대회의 지원서와 요리법을 제출했습니다. 하지만, 가능하다면 저의 요리법을 바꾸고 싶습니다. 제가 웹사이트를 다시 확인해 보았지만, 대회 날짜와 시간, 그리고 상에 관한 정보만 발견할 수 있었습니다. 요리법을 바꾸는 데에 대한 어떤 정보도 볼 수 없었습니다. 저는 이제 막 훌륭한 새로운 요리법을 만들었는데, 사람들이 제가 이미 제출한 것보다 이것을 더 좋아할 것이라고 믿고 있습니다. 제가 제출한 요리법을 바꿀 수 있는지 저에게 알려 주십시오. 귀하의 응답을 고대하고 있겠습니다.
1811H3-19::The waves were perfect for surfing. Dave, however, just could not stay on his board. He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it. He felt that he would never succeed. He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time. The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave. One more try!" Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water. He waited for the right wave. Finally, it came. He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced. And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore. Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"::파도는 서핑하기에 완벽했다. 하지만 Dave는 자신의 보드 위에 도저히 서 있을 수 없었다. 그는 일어서려고 열 번 넘게 시도해 보았지만 결코 해낼 수 없었다. 그는 자신이 결코 성공할 수 없을 것이라고 느꼈다. 막 포기하려고 할 때 그는 바다를 마지 막으로 한 번 쳐다보았다. 넘실거리는 파도가 "이리와, Dave. 한 번 더 시도해 봐"라고 말하는 것 같았다. 심호흡을 하면서 그는 자신의 보드를 집어 들고 바다로 달려 들어갔다. 그는 적당한 파도를 기다렸다. 마침내 그것이 왔다. 그는 자신이 연습했던 그대로 보드 위로 점프해 올랐다. 그리고 이번에는 똑바로 서서 그는 해안으로 되돌아오는 내내 파도와 싸웠다. 기쁨에 차서 물 밖으로 걸어 나오며 그는 "와, 내가 해냈어"라고 환호성을 질렀다.
1811H3-20::War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy. It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war. 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt. 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'. The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:. 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'. However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way. Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.::전쟁은 적에 대한 '약간의' 이미지, 즉 개념 없이는 생각할 수 없다. 전쟁에 의미와 정당화를 제공하는 것은 바로 적의 존재이다. Carl Schmitt는 이렇게 썼다, '전쟁은 증오감을 따라 나온다. 전쟁은 그 나름의 전략적, 전술적, 그리고 여타의 규칙과 관점을 가지고 있지만, 그것들 모두 적이 누구냐에 대해 정치적인 결정이 이미 내려졌다는 것을 상정하고 있다.' 적의 개념은 전쟁의 도덕적 평가에 핵심적이다. 즉 '적의 이미지를 확립하는 데 있어서 전쟁을 하고 있는 국가의 기본적인 목표는 죽이는 행위와 살인의 행위를 가능한 한 뚜렷이 구별하는 것이다.' 하지만, 우리는 전쟁과 그것에 영향을 미치는 적의 이미지를 추상적이고 획일적인 방식으로 생각하는 것에 대해 주의를 할 필요가 있다. 오히려 둘은 그것들 본연의 문화적이고 불확정적인 현상으로 간주되어야 한다.
1811H3-21::Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance. Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results. Society helps them along in this mad chase. Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions. But it's wrong. Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions. The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery. A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance. The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result. Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."::비록 명시적인 목표는 아니지만, 최고의 과학은 실제로 무지를 개선하는 것으로 여겨질 수 있다. 과학자들, 특히 젊은 과학자들은 결과에 너무 집착할 수 있다. 사회는 그들이 이런 무모한 추구를 계속하도록 돕는다. 큰 발견들이 언론에 보도되고, 대학의 홈페이지에 등장하고, 보조금을 얻는데 도움을 주고, 승진을 위한 논거를 만든다. 그러나 그것은 잘못된 것이다. 위대한 과학자들, 우리가 존경하는 선구자들은 결과가 아니라 다음 문제에 관심이 있다. 아주 존경 받는 물리학자인 Enrico Fermi는 자신의 학생들에게 가설을 성공적으로 입증하는 실험은 측정이며, 그렇지 않은 것은 발견이라고 말했다. 새로운 무지의 발견, (새로운 무지를) 드러내는 것이라고. 과학적인 성취의 정점인 노벨상은 평생의 과학적인 업적이 아니라 하나의 발견, 결과에 대해 수여된다. 노벨상 위원회조차도 이것이 실제로 과학의 진정한 의미 속에 있는 것이 아니라는 것을 어떤 점에서 인식하고 있으며, 그들의 상에 쓰인 문구들도 흔히 '한 분야를 열었거나,' '한 분야를 변화시켰거나,' 혹은 '한 분야를 새롭고 예상치 못한 방향으로 이끈' 발견을 기리고 있다.
1811H3-22::With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged. As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically. Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations. Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained. Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.::산업 사회가 정보에 기반한 사회로 진화해가면서, 하나의 상품, 그 나름의 가치를 가진 하나의 제품으로서의 정보의 개념이 등장했다. 결과적으로 가장 고품질의 정보를 소유한 그러한 사람, 조직, 그리고 국가들이 경제적으로, 사회적으로, 그리고 정치적으로 번창할 가능성이 높다. 정보의 경제학에 대한 연구는 정보와 정보 서비스의 비용, 정보가 의사 결정에 미치는 영향, 효과적인 정보 취득으로 인한 절약, 정보가 생산성에 미치는 영향, 그리고 (기업, 기술, 혹은 의학 도서관과 같은) 특정한 기관이 조직의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 포함하는 다양한 범주를 망라한다. 이러한 많은 분야들이 서로 겹치는 것은 분명하지만, 정보가 그것이 포함되는 매체를 벗어나 그 나름의 생명력을 얻게 되었다는 것은 분명하다. 정보는 측정되고, 평가되고, 값이 매겨지는 인정받는 실재(독립체)가 되었다.
1811H3-23::We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change. Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries. Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation. With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement. Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels. Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.::우리는 정의의 윤리적 원칙이 아직 태어나지 않은 세대와 가장 가난한 나라들을 기후 변화로부터 보호하기 위한 정책에 대한 근본적인 기초를 제공한다고 주장하는 바이다. 농업과 물 공급에 대한 점점 증가하는 위협과 주로 부유한 국가들에게만 이득을 주는 국제 무역의 규칙에 직면하여, 이 (가난한) 국가들을 위한 현재의 끈질기게 부족한 원조와 관련하여 연계된 문제들이 발생한다. 세계의 가장 가난한 국민들에 대한 원조를 증가시키는 것은 효과적인 (탄소 배출) 완화의 필수적인 부분이다. 탄소 배출량의 20%는 (대개 열대 지역의) 벌채로부터 오므로, 삼림 보존을 위한 탄소 배출권은 더 가난한 국가들에 대한 원조와 비용 효율성이 가장 높은 (탄소 배출) 감소의 형태 중의 하나와 결합시켜 줄 것이다. 아마 비용 효율성이 가장 높지만 정치적으로 가장 복잡한 정책 개혁은, OECD에서 두 가지의 가장 큰 수혜 분야, 곧 파괴적인 산업화 농업과 화석 연료로부터 오는 연간 수천억 달러의 직접적인 보조금을 없애는 일일 것이다. 이 돈의 적은 양이라도 보존 농업으로의 근본적인 변화를 촉진할 뿐만 아니라, 많은 지역에서 이미 빠르게 진행되고 있는 재생 가능한 에너지에 대한 기술적 진보와 투자를 가속할 것이다.
1811H3-24::A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences. To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses. This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately. However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption. Many people do not understand large numbers. Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling). This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent. On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need. On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.::큰 재해를 정의하는 요소 하나는 그 해로운 결과의 거대한 규모이다. 사회가 큰 재해로부터 오는 손실을 방지하거나 줄이는 데 도움을 주기 위해서, 잠재적 혹은 실제적 손실의 규모와 범위를 산정하고 전달하기 위한 대단히 큰 노력과 기술적인 정교한 지식이 자주 사용된다. 이 노력은 사람들이 그 결과로 생기는 수를 이해할 수 있고 그에 의거하여 적절하게 행동할 수 있다는 것을 가정한다. 그러나 최근의 행동 연구는 이러한 근본적인 가정에 의혹을 던진다. 큰 수를 이해하지 못하는 사람들이 많다. 사실상 큰 수는 정서적 반응(감정)을 전달하지 않는다면 의미가 없으며 결정을 할 때 과소평가된다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이것은 의사 결정의 이성적인 모델이 표현하지 못하는 역설을 만들어 낸다. 한편으로 우리는 곤궁한 상태에 빠진 한 사람을 돕기 위하여 강렬하게 반응한다. 다른 한편으로 우리는 대량의 비극을 방지하거나 자연재해로부터 잠재적인 손실을 줄이기 위한 적절한 조치를 하지 못할 때가 흔히 있다.
1811H3-25::The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017. The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980. Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017. The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017. South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017. Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.::위 표는 1979-1980학년도와 2016-2017학년도의 두 학년도에 미국의 대학과 종합대학에 등록한 상위 10개 출신국과 유학생의 수를 보여준다. 2016-2017학년도의 유학생 총수는 1979-1980학년도 유학생 총수보다 3배 넘게 많았다. 이란, 타이완, 나이지리아는 1979-1980학년도 유학생의 상위 3개 출신국이었는데, 그 중 타이완만이 2016-2017학년도 상위 10개 출신국 목록에 포함되었다. 인도 출신 학생 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 20배 넘게 많았으며, 인도는 2016-2017학년도에 중국보다 순위가 더 낮았다. 대한민국은 1979-1980학년도에는 상위 10개 출신국에 포함되지 않았는데, 2016-2017학년도에는 순위가 3위였다. 일본 출신 학생의 수는 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 더 많았으나, 일본은 1979-1980학년도보다 2016-2017학년도에 순위가 더 낮았다.
1811H3-26::Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings. While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post. After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer. In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida. This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek. In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name. Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.::1896년 Washington D.C.에서 태어난 미국 작가인 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings는 시골을 다룬 주제와 배경이 있는 소설을 썼다. 그녀가 어렸을 때, 그녀의 이야기 중 하나가 The Washington Post에 실렸다. 대학교를 졸업한 후 Rawlings는 저널리스트로 일하면서 동시에 소설가로 자리매김하려고 애썼다. 1928년에 그녀는 Florida주 Cross Creek에 있는 오렌지 과수원을 구입했다. 이것은 The Yearling과 자전적인 책인 Cross Creek을 포함해서 그녀의 일부 작품의 영감의 원천이 되었다. 1939년에 한 소년과 어미 잃은 아기 사슴에 관한 이야기였던 The Yearling은 퓰리처상 소설부문 수상작이 되었다. 그후, 1946에 The Yearling은 같은 이름의 영화로 제작되었다. Rawlings는 1953년에 세상을 떠났고, 그녀가 Cross Creek에 소유한 땅은 Florida 주립 공원이 되어 그녀의 업적을 기리고 있다.
1811H3-29::"Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art. Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt. The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect. Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size. But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality. An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance. Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight." This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.::'기념비적'이라는 말은 이집트 예술의 기본적인 특징을 표현하는 데 매우 근접하는 단어이다. 그 전에도 그 이후에도, 기념비성이라는 특성이 이집트에서처럼 완전히 달성된 적은 한 번도 없었다. 이에 대한 이유는 그들 작품의 외적 크기와 거대함이 아니다―비록 이집트인들이 이 점에 있어서 몇 가지 대단한 업적을 달성했다는 것이 인정되지만 말이다. 많은 현대 구조물은 순전히 물리적인 크기의 면에서는 이집트의 구조물들을 능가한다. 그러나 거대함은 기념비성과는 아무 관련이 없다. 예를 들어, 겨우 사람 손 크기의 이집트의 조각이 Leipzig의 전쟁 기념비를 구성하는 그 거대한 돌무더기보다 더 기념비적이다. 기념비성은 외적 무게의 문제가 아니라 '내적 무게'의 문제이다. 이 내적 무게가 이집트 예술이 지닌 특성인데, 이집트 예술은 그 안에 있는 모든 작품이 단지 폭이 몇 인치에 불과하거나 나무에 새겨져 있을지라도, 마치 산맥처럼 원시 시대의 돌로 만들어진 것처럼 보일 정도이다.
1811H3-30::Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer. Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task. The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly. While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water. At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat. Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land. It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.::유럽 최초의 '호모 사피엔스'는 주로 큰 사냥감, 특히 순록을 먹고 살았다. 심지어 이상적인 상황에서도, 이런 빠른 동물을 창이나 활과 화살로 사냥하는 것은 불확실한 일이다. 그러나 순록에게는 인류가 인정사정 없이 이용할 약점이 있었는데, 그것은 순록이 수영을 잘 못한다는 것이었다. 순록은 물에 떠 있는 동안, 코를 물 위로 내놓으려고 애쓰면서 가지진 뿔을 높이 쳐들고 천천히 움직이기 때문에, 유례없이 공격받기 쉬운 상태가 된다. 어느 시점에선가, 석기 시대의 한 천재가 수면 위를 미끄러지듯이 움직일 수 있음으로써 자신이 얻을 엄청난 사냥의 이점을 깨닫고 최초의 배를 만들었다. 쉽게 따라잡아서 도살한 먹잇감을 일단 배 위로 끌어 올리면, 사체를 부족이 머무는 곳으로 가지고 가는 것은 육지에서보다는 배로 훨씬 더 쉬웠을 것이다. 인류가 이런 장점을 다른 물품에 적용하는 데는 긴 시간이 걸리지 않았을 것이다.
1811H3-31::Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens. The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared. By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event. At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory." The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds. Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have. Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events. Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened. The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.::Finkenauer와 Rimé는 표본으로 추출된 많은 벨기에 시민들을 대상으로 1993년 벨기에 왕 Baudouin의 예기치 못한 죽음에 대한 기억을 조사했다. 그 자료는 왕의 죽음에 대한 소식이 널리 사회적으로 공유되었다는 것을 나타냈다. 그 사건에 관해 이야기함으로써 사람들은 서서히 그 감정적 사건의 사회적 이야기와 집단 기억을 구축했다. 동시에 그들은 그 사건이 발생했던 개인적 상황에 대한 자신들의 기억을 공고히 했는데, 그것은 '섬광 기억'으로 알려진 효과이다. 한 사건이 사회적으로 더 많이 공유되면 될수록, 그것은 사람들의 마음에 더 많이 고정될 것이다. 사회적 공유는 이런 식으로 사람들이 갖고 있을 수 있는 어떤 자연적인 성향을 중화시키는 데 도움이 될 수도 있다. 자연스럽게 사람들은 바람직하지 않은 사건을 '잊도록' 이끌릴 것이다. 그래서 방금 어떤 나쁜 소식을 들은 어떤 사람은 발생한 일을 처음에는 흔히 부인하고 싶어 한다. 나쁜 소식의 반복되는 사회적 공유는 현실성에 기여한다.
1811H3-32::Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'. How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority? The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across. The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence. Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change. Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view. Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change. Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.::소수 집단은 많은 힘이나 지위를 가지고 있지 않은 경향이 있고 심지어 말썽꾼, 극단주의자, 또는 단순히 '별난 사람'으로 일축될 수도 있다. 그렇다면 대체 그들은 어떻게 다수 집단에 대한 영향력을 행사하는가? 사회 심리학자 Serge Moscovici는 그 답이 그들의 '행동 양식', 즉 소수 집단이 자기네 의견을 이해시키는 '방식'에 있다고 주장한다. 여성 참정권 운동이 성공을 거둔 중대한 요인은 지지자들이 자신들의 관점에서 '일관적'이었다는 것이었는데, 이것이 상당한 정도의 사회적 영향력을 행사하였다. 자신들의 입장을 '일관되게' 옹호하고 방어하는 활동적이고 조직적인 소수 집단이 다수 집단의 구성원 사이에 사회적 갈등, 의심, 그리고 불확신을 만들어 낼 수 있고, 궁극적으로 이것이 사회 변화를 가져올 수도 있다. 그러한 변화가 흔히 일어난 까닭은 소수 집단이 다른 사람들을 자신의 관점으로 바꿔 놓았기 때문이다. 소수 집단의 영향 없이는 우리에게 어떤 혁신, 어떤 사회 변화도 없을 것이다. 우리가 현재 '주요' 사회 운동(예를 들어, 기독교 사상, 노동조합 운동, 또는 남녀평등주의)으로 여기는 많은 것이 본래는 거침없이 말하는 소수 집단의 영향력 때문에 생겨났다.
1811H3-33::Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present. The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future. It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present. Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts. It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past. In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents. Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.::문화유산은 매우 선별적인 물질적 인공물, 신화, 기억, 그리고 전통이 현재를 위한 자원이 되는 방식과 관련이 있다. 그 자원의 내용, 해석, 표현은 현재의 요구에 따라 선택되며, 상상된 과거는 상상된 미래로 전해질 수 있는 유산을 위한 자원을 제공한다. 그것은 또한 기억과 전통의 의미와 기능들이 현재에 와서 정의된다는 말이 된다. 게다가, 유산은 물질적 인공물보다 의미와 더 많이 관련된다. 후자(물질적 인공물)에게 문화적 혹은 재정적 가치를 부여하고 거의 무한하게 많은 과거의 것들로부터 왜 그것들이 선택되었는지 설명해 주는 것은 바로 전자(의미)이다. 결국, 현재 사회의 요구가 변화함에 따라, 혹은 심지어, 구 동유럽에서 현재 일어나고 있는 것처럼, 새로운 현재를 반영하기 위해서 과거가 재창조되어야 할 때, 그것들은 나중에 버려질 수도 있다. 따라서 유산은 과거를 기억하는 것만큼 과거를 잊는 것에 관한 것이다.
1811H3-34::The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools. Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions. Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways. When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas. Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area. Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically. Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2. This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.::인간은 새로운 문화적 도구를 발명함으로써 자신의 기능성을 확장하는 능력에 있어서 독특하다. 쓰기, 산수, 과학, 이 모든 것은 최근에 발명된 것이다. 우리의 뇌가 그것들을 위해 진화할 충분한 시간이 없었으나, 나는 우리가 우리의 오래된 영역들을 새로운 방식으로 동원할 수 있기 때문에 그것들이 가능하게 되었으리라고 추론한다. 우리가 읽는 것을 배울 때, 우리는 시각적인 단어-형태 영역이라고 알려진 우리의 시각 시스템의 특정 영역을 재활용하는데, 이것이 우리가 일련의 문자를 인식하고 그것들을 언어 영역에 연결할 수 있게 해 준다. 마찬가지로, 우리가 아라비아 숫자를 배울 때 우리는 그러한 모양들을 빠르게 수량으로 변환하는 회로를 만드는데, 이것은 양측 의 시각 영역을 정수리 부분의 수량 영역과 빠르게 연결하는 것이다. 손가락으로 헤아리기와 같은 기본적인 발명조차도 우리의 인지 능력을 극적으로 변화시킨다. 수를 세는 것을 발명하지 않은 아마존 사람들은, 예를 들어, 6 빼기 2처럼 간단한 것을 정확하게 계산할 수 없다. 이러한 '문화적 재활용'은 인간의 두뇌의 기능적 구조가 생물학적, 문화적 제약의 복잡한 혼합물로부터 생겨난 것이라는 것을 암시한다.
1811H3-35::When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis. The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could. Some painters made practical use of the invention. There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting. But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century. Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.::사진술이 19세기에 나타났을 때, 회화는 위기에 처했다. 사진은 여태까지 화가가 할 수 있었던 것보다 자연을 모방하는 일을 더 잘하는 것처럼 보였다. 몇몇 화가들은 그 발명품(사진술)을 실용적으로 이용했다. 자신들이 그리고 있는 모델이나 풍경 대신에 사진을 사용하는 인상파 화가들이 있었다. 하지만 대체로, 사진은 회화에 대한 도전이었고 회화가 직접적인 표현과 복제로부터 멀어져 20세기의 추상 회화로 이동해 가는 한 가지 원인이었다. 사진은 사물을 세상에 존재하는 대로 아주 잘 표현했기 때문에, 화가들은 내면을 보고 자신들의 상상 속에서 존재하는 대로 사물을 표현할 수 있게 되어, 화가의 그림에 고유한 색, 양감, 선, 그리고 공간의 배치로 감정을 표현하였다.
1811H3-36::Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior. This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves. It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population. It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity. Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!). People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings. But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;. That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.::심리학 연구자들은 인간의 행동을 설명하는 데 도움을 주고 예측할 수 있는 연구를 수행하기 위해 과학적인 방법을 따른다. 이것은 달팽이나 음파를 연구하는 것보다 훨씬 더 어려운 작업이다. 이것은 자연적인 환경보다 실험실 내에서의 행동을 검사하는 것, 그리고 모집단의 대표적인 실제 예에서 데이터를 모으기보다 (심리학 입문을 공부하는 학생들처럼) 쉽게 구할 수 있는 사람들에게 참여하도록 요청하는 것과 같은 절충이 자주 필요하다. 사람들의 생각을 바꾸는 것, 즉 반응성이라 불리는 것 없이 그들이 생각하고 있는 것에 최대한 접근할 방안을 생각해 내는 것은 많은 경우 대단히 교묘한 솜씨가 필요하다. 단지 자신들이 관찰되고 있다는 것을 아는 것은 사람들이 (더욱 공손하게 하는 것처럼) (평소와) 다르게 행동하는 것을 유발할 수 있다. 사람들은 자신들의 실제 생각보다 더 사회적으로 바람직하다고 생각하는 답을 할 가능성이 있다. 그러나 심리학에 대한 모든 이러한 어려움에도 불구하고, 과학적인 방법의 이점은 연구 결과가 반복 가능하다는 것이다. 즉 같은 절차를 따르면서 같은 연구를 다시 진행하면, 같은 결과를 얻을 가능성이 매우 클 것이다.
1811H3-37::Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember. But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory. Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:. Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation. Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal." Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting. Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation. As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.::분명히, 도식적인 지식은 여러분의 이해를 이끌어주고 기억할 수 없는 것들을 재구성하게 하여 여러분에게 도움을 준다. 하지만 도식적인 지식은 또한 인식과 기억에 오류를 조장하여 여러분에게 해를 끼칠 수 있다. 게다가, 도식에 의해서 발생하는 오류의 '유형'은 상당히 예측 가능하다. 도식이 여러분의 경험의 광범위한 유형을 요약하며 그래서 그것(도식)이 본질적으로 주어진 상황에서 무엇이 전형적이거나 평범한 것인지 여러분에게 말해 준다는 것을 명심하라. 따라서, 도식에 대한 어떠한 의존이라 하더라도, 그것은 어떤 것이 '정상적'인 것인지에 대한 이러한 정보에 의해 형성될 것이다. 따라서 어떤 상황이나 사건을 보면서 여러분이 알아차리지 못하는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 상황에서 일반적으로 무엇이 어울리는지에 관한 지식으로 이러한 '공백'을 채우도록 여러분을 이끌어줄 것이다. 마찬가지로, 여러분이 기억할 수 없는 것이 있으면, 여러분의 도식이 그 공백을 그 상황에서 어떤 것이 일반적인 것인지에 대한 지식으로 채워 줄 것이다. 결과적으로, 도식에 의존하는 것은 불가피하게 세상을 실제보다 더 '정상적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이고, 과거를 실제보다 더 '규칙적인' 것으로 보이게 할 것이다.
1811H3-38::The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves. Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth. While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember. It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error. The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale. The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity. But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way. A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day. A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.::인쇄기는 생각이 스스로를 복제하는 능력을 신장시켰다. 비용이 적게 드는 인쇄술이 있기 전에, 생각은 구전으로 퍼져 나갈 수 있었고 실제로 그렇게 퍼져 나갔다. 이것은 대단히 강력했지만, 전파될 수 있는 생각의 복잡성을 단 한 사람이 기억할 수 있는 것으로 제한했다. 그것은 또한 일정량의 확실한 오류를 추가했다. 구전에 의한 생각의 전파는 전 세계적인 규모의 말 전하기 놀이와 맞먹었다. 글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는 능력의 출현과 손으로 쓴 두루마리와 궁극적으로 손으로 쓴 책의 탄생은 크고 복잡한 생각이 매우 정확하게 퍼져 나가는 능력을 강화했다. 그러나 손으로 두루마리나 책을 복사하는 데 요구된 엄청난 양의 시간은 이 방식으로 정보가 퍼져 나갈 수 있는 속도를 제한했다. 잘 훈련된 수도승은 하루에 약 4쪽의 문서를 필사할 수 있었다. 인쇄기는 정보를 수천 배 더 빠르게 복사할 수 있었는데, 그것은 지식이 이전 어느 때보다 훨씬 더 빠르고 최대한 정확하게 퍼져 나갈 수 있게 하였다.
1811H3-39::A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography. This can be done in various ways. One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land. Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines. A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation. A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top. When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler. Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography. At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.::지도 제작자들의 커다란 도전은 집합적으로 지형이라고 불리는 언덕과 계곡, 경사지와 평지의 묘사이다. 이것은 여러 방법으로 할 수 있다. 한 가지 방법은 지형의 주름이 번갈아 빛이 비치고 그늘지게 빛과 그림자의 이미지를 만들어, 땅의 모양을 시각적으로 표현하는 것을 만들어 내는 것이다. 기술적으로 더 정확한 또 다른 방법은 등 고선을 그리는 것이다. 등고선은 동일한 고도에 있는 모든 점을 연결한다. 따라서 평야 위로 솟은 둥그런 산은 가장 큰 동심원이 맨 아랫부분에 그리고 가장 작은 동심원은 꼭대기 근처에 있는 일련의 동심원으로 지도에 나타날 것이다. 등고선이 서로 가깝게 배치되면 산의 경사가 가파르고, 등고선이 더 멀리 떨어져 있으면 기울기가 더 완만하다. 등고선은 지역 지형의 가파른 비탈, 분지, 계곡을 나타낼 수 있다. 한눈에, 그것들은 지도로 그려진 지역의 고저가 큰지 작은지를 드러내는데, '복잡한' 등고선 지도는 많은 높은 기복을 의미한다.
1811H3-40::Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future. As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives. For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront. Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.::시장 시스템이 있거나 없는 두 가지 인간 사회를 다 포함한 생물학적 유기체들은 불확실한 미래와 관련된 위험에 기초하여 현재 이용할 수 있는 생산물보다 (시간상으로) 멀리 있는 것들을 평가 절하한다. 투입과 생산의 시기가 에너지 유형에 따라 크게 다르기 때문에, 대체 에너지를 평가할 때 시간을 통합하려는 강력한 사례가 있다. 예를 들어 대부분의 투자가 생산하기 전에 발생하는 태양 전지판이나 풍력 엔진으로부터의 에너지 생산은 대부분의 화석 연료 추출 기술과 비교했을 때 다르게 평가될 필요가 있을 수 있는데, 화석 연료 추출 기술에서는 많은 비율의 에너지 생산이 훨씬 더 빨리 가능하고, 더 큰 (상대적) 비율의 투입이 추출 과정 동안에 적용되고 선행 투자되지는 않는다. 따라서 화석 연료, 특히 석유와 천연가스는 많은 재생 가능 기술보다 에너지 품질 이점(비용, 저장성, 운송 가능성 등)이 있을 뿐만 아니라 현재의 소비/수익에 대한 인간의 행동 선호를 설명하는 것에 비추어 보면 '시간적 이점'도 또한 갖는다.
1811H3-4142::Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term. This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours. However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work. Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off. 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production. Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements. Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure. This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes. Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises. Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible. The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.::산업 자본주의는 일거리를 만들어 냈을 뿐만 아니라, 그 말의 현대적 의미로의 '여가'도 또한 만들어 냈다. 이것은 놀라운 것으로 보일 수 있는데, 초기의 목화 농장주들은 자신들의 기계를 가능한 한 오랫동안 가동하기를 원했고, 자신들의 일꾼들에게 매우 오랜 시간을 일하도록 강요했기 때문이다. 하지만 근무 시간 동안 지속적인 일을 요구하고 비업무 활동을 배제함으로써 고용주들은 여가를 업무와 분리했다. 어떤 사람들은 공장이 문을 닫는 별도의 휴가 기간을 만듦으로써 이 일을 매우 명시적으로 했는데, 왜냐하면 이렇게 하는 것이 그때그때 휴가를 내는 것에 의해 일을 중단시키는 것보다 더 나았기 때문이었다. 휴일의 형태이건, 주말의 형태이건, 혹은 저녁이라는 형태이건, 일하지 않는 별도의 기간으로서의 '여가'는 자본주의 생산으로 만들어진 통제되고 제한된 근로 시간의 결과였다. 그 후 노동자들은 더 많은 여가를 원했고, 여가 시간은 노동조합 운동에 의해 확대되었는데, 이 일은 면화 산업에서 맨 처음 시작되었고, 결국 노동 시간을 제한하고 노동자들에게 휴가의 권리를 주는 새로운 법이 통과되었다. 다른 의미에서 여가는 또한 여가의 상업화를 통한 자본주의의 창조였다. 이것은 더 이상 전통적인 스포츠와 여가 활동에의 참여를 의미하지 않았다. 노동자들은 자본주의 기업이 조직한 여가 활동에 돈을 지불하기 시작했다. 사람들에게 입장료를 받을 수 있는 관중 스포츠, 특히 축구와 경마로의 대중의 이동이 이제는 가능했다. 이것의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않는데, 왜냐하면 완전히 새로운 산업이 출현해 서 레저 시장을 개발하고 발전시키고 있었기 때문이었으며, 그 시장은 나중에 소비자의 수요, 고용, 그리고 이익의 거대한 원천이 될 것이었다.
1811H3-4345::Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages. Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?" "Yes, I learned about it in biology class. It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered. "Right! But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves! So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?" Grandma suggested. The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready. Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma. When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was. There seemed to be a million cabbages. Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field. She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off. Olivia sighed in despair. Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry. We are only working on this first row here today." Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage. The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them. It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs. The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield. Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on. She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared. Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?" Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature? The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower." Olivia realized she was right. Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment. Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty. Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.::Olivia와 그녀의 여동생 Ellie는 양배추의 한가운데 할머니와 함께 서 있었다. 갑자기 할머니가 "양배추 화이트가 뭔지 아니"라고 물었다. "네, 저는 생물 시간에 그것에 대해 배웠어요. 그것은 아름다운 하얀 나비예요"라고 Olivia가 대답했다. "맞아! 하지만 그것은 양배추에 알을 낳고, 그러고 나서 애벌레는 양배추 잎을 먹지! 그러니, 내가 애벌레를 잡는 것을 도와주지 않겠니"라고 할머니가 제안했다. 두 자매는 기꺼이 동의했고 준비를 위해 집으로 돌아갔다. 곧, 각자 작은 양동이를 갖춘 채 Olivia와 Ellie는 할머니에게 다시 갔다. 그들이 양배추 밭을 보았을 때, 그들은 갑자기 그것이 얼마나 넓은지 생각이 났다. 백만 개의 양배추가 있는 것 같았다. Olivia는 끝없는 양배추 밭을 보고 입을 벌린 채 서 있었다. 그녀는 그들이 아마도 애벌레를 모두 다 떼어낼 수 없으리라고 생각했다. Olivia는 절망감에 한숨을 쉬었다. 할머니는 그녀를 보고 미소를 지으며 "걱정하지 마라. 우리는 단지 오늘 여기 첫 번째 줄에서만 일할 거란다"라고 말했다. 안도한 채 그녀와 Ellie 는 첫 번째 양배추에서 시작했다. 양배추 화이트들이 그들 주위의 하늘을 가득 메운 채 애벌레들이 잡히면서 꿈틀거렸다. 마치 그 나비들은 Olivia를 놀리고 있는 것처럼 보였다. 그것들은 수백만 개 의 알을 더 낳겠다고 암시하면서 그녀를 비웃는 것처럼 보였다. 양배추 밭은 마치 전쟁터처럼 보였다. Olivia는 싸움에서 지고 있다고 느꼈지만, 그녀는 계속 싸웠다. 그녀는 (양동이) 바닥이 모습을 감출 때까지 계속해서 자신의 양동이를 애벌레로 채웠다. 지치고 낙담한 채 그녀는 할머니에게 "나비를 모두 없애서 더 이상의 알이나 애벌레가 생기지 않게 하면 어때요"라고 물었다. 할머니는 부드럽게 미소를 지으며 "왜 대자연과 싸우려고 하니? 나비들은 이 꽃에서 저 꽃으로 꽃가루를 옮기기 때문에 우리가 다른 식물들을 키우는 데 도움을 준 단다." Olivia는 그녀가 옳다는 것을 깨달았다. 할머니는 애벌레가 양배추에게 해를 끼친다는 것을 알지만 자연환경의 자연스러운 균형을 방해하고 싶지 않다고 덧붙였다. Olivia는 이제 나비의 진정한 아름다움을 깨달았다. Olivia와 Ellie는 자신들의 가득 찬 양동이를 보고 웃었다.
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모바일 가로모드 최적화
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2018년 3월 고1 모의고사 워크북
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(1) We are excited to announce the opening of the newest Sunshine Stationery Store in Raleigh, North Carolina! (2) As you know, the Sunshine Stationery Store has long been the industry standard for quality creative paper products of all kinds, and we couldn't have picked a better location for our next branch than the warm and inviting city of Raleigh. (3) We are thrilled to welcome you to the Grand Opening of the Raleigh store on March 15, 2018. (4) The opening celebration will be from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. ― a full 12 hours of fun! (5) We would love to show you all the Raleigh store has to offer and hope to see you there on the 15th!
(1) One day I caught a taxi to work. (2) When I got into the back seat, I saw a brand new cell phone sitting right next to me. (3) I asked the driver, "Where did you drop the last person off␦" and showed him the phone. (4) He pointed at a girl walking up the street. (5) We drove up to her and I rolled down the window yelling out to her. (6) She was very thankful and by the look on her face I could tell how grateful she was. (7) Her smile made me smile and feel really good inside. (8) After she got the phone back, I heard someone walking past her say, "Today's your lucky day!"
(1) Serene tried to do a pirouette in front of her mother but fell to the floor. (2) Serene's mother helped her off the floor. (3) She told her that she had to keep trying if she wanted to succeed. (4) However, Serene was almost in tears. (5) She had been practicing very hard the past week but she did not seem to improve. (6) Serene's mother said that she herself had tried many times before succeeding at Serene's age. (7) She had fallen so often that she sprained her ankle and had to rest for three months before she was allowed to dance again. (8) Serene was surprised. (9) Her mother was a famous ballerina and to Serene, her mother had never fallen or made a mistake in any of her performances. (10) Listening to her mother made her realize that she had to put in more effort than what she had been doing so far.
(1) Many people think of what might happen in the future based on past failures and get trapped by them. (2) For example, if you have failed in a certain area before, when faced with the same situation, you anticipate what might happen in the future, and thus fear traps you in yesterday. (3) Do not base your decision on what yesterday was. (4) Your future is not your past and you have a better future. (5) You must decide to forget and let go of your past. (6) Your past experiences are the thief of today's dreams only when you allow them to control you.
(1) Storyteller Syd Lieberman suggests that it is the story in history that provides the nail to hang facts on. (2) Students remember historical facts when they are tied to a story. (3) According to a report, a high school in Boulder, Colorado, is currently experimenting with a study of presentation of historical material. (4) Storytellers present material in dramatic context to the students, and group discussion follows. (5) Students are encouraged to read further. (6) In contrast, another group of students is involved in traditional research/report techniques. (7) The study indicates that the material presented by the storytellers has much more interest and personal impact than that gained via the traditional method.
(1) Experts advise people to "take the stairs instead of the elevator" or "walk or bike to work." (2) These are good strategies: climbing stairs provides a good workout, and people who walk or ride a bicycle for transportation most often meet their needs for physical activity. (3) Many people, however, face barriers in their environment that prevent such choices. (4) Few people would choose to walk or bike on roadways that lack safe sidewalks or marked bicycle lanes, where vehicles speed by, or where the air is polluted. (5) Few would choose to walk up stairs in inconvenient and unsafe stairwells in modern buildings. (6) In contrast, people living in neighborhoods with safe biking and walking lanes, public parks, and freely available exercise facilities use them often — their surroundings encourage physical activity.
(1) How can we teach our children to memorize a broad range of information? (2) Let me prove to you that all people are potential geniuses, with brains designed to store, control, and remember large amounts of information through memorization by repetition. (3) Imagine the grocery store where you shop the most. (4) If I asked you to tell me where the eggs are, would you be able to do so? (5) Of course you could. (6) The average grocery store carries over 10,000 items, yet you can quickly tell me where to find most of them. (7) Why? (8) The store is organized by category, and you have shopped in the store repeatedly. (9) In other words, you've seen those organized items over and over again, and the arrangement by category makes it easy for you to memorize the store's layout. (10) You can categorize 10,000 items from just one store.
(1) Mae C. Jemison was named the first black woman astronaut in 1987. (2) On September 12, 1992, she boarded the space shuttle Endeavor as a science mission specialist on the historic eight-day flight. (3) Jemison left the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) in 1993. (4) She was a professor of Environmental Studies at Dartmouth College from 1995 to 2002. (5) Jemison was born in Decatur, Alabama, and moved to Chicago with her family when she was three years old. (6) She graduated from Stanford University in 1977 with a degree in chemical engineering and Afro-American studies. (7) Jemison received her medical degree from Cornell Medical School in 1981.
(1) The first underwater photographs were taken by an Englishman named William Thompson. (2) In 1856, he waterproofed a simple box camera, attached it to a pole, and lowered it beneath the waves off the coast of southern England. (3) During the 10minute exposure, the camera slowly flooded with seawater, but the picture survived. (4) Underwater photography was born. (5) Near the surface, where the water is clear and there is enough light, it is quite possible for an amateur photographer to take great shots with an inexpensive underwater camera. (6) At greater depths — it is dark and cold there — photography is the principal way of exploring a mysterious deep-sea world, 95 percent of which has never been seen before.
(1) Honesty is a fundamental part of every strong relationship. (2) Use it to your advantage by being open with what you feel and giving a truthful opinion when asked. (3) This approach can help you escape uncomfortable social situations and make friends with honest people. (4) Follow this simple policy in life — never lie. (5) When you develop a reputation for always telling the truth, you will enjoy strong relationships based on trust. (6) It will also be more difficult to manipulate you. (7) People who lie get into trouble when someone threatens to uncover their lie. (8) By living true to yourself, you'll avoid a lot of headaches. (9) Your relationships will also be free from the poison of lies and secrets. (10) Don't be afraid to be honest with your friends, no matter how painful the truth is. (11) In the long term, lies with good intentions hurt people much more than telling the truth.
(1) Since a great deal of day-to-day academic work is boring and repetitive, you need to be well motivated to keep doing it. (2) A mathematician sharpens her pencils, works on a proof, tries a few approaches, gets nowhere, and finishes for the day. (3) A writer sits down at his desk, produces a few hundred words, decides they are no good, throws them in the bin, and hopes for better inspiration tomorrow. (4) To produce something worthwhile — if it ever happens — may require years of such fruitless labor. (5) The Nobel Prizewinning biologist Peter Medawar said that about four-fifths of his time in science was wasted, adding sadly that "nearly all scientific research leads nowhere." (6) What kept all of these people going when things were going badly was their passion for their subject. (7) Without such passion, they would have achieved nothing.
(1) Within a store, the wall marks the back of the store, but not the end of the marketing. (2) Merchandisers often use the back wall as a magnet, because it means that people have to walk through the whole store. (3) This is a good thing because distance traveled relates more directly to sales per entering customer than any other measurable consumer variable. (4) Sometimes, the wall's attraction is simply appealing to the senses, a wall decoration that catches the eye or a sound that catches the ear. (5) Sometimes the attraction is specific goods. (6) In supermarkets, the dairy is often at the back, because people frequently come just for milk. (7) At video rental shops, it's the new releases.
(1) The good news is, where you end up ten years from now is up to you. (2) You are free to choose what you want to make of your life. (3) It's called free will and it's your basic right. (4) What's more, you can turn it on instantly! (5) At any moment, you can choose to start showing more respect for yourself or stop hanging out with friends who bring you down. (6) After all, you choose to be happy or miserable. (7) The reality is that although you are free to choose, you can't choose the consequences of your choices. (8) It's a package deal. (9) As the old saying goes, "If you pick up one end of the stick, you pick up the other." (10) Choice and consequence go together like mashed potatoes and gravy.
(1) Just think for a moment of all the people upon whom your participation in your class depends. (2) Clearly, the class requires a teacher to teach it and students to take it. (3) However, it also depends on many other people and organizations. (4) Someone had to decide when the class would be held and in what room, communicate that information to you, and enroll you in that class. (5) Someone also had to write a textbook, and with the assistance of many other people — printers, editors, salespeople, and bookstore employees — it has arrived in your hands. (6) Thus, a class that seems to involve just you, your fellow students, and your teacher is in fact the product of the efforts of hundreds of people.
(1) Suppose that you are busy working on a project one day and you have no time to buy lunch. (2) All of a sudden your best friend shows up with your favorite sandwich. (3) He tells you that he knows you are busy and he wants to help you out by buying you the sandwich. (4) In this case, you are very likely to appreciate your friend's help. (5) However, if a stranger shows up with the same sandwich and offers it to you, you won't appreciate it. (6) Instead, you would be confused. (7) You would likely think "Who are you, and how do you know what kind of sandwich I like to eat?" (8) The key difference between these two cases is the level of trust. (9) You trust your best friend so much that you won't worry about him knowing you too well, but you certainly would not give the same level of trust to a stranger.
(1) If you start collecting and analyzing data without first clarifying the question you are trying to answer, you're probably doing yourself more harm than good. (2) You'll end up drowning in a flood of information and realize only later that most of that research was a waste of time. (3) To avoid this problem, you should develop a problem-solving design plan before you start collecting information. (4) In the design plan, you clarify the issues you are trying to solve, state your hypotheses, and list what is required to prove those hypotheses. (5) Developing this plan before you start researching will greatly increase your problem-solving productivity. (6) In addition, putting your plan down on paper will not only clarify your thoughts. (7) If you're working in a group, this plan will also help your team focus on what to do and provide the starting point for your group brainstorming.
(1) The philosopher GA Cohen provides an example of a camping trip as a metaphor for the ideal society. (2) On a camping trip, he argues, it is unimaginable that someone would say something like, "I cooked the dinner and therefore you can't eat it unless you pay me for my superior cooking skills." (3) Rather, one person cooks dinner, another sets up the tent, another purifies the water, and so on, each in accordance with his or her abilities. (4) All these goods are shared and a spirit of community makes all participants happier. (5) A camping trip where each person attempted to gain the maximum rewards from the other campers in exchange for the use of his or her talents would quickly end in disaster and unhappiness. (6) Moreover, the experience would be ruined if people were to behave in such a way. (7) So, we would have a better life in a more equal and cooperative society.
(1) In the classical fairy tale the conflict is often permanently resolved. (2) Without exception, the hero and heroine live happily ever after. (3) By contrast, many present-day stories have a less definitive ending. (4) Often the conflict in those stories is only partly resolved, or a new conflict appears making the audience think further. (5) This is particularly true of thriller and horror genres, where audiences are kept on the edge of their seats throughout. (6) Consider Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, where, in the end, Nora leaves her family and marriage. (7) Nora disappears out of the front door and we are left with many unanswered questions such as "Where did Nora go␦" and "What will happen to her?" (8) An open ending is a powerful tool, providing food for thought that forces the audience to think about what might happen next.
(1) In 2006, 81% of surveyed American shoppers said that they considered online customer ratings and reviews important when planning a purchase. (2) Though an online comment — positive or negative — is not as powerful as a direct interpersonal exchange, it can be very important for a business. (3) Many people depend on online recommendations. (4) And young people rely heavily on them and are very likely to be influenced by the Internet when deciding what movie to see or what album to purchase. (5) These individuals often have wide-reaching social networks and communicate regularly with dozens of others — with the potential to reach thousands. (6) It has been reported that young people aged six to 24 influence about 50% of all spending in the US.
(1) Crows are a remarkably clever family of birds. (2) They are capable of solving many more complex problems compared to other birds, such as chickens. (3) After hatching, chickens peck busily for their own food much faster than crows, which rely on the parent bird to bring them food in the nest. (4) However, as adults, chickens have very limited hunting skills whereas crows are much more flexible in hunting for food. (5) Crows also end up with bigger and more complex brains. (6) Their extended period between hatching and flight from the nest enables them to develop intelligence.
(1) Think of the most famous scientists you know — Isaac Newton, Louis Pasteur, Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, Pierre and Marie Curie, Stephen Hawking, and so on. (2) What do all these people have in common? (3) Well, for one thing, they're all very smart. (4) In some cases they even taught themselves most of what they knew about their particular subject. (5) In fact, Sir Isaac Newton had to invent a new branch of mathematics (calculus) just to solve the problems he was trying to do in physics. (6) There is something else they all had in common that set them apart from the other smart people of their time — their ability to ask questions. (7) Just having a good brain isn't always enough. (8) To be a great scientist, you need to be able to look at a problem that hundreds, maybe even thousands, of people have already looked at and have been unable to solve, and ask the question in a new way. (9) Then you take that question and come up with a new way to answer it. (10) That is what made Newton and the others so famous. (11) They coupled intelligence with a curiosity that said, "I want to know the answer to this." (12) After coming up with the right questions, they discovered ways of answering those questions and became famous for their discoveries.
(1) When Patsy McLeod took freshly washed clothes to her former master Ben Wilson's house, her nine-year-old daughter Mary went along. (2) When they arrived at the big house, the McLeods walked to the rear entrance used for blacks. (3) In 1884 there was sharp segregation between the races in Mayesville, South Carolina. (4) While her mother went inside the house, Mary wandered over to a children's playhouse and looked inside. (5) Two white girls about her age sat among a lot of dolls. (6) Hello, Mary! (7) Do you want to come in? (8) One of them called out. (9) Mary happily went into the playhouse. (10) The white child handed a doll to the black girl, saying "You can watch the baby while I have tea with my friend." (11) While Mary walked the doll around the room, her eyes fell upon a book; she picked it up in awe. (12) Her parents had a Bible in their cabin, but no one could read it. (13) Unexpectedly the white girl grabbed the book. (14) Put that down, she yelled. (15) You don't know how to read. (16) Feeling shameful, Mary handed the doll back to the white child and rejoined her mother. (17) On the walk back to their farm, she wondered why white people had all kinds of nice things and why, above all, they could read while black people couldn't. (18) She decided to learn to read. (19) At home the little girl asked her father to let her go to school, but he told her calmly, "There isn't any school." (20) One day, however, a black woman in city clothes changed that. (21) Emma Wilson came to the McLeod cabin, explaining that she would open a new school in Mayesville for black children. (22) The school will begin after the cotton-picking season, she said. (23) Mary's parents nodded in agreement. (24) Mrs. McLeod also nodded toward her daughter. (25) Young Mary was very excited. (26) I'm gonna read? (27) Miss Wilson? (28) She smiled at Mary.
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2018년 3월 고2 모의고사 워크북
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1803H2 | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | 제작일 181015 14:52:14
(1) You are far more likely to eat what you can see in plain view. (2) Organize the foods in your kitchen so the best choices are most visible and easily accessible. (3) It also helps to hide poor choices in inconvenient places. (4) An even better idea is to simply get rid of anything with low nutritional value that you may be tempted to eat. (5) Put fruits, vegetables, and other healthy options at eye level in your refrigerator, or leave them out on the table. (6) Even when you aren't hungry, simply seeing these items will plant a seed in your mind for your next snack. (7) Also consider taking small bags of nuts, fruits, or vegetables with you when you are away from home. (8) That way, you can satisfy a midafternoon craving even if no good options are available.
(1) Playing any game that involves more than one person teaches kids teamwork, the consequences of cheating, and how to be a good team player whether they win or lose. (2) It's not hard to see how those skills make it into the daily lives of kids. (3) But like all things we hope to teach our children, learning to cooperate or to compete fairly takes practice. (4) Humans aren't naturally good at losing, so there will be tears, yelling, and cheating, but that's okay. (5) The point is, playing games together helps kids with their socialization. (6) It allows them a safe place to practice getting along, following rules, and learning how to be graceful in defeat.
(1) The public growth of the Internet began in the 1990s, as increasing numbers of computers came into homes and workplaces. (2) The first online newspaper was published in the US and the Chicago-based Tribune was among the first titles to put its content online, in 1991. (3) As the decade progressed, software developments made the task of creating online content quicker and cheaper — between 1995 and 1998, the number of US dailies on the web grew from 175 to 750. (4) Newspapers in the UK followed the same pattern: in 1994, the Sunday Times became the UK's first newspaper to have an online edition and a few months later the Daily Telegraph launched the Electronic Telegraph, Europe's first online daily.
(1) Each spring in North America, the early morning hours are filled with the sweet sounds of songbirds, such as sparrows and robins. (2) While it may seem like these birds are simply singing songs, many are in the middle of an intense competition for territories. (3) For many birds, this struggle could ultimately decide whom they mate with and if they ever raise a family. (4) When the birds return from their winter feeding grounds, the males usually arrive first. (5) Older, more dominant males will reclaim their old territories: a tree, shrub, or even a window ledge. (6) Younger males will try to challenge the older ones for space by mimicking the song that the older males are singing. (7) The birds that can sing the loudest and the longest usually wind up with the best territories.
(1) Grant Wood grew up on a farm and drew with whatever materials could be spared. (2) Often he used charcoal from the wood fire to sketch on a leftover piece of brown paper. (3) He was only ten when his father died, and his mother moved the family to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where Wood went to school. (4) He studied part-time at the State University of Iowa and attended night classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. (5) When he was 32, he went to Paris to study at the Académie Julian. (6) In 1927, he traveled to Munich, Germany, where some of the most accomplished artists of the period were working. (7) While there, he saw German and Flemish artworks that influenced him greatly, especially the work of Jan van Eyck. (8) After that trip, his style changed to reflect the realism of those painters.
(1) Although sports nutrition is a fairly new academic discipline, there have always been recommendations made to athletes about foods that could enhance athletic performance. (2) One ancient Greek athlete is reported to have eaten dried figs to enhance training. (3) There are reports that marathon runners in the 1908 Olympics drank cognac to improve performance. (4) The teenage running phenomenon, Mary Decker, surprised the sports world in the 1970s when she reported that she ate a plate of spaghetti noodles the night before a race. (5) Such practices may be suggested to athletes because of their real or perceived benefits by individuals who excelled in their sports. (6) Obviously, some of these practices, such as drinking alcohol during a marathon, are no longer recommended, but others, such as a high-carbohydrate meal the night before a competition, have stood the test of time.
(1) Although instances occur in which partners start their relationship by telling everything about themselves to each other, such instances are rare. (2) In most cases, the amount of disclosure increases over time. (3) We begin relationships by revealing relatively little about ourselves; then if our first bits of self-disclosure are well received and bring on similar responses from the other person, we're willing to reveal more. (4) This principle is important to remember. (5) It would usually be a mistake to assume that the way to build a strong relationship would be to reveal the most private details about yourself when first making contact with another person. (6) Unless the circumstances are unique, such baring of your soul would be likely to scare potential partners away rather than bring them closer.
(1) Jack stopped the cycle of perfectionism that his son Mark was developing. (2) Mark could not stand to lose at games by the time he was eight years old. (3) Jack was contributing to Mark's attitude by always letting him win at chess because he didn't like to see Mark get upset and cry. (4) One day, Jack realized it was more important to allow Mark some experience with losing, so he started winning at least half the games. (5) Mark was upset at first, but soon began to win and lose with more grace. (6) Jack felt a milestone had been reached one day when he was playing catch with Mark and threw a bad ball. (7) Instead of getting upset about missing the ball, Mark was able to use his sense of humor and commented, "Nice throw, Dad Lousy catch, Mark."
(1) Most importantly, money needs to be scarce in a predictable way. (2) Precious metals have been desirable as money across the millennia not only because they have intrinsic beauty but also because they exist in fixed quantities. (3) Gold and silver enter society at the rate at which they are discovered and mined; additional precious metals cannot be produced, at least not cheaply. (4) Commodities like rice and tobacco can be grown, but that still takes time and resources. (5) A dictator like Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe could not order the government to produce 100 trillion tons of rice. (6) He was able to produce and distribute trillions of new Zimbabwe dollars, which is why they eventually became more valuable as toilet paper than currency.
(1) In one experiment, children were told they could have one marshmallow treat if they chose to eat it immediately, but two treats if they waited. (2) Most of the children, who ranged in age from 4 to 8, chose to wait, but the strategies they used differed significantly. (3) The 4-year-olds often chose to look at the marshmallows while waiting, a strategy that was not terribly effective. (4) In contrast, 6- and 8-year-olds used language to help overcome temptation, although in different ways. (5) The 6-year-olds spoke and sang to themselves, reminding themselves they would get more treats if they waited. (6) The 8-year-olds focused on aspects of the marshmallows unrelated to taste, such as appearance, which helped them to wait. (7) In short, children used "self-talk" to regulate their behavior.
(1) The desire for fame has its roots in the experience of neglect. (2) No one would want to be famous who hadn't also, somewhere in the past, been made to feel extremely insignificant. (3) We sense the need for a great deal of admiring attention when we have been painfully exposed to earlier deprivation. (4) Perhaps one's parents were hard to impress. (5) They never noticed one much, they were so busy with other things, focusing on other famous people, unable to have or express kind feelings, or just working too hard. (6) There were no bedtime stories and one's school reports weren't the subject of praise and admiration. (7) That's why one dreams that one day the world will pay attention. (8) When we're famous, our parents will have to admire us too.
(1) When the late Theodore Roosevelt came back from Africa, just after he left the White House in 1909, he made his first public appearance at Madison Square Garden. (2) Before he would agree to make the appearance, he carefully arranged for nearly one thousand paid applauders to be scattered throughout the audience to applaud his entrance on the platform. (3) For more than 15 minutes, these paid hand-clappers made the place ring with their enthusiasm. (4) The rest of the audience took up the suggestion and joined in for another quarter hour. (5) The newspaper men present were literally swept off their feet by the tremendous applause given the American hero, and his name was emblazoned across the headlines of the newspapers in letters two inches high. (6) Roosevelt understood and made intelligent use of personal promotion.
(1) In addition to controlling temperatures when handling fresh produce, control of the atmosphere is important. (2) Some moisture is needed in the air to prevent dehydration during storage, but too much moisture can encourage growth of molds. (3) Some commercial storage units have controlled atmospheres, with the levels of both carbon dioxide and moisture being regulated carefully. (4) Sometimes other gases, such as ethylene gas, may be introduced at controlled levels to help achieve optimal quality of bananas and other fresh produce. (5) Related to the control of gases and moisture is the need for some circulation of air among the stored foods.
(1) Studies show that no one is "born" to be an entrepreneur and that everyone has the potential to become one. (2) Whether someone does or doesn't is a function of environment, life experiences, and personal choices. (3) However, there are personality traits and characteristics commonly associated with entrepreneurs. (4) These traits are developed over time and evolve from an individual's social context. (5) For example, people with parents who were self-employed are more likely to become entrepreneurs. (6) After witnessing a father's or mother's independence in the workplace, an individual is more likely to find independence appealing. (7) Similarly, people who personally know an entrepreneur are more than twice as likely to be involved in starting a new firm as those with no entrepreneur acquaintances or role models.
(1) According to the consulting firm McKinsey, knowledge workers spend up to 60 percent of their time looking for information, responding to emails, and collaborating with others. (2) By using social technologies, those workers can become up to 25 percent more productive. (3) The need for productivity gains through working harder and longer has a limit and a human toll. (4) The solution is to enable people to work smarter, not just by saying it, but by putting smart tools and improved processes in place so that people can perform at enhanced levels. (5) Think of it as the robot-assisted human, given superpowers through the aid of technology. (6) Our jobs become enriched by relying on robots to do the tedious while we work on increasingly more sophisticated tasks.
(1) Two major kinds of age-related structural changes occur in the eye. (2) One is a decrease in the amount of light that passes through the eye, resulting in the need for more light to do tasks such as reading. (3) As you might suspect, this change is one reason why older adults do not see as well in the dark, which may account in part for their reluctance to go places at night. (4) One possible logical response to the need for more light would be to increase illumination levels in general. (5) However, this solution does not work in all situations because we also become increasingly sensitive to glare. (6) In addition, our ability to adjust to changes in illumination, called adaptation, declines. (7) Going from outside into a darkened movie theater involves dark adaptation; going back outside involves light adaptation. (8) Research indicates that the time it takes for both types of adaptation increases with age.
(1) By acting on either natural or artificial resources, through techniques, we alter them in various ways. (2) Thus we create artifacts, which form an important aspect of technologies. (3) A clay pot is an example of a material artifact, which, although transformed by human activity, is not all that far removed from its natural state. (4) A plastic cup, a contact lens, and a computer chip, on the other hand, are examples of artifacts that are far removed from the original states of the natural resources needed to create them. (5) Artifacts can serve as resources in other technological processes. (6) This is one of the important interaction effects within the technological system. (7) In other words, each new technology increases the stock of available tools and resources that can be employed by other technologies to produce new artifacts.
(1) Despite all the talk of how weak intentions are in the face of habits, it's worth emphasizing that much of the time even our strong habits do follow our intentions. (2) We are mostly doing what we intend to do, even though it's happening automatically. (3) This probably goes for many habits: although we perform them without bringing the intention to consciousness, the habits still line up with our original intentions. (4) Even better, our automatic, unconscious habits can keep us safe even when our conscious mind is distracted. (5) We look both ways before crossing the road despite thinking about a rather depressing holiday we took in Brazil, and we put oven gloves on before reaching into the oven despite being preoccupied about whether the cabbage is overcooked. (6) In both cases, our goal of keeping ourselves alive and unburnt is served by our automatic, unconscious habits.
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