232_h2 본문읽기 30
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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2262-30
The most advanced military jets are fly‑by‑wire: They are so unstable that they require an automated system that can sense and act more quickly than a human operator to maintain control. Our dependence on smart technology has led to a paradox. As technology improves, it becomes more reliable and more efficient, and human operators depend on it even more. Eventually they lose focus, become distracted, and check out, leaving the system to run on its own. In the most extreme case, piloting a massive airliner could become a passive occupation, like watching TV. This is fine until something unexpected happens. The unexpected reveals the value of humans; what we bring to the table is the flexibility to handle new situations. Machines aren't collaborating in pursuit of a joint goal; they are merely serving as tools. So when the human operator gives up oversight, the system is more likely to have a serious accident.
2262-31
Followers can be defined by their position as subordinates or by their behavior of going along with leaders' wishes. But followers also have power to lead. Followers empower leaders as well as vice versa. This has led some leadership analysts like Ronald Heifetz to avoid using the word followers and refer to the others in a power relationship as "citizens" or "constituents." Heifetz is correct that too simple a view of followers can produce misunderstanding. In modern life, most people wind up being both leaders and followers, and the categories can become quite fluid. Our behavior as followers changes as our objectives change. If I trust your judgment in music more than my own, I may follow your lead on which concert we attend (even though you may be formally my subordinate in position). But if I am an expert on fishing, you may follow my lead on where we fish, regardless of our formal positions or the fact that I followed your lead on concerts yesterday.
2262-32
Color is an interpretation of wavelengths, one that only exists internally. And it gets stranger, because the wavelengths we're talking about involve only what we call "visible light", a spectrum of wavelengths that runs from red to violet. But visible light constitutes only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum ― less than one ten-trillionth of it. All the rest of the spectrum ― including radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, cell phone conversations, wi-fi, and so on ― all of this is flowing through us right now, and we're completely unaware of it. This is because we don't have any specialized biological receptors to pick up on these signals from other parts of the spectrum. The slice of reality that we can see is limited by our biology.
2262-33
What is unusual about journalism as a profession is its lack of independence. In theory, practitioners in the classic professions, like medicine or the clergy, contain the means of production in their heads and hands, and therefore do not have to work for a company or an employer. They can draw their income directly from their clients or patients. Because the professionals hold knowledge, moreover, their clients are dependent on them. Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical in nature; one might argue that the public depends on journalists in the same way that patients depend on doctors, but in practice a journalist can serve the public usually only by working for a news organization, which can fire her or him at will. Journalists' income depends not on the public, but on the employing news organization, which often derives the large majority of its revenue from advertisers.
2262-34
In most of the world, capitalism and free markets are accepted today as constituting the best system for allocating economic resources and encouraging economic output. Nations have tried other systems, such as socialism and communism, but in many cases they have either switched wholesale to or adopted aspects of free markets. Despite the widespread acceptance of the free-market system, markets are rarely left entirely free. Government involvement takes many forms, ranging from the enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations to direct participation in the economy through entities like the U.S.'s mortgage agencies. Perhaps the most important form of government involvement, however, comes in the attempts of central banks and national treasuries to control and affect the ups and downs of economic cycles.
The most advanced military jets are fly‑by‑wire: They are so unstable that they require an automated system that can sense and act more quickly than a human operator to maintain control. Our dependence on smart technology has led to a paradox. As technology improves, it becomes more reliable and more efficient, and human operators depend on it even more. Eventually they lose focus, become distracted, and check out, leaving the system to run on its own. In the most extreme case, piloting a massive airliner could become a passive occupation, like watching TV. This is fine until something unexpected happens. The unexpected reveals the value of humans; what we bring to the table is the flexibility to handle new situations. Machines aren't collaborating in pursuit of a joint goal; they are merely serving as tools. So when the human operator gives up oversight, the system is more likely to have a serious accident.
2262-31
Followers can be defined by their position as subordinates or by their behavior of going along with leaders' wishes. But followers also have power to lead. Followers empower leaders as well as vice versa. This has led some leadership analysts like Ronald Heifetz to avoid using the word followers and refer to the others in a power relationship as "citizens" or "constituents." Heifetz is correct that too simple a view of followers can produce misunderstanding. In modern life, most people wind up being both leaders and followers, and the categories can become quite fluid. Our behavior as followers changes as our objectives change. If I trust your judgment in music more than my own, I may follow your lead on which concert we attend (even though you may be formally my subordinate in position). But if I am an expert on fishing, you may follow my lead on where we fish, regardless of our formal positions or the fact that I followed your lead on concerts yesterday.
2262-32
Color is an interpretation of wavelengths, one that only exists internally. And it gets stranger, because the wavelengths we're talking about involve only what we call "visible light", a spectrum of wavelengths that runs from red to violet. But visible light constitutes only a tiny fraction of the electromagnetic spectrum ― less than one ten-trillionth of it. All the rest of the spectrum ― including radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, gamma rays, cell phone conversations, wi-fi, and so on ― all of this is flowing through us right now, and we're completely unaware of it. This is because we don't have any specialized biological receptors to pick up on these signals from other parts of the spectrum. The slice of reality that we can see is limited by our biology.
2262-33
What is unusual about journalism as a profession is its lack of independence. In theory, practitioners in the classic professions, like medicine or the clergy, contain the means of production in their heads and hands, and therefore do not have to work for a company or an employer. They can draw their income directly from their clients or patients. Because the professionals hold knowledge, moreover, their clients are dependent on them. Journalists hold knowledge, but it is not theoretical in nature; one might argue that the public depends on journalists in the same way that patients depend on doctors, but in practice a journalist can serve the public usually only by working for a news organization, which can fire her or him at will. Journalists' income depends not on the public, but on the employing news organization, which often derives the large majority of its revenue from advertisers.
2262-34
In most of the world, capitalism and free markets are accepted today as constituting the best system for allocating economic resources and encouraging economic output. Nations have tried other systems, such as socialism and communism, but in many cases they have either switched wholesale to or adopted aspects of free markets. Despite the widespread acceptance of the free-market system, markets are rarely left entirely free. Government involvement takes many forms, ranging from the enactment and enforcement of laws and regulations to direct participation in the economy through entities like the U.S.'s mortgage agencies. Perhaps the most important form of government involvement, however, comes in the attempts of central banks and national treasuries to control and affect the ups and downs of economic cycles.
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232_h2 본문읽기 25
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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2262-22
The problem with simply adopting any popular method of parenting is that it ignores the most important variable in the equation: the uniqueness of your child. So, rather than insist that one style of parenting will work with every child, we might take a page from the gardener's handbook. Just as the gardener accepts, without question or resistance, the plant's requirements and provides the right conditions each plant needs to grow and flourish, so, too, do we parents need to custom-design our parenting to fit the natural needs of each individual child. Although that may seem difficult, it is possible. Once we understand who our children really are, we can begin to figure out how to make changes in our parenting style to be more positive and accepting of each child we've been blessed to parent.
2262-23
In the movie Groundhog Day, a weatherman played by Bill Murray is forced to relive a single day over and over again. Confronted with this seemingly endless loop, he eventually rebels against living through the same day the same way twice. He learns French, becomes a great pianist, befriends his neighbors, helps the poor. Why do we cheer him on? Because we don't want perfect predictability, even if what's on repeat is appealing. Surprise engages us. It allows us to escape autopilot. It keeps us awake to our experience. In fact, the neurotransmitter systems involved in reward are tied to the level of surprise: rewards delivered at regular, predictable times yield a lot less activity in the brain than the same rewards delivered at random unpredictable times. Surprise gratifies.
2262-24
A building is an inanimate object, but it is not an inarticulate one. Even the simplest house always makes a statement, one expressed in brick and stone, in wood and glass, rather than in words ― but no less loud and obvious. When we see a rusting trailer surrounded by weeds and abandoned cars, or a brand-new mini-mansion with a high wall, we instantly get a message. In both of these cases, though in different accents, it is "Stay Out of Here." It is not only houses, of course, that communicate with us. All kinds of buildings ― churches, museums, schools, hospitals, restaurants, and offices ― speak to us silently. Sometimes the statement is deliberate. A store or restaurant can be designed so that it welcomes mostly low-income or high-income customers. Buildings tell us what to think and how to act, though we may not register their messages consciously.
2262-26
The monarch butterfly has lovely bright colors splashed on its wings. The wings have white spots on the outer margins. The hind wings are rounded, and they are lighter in color than the front wings. The body is black with white spots. The mother butterfly lays only one egg on the underside of milkweed leaves, which hatches about three to five days later. The monarch loves to fly around in the warm sunshine, from March through October, all across the United States. The monarch cannot survive the cold winter temperatures of the northern states. So, it very wisely migrates from the northern states to the south, and hibernates. The monarch is the only insect that can fly more than four thousand kilometers to a warmer climate.
2262-29
Even though institutions like the World Bank use wealth to differentiate between "developed" and "developing" countries, they also agree that development is more than economic growth. "Development" can also include the social and environmental changes that are caused by or accompany economic growth, some of which are positive and thus may be negative. Awareness has grown ― and continues to grow ― that the question of how economic growth is affecting people and the planet needs to be addressed. Countries are slowly learning that it is cheaper and causes much less suffering to try to reduce the harmful effects of an economic activity or project at the beginning, when it is planned, than after the damage appears. To do this is not easy and is always imperfect. But an awareness of the need for such an effort indicates a greater understanding and moral concern than did the previous widespread attitude that focused only on creating new products and services.
The problem with simply adopting any popular method of parenting is that it ignores the most important variable in the equation: the uniqueness of your child. So, rather than insist that one style of parenting will work with every child, we might take a page from the gardener's handbook. Just as the gardener accepts, without question or resistance, the plant's requirements and provides the right conditions each plant needs to grow and flourish, so, too, do we parents need to custom-design our parenting to fit the natural needs of each individual child. Although that may seem difficult, it is possible. Once we understand who our children really are, we can begin to figure out how to make changes in our parenting style to be more positive and accepting of each child we've been blessed to parent.
2262-23
In the movie Groundhog Day, a weatherman played by Bill Murray is forced to relive a single day over and over again. Confronted with this seemingly endless loop, he eventually rebels against living through the same day the same way twice. He learns French, becomes a great pianist, befriends his neighbors, helps the poor. Why do we cheer him on? Because we don't want perfect predictability, even if what's on repeat is appealing. Surprise engages us. It allows us to escape autopilot. It keeps us awake to our experience. In fact, the neurotransmitter systems involved in reward are tied to the level of surprise: rewards delivered at regular, predictable times yield a lot less activity in the brain than the same rewards delivered at random unpredictable times. Surprise gratifies.
2262-24
A building is an inanimate object, but it is not an inarticulate one. Even the simplest house always makes a statement, one expressed in brick and stone, in wood and glass, rather than in words ― but no less loud and obvious. When we see a rusting trailer surrounded by weeds and abandoned cars, or a brand-new mini-mansion with a high wall, we instantly get a message. In both of these cases, though in different accents, it is "Stay Out of Here." It is not only houses, of course, that communicate with us. All kinds of buildings ― churches, museums, schools, hospitals, restaurants, and offices ― speak to us silently. Sometimes the statement is deliberate. A store or restaurant can be designed so that it welcomes mostly low-income or high-income customers. Buildings tell us what to think and how to act, though we may not register their messages consciously.
2262-26
The monarch butterfly has lovely bright colors splashed on its wings. The wings have white spots on the outer margins. The hind wings are rounded, and they are lighter in color than the front wings. The body is black with white spots. The mother butterfly lays only one egg on the underside of milkweed leaves, which hatches about three to five days later. The monarch loves to fly around in the warm sunshine, from March through October, all across the United States. The monarch cannot survive the cold winter temperatures of the northern states. So, it very wisely migrates from the northern states to the south, and hibernates. The monarch is the only insect that can fly more than four thousand kilometers to a warmer climate.
2262-29
Even though institutions like the World Bank use wealth to differentiate between "developed" and "developing" countries, they also agree that development is more than economic growth. "Development" can also include the social and environmental changes that are caused by or accompany economic growth, some of which are positive and thus may be negative. Awareness has grown ― and continues to grow ― that the question of how economic growth is affecting people and the planet needs to be addressed. Countries are slowly learning that it is cheaper and causes much less suffering to try to reduce the harmful effects of an economic activity or project at the beginning, when it is planned, than after the damage appears. To do this is not easy and is always imperfect. But an awareness of the need for such an effort indicates a greater understanding and moral concern than did the previous widespread attitude that focused only on creating new products and services.
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232_h2 본문읽기 20
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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evh1-604
Once it reaches the ocean, it contributes to the formation of what is known as a "dead zone." Dead zones occur around the world, primarily near areas where heavy farming and industrial activity spill nutrients into the water. Concentrated levels of nutrients in water result in the blooming of algae, which are simple forms of water plants. When too many plants grow in the water, they use up the ocean's oxygen, suffocating other plants and animals. The largest known dead zone occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2002, when runoff from the Mississippi River resulted in over 20,000 square kilometers of the Gulf area to become uninhabitable for oceanic life.
evh1-605
The increasing demand for meat and meat products brings trouble not only to the natural resources under our feet but also to those overhead in the atmosphere. Even though carbon dioxide is a major cause of global warming in the air, recent research has shown that methane can have a greater impact. Methane is responsible for about 16 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. That doesn't seem like much, but experts warn that methane is over 20 times as powerful as carbon dioxide in trapping the sun's heat in the atmosphere. Where does all the methane come from? Much of the methane in the atmosphere is released naturally in damp areas. However, about 15 percent is emitted by the growing number of cows and pigs. Statistics vary about the exact amount of methane emitted by a cow, but it is generally agreed that a single cow releases up to 120 kilograms of methane per year, more than any other domestic animal. That is about 1,000 times the amount of methane emitted by an average person.
evh1-606
Methane is produced in a cow's special digestive system. A cow has a stomach with four rooms to break down the food it eats. The food digested in the first two rooms is sent to the mouth to be chewed again, and then sent to the third and the fourth rooms. A cow does this for about eight hours on average every day during which it keeps burping and passing gas, giving off methane into the atmosphere. Imagine the enormous amount of methane emitted from the burping mouths of 1.5 billion cows on six continents. The world's livestock industries are growing at an unprecedented rate due to population growth and rising incomes. The world's population is predicted to reach around nine billion by 2050. Koreans ate an average of 11 kilograms of meat per person in 1980, but the average increased to 51 kilograms in 2014. As people prefer increased animal protein in their meals, our land, rivers, and oceans are bound to suffer with no solution in sight. Maybe it is time we give our diets a second thought.
2262-20
In the rush towards individual achievement and recognition, the majority of those who make it forget their humble beginnings. They often forget those who helped them on their way up. If you forget where you came from, if you neglect those who were there for you when things were tough and slow, then your success is valueless. No one can make it up there without the help of others. There are parents, friends, advisers, and coaches that help. You need to be grateful to all of those who helped you. Gratitude is the glue that keeps you connected to others. It is the bridge that keeps you connected with those who were there for you in the past and who are likely to be there in the end. Relationships and the way you treat others determine your real success.
2262-21
For companies interested in delighting customers, exceptional value and service become part of the overall company culture. For example, year after year, Pazano ranks at or near the top of the hospitality industry in terms of customer satisfaction. The company's passion for satisfying customers is summed up in its credo, which promises that its luxury hotels will deliver a truly memorable experience. Although a customer-centered firm seeks to deliver high customer satisfaction relative to competitors, it does not attempt to maximize customer satisfaction. A company can always increase customer satisfaction by lowering its price or increasing its services. But this may result in lower profits. Thus, the purpose of marketing is to generate customer value profitably. This requires a very delicate balance: the marketer must continue to generate more customer value and satisfaction but not 'give away the house'.
Once it reaches the ocean, it contributes to the formation of what is known as a "dead zone." Dead zones occur around the world, primarily near areas where heavy farming and industrial activity spill nutrients into the water. Concentrated levels of nutrients in water result in the blooming of algae, which are simple forms of water plants. When too many plants grow in the water, they use up the ocean's oxygen, suffocating other plants and animals. The largest known dead zone occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in 2002, when runoff from the Mississippi River resulted in over 20,000 square kilometers of the Gulf area to become uninhabitable for oceanic life.
evh1-605
The increasing demand for meat and meat products brings trouble not only to the natural resources under our feet but also to those overhead in the atmosphere. Even though carbon dioxide is a major cause of global warming in the air, recent research has shown that methane can have a greater impact. Methane is responsible for about 16 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. That doesn't seem like much, but experts warn that methane is over 20 times as powerful as carbon dioxide in trapping the sun's heat in the atmosphere. Where does all the methane come from? Much of the methane in the atmosphere is released naturally in damp areas. However, about 15 percent is emitted by the growing number of cows and pigs. Statistics vary about the exact amount of methane emitted by a cow, but it is generally agreed that a single cow releases up to 120 kilograms of methane per year, more than any other domestic animal. That is about 1,000 times the amount of methane emitted by an average person.
evh1-606
Methane is produced in a cow's special digestive system. A cow has a stomach with four rooms to break down the food it eats. The food digested in the first two rooms is sent to the mouth to be chewed again, and then sent to the third and the fourth rooms. A cow does this for about eight hours on average every day during which it keeps burping and passing gas, giving off methane into the atmosphere. Imagine the enormous amount of methane emitted from the burping mouths of 1.5 billion cows on six continents. The world's livestock industries are growing at an unprecedented rate due to population growth and rising incomes. The world's population is predicted to reach around nine billion by 2050. Koreans ate an average of 11 kilograms of meat per person in 1980, but the average increased to 51 kilograms in 2014. As people prefer increased animal protein in their meals, our land, rivers, and oceans are bound to suffer with no solution in sight. Maybe it is time we give our diets a second thought.
2262-20
In the rush towards individual achievement and recognition, the majority of those who make it forget their humble beginnings. They often forget those who helped them on their way up. If you forget where you came from, if you neglect those who were there for you when things were tough and slow, then your success is valueless. No one can make it up there without the help of others. There are parents, friends, advisers, and coaches that help. You need to be grateful to all of those who helped you. Gratitude is the glue that keeps you connected to others. It is the bridge that keeps you connected with those who were there for you in the past and who are likely to be there in the end. Relationships and the way you treat others determine your real success.
2262-21
For companies interested in delighting customers, exceptional value and service become part of the overall company culture. For example, year after year, Pazano ranks at or near the top of the hospitality industry in terms of customer satisfaction. The company's passion for satisfying customers is summed up in its credo, which promises that its luxury hotels will deliver a truly memorable experience. Although a customer-centered firm seeks to deliver high customer satisfaction relative to competitors, it does not attempt to maximize customer satisfaction. A company can always increase customer satisfaction by lowering its price or increasing its services. But this may result in lower profits. Thus, the purpose of marketing is to generate customer value profitably. This requires a very delicate balance: the marketer must continue to generate more customer value and satisfaction but not 'give away the house'.
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232_h2 본문읽기 15
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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evh1-505
For many street artists, the city where they live is the canvas for their artwork. Though their work is not considered mainstream, their ideas are bright and innovative. A manhole cover, which we can see on any city street, changes into a pineapple with some yellow paint. Who would have thought of using train tracks as a music sheet? A green frog looks as if it were lifting the road and raking fallen leaves under it. The street comes alive and tells us an astonishing story, energizing people who are leading busy lives in bleak, urban environments.
evh1-506
Lyon, a city in France, is famous for its murals. The city greets its visitors with its story-telling murals scattered all around it. At a glance, there seem to be many buildings that line the stairs in the mural above. However, the picture is a giant mural painted on a building wall. It looks so real that whoever happens to see it may be tempted to take the steps up to visit with those painted men and women. Creative people are not magicians. They are ordinary people like you and me. The only difference is that they try to find new things in themselves and their surroundings. They seek to make connections that have never been made. For these reasons, we can see the expressive creativity of many different forms of art in everyday objects we see around us. Who knows? You can be inspired, too!
evh1-601
Sold in stores everywhere, bacon may be a triumph of modern living, but there is a dark side to the bacon industry. Pigs are raised in confined pens and fed corn that has been grown in vast fields that stretch as far as the eye can see. To grow the corn, huge amounts of fertilizer are used, which eventually gets washed into rivers and streams. This affects the ecosystems of such bodies of water, and the fertilizer runoff ends up in fish and other marine life for kilometers around. This is the process necessary to get bacon onto our breakfast tables. Factory Farming That Dries Up Our Planet Annual meat consumption has reached an average of over 40 kilograms per person globally, and the demand is increasing. To meet growing demand, livestock industries have turned to large-scale "manufacturing" of meat in huge "factories." Such a move, however, puts strain on the environment, in particular on the land and water resources of the earth.
evh1-602
Every year, over one billion tons of grain are consumed by farm animals. More than two thirds of all agricultural land is used to raise grains and vegetables for livestock while merely eight percent of the agricultural land is used to grow food for direct human consumption. Moreover, about one third of the world's fresh water is used for meat production, which cuts into the supply of water for humans. The bed of the Colorado River in the U.S. is expected to dry up soon;. Too much water has been drained from the river as neighboring farms need to grow feed for cows. In short, a large portion of our natural resources is used for meat production.
evh1-603
As more people want more meat, it is inevitable that land for livestock be extended to meet the demand. More meat production results in increased water pollution in both rivers and oceans since cows and pigs eat a lot and at the same time produce a lot of manure. Livestock is said to produce 130 times as much manure as humans in the U.S. When not managed properly, the manure and water containing it cause severe harm to the ecosystems of rivers and oceans. When rain comes, manure is washed away with the runoff, polluting nearby soil, streams, and rivers all the way until it reaches the ocean.
For many street artists, the city where they live is the canvas for their artwork. Though their work is not considered mainstream, their ideas are bright and innovative. A manhole cover, which we can see on any city street, changes into a pineapple with some yellow paint. Who would have thought of using train tracks as a music sheet? A green frog looks as if it were lifting the road and raking fallen leaves under it. The street comes alive and tells us an astonishing story, energizing people who are leading busy lives in bleak, urban environments.
evh1-506
Lyon, a city in France, is famous for its murals. The city greets its visitors with its story-telling murals scattered all around it. At a glance, there seem to be many buildings that line the stairs in the mural above. However, the picture is a giant mural painted on a building wall. It looks so real that whoever happens to see it may be tempted to take the steps up to visit with those painted men and women. Creative people are not magicians. They are ordinary people like you and me. The only difference is that they try to find new things in themselves and their surroundings. They seek to make connections that have never been made. For these reasons, we can see the expressive creativity of many different forms of art in everyday objects we see around us. Who knows? You can be inspired, too!
evh1-601
Sold in stores everywhere, bacon may be a triumph of modern living, but there is a dark side to the bacon industry. Pigs are raised in confined pens and fed corn that has been grown in vast fields that stretch as far as the eye can see. To grow the corn, huge amounts of fertilizer are used, which eventually gets washed into rivers and streams. This affects the ecosystems of such bodies of water, and the fertilizer runoff ends up in fish and other marine life for kilometers around. This is the process necessary to get bacon onto our breakfast tables. Factory Farming That Dries Up Our Planet Annual meat consumption has reached an average of over 40 kilograms per person globally, and the demand is increasing. To meet growing demand, livestock industries have turned to large-scale "manufacturing" of meat in huge "factories." Such a move, however, puts strain on the environment, in particular on the land and water resources of the earth.
evh1-602
Every year, over one billion tons of grain are consumed by farm animals. More than two thirds of all agricultural land is used to raise grains and vegetables for livestock while merely eight percent of the agricultural land is used to grow food for direct human consumption. Moreover, about one third of the world's fresh water is used for meat production, which cuts into the supply of water for humans. The bed of the Colorado River in the U.S. is expected to dry up soon;. Too much water has been drained from the river as neighboring farms need to grow feed for cows. In short, a large portion of our natural resources is used for meat production.
evh1-603
As more people want more meat, it is inevitable that land for livestock be extended to meet the demand. More meat production results in increased water pollution in both rivers and oceans since cows and pigs eat a lot and at the same time produce a lot of manure. Livestock is said to produce 130 times as much manure as humans in the U.S. When not managed properly, the manure and water containing it cause severe harm to the ecosystems of rivers and oceans. When rain comes, manure is washed away with the runoff, polluting nearby soil, streams, and rivers all the way until it reaches the ocean.
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232_h2 본문읽기 10
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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evh1-406
During the Crimean War (1853-1856), Mary Seacole was from time to time compared to Florence Nightingale. Unlike Nightingale, Seacole had to overcome prejudice related to her race. Being a born healer, she made her own way to the war where she was needed. In fact, she risked her life to aid the wounded and bring comfort to dying soldiers. While Florence Nightingale became a legend, Mary Seacole was largely forgotten until the year 2003 when her portrait was accidentally discovered. Many people believe that she reappeared in history when a hero like her was needed most.
evh1-501
Let Your Creativity Unfold! Many think that creativity is a gift given to few people. Is this really true? Can't ordinary people like you and me be creative? The following are some examples that tell us creativity is not a matter of talent or a gift, but is a matter of perspective nourished by passion and hard work.
evh1-502
Tiny but Shiny You would probably think of using a pencil to write or draw something. You might not imagine a pencil actually being a creation itself. In fact, a man named Dalton M. Ghetti looked at a pencil as art, not just as a means to create it. Dalton was like most other sculptors in that he worked with large objects. One day in his twenties, however, he saw the beauty in small living things such as ants and spiders, and suddenly wanted to share this perspective with others. He saw a pencil on his desk, picked it up, and started carving its lead with a sewing needle and a very sharp blade. The lead was very fragile and easily snapped or broke as he applied his tools. Sculpting with such tiny tools on the lead was hard work, and it took weeks and sometimes months or years of concentration. However, he slowly and steadily improved his technique and turned his inspirations into pieces of artwork. He carved whatever he could think of, from a farm house to a framing hammer, all at the very tip of a pencil. A means of writing turned into an object of wonder because Dalton took a new perspective.
evh1-503
Some people can use their body parts as tools for creative art by moving them in imaginative ways. From the right angle, a hand can be seen as two soccer players competing for a ball or a sprinter anxiously waiting for the starter's gun to fire, as illustrated in Annie Ralli's works. The Italian artist, Guido Daniele, can create amazing illusions with his hand art. His artistic experiments with hands began in 1990 when he started to use body painting techniques for a variety of purposes like advertising and exhibitions. He was an art major, and his interest in wildlife protection led him to be increasingly involved in "handimals." The animals he creates on hands look so realistic that whoever looks at them may not realize at first that they are just painted hands.
evh1-504
Creative minds know no limits. They catch every clue in nature and respond in novel ways. They observe their surroundings with keen eyes, get inspired, add a little artistic touch, and put into life what we don't see. Take a look at the billboard on the left. A woman with shiny golden hair smiles at you, but when the sun sets, her hair glows red. The color of her hair changes depending on the time of day and the position of the sun. At night, her hair will look pitch-black, which could never be reproduced by any artificial means. Edgar Artis goes even further in his work. He is famous for his beautiful dress designs. However, he seldom draws dresses with pens or brushes. His designs come from everyday objects. He cuts out a hole in paper, and the gorgeous dress designs are borrowed from the real world. He gets his inspiration from golden leaves in an autumn garden to the blue sky on a summer day to cars and buildings on a busy city street.
During the Crimean War (1853-1856), Mary Seacole was from time to time compared to Florence Nightingale. Unlike Nightingale, Seacole had to overcome prejudice related to her race. Being a born healer, she made her own way to the war where she was needed. In fact, she risked her life to aid the wounded and bring comfort to dying soldiers. While Florence Nightingale became a legend, Mary Seacole was largely forgotten until the year 2003 when her portrait was accidentally discovered. Many people believe that she reappeared in history when a hero like her was needed most.
evh1-501
Let Your Creativity Unfold! Many think that creativity is a gift given to few people. Is this really true? Can't ordinary people like you and me be creative? The following are some examples that tell us creativity is not a matter of talent or a gift, but is a matter of perspective nourished by passion and hard work.
evh1-502
Tiny but Shiny You would probably think of using a pencil to write or draw something. You might not imagine a pencil actually being a creation itself. In fact, a man named Dalton M. Ghetti looked at a pencil as art, not just as a means to create it. Dalton was like most other sculptors in that he worked with large objects. One day in his twenties, however, he saw the beauty in small living things such as ants and spiders, and suddenly wanted to share this perspective with others. He saw a pencil on his desk, picked it up, and started carving its lead with a sewing needle and a very sharp blade. The lead was very fragile and easily snapped or broke as he applied his tools. Sculpting with such tiny tools on the lead was hard work, and it took weeks and sometimes months or years of concentration. However, he slowly and steadily improved his technique and turned his inspirations into pieces of artwork. He carved whatever he could think of, from a farm house to a framing hammer, all at the very tip of a pencil. A means of writing turned into an object of wonder because Dalton took a new perspective.
evh1-503
Some people can use their body parts as tools for creative art by moving them in imaginative ways. From the right angle, a hand can be seen as two soccer players competing for a ball or a sprinter anxiously waiting for the starter's gun to fire, as illustrated in Annie Ralli's works. The Italian artist, Guido Daniele, can create amazing illusions with his hand art. His artistic experiments with hands began in 1990 when he started to use body painting techniques for a variety of purposes like advertising and exhibitions. He was an art major, and his interest in wildlife protection led him to be increasingly involved in "handimals." The animals he creates on hands look so realistic that whoever looks at them may not realize at first that they are just painted hands.
evh1-504
Creative minds know no limits. They catch every clue in nature and respond in novel ways. They observe their surroundings with keen eyes, get inspired, add a little artistic touch, and put into life what we don't see. Take a look at the billboard on the left. A woman with shiny golden hair smiles at you, but when the sun sets, her hair glows red. The color of her hair changes depending on the time of day and the position of the sun. At night, her hair will look pitch-black, which could never be reproduced by any artificial means. Edgar Artis goes even further in his work. He is famous for his beautiful dress designs. However, he seldom draws dresses with pens or brushes. His designs come from everyday objects. He cuts out a hole in paper, and the gorgeous dress designs are borrowed from the real world. He gets his inspiration from golden leaves in an autumn garden to the blue sky on a summer day to cars and buildings on a busy city street.
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232_h2 본문읽기 5
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 01:36
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evh1-401
A portrait of an old, dark-skinned lady wearing three medals on her left breast was discovered in 2003. An antique dealer accidentally found it behind a framed print at a garage sale in Burford, U.K. He had no idea who the lady was, and when searching for some kind of clue, he only found the author's initials written on the back side of the painting. After passing through various auctions, the person in the portrait was finally identified as Mary Seacole. The National Portrait Gallery in London confirmed that the painting was genuine and purchased it, quoting that "as a woman and as a West Indian of mixed race, she broke many barriers to make a huge contribution to Victorian society." The portrait has been displayed there since 2004.
evh1-402
Mary Seacole was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1805. Her father was a Scottish soldier, and her mother practiced traditional Jamaican medicine. Her mother ran a boarding house while caring for wounded soldiers as if they were her own family members. By observing her mother, Mary learned the practice of traditional Jamaican medicine. Mary also traveled widely to take care of sick people. When she visited Panama in 1851, Mary managed to save her first cholera patient, and in so doing she gained extensive knowledge of this disease. In fact, she herself contracted and recovered from it while in Panama. Having overcome many difficulties, she gained a reputation for her work in treating cholera and other diseases.
evh1-403
It was while she was in London in 1853 that she heard about the Crimean War and the collapse of the nursing system down there. Thousands of men were dying of cholera, dysentery, cold, and battle wounds because of a lack of proper medical care. She immediately applied to the War Office to go to the Crimea and help the sick and wounded soldiers. In the application process, she stressed that she had considerable experience treating sick soldiers in Jamaica. To her disappointment, her application was rejected. She asked herself, "Did these ladies shrink from accepting my aid because my blood flowed beneath a somewhat duskier skin than theirs?" Nothing, however, could stop her from following her aspirations. Mary persevered and founded a firm with Thomas Day, a distant relative of hers, and they went to the Crimea with a large stock of medicines. Mary, who was then 50, was supposed to work officially as a sutler, someone who was allowed to sell goods to soldiers near the front.
evh1-404
As soon as she arrived in the summer of 1855, however, Mary started to take care of the sick and wounded as if she were their mother. This is why the soldiers of the British army came to call her "Mother Seacole." One of the army doctors testified with admiration that despite the numbing coldness on the front line, Mary Seacole would care for the soldiers and provide them with tea, food, and words of comfort. She also braved enemy fire near the front lines trying to find soldiers in need of help. One news reporter described her as "a warm and successful physician, who doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success. She is always in attendance near the battle field to aid the wounded and has earned many a poor fellow's blessings."
evh1-405
At the end of the war in 1856, Mary turned out broke. She had spent all her personal wealth in the Crimea. She returned to England ill and poor. Fortunately, there were veterans who never forgot the amazing things that Mary had done on the battle field. Some army officers organized a benefit festival to raise funds in her honor. It was reported that to their surprise, thousands of contributors gathered and her name was shouted by a thousand voices. She was also awarded three medals for her bravery and her work from England, Turkey, and France, which is vividly depicted in her portrait. In 1857, with the help of her supporters, Mary published her autobiography, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. The last 25 years of her life, however, were spent quietly outside of public attention. She died on May 14th, 1881.
A portrait of an old, dark-skinned lady wearing three medals on her left breast was discovered in 2003. An antique dealer accidentally found it behind a framed print at a garage sale in Burford, U.K. He had no idea who the lady was, and when searching for some kind of clue, he only found the author's initials written on the back side of the painting. After passing through various auctions, the person in the portrait was finally identified as Mary Seacole. The National Portrait Gallery in London confirmed that the painting was genuine and purchased it, quoting that "as a woman and as a West Indian of mixed race, she broke many barriers to make a huge contribution to Victorian society." The portrait has been displayed there since 2004.
evh1-402
Mary Seacole was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1805. Her father was a Scottish soldier, and her mother practiced traditional Jamaican medicine. Her mother ran a boarding house while caring for wounded soldiers as if they were her own family members. By observing her mother, Mary learned the practice of traditional Jamaican medicine. Mary also traveled widely to take care of sick people. When she visited Panama in 1851, Mary managed to save her first cholera patient, and in so doing she gained extensive knowledge of this disease. In fact, she herself contracted and recovered from it while in Panama. Having overcome many difficulties, she gained a reputation for her work in treating cholera and other diseases.
evh1-403
It was while she was in London in 1853 that she heard about the Crimean War and the collapse of the nursing system down there. Thousands of men were dying of cholera, dysentery, cold, and battle wounds because of a lack of proper medical care. She immediately applied to the War Office to go to the Crimea and help the sick and wounded soldiers. In the application process, she stressed that she had considerable experience treating sick soldiers in Jamaica. To her disappointment, her application was rejected. She asked herself, "Did these ladies shrink from accepting my aid because my blood flowed beneath a somewhat duskier skin than theirs?" Nothing, however, could stop her from following her aspirations. Mary persevered and founded a firm with Thomas Day, a distant relative of hers, and they went to the Crimea with a large stock of medicines. Mary, who was then 50, was supposed to work officially as a sutler, someone who was allowed to sell goods to soldiers near the front.
evh1-404
As soon as she arrived in the summer of 1855, however, Mary started to take care of the sick and wounded as if she were their mother. This is why the soldiers of the British army came to call her "Mother Seacole." One of the army doctors testified with admiration that despite the numbing coldness on the front line, Mary Seacole would care for the soldiers and provide them with tea, food, and words of comfort. She also braved enemy fire near the front lines trying to find soldiers in need of help. One news reporter described her as "a warm and successful physician, who doctors and cures all manner of men with extraordinary success. She is always in attendance near the battle field to aid the wounded and has earned many a poor fellow's blessings."
evh1-405
At the end of the war in 1856, Mary turned out broke. She had spent all her personal wealth in the Crimea. She returned to England ill and poor. Fortunately, there were veterans who never forgot the amazing things that Mary had done on the battle field. Some army officers organized a benefit festival to raise funds in her honor. It was reported that to their surprise, thousands of contributors gathered and her name was shouted by a thousand voices. She was also awarded three medals for her bravery and her work from England, Turkey, and France, which is vividly depicted in her portrait. In 1857, with the help of her supporters, Mary published her autobiography, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands. The last 25 years of her life, however, were spent quietly outside of public attention. She died on May 14th, 1881.
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232_s3 본문읽기 65
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 00:43
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23수특-T317
If society is more than a collection of individuals, there must be some kind of relationship between them, and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural law tradition to argue that there cannot be society without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to everything we do, not simply as an external constraint, but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule or social norm we are following, for example caring for the sick or respecting other people's property, is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting legal rules. Everything in society is held together, governed and even constituted by law.
23수특-T318
Humans interact with their surroundings with audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a treatment. A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this technology to be contributing positively to the state of patients. During the VR experience, the patients are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual space. For these patients, this immersive experience could act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal motor function to these regions.
23수특-T319
Empathy is generally categorized into at least two types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more consciously active in that it allows us to understand another person's mental state or perspective. It's difficult to see how this form of empathy could have come about in hominids until they had attained a certain level of self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive response that seems to arise from much more physiological processes. It allows us to share to some degree in another's emotional state. In considering the possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it's challenging to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could have come about at all.
23수특-T320
One telling indication of the importance of meaning for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money often performs poorly as a gift because it sends the wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine's Day, and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50 cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more useful, but it has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St. Valentine's Day, it makes a lousy gift.
23수특-T321
Undoubtedly, everyone must strive for excellence because mediocrity is insufficient professionally and personally. During economic downturns, mediocre employees are the first to be laid off whereas organizations hold on for as long as possible to employees who try hard for excellence. In addition, people who do mediocre work don't get as much personal satisfaction as those who are passionate about everything they do. However, we must all be honest with ourselves. The fact is that only a few individuals of extraordinary skills (physical ability, mental focus, self-discipline, and many years of daily grueling training beyond most people's capacity and willingness) earn a gold medal in the Olympics. Most athletes fail to even qualify for a chance to compete at the Olympic level, simply because the available slots are few whereas the applicants are many. The same is true for the Nobel Prize and many other accomplishments that countless people strive for but very few attain.
If society is more than a collection of individuals, there must be some kind of relationship between them, and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural law tradition to argue that there cannot be society without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to everything we do, not simply as an external constraint, but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule or social norm we are following, for example caring for the sick or respecting other people's property, is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting legal rules. Everything in society is held together, governed and even constituted by law.
23수특-T318
Humans interact with their surroundings with audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a treatment. A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this technology to be contributing positively to the state of patients. During the VR experience, the patients are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual space. For these patients, this immersive experience could act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal motor function to these regions.
23수특-T319
Empathy is generally categorized into at least two types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more consciously active in that it allows us to understand another person's mental state or perspective. It's difficult to see how this form of empathy could have come about in hominids until they had attained a certain level of self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive response that seems to arise from much more physiological processes. It allows us to share to some degree in another's emotional state. In considering the possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it's challenging to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could have come about at all.
23수특-T320
One telling indication of the importance of meaning for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money often performs poorly as a gift because it sends the wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine's Day, and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50 cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more useful, but it has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St. Valentine's Day, it makes a lousy gift.
23수특-T321
Undoubtedly, everyone must strive for excellence because mediocrity is insufficient professionally and personally. During economic downturns, mediocre employees are the first to be laid off whereas organizations hold on for as long as possible to employees who try hard for excellence. In addition, people who do mediocre work don't get as much personal satisfaction as those who are passionate about everything they do. However, we must all be honest with ourselves. The fact is that only a few individuals of extraordinary skills (physical ability, mental focus, self-discipline, and many years of daily grueling training beyond most people's capacity and willingness) earn a gold medal in the Olympics. Most athletes fail to even qualify for a chance to compete at the Olympic level, simply because the available slots are few whereas the applicants are many. The same is true for the Nobel Prize and many other accomplishments that countless people strive for but very few attain.
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232_s3 본문읽기 60
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 00:43
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23수특-T312
The idea that money replaced barter by making transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy as something in which money is nothing more than a passive mediator ━ a "lubricant in exchange." Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely something to "save the trouble of weighing" (Aristotle) and "a great convenience" (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that "you could use chickens as money" as long as people are ready to accept them as a means of exchange. However, the fact that many things can serve as money does not tell us much about money, any more than the number of actors who have played Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare's play. What counts is the properties of objects at the time when they are used as money, not when they are offstage.
23수특-T313
Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the human tendency to psychologically adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again. This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay in the same place ━ and, in fact, this cycle has been called the "hedonic treadmill." For example, you may feel happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the desire for the next improvement arises.
23수특-T314
The consequences of written forms of communication are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and communication historian Harold Innis, for example, describes how written communication allowed societies to endure through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a priesthood). But the invention of more transportable media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the relationship between a communicator and the person with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be remote in time and space, and the communicator can guarantee that the message received is identical with the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face communication, societies could expand their boundaries to encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was, as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
23수특-T315
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of the areas where AI is advancing fast: "In many ways, deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the importance of these parameters on the basis of other factors to arrive at .a clinical decision." Therefore some companies only build an A.1.-based product to outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally happens is that the high end of the market, the part that is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans because the diagnosis by automation alone is not conclusive and may even require skillful interaction between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need a dual structure in which most of the routine work is replaced but still require critical human skills to handle the remaining tasks ― those also being the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two implications. If the company itself is operating on this business model, its scalability is still limited, and its return on investment reduced.
23수특-T316
One key to understanding the living planet is to recognize that nothing about the physical world is static. The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
The idea that money replaced barter by making transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy as something in which money is nothing more than a passive mediator ━ a "lubricant in exchange." Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely something to "save the trouble of weighing" (Aristotle) and "a great convenience" (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that "you could use chickens as money" as long as people are ready to accept them as a means of exchange. However, the fact that many things can serve as money does not tell us much about money, any more than the number of actors who have played Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare's play. What counts is the properties of objects at the time when they are used as money, not when they are offstage.
23수특-T313
Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the human tendency to psychologically adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again. This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay in the same place ━ and, in fact, this cycle has been called the "hedonic treadmill." For example, you may feel happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the desire for the next improvement arises.
23수특-T314
The consequences of written forms of communication are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and communication historian Harold Innis, for example, describes how written communication allowed societies to endure through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a priesthood). But the invention of more transportable media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the relationship between a communicator and the person with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be remote in time and space, and the communicator can guarantee that the message received is identical with the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face communication, societies could expand their boundaries to encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was, as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
23수특-T315
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of the areas where AI is advancing fast: "In many ways, deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the importance of these parameters on the basis of other factors to arrive at .a clinical decision." Therefore some companies only build an A.1.-based product to outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally happens is that the high end of the market, the part that is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans because the diagnosis by automation alone is not conclusive and may even require skillful interaction between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need a dual structure in which most of the routine work is replaced but still require critical human skills to handle the remaining tasks ― those also being the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two implications. If the company itself is operating on this business model, its scalability is still limited, and its return on investment reduced.
23수특-T316
One key to understanding the living planet is to recognize that nothing about the physical world is static. The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
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232_s3 본문읽기 55
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 00:43
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23수특-T304
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless sprawl in our physical environment. We condemn the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions of acres of formerly virgin land. We worry about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it fosters, and about the other social problems that come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed urban sprawl, it just happens ━ or so it appears. On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development. Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car designers. The interactions between all these systems and human behavior are complicated and hard to understand ━ but the policies themselves are not the result of chance. "Out of control" is an ideology, not a fact.
23수특-T305
You've probably already heard about the importance of adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the positive things in your life. But what does that even mean beyond a tired cliche? Isn't it enough when you're grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good place to start for taking inventory of all the things for which you're thankful, but it's by no means the finish line. When you have an average day that's probably going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember to take stock ━ are you thankful for that text your friend sent you that made you feel special? What about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can be practiced every day.
23수특-T306
The emergence of life-long learning is one major development in Europe which is thought to have an impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness of the need to bridge the gap between education systems and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is believed to work more and be directed towards exploring and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, stressing the need to respond to fears about competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to change has become a must and, as often stated by policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing global economic, social and political environment.
23수특-T307
I can't imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate its cage. Appealing as it sounds having the title of "Laboratory Rat of the Year" or "Most Creative Path through a Maze," the rats just aren't motivated by such distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal ━ food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I know no other animal that will work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal expressions with the subsequent presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation. Awards are designed to distinguish one individual from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn't register for most nonhuman animals.
23수특-T308
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he studied fine art before enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought him international public recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his international audience with a series of major films that tackle the problems facing modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the nation's collective memory and reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he actively stirred his homeland's historical conscience.
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless sprawl in our physical environment. We condemn the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions of acres of formerly virgin land. We worry about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it fosters, and about the other social problems that come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed urban sprawl, it just happens ━ or so it appears. On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development. Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car designers. The interactions between all these systems and human behavior are complicated and hard to understand ━ but the policies themselves are not the result of chance. "Out of control" is an ideology, not a fact.
23수특-T305
You've probably already heard about the importance of adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the positive things in your life. But what does that even mean beyond a tired cliche? Isn't it enough when you're grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good place to start for taking inventory of all the things for which you're thankful, but it's by no means the finish line. When you have an average day that's probably going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember to take stock ━ are you thankful for that text your friend sent you that made you feel special? What about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can be practiced every day.
23수특-T306
The emergence of life-long learning is one major development in Europe which is thought to have an impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness of the need to bridge the gap between education systems and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is believed to work more and be directed towards exploring and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, stressing the need to respond to fears about competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to change has become a must and, as often stated by policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing global economic, social and political environment.
23수특-T307
I can't imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate its cage. Appealing as it sounds having the title of "Laboratory Rat of the Year" or "Most Creative Path through a Maze," the rats just aren't motivated by such distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal ━ food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I know no other animal that will work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal expressions with the subsequent presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation. Awards are designed to distinguish one individual from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn't register for most nonhuman animals.
23수특-T308
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he studied fine art before enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought him international public recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his international audience with a series of major films that tackle the problems facing modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the nation's collective memory and reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he actively stirred his homeland's historical conscience.
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232_s3 본문읽기 50
카테고리 없음2023. 5. 12. 00:43
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23수특-2701
In many ways it's difficult to imagine communicating without any emotion whatsoever. What would communication stripped of its nonverbal components even look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a clue. After all, who hasn't experienced a misunderstanding with someone when exchanging text messages? While there can be a number of reasons for this, many misinterpretations are in fact due to the lack of nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and email support this. A 2005 paper, "Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think？" cites studies that showed participants had a 50 percent chance of correctly distinguishing whether the tone in an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to correctly deduce such information is no better than chance, it's small wonder texting often leads to misunderstandings.
23수특-2702
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a group. For example, any given culture cannot prove that its religion and moral system are superior to another culture's religion and moral system, but if the members reinforce each other's beliefs and values, they come to be taken for granted. Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values run the risk of "excommunication," of being thrown out of the group. The test of whether they work or not is how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when they abide by them. In these realms, the group learns that certain beliefs and values, as initially promulgated by prophets, founders, and leaders, "work" in the sense of reducing uncertainty in critical areas of the group's functioning. Moreover, as they continue to provide meaning and comfort to group members, they also become transformed into non-discussible assumptions even though they may not be correlated with actual performance.
23수특-2703
Socio-cultural behaviors arise from the exchange of information between individuals and, therefore, they are closely linked to how the information flows among the population. In particular, the social ties built and maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for solving concrete local problems and affect the spread of information and behaviors, playing a key role in integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential segregation directly impacts how these social ties of physical nearness are displayed, drawing boundaries on the structure of information flows. We can think of the segregation process as a dynamical formation of echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential space encourages individuals within a group to interact only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors of the socio-cultural space that emerge could clash at higher scales, as polarized positions may arise.
23수특-T302
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great honor that I had been asked to join them as a board member. Their mission was important. The other members were powerful, highly respected women from across the nation. I had heard about their work and their reputations for years. I was finally going to get a chance to meet them. As I walked into the meeting room, someone from the organization was already there, getting ready for the meeting. Caterers were bringing in delicious treats and hot coffee. I looked at the big mahogany table and quickly saw that name tags and binders were already being arranged and placed on the table. I saw my name ― with a handwritten note from the president ― welcoming me to my first meeting. Quite frankly, I couldn't believe what my eyes were seeing!
23수특-T303
Let's say you're storing a working microwave in your basement. You're not currently using the microwave; instead, it's collecting dust. Applying the concept of utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to you or anyone else because it isn't being used right now for its intended purpose (which is, of course, to warm food). But if you donated or sold that microwave to someone who could use it, you would immediately restore its value while also saving the recipient from having to purchase a brand new one. Many consumers balk at the idea of donating or selling perfectly decent items, and that's understandable, as items cost money. But thanks to constant product turnover and innovation, electronics and appliances quickly become outdated. Giving that microwave to someone in your community who needs it to warm food right now decreases the chances of finite resources, including fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and water, being extracted from the earth to make another microwave.
In many ways it's difficult to imagine communicating without any emotion whatsoever. What would communication stripped of its nonverbal components even look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a clue. After all, who hasn't experienced a misunderstanding with someone when exchanging text messages? While there can be a number of reasons for this, many misinterpretations are in fact due to the lack of nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and email support this. A 2005 paper, "Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think？" cites studies that showed participants had a 50 percent chance of correctly distinguishing whether the tone in an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to correctly deduce such information is no better than chance, it's small wonder texting often leads to misunderstandings.
23수특-2702
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a group. For example, any given culture cannot prove that its religion and moral system are superior to another culture's religion and moral system, but if the members reinforce each other's beliefs and values, they come to be taken for granted. Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values run the risk of "excommunication," of being thrown out of the group. The test of whether they work or not is how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when they abide by them. In these realms, the group learns that certain beliefs and values, as initially promulgated by prophets, founders, and leaders, "work" in the sense of reducing uncertainty in critical areas of the group's functioning. Moreover, as they continue to provide meaning and comfort to group members, they also become transformed into non-discussible assumptions even though they may not be correlated with actual performance.
23수특-2703
Socio-cultural behaviors arise from the exchange of information between individuals and, therefore, they are closely linked to how the information flows among the population. In particular, the social ties built and maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for solving concrete local problems and affect the spread of information and behaviors, playing a key role in integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential segregation directly impacts how these social ties of physical nearness are displayed, drawing boundaries on the structure of information flows. We can think of the segregation process as a dynamical formation of echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential space encourages individuals within a group to interact only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors of the socio-cultural space that emerge could clash at higher scales, as polarized positions may arise.
23수특-T302
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great honor that I had been asked to join them as a board member. Their mission was important. The other members were powerful, highly respected women from across the nation. I had heard about their work and their reputations for years. I was finally going to get a chance to meet them. As I walked into the meeting room, someone from the organization was already there, getting ready for the meeting. Caterers were bringing in delicious treats and hot coffee. I looked at the big mahogany table and quickly saw that name tags and binders were already being arranged and placed on the table. I saw my name ― with a handwritten note from the president ― welcoming me to my first meeting. Quite frankly, I couldn't believe what my eyes were seeing!
23수특-T303
Let's say you're storing a working microwave in your basement. You're not currently using the microwave; instead, it's collecting dust. Applying the concept of utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to you or anyone else because it isn't being used right now for its intended purpose (which is, of course, to warm food). But if you donated or sold that microwave to someone who could use it, you would immediately restore its value while also saving the recipient from having to purchase a brand new one. Many consumers balk at the idea of donating or selling perfectly decent items, and that's understandable, as items cost money. But thanks to constant product turnover and innovation, electronics and appliances quickly become outdated. Giving that microwave to someone in your community who needs it to warm food right now decreases the chances of finite resources, including fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and water, being extracted from the earth to make another microwave.
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