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THE BLUET

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THE BLUET 1712 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191021 13:46:22

다음 단어의 뜻을 쓰세요.
1712-20
1. assuming
2. constant
3. destination
4. famine
5. lacked
6. paced
7. poll
8. rush
9. trap

1712-21
10. attack
11. aversive
12. behavioral
13. burying
14. contracted
15. defensive
16. dirt
17. immobility
18. mammals
19. muscles
20. options
21. paws
22. poised
23. predator
24. relying
25. response
26. retreating
27. rodents
28. shovel
29. stimulus
30. tonic
31. trio
32. universal
33. vertebrate

1712-22
34. addiction
35. addictive
36. automatic
37. consistently
38. continuing
39. convinced
40. fitness
41. fracture
42. mindless
43. outsourcing
44. overworked
45. sedentary
46. smartwatches
47. sort
48. sustained
49. target
50. tendencies
51. trackers
52. tune
53. unreasonable
54. vows
55. wearable
56. workout

1712-23
57. aroma
58. bedtime
59. encounter
60. incense
61. inhale
62. instincts
63. intense
64. links
65. meditation
66. perfume
67. response
68. specific
69. stimulate
70. torch
71. usage
72. utilizing

1712-25
73. acoustic
74. bachelor
75. biologist
76. biology
77. codiscoverer
78. collaborative
79. conducting
80. crick
81. graduating
82. intelligence
83. interrupted
84. involved
85. laboratory
86. molecule
87. naval
88. outbreak
89. structure
90. wartime
91. weapons

1712-28
92. bucket
93. constant
94. dangle
95. demonstrate
96. drained
97. flame
98. indicating
99. knots
100. markings
101. passage
102. punching
103. recovered

1712-29
104. affect
105. compound
106. deconstruct
107. depression
108. dispel
109. lack
110. motivation
111. suffer

1712-30
112. beast
113. respective

1712-31
114. habitual
115. latched
116. norm
117. require
118. stability
119. underwear
120. unstable

1712-32
121. basically
122. converts
123. deaf
124. distinction
125. electrical
126. frequency
127. inefficient
128. interpreted
129. specialized
130. vibrating
131. vibration

1712-33
132. acquire
133. advertise
134. conspicuous
135. consumption
136. demand
137. desire
138. economist
139. equivalents
140. exclude
141. formulated
142. increase
143. labels
144. luxury
145. noticeably
146. status
147. temporary
148. theory
149. willingness

1712-34
150. adolescence
151. adulthood
152. appreciation
153. capacity
154. changeable
155. characteristics
156. cognitive
157. compensate
158. decades
159. encountered
160. evident
161. function
162. instance
163. maturation
164. neuron
165. plasticity
166. property
167. response
168. restoration
169. retains
170. significant
171. span
172. structure
173. suffer

1712-35
174. acquire
175. convince
176. credentials
177. cyber
178. digital
179. drastically
180. electronic
181. fraud
182. identity
183. individuals
184. ingredient
185. intercept
186. presence
187. theft
188. thieves
189. victims

1712-36
190. attend
191. experiential
192. flexible
193. formal
194. formulated
195. iceberg
196. informal
197. invisible
198. lifelong
199. metaphor
200. portion
201. recreation
202. reverse

1712-37
203. access
204. affect
205. cathedrals
206. determine
207. inspire
208. intimately
209. playfulness
210. reveal
211. structure
212. underlying

1712-38
213. arena
214. centre
215. cleared
216. continually
217. excavation
218. foundations
219. gymnasium
220. intellectual
221. occupied
222. realised
223. referred
224. sanctuary
225. significant
226. structure
227. traces
228. uncovered
229. wooded

1712-39
230. borrowed
231. contributor
232. crisis
233. domestic
234. economic
235. economies
236. financial
237. funds
238. globalization
239. instability
240. invest
241. liberalization
242. limited
243. manage
244. regulatory
245. scope
246. sow
247. theory

1712-40
248. acceptance
249. achievements
250. allocated
251. convenience
252. defined
253. distribution
254. division
255. equals
256. fluidity
257. hierarchical
258. hierarchy
259. individual
260. inequality
261. minimal
262. norm
263. relates
264. relatively
265. term
266. unequal

1712-4142
267. afterward
268. anxious
269. cognitive
270. content
271. disturbed
272. fatal
273. featuring
274. flashbacks
275. functioned
276. horrific
277. imperfectly
278. indeed
279. initial
280. lab
281. otherwise
282. participants
283. psychiatric
284. recalled
285. replayed
286. reported
287. rotating
288. simulation
289. soaked
290. solidifying
291. symptoms
292. term
293. trauma
294. traumatized
295. vaccine

1712-4345
296. concentration
297. delight
298. ditch
299. eyesight
300. heaved
301. instruction
302. octogenarian
303. patted
304. plight
305. reverse
306. stranded
307. struggles
308. vehicle
309. weathered


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THE BLUET 1712 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191021 13:43:14

1712-20
① Are you a 'rushaholic'? ② Do you happen to live in a fast-paced city, where you feel in a constant hurry? ③ A recent poll of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly half felt they lacked enough time in daily life. ④ 'Time famine' ― the feeling of having too much to do and not enough time to do it ― is the cause of unnecessary stress and reduced performance. ⑤ We all tend to rush when we have so many things to do, and that negatively affects our performance. ⑥ Doing things quickly actually ends up slowing you down, such as when you rush out of your house only to realize you forgot your keys, phone, or wallet on the kitchen table. ⑦ Driving faster will not get you to your destination any sooner. ⑧ Assuming that by doing things faster you will get more done is a trap.


① 여러분은 '서두름에 중독된 사람'인가? ② 혹시 여러분은 자신들이 끊임없는 서두름 속에 있다고 느끼는 빠른 속도의 도시에 살고 있는가? ③ 1,000명이 넘는 미국인을 대상으로 한 최근 여론 조사는 거의 절반이 일상생활에서 충분한 시간이 부족하다고 느꼈다는 것을 밝혀냈다. ④ 할 것은 너무 많고 그것을 할 시간은 충분하지 않다는 느낌인 '시간 기근'은 불필요한 스트레스와 줄어든 성과의 원인이다. ⑤ 우리 모두는 우리에게 해야 할 일이 매우 많을 때 서두르는 경향이 있고, 그리고 그것이 우리의 성과에 부정적으로 영향을 미친다. ⑥ 급히 일을 하는 것은 여러분이 집에서 급하게 나와 결국 열쇠나 전화기 혹은 지갑을 부엌 식탁 위에 잊고 온 것을 알게 될 때와 같이 실제로는 결국 여러분을 늦어지게 한다. ⑦ 더 빨리 운전하는 것은 여러분을 자신의 목적지에 조금이라도 더 일찍 데려다주지는 않을 것이다. ⑧ 일을 더 빠르게 함으로써 여러분이 더 많이 하게 될 것이라고 가정하는 것은 함정이다.



1712-21
① The trio of freeze, flight, and fight are fairly universal behavioral defensive reactions in mammals and other vertebrate species. ② But some species have other options available, such as "playing dead," which is also called tonic immobility. ③ Like freezing, this behavior can help prevent attack, but whereas in freezing muscles are contracted and poised to be used in fight or flight, in tonic immobility the muscles of the body are relaxed. ④ Another such response is defensive burying: Rodents will use their paws and head to shovel dirt toward an aversive stimulus. ⑤ Other behavioral options include making loud noises, retreating into a shell, rolling into a tight ball, choosing to live in a predator-free area such as underground, or relying on safety in numbers by living in a group.


① 움직이지 않기, 도망치기, 싸우기 이 세 가지는 포유동물과 다른 척추동물 종에서 꽤 보편적인 행동 방어 반응이다. ② 그러나 어떤 종들은 '긴장성 부동화'라고도 불리는 '죽은 체하기'와 같은 가능한 다른 선택 사항을 가지고 있다. ③ 움직이지 않기처럼 이 행동은 공격을 막는 것을 도와 줄 수 있지만, 움직이지 않기에서 근육들이 수축되고 싸우기나 도망치기에서 (근육들이) 사용될 태세를 갖추는 반면, 긴장성 부동화에서는 신체의 근육들이 이완된다. ④ 또 다른 그러한 반응은 '방어적 파묻기'인데, 설치류는 혐오 자극을 향하여 흙을 파는 데 자신의 발과 머리를 사용할 것이다. ⑤ 다른 행동 선택 사항에는 큰 소리 내기, 껍데기 안으로 들어가기, 단단한 공 모양으로 말기, 땅속과 같이 포식자가 없는 장소에서 살기로 정하기 또는 무리를 지어 삶으로써 수적인 안전성에 의지하기가 포함된다.



1712-22
① Katherine Schreiber and Leslie Sim, experts on exercise addiction, recognized that smartwatches and fitness trackers have probably inspired sedentary people to take up exercise, and encouraged people who aren't very active to exercise more consistently. ② But they were convinced the devices were also quite dangerous. ③ Schreiber explained that focusing on numbers separates people from being in tune with their body. ④ Exercising becomes mindless, which is 'the goal' of addiction. ⑤ This 'goal' that she mentioned is a sort of automatic mindlessness, the outsourcing of decision making to a device. ⑥ She recently sustained a stress fracture in her foot because she refused to listen to her overworked body, instead continuing to run toward an unreasonable workout target. ⑦ Schreiber has suffered from addictive exercise tendencies, and vows not to use wearable tech when she works out.


① 운동 중독에 관한 전문가인 Katherine Schreiber와 Leslie Sim은 아마도 스마트 시계와 건강 추적기가 주로 앉아서 지내는 사람들이 운동을 시작하도록 격려해 왔고 별로 활동적이지 않은 사람들이 더 지속적으로 운동을 하도록 장려해 왔음을 인정했다. ② 하지만 그들은 그 장치들이 또한 상당히 위험하다고 확신했다. ③ Schreiber는 숫자에 집중하는 것이 사람들을 자신의 몸과 조화를 이루는 것으로부터 분리한다고 설명했다. ④ 운동하는 것은 아무런 생각이 없게 되는데, 그것이 중독의 '목표'이다. ⑤ 그녀가 언급했던 이 '목표'는 일종의 무의식적 분별없음, 즉 의사 결정을 장치에 위임하는 것이다. ⑥ 그녀는 혹사당한 몸에 귀 기울이는 것을 거부하고 대신에 터무니 없는 운동 목표를 향하여 계속해서 달렸기 때문에 최근 자신의 발에 피로 골절을 입었다. ⑦ Schreiber는 중독적인 운동 성향으로 고통을 겪어왔고, 운동할 때 웨어러블 기기를 사용하지 않기로 맹세한다.



1712-23
① Your sense of smell links you directly with your feelings, instincts and memories. ② Scents have the power to stimulate states of well-being. ③ By utilizing aromas in your daily habits, you can enjoy the advantages of an intense state of health. ④ Find a scent that you like and inhale its perfume at times when you're feeling calmed and at peace. ⑤ Perhaps it's the incense that you burn during meditation, a torch that you light during a calming bath, or an aromatic oil spray that you put on your cushion before bedtime. ⑥ In time, your body will connect these relaxed feelings with the usage of that specific scent. ⑦ When you encounter a moment of stress, you can smell the aroma that you connect with a state of relax and that will produce a calming response throughout your whole body.


① 여러분의 후각은 여러분을 자신의 감정, 본능 그리고 기억과 직접 이어준다. ② 향기는 행복한 상태를 촉진하는 힘을 가지고 있다. ③ 여러분의 매일 습관 속에서 향기를 활용함으로써 여러분은 건강의 강렬한 상태의 장점들을 즐길 수 있다. ④ 여러분이 좋아하는 한 향기를 찾아서 진정되고 평온함을 느낄 때 그 향기를 들이마셔라. ⑤ 아마 그것은 명상 중에 여러분이 태우는 향, 편안함을 주는 목욕 동안 여러분이 불을 붙이는 등, 혹은 취침시간 전에 여러분이 쿠션에 뿌리는 아로마 오일 스프레이일 것이다. ⑥ 이윽고 여러분의 몸은 이러한 편안해진 감정들을 그 특정한 향기의 사용과 연결 짓게 될 것이다. ⑦ 스트레스 순간을 맞닥뜨리게 되면 여러분은 편안한 상태와 연결 되는 향기를 맡을 수가 있고, 그것이 여러분의 몸 전체를 통해 진정 반응을 일으킬 것이다.



1712-25
① Francis Crick, the Nobel Prize-winning codiscoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, was born in Northampton, England in 1916. ② He attended University College London, where he studied physics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1937. ③ He soon began conducting research toward a Ph.D., but his path was interrupted by the outbreak of World War Ⅱ. ④ During the war, he was involved in naval weapons research, working on the development of magnetic and acoustic mines. ⑤ After the war, Dr. R. V. Jones, the head of Britain's wartime scientific intelligence, asked Crick to continue the work, but Crick decided to continue his studies, this time in biology. ⑥ In 1951, Crick met James Watson, a young American biologist, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory. ⑦ They formed a collaborative working relationship solving the mysteries of the structure of DNA.


① DNA 분자 구조의 공동 발견자로 노벨상을 수상한 Francis Crick은 1916년 영국 Northampton에서 태어났다. ② 그는 University College London을 다녔고, 그곳에서 물리학을 공부했고, 1937년 이학학사 학위로 졸업했다. ③ 그는 곧 박사 학위를 위한 연구를 시작했지만, 그의 행로는 제2차 세계대전의 발발로 중단됐다. ④ 전쟁 중에 그는 자기 음향 기뢰 개발을 위해 노력하면서 해군 무기 연구에 참여했다. ⑤ 전쟁이 끝난 후, 영국의 전시 과학 정보 부장인 Dr. R. V. Jones는 Crick이 그 연구를 계속하기를 요청했지만, Crick은 이번에는 생물학에서 자신의 학업을 계속하기로 결심했다. ⑥ 1951년에 Crick은 젊은 미국 생물학자인 James Watson을 Strangeways Research Laboratory에서 만났다. ⑦ 그들은 DNA 구조의 비밀을 푸는 공동 연구 관계를 형성했다.



1712-28
① What comes to mind when we think about time? ② Let us go back to 4,000 B.C. ③ in ancient China where some early clocks were invented. ④ To demonstrate the idea of time to temple students, Chinese priests used to dangle a rope from the temple ceiling with knots representing the hours. ⑤ They would light it with a flame from the bottom so that it burnt evenly, indicating the passage of time. ⑥ Many temples burnt down in those days. ⑦ The priests were obviously not too happy about that until someone invented a clock made of water buckets. ⑧ It worked by punching holes in a large bucket full of water, with markings representing the hours, to allow water to flow out at a constant rate. ⑨ The temple students would then measure time by how fast the bucket drained. ⑩ It was much better than burning ropes for sure, but more importantly, it taught the students that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.


① 우리가 시간에 대해 생각할 때 무엇이 떠오르는가? ② 몇몇 초기의 시계들이 발명됐던 고대 중국의 기원전 4천 년으로 돌아가 보자. ③ 사원의 제자들에게 시간의 개념을 설명하기 위해 중국의 사제들은 시각을 나타내는 매듭이 있는 밧줄을 사원 천장에 매달곤 했다. ④ 그들은 시간의 경과를 보여주면서 그것(밧줄)이 균등하게 타도록 아래부터 그것에 불을 붙였다. ⑤ 많은 사원이 그 당시에 불에 다 타버렸다. ⑥ 어떤 사람이 물 양동이로 만들어진 시계를 발명할 때까지 사제들은 분명히 그것이 썩 마음에 들지 않았다. ⑦ 그것은 시각을 나타내는 표시가 있고 물로 가득 찬 커다란 양동이에 물이 일정한 속도로 흘러나가도록 구멍들을 뚫음으로써 작동했다. ⑧ 그러고 나서 사원 제자들은 얼마나 빠르게 그 양동이에 물이 빠졌는지로 시간을 측정했다. ⑨ 그것은 확실히 밧줄을 태우는 것보다 훨씬 더 나았으나, 더 중요한 것은 그것이 일단 시간이 지나가고 나면 절대로 되찾을 수 없다는 점을 제자들에게 가르쳐 주었다는 것이다.



1712-29
① A lot of people find that physical movement can sometimes dispel negative feelings. ② If we are feeling negative, it can be very easy for us to stop wanting to stay active in our everyday life. ③ This is why many people who suffer from depression are also found sleeping in and having no motivation to go outside or exercise. ④ Unfortunately, this lack of exercise can actually compound many negative emotions. ⑤ Exercise and movement is a great way for us to start getting rid of negative energies. ⑥ Many people find that when they are angry, they go into a state where they want to exercise or clean. ⑦ This is actually a very healthy and positive thing for you to do and a great way for you to begin to deconstruct your negative emotions so that they no longer affect your life and harm your relationships.


① 많은 사람은 신체 움직임이 때때로 부정적인 감정들을 떨쳐버릴 수 있음을 발견한다. ② 만약 우리가 부정적으로 느끼고 있다면, 우리가 일상생활에서 활동적인 상태이고 싶어 하는 것을 멈추기가 매우 쉬울 수 있다. ③ 이것이 또한 우울증을 겪는 많은 사람이 계속 잠을 자고, 외출을 하거나 운동을 하려는 동기가 없는 것으로 발견되는 이유이다. ④ 불행히도, 이러한 운동의 부족이 실제로 많은 부정적인 감정을 악화시킬 수 있다. ⑤ 운동과 움직임은 우리가 부정적인 에너지를 제거하기 시작하는 훌륭한 방법이다. ⑥ 많은 사람은 자신들이 화날 때 그들이 운동을 하거나 청소를 하고 싶은 상태가 된다는 점을 깨닫는다. ⑦ 이것은 사실상 여러분이 하는 매우 건강하고 긍정적인 일이며, 그것(부정적인 감정)들이 더 이상 여러분의 삶에 영향을 미치지 않고 관계를 해치지 않도록 여러분이 자신의 부정적인 감정들을 해체하기 시작하는 훌륭한 방법이다.



1712-30
① A father took his son to the circus. ② Before the show started, he took his son to see the animals in their respective cages ― all except for the elephant that was tied with a rope. ③ Holding his father's hand, the little boy turned to him and said, "Dad, this elephant is so big and strong. ④ He can kick the rope and run away. ⑤ Why doesn't he? ⑥ "No matter how hard he tried to think of an intelligent answer, the father didn't have a good one to give his son. ⑦ So, he suggested to his son that he go ask the question to the elephant trainer. ⑧ When the boy saw the trainer passing by, he asked why the beast didn't try to escape. ⑨ The trainer said, "When this elephant was a baby, we tied the same rope to his foot and the tree. ⑩ The elephant couldn't break free, and over time, he simply accepted the rope as a way of life."


① 아버지는 자신의 아들을 서커스에 데려갔다. ② 쇼가 시작되기 전, 그(father)는 자신의 아들을 데리고 밧줄에 묶여 있는 코끼리를 제외하고 모두 각자의 우리에 있는 동물들을 보러 갔다. ③ 자신의 아버지의 손을 잡으면서 작은 소년은 그(father)를 돌아보고 말했다. ④ "아빠, 이 코끼리가 매우 크고 힘이 세잖아요. ⑤ 그는 밧줄을 걷어차고 도망갈 수 있어요. ⑥ 왜 그렇게 안 하나요? ⑦ "그(father)가 아무리 열심히 현명한 대답을 생각해 내려고 노력했음에도, 아버지에게는 아들에게 해 줄 좋은 대답이 없었다. ⑧ 그래서 그(father)는 자신의 아들에게 코끼리 조련사에게 가서 질문하라고 제안했다. ⑨ 소년이 조련사가 지나가는 것을 보았을 때, 그(son)는 왜 이 동물이 탈출하려고 애쓰지 않는지를 물었다. ⑩ 조련사는 말했다. ⑪ "이 코끼리가 아기였을 때, 우리는 같은 밧줄을 그의 발과 나무에 묶었단다. ⑫ 코끼리는 탈출할 수 없었고, 시간이 지나면서 그는 단순히 밧줄을 삶의 방식으로 받아들였지."



1712-31
① What is the true nature of the brain? ② The brain is a slow-changing machine, and that's a good thing. ③ If your brain could completely change overnight, you would be unstable. ④ Let's just say that your norm is to wake up, read the paper with coffee and a bagel, walk your dog, and watch the news. ⑤ This is your habitual routine. ⑥ Then one night, you get a phone call at 3 a.m. and have to run outside in your underwear to check on your neighbors. ⑦ What if your brain latched on to this new routine and you continued to run outside at 3 a.m. every night in your underwear? ⑧ Nobody would want that, so it's a good thing our brains require more repetition than that! ⑨ Let's accept and be thankful for the stability our slow-changing brains provide us.


① 뇌의 진정한 본질은 무엇인가? ② 뇌는 천천히 변화하는 기계이며, 그것은 좋은 것이다. ③ 만약 여러분의 뇌가 하룻밤 사이에 완전히 변할 수 있다면 여러분은 불안정해질 것이다. ④ 여러분의 기준이 잠에서 깨서, 커피와 베이글을 가지고 신문을 읽고, 개를 산책시키고, 뉴스를 보는 것이라고 해 보자. ⑤ 이것은 여러분의 습관적인 일상이다. ⑥ 그런데 어느 날 밤, 여러분이 새벽 3시에 전화를 받고 속옷 차림으로 여러분의 이웃을 확인해 보기 위해 뛰쳐나가야만 한다. ⑦ 만약 여러분의 뇌가 이 새로운 일상을 자기 것으로 하여 여러분이 매일 밤 새벽 3시에 속옷 차림으로 계속하여 밖으로 뛰쳐나가야 한다면 어떻겠는가? ⑧ 누구도 그러길 원치 않을 것이며, 따라서 우리의 뇌가 그것보다 더 많은 반복이 필요하다는 것은 좋은 것이다! ⑨ 우리의 천천히 변하는 뇌가 우리에게 제공해 주는 안정감을 받아들이고 고마워하자.



1712-32
① Hearing is basically a specialized form of touch. ② Sound is simply vibrating air which the ear picks up and converts to electrical signals, which are then interpreted by the brain. ③ The sense of hearing is not the only sense that can do this; touch can do this too. ④ If you are standing by the road and a large truck goes by, do you hear or feel the vibration? ⑤ The answer is both. ⑥ With very low frequency vibration the ear starts becoming inefficient and the rest of the body's sense of touch starts to take over. ⑦ For some reason we tend to make a distinction between hearing a sound and feeling a vibration, but in reality they are the same thing. ⑧ Deafness does not mean that you can't hear, only that there is something wrong with the ears. ⑨ Even someone who is totally deaf can still hear/feel sounds.


① 청각은 기본적으로 촉각의 분화한 한 형태이다. ② 소리는 단순히 귀가 포착하여 전기 신호로 전환하는 진동하는 공기인데, 그것(전기 신호)들은 그 후 뇌에 의해 해석된다. ③ 청각이라는 감각이 이것을 할 수 있는 유일한 감각은 아니다. ④ 촉각도 이것을 할 수 있다. ⑤ 만약 여러분이 길가에 서 있는데 큰 트럭이 지나가면 여러분은 그 진동을 듣는 것인가 아니면 느끼는 것인가? ⑥ 답은 둘 다이다. ⑦ 매우 낮은 주파수 진동에 귀가 비효율적으로 되기 시작하고 나머지 신체의 촉각이 더 중요해지기 시작한다. ⑧ 어떤 이유에서인지 우리는 소리를 듣는 것과 진동을 느끼는 것을 구분하는 경향이 있지만, 실제로 그것들은 똑같은 것이다. ⑨ 귀먹음이란 여러분이 들을 수 없다는 것이 아니라, 귀에 잘못된 무언가가 있다는 것을 의미할 뿐이다. ⑩ 심지어 완전히 귀가 먹은 사람도 여전히 소리를 들을/느낄 수 있다.



1712-33
① Veblen goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, a US economist who formulated the theory of "conspicuous consumption". ② They are strange because demand for them increases as their price rises. ③ According to Veblen, these goods must signal high status. ④ A willingness to pay higher prices is due to a desire to advertise wealth rather than to acquire better quality. ⑤ A true Veblen good, therefore, should not be noticeably higher quality than the lower-priced equivalents. ⑥ If the price falls so much that it is no longer high enough to exclude the less well off, the rich will stop buying it. ⑦ There is much evidence of this behavior in the markets for luxury cars, champagne, watches, and certain clothing labels. ⑧ A reduction in prices might see a temporary increase in sales for the seller, but then sales will begin to fall.


① 베블런재(Veblen goods)는 '과시적 소비' 이론을 만들어낸 미국의 경제학자인 Thorstein Veblen의 이름을 따서 지어졌다. ② 그것들(베블런재)은 그 가격이 상승함에 따라 그것들에 대한 수요가 증가하기 때문에 이상하다. ③ Veblen에 따르면 이러한 물건(베블런재)들은 높은 지위를 나타내야 한다. ④ 기꺼이 더 높은 가격을 지불하고자 함은 더 나은 품질을 얻기보다는 부유함을 드러내고자 하는 욕망에 기인한다. ⑤ 그러므로 진정한 베블런재는 더 저렴한 가격의 동등한 물건보다 눈에 띄게 더 높은 품질이지는 않을 것이다. ⑥ 만약 그 가격이 너무 많이 하락하여 덜 부유한 사람들을 배제할 정도로 가격이 더 이상 높지 않다면, 부자들은 그것을 사는 것을 중단할 것이다. ⑦ 고급 차, 샴페인, 시계 그리고 특정 의류 브랜드 시장에는 이러한 행동에 대한 많은 증거가 있다. ⑧ 가격 하락은 판매자들에게는 일시적인 판매량의 상승을 보일 수 있으나, 그 이후에는 판매량이 하락하기 시작할 것이다.



1712-34
① Although the property of brain plasticity is most obvious during development, the brain remains changeable throughout the life span. ② It is evident that we can learn and remember information long after maturation. ③ Furthermore, although it is not as obvious, the adult brain retains its capacity to be influenced by "general" experience. ④ For example, being exposed to fine wine or Pavarotti changes one's later appreciation of wine and music, even if encountered in late adulthood. ⑤ The adult brain is plastic in other ways, too. ⑥ For instance, one of the characteristics of normal aging is that neurons die and are not replaced. ⑦ This process begins in adolescence, yet most of us will not suffer any significant cognitive loss for decades because the brain compensates for the slow neuron loss by changing its structure. ⑧ Similarly, although complete restoration of function is not possible, the brain has the capacity to change in response to injury in order to at least partly compensate for the damage.


① 뇌 가소성이라는 특성이 발달 과정 동안 가장 뚜렷함에도 불구하고, 뇌는 평생에 걸쳐 변화할 수 있는 상태로 남아 있다. ② 우리가 성인이 된 훨씬 이후에도 정보를 학습하고 기억할 수 있다는 것은 분명하다. ③ 게다가, 그만큼 분명하지는 않지만 성인의 뇌는 '일반적인' 경험에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있는 능력을 보유한다. ④ 예를 들면, 고급 포도주나 Pavarotti에 노출되는 것은, 늦은 성인기에 접하더라도 한 사람의 와인과 음악에 대한 이후의 이해를 변화시킨다. ⑤ 성인의 뇌는 다른 방식으로도 가소성이 있다. ⑥ 예를 들면, 일반적인 노화의 특징 중 하나는 신경세포들이 죽고 대체되지 않는다는 것이다. ⑦ 이러한 과정은 청소년기에 시작되지만, 뇌가 그 구조를 변화시킴으로써 느린 신경세포의 손실을 보충하기 때문에 우리 대부분은 수십 년 동안 그 어떤 중대한 인지적 손상을 겪지 않을 것이다. ⑧ 마찬가지로, 기능의 완전한 회복이 가능하지는 않지만, 뇌는 그 손상을 적어도 부분적으로 보충하기 위해 부상에 대응하여 변화할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있다.



1712-35
① Identity theft can take many forms in the digital world. ② That's because many of the traditional clues about identity ― someone's physical appearance and presence ― are replaced by machine-based checking of "credentials". ③ Someone is able to acquire your credentials ― sign-on names, passwords, cards, tokens ― and in so doing is able to convince an electronic system that they are you. ④ This is an ingredient in large numbers of cyber-related fraud, and cyber-related fraud is by far the most common form of crime that hits individuals. ⑤ For example, identity thieves can buy goods and services which you will never see but will pay for, intercept payments, and, more drastically, empty your bank account. ⑥ Although the victims of identity theft are usually thought of as individuals, small and large businesses are often caught out as well.


① 신원 도용은 디지털 세계에서 많은 유형을 띨 수 있다. ② 그것은 어떤 사람의 신체적 모습과 존재와 같은 신원에 대한 많은 전통적인 단서들이 기계에 기반을 둔 '신용 증명물'을 확인하는 것으로 대체되기 때문이다. ③ 어떤 사람이 로그인 이름, 비밀번호, 카드, 징표와 같은 신용 증명물을 습득할 수 있고 그렇게 해서 전자 시스템에 그들이 여러분이라고 확신시킬 수 있다. ④ 이것이 상당수의 사이버 관련 사기의 요소이며, 사이버 관련 사기는 개인들을 공격하는 단연코 가장 흔한 범죄 형태이다. ⑤ 예를 들어, 신원 도용자들은 여러분이 결코 보지 않게 되겠지만 지불하게 될 재화와 용역을 구입할 수 있고, 지불금을 가로챌 수 있고, 더 심하게는 여러분의 은행 계좌를 텅 비울 수 있다. ⑥ 비록 신원 도용의 희생자들이 보통 개인이라고 여겨지지만, 크고 작은 사업체들도 또한 종종 곤경에 빠진다.



1712-36
① A researcher in adult education at the University of Toronto, Allen Tough wrote a paper called "The Iceberg of Informal Adult Learning. ② "Tough formulated a reverse 20/80 rule for adult learning. ③ Twenty percent of an adult learner's efforts were formal, organized by an institution. ④ Eighty percent was informal, organized by the learner. ⑤ He used the metaphor of an iceberg to describe the large portion of learning, informal learning, that remains invisible. ⑥ Tough researched the reasons why people chose to learn on their own rather than attend a class. ⑦ "People seem to want to be in control," he wrote. ⑧ "They want to set their own pace and use their own style of learning; they want to keep it flexible. ⑨ "People also seem to consider informal learning experiential and social. ⑩ Lifelong learning organized around one's interests might be seen as a new form of recreation.


① Toronto 대학에서 성인 교육 연구자인 Allen Tough가 '비형식적 성인 학습의 빙산'이라는 논문을 썼다. ② Tough는 성인 학습에 대해 정반대의 20/80 규칙을 만들어 냈다. ③ 성인 학습자들의 노력의 20퍼센트는 기관에 의해 조직된 형식적인 것이었다. ④ 80퍼센트는 학습자에 의해 조직된 비형식적인 것이었다. ⑤ 그는 눈에 보이지 않은 채로 남아 있는 학습의 커다란 부분인 비형식적 학습을 설명하기 위해 빙산의 비유를 사용했다. ⑥ Tough는 사람들이 수업을 듣는 것보다 스스로 학습하는 것을 선택한 이유를 연구했다. ⑦ "사람들은 주도권을 잡고 싶어 하는 것처럼 보인다. ⑧ "라고 그는 썼다. ⑨ "그들은 자신만의 속도를 정하고 자신만의 학습 스타일을 사용하고 싶어 한다, 즉 그들은 그것을 융통성 있게 유지하고 싶어 한다. ⑩ "사람들은 또한 비형식적 학습을 경험적이고 사회적인 것으로 간주하는 것처럼 보인다. ⑪ 한 사람의 관심사에 맞춰 조직된 평생의 학습은 오락 활동의 새로운 형태로 보일지도 모른다.



1712-37
① The online world is an artificial universe ― entirely human-made and designed. ② The design of the underlying system shapes how we appear and what we see of other people. ③ It determines the structure of conversations and who has access to what information. ④ Architects of physical cities determine the paths people will take and the sights they will see. ⑤ They affect people's mood by creating cathedrals that inspire awe and schools that encourage playfulness. ⑥ Architects, however, do not control how the residents of those buildings present themselves or see each other ― but the designers of virtual spaces do, and they have far greater influence on the social experience of their users. ⑦ They determine whether we see each other's faces or instead know each other only by name. ⑧ They can reveal the size and makeup of an audience, or provide the impression that one is writing intimately to only a few, even if millions are in fact reading.


① 온라인 세상은 완전히 사람에 의해 만들어지고 설계된 인공의 세계이다. ② 그 근본적인 시스템의 디자인이 우리가 어떻게 보이고 우리가 다른 사람들에게서 무엇을 보는지를 형성한다. ③ 그것은 대화의 구조와 누가 어떤 정보에 접근할 수 있는지를 결정한다. ④ 물리적인 도시의 건축가들은 사람들이 가게 될 길과 그들이 보게 될 광경을 결정한다. ⑤ 그들은 경외감을 불러일으키는 대성당들과 명랑함을 북돋는 학교들을 지음으로써 사람들의 기분에 영향을 미친다. ⑥ 그러나, 건축가들이 그러한 건물들의 거주자들이 어떻게 자신들을 나타내는지 또는 서로를 어떻게 바라보는지를 통제하지는 않지만, 가상공간의 설계자들은 그렇게 하며, 그들은 사용자들의 사회적 경험에 훨씬 더 큰 영향을 준다. ⑦ 그들은 우리가 서로의 얼굴을 볼지 아니면 대신 이름만으로 서로를 알지를 결정한다. ⑧ 그들은 구독자의 크기와 구성을 드러낼 수 있거나, 실제로는 수백 만 명이 읽고 있을지라도 한 사람이 오직 소수에게만 친밀하게 글을 쓰고 있다는 인상을 줄 수 있다.



1712-38
① In 1996, as construction workers cleared a site in downtown Athens for the foundations of a new Museum of Modern Art, they found traces of a large structure sitting on the bedrock. ② A building had occupied this same spot some two-and-a-half thousand years earlier, when it was part of a wooded sanctuary outside the original city walls, on the banks of the River Ilissos. ③ The excavation uncovered the remains of a gymnasium, a wrestling arena, changing rooms and baths. ④ This had been a place for athletics and exercise, where the young men of Athens had trained to become soldiers and citizens. ⑤ But it was more than just a centre for physical improvement. ⑥ The archaeologists soon realised that they had found one of the most significant sites in all of western European intellectual culture, a site referred to continually by history's greatest philosophers: the Lyceum of Aristotle. ⑦ It was the world's first university.


① 1996년 건설 노동자들이 새로운 현대 미술관의 토대를 위해 아테네 시내에 한 장소를 치웠을 때, 그들은 그 암반 위에 있는 커다란 구조물의 흔적들을 발견했다. ② 약 2,500년 전에 한 건물이 이와 같은 장소를 차지했었고, 그때 그것은 Ilissos 강둑에 위치한 본래의 도시 성벽들 밖에 있는 숲이 우거진 신전의 일부였다. ③ 발굴 작업은 체육관, 레슬링 경기장, 탈의실 그리고 욕조의 유적을 찾아냈다. ④ 그곳은 운동 경기와 운동을 위한 장소였고, 그곳에서 아테네의 젊은이들이 군인과 시민이 되기 위해 훈련했었다. ⑤ 하지만 그곳은 단순히 신체의 향상을 위한 중심지 이상이었다. ⑥ 고고학자들은 자신들이 모든 서부 유럽의 지식 문화에서 가장 중요한 장소 중 한 곳, 즉 역사상 가장 위대한 철학자들에 의해 계속 언급되는 장소인 아리스토텔레스의 Lyceum(아리스토텔레스가 철학을 가르치던 학교)을 발견했음을 곧 깨달았다. ⑦ 그것은 바로 세계의 첫 번째 대학이었다.



1712-39
① The liberalization of capital markets, where funds for investment can be borrowed, has been an important contributor to the pace of globalization. ② Since the 1970s there has been a trend towards a freer flow of capital across borders. ③ Current economic theory suggests that this should aid development. ④ Developing countries have limited domestic savings with which to invest in growth, and liberalization allows them to tap into a global pool of funds. ⑤ A global capital market also allows investors greater scope to manage and spread their risks. ⑥ However, some say that a freer flow of capital has raised the risk of financial instability. ⑦ The East Asian crisis of the late 1990s came in the wake of this kind of liberalization. ⑧ Without a strong financial system and a sound regulatory environment, capital market globalization can sow the seeds of instability in economies rather than growth.


① 투자를 위한 자금을 빌릴 수 있는 자본 시장의 자유화는 세계화 속도에 중요한 기여 요인이었다. ② 1970년대 이후로 국경을 넘나드는 더 자유로운 자본 흐름을 향한 추세가 있었다. ③ 현재의 경제 이론은 이것이 발전에 도움이 될 것임을 시사한다. ④ 개발 도상국은 성장에 투자하기에 제한된 국내 저축을 가지고 있고, 자유화는 그들이 국제 공동 자금을 이용하도록 허용한다. ⑤ 국제 자본 시장은 또한 투자자들에게 자신들의 위험을 관리하고 분산시킬 수 있는 더 큰 범위를 허용한다. ⑥ 하지만 어떤 사람들은 더 자유로운 자본의 흐름이 재정적 불안정성의 위험을 증가시켰다고 말한다. ⑦ 1990년대 후반의 동아시아 위기는 이러한 종류의 자유화의 결과로 발생했다. ⑧ 강한 재정 시스템과 건전한 규제 환경이 없다면, 자본 시장 세계화는 성장보다는 경제에 불안정성의 씨를 뿌릴 수 있다.



1712-40
① Power distance is the term used to refer to how widely an unequal distribution of power is accepted by the members of a culture. ② It relates to the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept their inequality in power and consider it the norm. ③ In cultures with high acceptance of power distance (e.g., India, Brazil, Greece, Mexico, and the Philippines), people are not viewed as equals, and everyone has a clearly defined or allocated place in the social hierarchy. ④ In cultures with low acceptance of power distance (e.g., Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel), people believe inequality should be minimal, and a hierarchical division is viewed as one of convenience only. ⑤ In these cultures, there is more fluidity within the social hierarchy, and it is relatively easy for individuals to move up the social hierarchy based on their individual efforts and achievements.


① '권력 거리'는 권력의 불평등한 분배가 한 문화의 구성원들에 의해 얼마나 널리 수용되는지를 나타내는 데 사용되는 용어이다. ② 그것은 권력이 더 적은 사회 구성원들이 그들의 권력에서의 불평등을 수용하고 그것을 규범으로 여기는 정도와 관계가 있다. ③ 권력 거리에 대한 높은 수용의 문화들(예를 들어, 인도, 브라질, 그리스, 멕시코 그리고 필리핀)에서, 사람들은 평등한 것으로 여겨지지 않으며, 모든 사람이 사회 계층 내에서 명확하게 정해지거나 할당된 위치를 가진다. ④ 권력 거리에 대한 낮은 수용의 문화들(예를 들어, 핀란드, 노르웨이, 뉴질랜드 그리고 이스라엘)에서는, 사람들은 불평등이 최소여야만 한다고 믿으며, 계층적 구분은 오직 편의상 구분으로서만 여겨진다. ⑤ 이러한 문화에서는 사회 계층 내에서의 더 많은 유동성이 있으며, 개인이 그들의 개인적 노력과 성취를 토대로 사회 계층을 상승시키는 것이 상대적으로 쉽다.



1712-4142
① In 2009, Emily Holmes asked a group of adults to watch a video featuring "eleven clips of traumatic content including graphic real scenes of human surgery and fatal road traffic accidents. ② "This was their trauma simulation, and the participants were indeed traumatized. ③ Before watching the video, they reported feeling calm and relaxed; afterward they were disturbed and anxious. ④ Holmes forced the adults to wait for thirty minutes. ⑤ Then, half the participants played a block-matching puzzle video game for ten minutes, while the other half sat quietly. ⑥ The adults went home for a week, and recorded their thoughts in a daily diary. ⑦ Once a day they recalled the scenes from the video that replayed in their minds. ⑧ Those who had sat quietly after watching the video experienced an average of six flashbacks; those who had played the game experienced an average of fewer than three. ⑨ The video game, with its colors and music and rotating blocks, prevented the initial traumatic memories from solidifying. ⑩ The game soaked up the mental attention that might have otherwise moved those horrific memories to long-term memory, and so they were stored imperfectly or not at all. ⑪ At the end of the week, the adults returned to the lab, and those who had been lucky enough to play the game reported fewer psychiatric symptoms. ⑫ The video game had functioned as a "cognitive vaccine," the researchers explained.


① 2009년 Emily Holmes는 한 집단의 성인들에게 '사람의 수술과 치명적인 교통사고의 생생한 실제 장면을 포함한 트라우마를 일으키는 내용의 열한 개 영상'을 다루고 있는 비디오를 보라고 요청했다. ② 이것은 그들에게 트라우마 모의 실험이었고, 참가자들은 실제로 트라우마를 갖게 되었다. ③ 그 비디오를 보기 전에 그들은 평온하고 편안함을 느꼈다고 이야기했다. ④ 하지만 그 이후에 그들은 불안하고 초조했다. ⑤ Holmes는 성인들이 30분을 기다리도록 만들었다. ⑥ 그러고 나서 참가자 중 절반은 10분 동안 블록 맞추기 퍼즐 비디오 게임을 한 반면 나머지 절반은 조용히 앉아 있었다. ⑦ 성인들은 집으로 가서 일주일을 보냈고 일기에 자신들의 생각을 기록했다. ⑧ 하루에 한 번씩 그들은 자신의 마음속에 재현되는 비디오 장면들을 생각해 냈다. ⑨ 비디오를 본 후에 조용히 앉아 있었던 사람들은 평균 6개의 회상 장면을 경험했으나, 그 게임을 했던 사람들은 평균 3개보다 적은 수의 회상 장면을 경험했다. ⑩ 색깔과 음악 그리고 회전하는 블록들이 있는 그 비디오 게임이 트라우마를 일으키는 초기 기억들이 굳어지는 것을 막았다. ⑪ 그 게임이 만약 그렇지 않았으면(그 게임을 하지 않았으면) 그 끔찍한 기억들을 장기기억으로 옮겼을지도 모르는 정신적 주의력을 흡수했고, 따라서 그것들은 불완전하게 저장되거나 전혀 저장되지 않았다. ⑫ 그 주의 끝에 성인들은 실험실로 돌아왔고 운 좋게 그 게임을 할 수 있었던 사람들은 더 적은 수의 정신병적 증상들을 이야기했다. ⑬ 그 게임이 '인지적 백신'으로서 기능을 하였다고 연구자들이 설명했다.



1712-4345
① Justin was driving on a lonely stretch of farm road when all of a sudden he lost concentration, and his car ended up in a ditch. ② Unable to reverse the vehicle from its plight, he did the next best thing and headed for help at a nearby farmhouse. ③ Justin was greeted by an old farmer. ④ After listening to what had happened, he nodded and said, "Don't worry, Old Warrick will get you out. ⑤ "The farmer then led him to the barn at the back. ⑥ There stood his donkey, which looked as old and weathered as the farmer. ⑦ There was no other choice; there was just this octogenarian and his equally old donkey. ⑧ The farmer ― with the donkey, a rope, and Justin ― made his way slowly to the stranded vehicle. ⑨ When they arrived there, the farmer tied one end of the rope to the car and the other to the donkey and began to shout, "Pull John! ⑩ Pull Steve! ⑪ Pull Mike! ⑫ Pull Warrick! ⑬ "As soon as the farmer said, "Pull Warrick!" ⑭ the donkey heaved and pulled the car out of the ditch, much to Justin's delight. ⑮ He patted the donkey and thanked the old farmer. ⑯ When he was just going to move off to get into his car, Justin stopped, turned to the old man, and asked, "Tell me, sir, why did you have to call on all those names before giving Old Warrick the instruction to pull the car out of the ditch? ⑰ "He smiled and replied, "You see, Old Warrick is very old ― his eyesight is almost gone, his hearing isn't that good, and he struggles to eat and walk ― but as long as he believes he is a part of a team, he can do great things."


① Justin이 인적이 드문 길게 뻗어 있는 시골길에서 운전하다가 그때 갑자기 집중력을 잃었고 그의 차가 도랑에 빠지고 말았다. ② 곤경으로부터 차를 후진시킬 수 없어서 그는 차선책을 택했고 도움을 받기 위해 가까운 농가로 향했다. ③ 한 늙은 농부가 Justin을 맞이했다. ④ 무슨 일이 있었는지 듣고 난 후, 그(farmer)는 고개를 끄덕이며 말했다. ⑤ "걱정하지 마시게, Old Warrick이 자네를 꺼내 줄 것이라네. ⑥ "그 농부는 그러고 나서 그를 뒤편에 있는 헛간으로 데리고 갔다. ⑦ 거기에는 그 농부만큼 늙고 노쇠해 보이는 그(farmer)의 당나귀가 서 있었다. ⑧ 다른 선택의 여지가 없었다. ⑨ 이 80대의 노인과 그와 똑같이 늙은 당나귀만 있었다. ⑩ 농부는 당나귀와 밧줄 그리고 Justin과 함께 그 꼼짝 못하게 된 차가 있는 곳으로 천천히 그(farmer)의 길을 나아갔다. ⑪ 그들이 그곳에 도착했을 때 그 농부는 밧줄의 한쪽 끝은 차에, 다른 한쪽은 당나귀에 묶고 "당겨 John! ⑫ 당겨 Steve! ⑬ 당겨 Mike! ⑭ 당겨 Warrick! ⑮ "이라고 소리치기 시작했다. ⑯ 농부가 "당겨 Warrick! ⑰ "이라고 말하자마자 그 당나귀는 끌어당겼고 Justin이 매우 기쁘게도 차를 도랑에서 빼냈다. ⑱ 그(Justin)는 당나귀를 쓰다듬었고 늙은 농부에게 감사했다. ⑲ 그가 자신의 차에 타기 위해 막 떠나려고 할 때, Justin은 멈춰서 노인을 향해 "어르신, Old Warrick에게 도랑에서 차를 끌어내라고 지시를 내리기 전에 왜 모든 그 이름들을 불러야만 했는지 말씀해 주시겠어요? ⑳ "라고 물었다. ㉑ 그(farmer)는 웃으며 "알다시피 Old Warrick은 매우 늙어 시력을 거의 잃었고, 청력이 그렇게 좋지 않고 먹고 걷는 것도 간신히 한다네. ㉒ 그러나 그가 자신이 팀의 일부라고 믿는 한 그는 훌륭한 일들을 해낼 수 있다네. ㉓ "라고 대답했다.



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THE BLUET 1712 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191021 13:37:54

한 문장씩 자세히 보기

1712-20

1. Are you a 'rushaholic'?



2. Do you happen to live in a fast-paced city, where you feel in a constant hurry?



3. A recent poll of over 1,000 Americans found that nearly half felt they lacked enough time in daily life.



4. 'Time famine' ― the feeling of having too much to do and not enough time to do it ― is the cause of unnecessary stress and reduced performance.



5. We all tend to rush when we have so many things to do, and that negatively affects our performance.



6. Doing things quickly actually ends up slowing you down, such as when you rush out of your house only to realize you forgot your keys, phone, or wallet on the kitchen table.



7. Driving faster will not get you to your destination any sooner.



8. Assuming that by doing things faster you will get more done is a trap.




1712-21

1. The trio of freeze, flight, and fight are fairly universal behavioral defensive reactions in mammals and other vertebrate species.



2. But some species have other options available, such as "playing dead," which is also called tonic immobility.



3. Like freezing, this behavior can help prevent attack, but whereas in freezing muscles are contracted and poised to be used in fight or flight, in tonic immobility the muscles of the body are relaxed.



4. Another such response is defensive burying: Rodents will use their paws and head to shovel dirt toward an aversive stimulus.



5. Other behavioral options include making loud noises, retreating into a shell, rolling into a tight ball, choosing to live in a predator-free area such as underground, or relying on safety in numbers by living in a group.




1712-22

1. Katherine Schreiber and Leslie Sim, experts on exercise addiction, recognized that smartwatches and fitness trackers have probably inspired sedentary people to take up exercise, and encouraged people who aren't very active to exercise more consistently.



2. But they were convinced the devices were also quite dangerous.



3. Schreiber explained that focusing on numbers separates people from being in tune with their body.



4. Exercising becomes mindless, which is 'the goal' of addiction.



5. This 'goal' that she mentioned is a sort of automatic mindlessness, the outsourcing of decision making to a device.



6. She recently sustained a stress fracture in her foot because she refused to listen to her overworked body, instead continuing to run toward an unreasonable workout target.



7. Schreiber has suffered from addictive exercise tendencies, and vows not to use wearable tech when she works out.




1712-23

1. Your sense of smell links you directly with your feelings, instincts and memories.



2. Scents have the power to stimulate states of well-being.



3. By utilizing aromas in your daily habits, you can enjoy the advantages of an intense state of health.



4. Find a scent that you like and inhale its perfume at times when you're feeling calmed and at peace.



5. Perhaps it's the incense that you burn during meditation, a torch that you light during a calming bath, or an aromatic oil spray that you put on your cushion before bedtime.



6. In time, your body will connect these relaxed feelings with the usage of that specific scent.



7. When you encounter a moment of stress, you can smell the aroma that you connect with a state of relax and that will produce a calming response throughout your whole body.




1712-25

1. Francis Crick, the Nobel Prize-winning codiscoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, was born in Northampton, England in 1916.



2. He attended University College London, where he studied physics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1937.



3. He soon began conducting research toward a Ph.D., but his path was interrupted by the outbreak of World War Ⅱ.



4. During the war, he was involved in naval weapons research, working on the development of magnetic and acoustic mines.



5. After the war, Dr. R. V. Jones, the head of Britain's wartime scientific intelligence, asked Crick to continue the work, but Crick decided to continue his studies, this time in biology.



6. In 1951, Crick met James Watson, a young American biologist, at the Strangeways Research Laboratory.



7. They formed a collaborative working relationship solving the mysteries of the structure of DNA.




1712-28

1. What comes to mind when we think about time?



2. Let us go back to 4,000 B.C.



3. in ancient China where some early clocks were invented.



4. To demonstrate the idea of time to temple students, Chinese priests used to dangle a rope from the temple ceiling with knots representing the hours.



5. They would light it with a flame from the bottom so that it burnt evenly, indicating the passage of time.



6. Many temples burnt down in those days.



7. The priests were obviously not too happy about that until someone invented a clock made of water buckets.



8. It worked by punching holes in a large bucket full of water, with markings representing the hours, to allow water to flow out at a constant rate.



9. The temple students would then measure time by how fast the bucket drained.



10. It was much better than burning ropes for sure, but more importantly, it taught the students that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.




1712-29

1. A lot of people find that physical movement can sometimes dispel negative feelings.



2. If we are feeling negative, it can be very easy for us to stop wanting to stay active in our everyday life.



3. This is why many people who suffer from depression are also found sleeping in and having no motivation to go outside or exercise.



4. Unfortunately, this lack of exercise can actually compound many negative emotions.



5. Exercise and movement is a great way for us to start getting rid of negative energies.



6. Many people find that when they are angry, they go into a state where they want to exercise or clean.



7. This is actually a very healthy and positive thing for you to do and a great way for you to begin to deconstruct your negative emotions so that they no longer affect your life and harm your relationships.




1712-30

1. A father took his son to the circus.



2. Before the show started, he took his son to see the animals in their respective cages ― all except for the elephant that was tied with a rope.



3. Holding his father's hand, the little boy turned to him and said, "Dad, this elephant is so big and strong.



4. He can kick the rope and run away.



5. Why doesn't he?



6. "No matter how hard he tried to think of an intelligent answer, the father didn't have a good one to give his son.



7. So, he suggested to his son that he go ask the question to the elephant trainer.



8. When the boy saw the trainer passing by, he asked why the beast didn't try to escape.



9. The trainer said, "When this elephant was a baby, we tied the same rope to his foot and the tree.



10. The elephant couldn't break free, and over time, he simply accepted the rope as a way of life."




1712-31

1. What is the true nature of the brain?



2. The brain is a slow-changing machine, and that's a good thing.



3. If your brain could completely change overnight, you would be unstable.



4. Let's just say that your norm is to wake up, read the paper with coffee and a bagel, walk your dog, and watch the news.



5. This is your habitual routine.



6. Then one night, you get a phone call at 3 a.m. and have to run outside in your underwear to check on your neighbors.



7. What if your brain latched on to this new routine and you continued to run outside at 3 a.m. every night in your underwear?



8. Nobody would want that, so it's a good thing our brains require more repetition than that!



9. Let's accept and be thankful for the stability our slow-changing brains provide us.




1712-32

1. Hearing is basically a specialized form of touch.



2. Sound is simply vibrating air which the ear picks up and converts to electrical signals, which are then interpreted by the brain.



3. The sense of hearing is not the only sense that can do this; touch can do this too.



4. If you are standing by the road and a large truck goes by, do you hear or feel the vibration?



5. The answer is both.



6. With very low frequency vibration the ear starts becoming inefficient and the rest of the body's sense of touch starts to take over.



7. For some reason we tend to make a distinction between hearing a sound and feeling a vibration, but in reality they are the same thing.



8. Deafness does not mean that you can't hear, only that there is something wrong with the ears.



9. Even someone who is totally deaf can still hear/feel sounds.




1712-33

1. Veblen goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, a US economist who formulated the theory of "conspicuous consumption".



2. They are strange because demand for them increases as their price rises.



3. According to Veblen, these goods must signal high status.



4. A willingness to pay higher prices is due to a desire to advertise wealth rather than to acquire better quality.



5. A true Veblen good, therefore, should not be noticeably higher quality than the lower-priced equivalents.



6. If the price falls so much that it is no longer high enough to exclude the less well off, the rich will stop buying it.



7. There is much evidence of this behavior in the markets for luxury cars, champagne, watches, and certain clothing labels.



8. A reduction in prices might see a temporary increase in sales for the seller, but then sales will begin to fall.




1712-34

1. Although the property of brain plasticity is most obvious during development, the brain remains changeable throughout the life span.



2. It is evident that we can learn and remember information long after maturation.



3. Furthermore, although it is not as obvious, the adult brain retains its capacity to be influenced by "general" experience.



4. For example, being exposed to fine wine or Pavarotti changes one's later appreciation of wine and music, even if encountered in late adulthood.



5. The adult brain is plastic in other ways, too.



6. For instance, one of the characteristics of normal aging is that neurons die and are not replaced.



7. This process begins in adolescence, yet most of us will not suffer any significant cognitive loss for decades because the brain compensates for the slow neuron loss by changing its structure.



8. Similarly, although complete restoration of function is not possible, the brain has the capacity to change in response to injury in order to at least partly compensate for the damage.




1712-35

1. Identity theft can take many forms in the digital world.



2. That's because many of the traditional clues about identity ― someone's physical appearance and presence ― are replaced by machine-based checking of "credentials".



3. Someone is able to acquire your credentials ― sign-on names, passwords, cards, tokens ― and in so doing is able to convince an electronic system that they are you.



4. This is an ingredient in large numbers of cyber-related fraud, and cyber-related fraud is by far the most common form of crime that hits individuals.



5. For example, identity thieves can buy goods and services which you will never see but will pay for, intercept payments, and, more drastically, empty your bank account.



6. Although the victims of identity theft are usually thought of as individuals, small and large businesses are often caught out as well.




1712-36

1. A researcher in adult education at the University of Toronto, Allen Tough wrote a paper called "The Iceberg of Informal Adult Learning.



2. "Tough formulated a reverse 20/80 rule for adult learning.



3. Twenty percent of an adult learner's efforts were formal, organized by an institution.



4. Eighty percent was informal, organized by the learner.



5. He used the metaphor of an iceberg to describe the large portion of learning, informal learning, that remains invisible.



6. Tough researched the reasons why people chose to learn on their own rather than attend a class.



7. "People seem to want to be in control," he wrote.



8. "They want to set their own pace and use their own style of learning; they want to keep it flexible.



9. "People also seem to consider informal learning experiential and social.



10. Lifelong learning organized around one's interests might be seen as a new form of recreation.




1712-37

1. The online world is an artificial universe ― entirely human-made and designed.



2. The design of the underlying system shapes how we appear and what we see of other people.



3. It determines the structure of conversations and who has access to what information.



4. Architects of physical cities determine the paths people will take and the sights they will see.



5. They affect people's mood by creating cathedrals that inspire awe and schools that encourage playfulness.



6. Architects, however, do not control how the residents of those buildings present themselves or see each other ― but the designers of virtual spaces do, and they have far greater influence on the social experience of their users.



7. They determine whether we see each other's faces or instead know each other only by name.



8. They can reveal the size and makeup of an audience, or provide the impression that one is writing intimately to only a few, even if millions are in fact reading.




1712-38

1. In 1996, as construction workers cleared a site in downtown Athens for the foundations of a new Museum of Modern Art, they found traces of a large structure sitting on the bedrock.



2. A building had occupied this same spot some two-and-a-half thousand years earlier, when it was part of a wooded sanctuary outside the original city walls, on the banks of the River Ilissos.



3. The excavation uncovered the remains of a gymnasium, a wrestling arena, changing rooms and baths.



4. This had been a place for athletics and exercise, where the young men of Athens had trained to become soldiers and citizens.



5. But it was more than just a centre for physical improvement.



6. The archaeologists soon realised that they had found one of the most significant sites in all of western European intellectual culture, a site referred to continually by history's greatest philosophers: the Lyceum of Aristotle.



7. It was the world's first university.




1712-39

1. The liberalization of capital markets, where funds for investment can be borrowed, has been an important contributor to the pace of globalization.



2. Since the 1970s there has been a trend towards a freer flow of capital across borders.



3. Current economic theory suggests that this should aid development.



4. Developing countries have limited domestic savings with which to invest in growth, and liberalization allows them to tap into a global pool of funds.



5. A global capital market also allows investors greater scope to manage and spread their risks.



6. However, some say that a freer flow of capital has raised the risk of financial instability.



7. The East Asian crisis of the late 1990s came in the wake of this kind of liberalization.



8. Without a strong financial system and a sound regulatory environment, capital market globalization can sow the seeds of instability in economies rather than growth.




1712-40

1. Power distance is the term used to refer to how widely an unequal distribution of power is accepted by the members of a culture.



2. It relates to the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept their inequality in power and consider it the norm.



3. In cultures with high acceptance of power distance (e.g., India, Brazil, Greece, Mexico, and the Philippines), people are not viewed as equals, and everyone has a clearly defined or allocated place in the social hierarchy.



4. In cultures with low acceptance of power distance (e.g., Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel), people believe inequality should be minimal, and a hierarchical division is viewed as one of convenience only.



5. In these cultures, there is more fluidity within the social hierarchy, and it is relatively easy for individuals to move up the social hierarchy based on their individual efforts and achievements.




1712-4142

1. In 2009, Emily Holmes asked a group of adults to watch a video featuring "eleven clips of traumatic content including graphic real scenes of human surgery and fatal road traffic accidents.



2. "This was their trauma simulation, and the participants were indeed traumatized.



3. Before watching the video, they reported feeling calm and relaxed; afterward they were disturbed and anxious.



4. Holmes forced the adults to wait for thirty minutes.



5. Then, half the participants played a block-matching puzzle video game for ten minutes, while the other half sat quietly.



6. The adults went home for a week, and recorded their thoughts in a daily diary.



7. Once a day they recalled the scenes from the video that replayed in their minds.



8. Those who had sat quietly after watching the video experienced an average of six flashbacks; those who had played the game experienced an average of fewer than three.



9. The video game, with its colors and music and rotating blocks, prevented the initial traumatic memories from solidifying.



10. The game soaked up the mental attention that might have otherwise moved those horrific memories to long-term memory, and so they were stored imperfectly or not at all.



11. At the end of the week, the adults returned to the lab, and those who had been lucky enough to play the game reported fewer psychiatric symptoms.



12. The video game had functioned as a "cognitive vaccine," the researchers explained.




1712-4345

1. Justin was driving on a lonely stretch of farm road when all of a sudden he lost concentration, and his car ended up in a ditch.



2. Unable to reverse the vehicle from its plight, he did the next best thing and headed for help at a nearby farmhouse.



3. Justin was greeted by an old farmer.



4. After listening to what had happened, he nodded and said, "Don't worry, Old Warrick will get you out.



5. "The farmer then led him to the barn at the back.



6. There stood his donkey, which looked as old and weathered as the farmer.



7. There was no other choice; there was just this octogenarian and his equally old donkey.



8. The farmer ― with the donkey, a rope, and Justin ― made his way slowly to the stranded vehicle.



9. When they arrived there, the farmer tied one end of the rope to the car and the other to the donkey and began to shout, "Pull John!



10. Pull Steve!



11. Pull Mike!



12. Pull Warrick!



13. "As soon as the farmer said, "Pull Warrick!"



14. the donkey heaved and pulled the car out of the ditch, much to Justin's delight.



15. He patted the donkey and thanked the old farmer.



16. When he was just going to move off to get into his car, Justin stopped, turned to the old man, and asked, "Tell me, sir, why did you have to call on all those names before giving Old Warrick the instruction to pull the car out of the ditch?



17. "He smiled and replied, "You see, Old Warrick is very old ― his eyesight is almost gone, his hearing isn't that good, and he struggles to eat and walk ― but as long as he believes he is a part of a team, he can do great things."




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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 23:04:36

다음 글의 바른 순서는?
19103-18 ['This'] 1
We would like to thank you for your suggestion about switching to the new ABC software for maintaining the company's database system.
(A) This update will surely make our management system more efficient as well as more cost-effective in the long run. Your idea is currently being reviewed by the board. 0
(B) Thank you for your dedication. 2
(C) In order to further discuss your idea, you are required to attend a meeting with the technical team at 2 p.m. on October 8th in Meeting Room A. After assessing the feasibility of the proposal, we would like to proceed with the implementation without any delay. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-19 ['When', 'With '] 2
Mary held my hand and made me follow her.
(A) When Mary pulled off my blindfold, my jaw dropped and I gasped at the sight before me. We were on a hill. There were no city lights anywhere in sight. 1
(B) With my eyes blindfolded, I was wondering to what fantastic place she was taking me. She stopped me suddenly and played my all-time favorite song: When the Stars Go Blue. I took a deep, shaky breath. 0
(C) The only things giving off light were the moon and the stars. Mary took my hand in hers again. The next thing I knew was that we were dancing, staring into each other's eyes. I wished the night would last forever. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-20 ['The more', 'This'] 2
The human brain is wired to look for threats — a trait that kept us alive when we were living on the savannas but that can prevent happiness in our modern lives.
(A) Where the mind goes, reality follows. The more you appreciate life, the more reasons you have to celebrate it. 2
(B) This so-called "negativity bias" can keep you focused on what's going wrong (which explains why complaining is such a popular pastime). To break out of this neural rut, train yourself to acknowledge when things go right. 0
(C) If you keep a calendar or a journal, make a point to write down what went well. If you're more of a verbal processor, start your conversations with friends by sharing a recent win (anything that gives you that yesssss feeling). 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-21 ['They ', 'Their ', 'First,', 'Second,', 'also '] 5
Most people who try to slow down put the proverbial cart before the horse.
(A) Their habitual, hectic thinking won't allow them to adjust the superficial changes they make. Second, lifestyle changes alone rarely make a real difference. You can rearrange the externals of your life in a radically different way, but you always take your thinking with you. 1
(B) They make dramatic, often costly changes in their lifestyle, only to encounter two disappointing results. First, they don't enjoy the changes they make. People who are temperamentally used to a fast-paced life quickly discover that a slower-paced life in the country all but drives them crazy. 0
(C) If you are a hurried, rushed person in the city, you'll also be a hurried, rushed person in the country. To mend the problem, you should slow down your life from the inside out. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-22 ['They ', 'But'] 2
We tend to think of technology as shiny tools and gadgets.
(A) They both can change our behavior, alter the course of events, or enable future inventions. A Shakespeare sonnet and a Schubert symphony, then, are in the same category as Google's search engine and the smartphone: They are something useful produced by a mind. We can't separate out the multiple overlapping technologies responsible for a Lord of the Rings movie. 1
(B) Even if we acknowledge that technology can exist in disembodied form, such as software, we tend not to include in this category paintings, literature, music, dance, poetry, and the arts in general. But we should. If a thousand lines of letters in UNIX qualifies as a technology (the computer code for a web page), then a thousand lines of letters in English (Hamlet) must qualify as well. 0
(C) The literary rendering of the original novel is as much an invention as the digital rendering of its fantastical creatures. Both are useful works of the human imagination. Both influence audiences powerfully. Both are technological. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-23 ['for example', 'But'] 2
Sometimes social learning is direct.
(A) Many studies of social learning in children focus on the fidelity with which information flows from one child to another in diffusion chains. But the most consequential cases of social learning in humans have not depended on pure demonstration or instruction. 1
(B) I want to know how to solve a problem with my computer, and the help-desk adviser tells me where to find the crucial command in the menu; I want to know how to operate my wireless speaker set, and my daughter shows me the right command. Most of the recent, expanding experimental literature focuses on such cases of pure instruction, or pure demonstration, for example, in testing the reliability of transmission chains under various conditions. 0
(C) Rather, most social learning is hybrid learning: agents acquire skills through socially guided trial and error and socially guided practice. Children do get advice, instruction, and other informational head starts from others, but they get this support while engaged in exploratory learning in their environment. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-24 [] 0
I can report a number of occasions when my own dogs reacted in a marked, I would say enthusiastic, manner when I wore jingling jewelry that produced a regular rhythm as I walked, though admittedly they did not tap their feet.
(A) Although this is a mere anecdote, it suggests that it is wrong to claim that animals are incapable of responding to pronounced rhythms. The specific response of tapping one's foot or deliberately marking any external rhythm does seem to be a particularly human skill, but this need not be interpreted as the decisive capacity involved in musical response. 0
(B) Perhaps Aristotle observed similar reactions of dogs to musical instruments and rhythms. Apparently Darwin did. He reports observing a dog that was "always whining, when one note on a concertina, which was out of tune, was played." 2
(C) My dogs in fact responded to other musical features beside the regular jingling of my jewelry. The sound of a siren would set them to howling, as would the sound of my husband's saxophone. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-25 [] 0
The graph above shows the results of a 2018 survey on the attachment feelings of U.S. adults to their local community.
(A) In terms of those who felt very attached, the percentage of adults who had lived in their community for 6 to 10 years was less than twice that of those who had resided for less than 6 years. 2
(B) Identical percentages of adults living in suburban and in rural communities said they felt very attached to their local community. More than 40% of adults in each of the three types of community responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community. 0
(C) The percentage of adults who felt very attached to their local community increased as their age progressed. In the three groups ages 30 and over, more than 40% responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community, respectively. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-26 ['On ', 'This'] 2
Kurt Gödel, one of the most important logicians of the contemporary period, was born in what is today Brno, the Czech Republic.
(A) In 1940, under the threat of being drafted into the German army, Gödel left for the United States, where he accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton. He received the first Albert Einstein Award. In 1974 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. 2
(B) Gödel entered the University of Vienna, where he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy. On completing his undergraduate degree he started graduate work in mathematics, earning his doctorate at age twenty-four. After the publication of the incompleteness theorem, he became an internationally known intellectual figure. 0
(C) He began giving mathematical lectures around the world starting in 1933. He gave his first lecture in the United States that year, where he first met Albert Einstein. This was the beginning of a close friendship that would last until Einstein's death in 1955. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-29 ['And'] 1
The modern adult human brain weighs only 1/50 of the total body weight but uses up to 1/5 of the total energy needs.
(A) The brain's running costs are about eight to ten times as high, per unit mass, as those of the body's muscles. And around 3/4 of that energy is expended on neurons, the specialized brain cells that communicate in vast networks to generate our thoughts and behaviours. 0
(B) Even though the brain is metabolically greedy, it still outclasses any desktop computer both in terms of the calculations it can perform and the efficiency at which it does this. We may have built computers that can beat our top Grand Master chess players, but we are still far away from designing one that is capable of recognizing and picking up one of the chess pieces as easily as a typical three-year-old child can. 2
(C) An individual neuron sending a signal in the brain uses as much energy as a leg muscle cell running a marathon. Of course, we use more energy overall when we are running, but we are not always on the move, whereas our brains never switch off. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-30 ['for example', 'But', 'also ', 'Moreover', 'And', 'For example'] 6
Discovering how people are affected by jokes is often difficult.
(A) For example, people notoriously find terribly hateful jokes about themselves or their sex, nationalities, professions, etc unproblematic until their consciousness becomes raised. And the raising of consciousness is often followed by a period of hypersensitivity where people are hurt or offended even by tasteful, tactful jokes. 2
(B) People mask their reactions because of politeness or peer pressure. Moreover, people are sometimes unaware of how they, themselves, are affected. Denial, for example, may conceal from people how deeply wounded they are by certain jokes. 0
(C) Jokes can also be termites or time bombs, lingering unnoticed in a person's subconscious, gnawing on his or her self-esteem or exploding it at a later time. But even if one could accurately determine how people are affected, this would not be an accurate measure of hatefulness. People are often simply wrong about whether a joke is acceptable or hateful. 1

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-31 ['for example', 'Likewise', 'however', 'For example'] 4
The developmental control that children with certain serious medical problems can exert over their physical activity is relevant to device safety.
(A) Likewise, a 5-year-old and a 25-year-old who have had a cardiac pacemaker implanted may each know that they need to protect the device, but developmental differences in the understanding of risk and causation and in the control of impulses increase the probability of risky behavior by the child, for example, jumping off a porch. 2
(B) The adolescent can, however, be expected to have more awareness of and control over movements such as rolling over that might dislodge or otherwise impair the functioning of a medical device such as a breathing tube or feeding tube. 1
(C) For example, an infant in a crib and a cognitively intact 14-year-old confined to bed due to illness or injury may both be relatively inactive. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-32 ['This', 'also '] 2
There's more to striving to be in the majority of one's group than merely acquiring power.
(A) We seek to belong to the majority of our group, even if our group is in the minority, not just because the majority holds the power, but because the privilege attached to being in the majority position is commonly viewed by others and by ourselves as deserved. We had it coming. 1
(B) We work to be in the majority of our groups not just because the majority controls material and psychological resources, but also because who we are is largely defined by those who claim us as their own. Drawing distinctions between who's in and who's out, between who's right and who's wrong, between privileged or disadvantaged — in short, between us and them — motivates us to be counted among those who do the counting. 0
(C) This perception contributes to our sense of worth, of who we are, and to others' assessments of our value as well. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-33 ['When', 'This', 'It ', 'But', 'So\\b'] 5
Eating was the original science, the original study of the environment.
(A) Kids, just like primitive lifeforms, learn about reality by putting it in their mouths. This mouth knowledge knows no abstracts. The world is either sweet or bitter, smooth or prickly, pleasant or unpleasant. Mouth knowledge comes with gut-level certainty. 0
(B) So to eat is literally to know. But to know what? It is to know self from nonself. Mouth knowledge taught us the boundaries of our bodies. 1
(C) When, as babies, we sucked an object, such as a pacifier, we felt it only from one side, from the side of the mouth. When we sucked our thumbs, we felt them from the outside, through the mouth, and from the inside, through the feeling of the thumb being sucked on. This mouth knowledge ― unlike later school knowledge ― gave us a glimpse of our paradoxical nature: that somehow we are both the subject and the object of our own experience. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-34 ['It ', 'But'] 2
Multiple and often conflicting notions of truth coexist in Internet situations, ranging from outright lying through mutually aware pretence to playful trickery.
(A) As Patricia Wallace puts it, 'The fact that it is so easy to lie and get away with it ― as long as we can live with our own deceptions and the harm they may cause others ― is a significant feature of the Internet. 0
(B) 'It is of course possible to live out a lie or fantasy logically and consistently, and it is on this principle that the games in virtual worlds operate and the nicknamed people in chatgroups interact. 1
(C) But it is by no means easy to maintain a consistent presence through language in a world where multiple interactions are taking place under pressure, where participants are often changing their names and identities, and where the cooperative principle can be arbitrarily abandoned. Putting this another way, when you see an Internet utterance, you often do not know how to take it, because you do not know what set of conversational principles it is obeying. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-35 ['This', 'for example'] 2
Competition is basically concerned with how the availability of resources, such as the food and space utilised by various organisms, is reduced by other organisms.
(A) This has occurred in South Africa, for example, where introduced Australian shrubs have been and are degrading species-rich fynbos plant communities in the Southern Cape region. 2
(B) Alien plants compete with indigenous species for space, light, nutrients and water. The introduction of alien plants can result in the disruption and impoverishment of natural plant communities. 1
(C) Tourism and recreation can result in the transfer of plants and animals to locations where they do not normally occur. In these situations the 'alien' species are often at an advantage, because the new environment is usually devoid of any natural controls that the 'invader' would have evolved with in its original environment. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-36 ['This', 'Another', 'For example'] 3
There are times when we hold contradictory views and we know it, at least at one of the deeper levels of consciousness.
(A) Another way I can allow myself to hold on to statements that contradict the facts is deliberately to refrain from examining the facts to which the statements refer. This attitude is expressed by the quip "Don't bother me with the facts; I've already made up my mind. "Mental operations of these kinds are not so much instances of reasoning as evasion of reasoning. 1
(B) Obviously, this can have nothing to do with logic. Those forms of unhealthy reasoning can be known as "rationalization. "Rationalization is reasoning in the service of falsehood. 2
(C) Most of us could not comfortably live with ourselves if we made a habit of holding flatly contradictory statements at the forefront of our consciousness. For example, I could not explicitly say to myself "I tell many deliberate lies to Stephanie" and "I never lie to Stephanie. "What I do, assuming the first statement reflects objective facts, is suppress the second statement. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-37 ['The more', 'But', 'also ', 'therefore', 'For example'] 5
Centuries of technological advances have created possibilities where few or none existed before.
(A) At their most basic, technologies allow people, if sufficiently armed with capital, to partially overcome their local geography and make it productive. The more difficult that geography, the more expensive it is to make it useful, and the more expensive to keep it useful. 0
(B) Economic and social development, then, are about figuring out how to use technology and capital, to find out not only what is possible but also feasible. Economists call this opportunity costs. 1
(C) For example, you may be able to build a road to the top of the mountain to reach a remote chalet, build it strong enough to withstand spring floods, plow it to keep it open in the winter, and repair it and clear it of avalanche debris in the summer. But with those same resources you can build fifty times the length of road in flat lowlands and service several tens of thousands of people. Both tasks are possible, but only one is an efficient and productive use of resources and therefore the more feasible. 2

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-38 ['It ', 'But', 'found that', 'Indeed'] 4
For decades, we have been measuring intelligence at the individual level, just as we have been measuring creativity, engagement, and grit.
(A) Just as we evaluate how successful an individual student will be at solving a problem, we are now able to predict how successful a group of people will be at solving a problem or problems. It would be easy to assume that if you put a group of high-IQ people together, naturally they would exhibit a high collective intelligence. 1
(B) But that's not what happens. Indeed, their research found that a team on which each person was merely average in their individual abilities but possessed a collective intelligence would continually exhibit higher success rates than a team of individual geniuses. 2
(C) But it turns out we were failing to measure something with far greater impact. As reported in the journal Science, researchers from MIT, Union College, and Carnegie Mellon have finally found a method for systematically measuring the intelligence of a group as opposed to an individual. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-39 ['It ', 'However', 'And'] 3
Biology is the smallest level at which we could explain creativity.
(A) And decades of study have found no evidence that creativity is localized to any specific brain region; in fact, all of the evidence suggests that creativity is a whole-brain function, drawing on many diverse areas of the brain in a complex systemic fashion. And there is no evidence of a link between mental illness and creativity. To explain creativity, we need to look to the higher levels of explanation offered by psychology, sociology, and history. 2
(B) It always makes scientific sense to start your study by attempting to explain something at the lowest possible level. However, at present the biological approach cannot explain creativity and all of the evidence suggests that creativity is not coded in our genes. 1
(C) Biology's units of analysis are genes, DNA, and specific regions of the human brain. In general, scientists agree that explanations at such lower levels of analysis are more general, more universal, more powerful, and have fewer exceptions than explanations at higher levels of analysis — like the explanations of psychology or sociology. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-40 ['They ', 'This'] 2
Color has not always been synonymous with truth and reality.
(A) Today most people prefer color pictures to black-and-white pictures. They assert that color photographs are more "real" than black-and-white photographs. This implies that people tend to conflate color photography and reality to an even greater extent than they do with black-and-white photographs. 1
(B) Many people have had the experience of someone pointing to an 8×10-inch color photograph and saying, "There's Mary. She sure looks good, doesn't she? "We know that it is not Mary, but such a typical response acts as a vivid reminder of how we expect photography to duplicate our reality for us. 2
(C) In the past, Plato and Aristotle both attacked the use of color in painting because they considered color to be an ornament that obstructed the truth. Even the word "color" contains a snub against it. The Latin colorem is related to celare, to hide or conceal; in Middle English to color is to adorn, to disguise, to render plausible, to misrepresent. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-4142 ['This', 'nevertheless', 'So\\b'] 3
The history of the twentieth century revolved to a large extent around the reduction of inequality between classes, races, and genders.
(A) Globalization has certainly benefited large segments of humanity, but there are signs of growing inequality both between and within societies. Some groups increasingly monopolize the fruits of globalization, while billions are left behind. Today, the richest 1 percent own half the world's wealth. This situation could get far worse. The rise of AI might eliminate the economic value and political power of most humans. 1
(B) At the same time, improvements in biotechnology might make it possible to translate economic inequality into biological inequality. The superrich will finally have something really worthwhile to do with their enormous wealth. While up until now they have only been able to buy little more than status symbols, soon they might be able to buy life itself. If new treatments for extending life and upgrading physical and cognitive abilities prove to be expensive, humankind might split into biological castes. 2
(C) Though the world of the year 2000 still had its share of hierarchies, it was nevertheless a far more equal place than the world of 1900. So people expected that the egalitarian process would continue and even accelerate. In particular, they hoped that globalization would spread economic prosperity throughout the world, and that as a result people in India and Egypt would come to enjoy the same opportunities and privileges as people in Finland and Canada. An entire generation grew up on this promise. Now it seems that this promise might not be fulfilled. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



19103-4345 ['however', 'was so'] 2
One day while Grace was in reading class, the teacher called on Billy to read a sentence from the board.
(A) "You made Billy feel bad by reading for him. After this, you are not to speak up, even if you do know the answer. "Grace nodded her head. She understood that if she knew something, she was to keep it to herself. After that incident, the teacher was invited to a church dinner which Grace's mom attended, too. While talking with her, the teacher happened to remark, "I know Grace is bright, but I'm worried these days. She doesn't recite or answer any question during class. I can't understand it. "Mom couldn't understand it either. She had heard Grace reading her book at home, and her brother drilled her on her sums until she knew them well. Mom approached the subject at suppertime, asking, "Grace, can you read your lessons? 1
(B) "Grace said, "Sure, Mom. I can read the whole book! "Mom was puzzled. "Then why," she asked, "does the teacher say you don't recite in school? "Grace was surprised. "Why, Mom," she answered, "you told me not to! "Mom exclaimed, "Why, Grace, I did no such thing! ""Yes, you did," Grace said. "You told me not to speak up, even when I knew the answer." Mom remembered. The matter was soon straightened out, and Grace recited again during class. 2
(C) He had been sick most of the winter and had missed a lot of school. Billy stood to read the sentence, but he didn't know all the words. Since she had been listening to the class, Grace read it for him. Billy sat down, red-faced and unhappy. Grace felt rather proud of herself for having known more than Billy did. Her pride didn't last long, however. Her brother, Justin, reported to Mom what had happened. He said, "Grace made Billy feel like a fool today. "Grace tossed her head defiantly. "Well, I did know the words, and Billy didn't," she said proudly. "Your brother is right, Grace," said Mom. 0

① [A, B, C]    ② [A, C, B]    ③ [B, A, C]    
④ [B, C, A]    ⑤ [C, A, B]    ⑥ [C, B, A]



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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
19103-18
We would like to thank you for your suggestion about switching to the new ABC software for maintaining the company's database system. This update will surely make our management system more efficient as well as more cost-effective in the long run. Your idea ① is currently reviewing by the board. In order to further discuss your idea, you are ② requiring to attend a meeting with the technical team at 2 p.m. on October 8th in Meeting Room A. After ③ assessed the feasibility of the proposal, we would like to proceed with the implementation without any delay. Thank you for your dedication.



19103-19
Mary held my hand and made me ① to follow her. With my eyes ② blindfolding, I was wondering to what ③ fantasticly place she was taking me. She stopped me suddenly and played my all-time favorite song: When the Stars Go Blue. I took a deep, shaky ④ breathe. When Mary pulled off my blindfold, my jaw dropped and I gasped at the sight before me. We were on a hill. There were no city lights anywhere in sight. The only things giving off light were the moon and the stars. Mary took my hand in hers again. The next thing I knew ⑤ to be that we were dancing, ⑥ stared into each other's eyes. I wished the night would last forever.



19103-20
The human brain is ① wiring to look for threats — a trait that kept us ② live when we were living on the savannas but that can prevent happiness in our modern lives. This so- ③ calling "negativity bias" can keep you ④ focusing on ⑤ how's going wrong (which explains why complaining is such a popular pastime). To break ⑥ of out this neural rut, ⑦ training yourself to acknowledge when things go right. If you keep a calendar or a journal, ⑧ making a point to write down what went well. If you're more of a verbal processor, ⑨ starting your conversations with friends by ⑩ shared a recent win (anything that gives you that yesssss feeling). Where the mind goes, reality follows. ⑪ more you appreciate life, ⑫ more the reasons you have to celebrate it.



19103-21
Most people who try to slow down put the proverbial cart before the horse. They make dramatic, often costly changes in their lifestyle , ① then to encounter two ② disappointed results. First, they don't enjoy the changes they make. People ③ where are temperamentally used to a ④ fast-pacing life quickly discover that a ⑤ slower-pacing life in the country all but ⑥ drive them crazy. Their habitual, hectic thinking won't allow them ⑦ adjusting the superficial changes they make. Second, lifestyle changes alone rarely make a ⑧ really difference. You can rearrange the externals of your life in a radically different way, but you always take your thinking with you. If you are a ⑨ hurrying, rushed person in the city, you'll also be a ⑩ hurrying, rushed person in the country. To mend the problem, you should slow down your life from the inside out.



19103-22
We tend to think ① to technology as shiny tools and gadgets. Even if we acknowledge that technology can exist in ② disembodiing form, such as software, we tend ③ to not include in this category paintings, literature, music, dance, poetry, and the arts in general. But we should. If a thousand lines of letters in UNIX qualifies as a technology (the computer code for a web page), then a thousand lines of letters in English (Hamlet) must qualify as well. They both can change our behavior, ④ altering the course of events, or ⑤ enableing future inventions. A Shakespeare sonnet and a Schubert symphony, then , ⑥ is in the same category as Google's search engine and the smartphone: They are something useful produced by a mind. We can't separate out the multiple ⑦ overlapped technologies responsible ⑧ to a Lord of the Rings movie. The literary ⑨ rendered of the original novel is as much an invention as the digital ⑩ rendered of its fantastical creatures. Both are useful works of the human imagination. Both influence audiences powerfully. Both are technological.




THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
19103-23
Sometimes social learning is direct. I want to know how to solve a problem with my computer, and the help-desk adviser tells me where to find the crucial command in the menu; I want to know how to operate my wireless speaker set, and my daughter shows me the right command. Most of the recent, ① expanded experimental literature ② focuses such cases of pure instruction, or pure demonstration, for example, in testing the reliability of transmission chains under various conditions. Many studies of social learning in children ③ focus the fidelity ④ with them information ⑤ flows one child to another in diffusion chains. But the most consequential cases of social learning in humans ⑥ had not depended on pure demonstration or instruction. Rather, most social learning is hybrid learning: agents acquire skills through socially guided trial and error and socially guided practice. Children do get advice, instruction, and other informational head starts from others, but they get this support while ⑦ engaging in exploratory learning in their environment.



19103-24
I can report a number of occasions when my own dogs reacted in a ① marking, I would say enthusiastic, manner when I wore jingling jewelry that produced a regular rhythm as I ② walking, though admittedly they did not tap their feet. Although this is a mere anecdote, ③ which suggests that it is wrong ④ claiming that animals are incapable ⑤ for responding to ⑥ pronouncing rhythms. The specific response of tapping one's foot or deliberately marking any external rhythm does seem to be a particularly human skill, but this need not be interpreted as the decisive capacity ⑦ involving in musical response. My dogs in fact responded to other musical features beside the regular ⑧ jingled of my jewelry. The sound of a siren would set them to ⑨ howl, as would the sound of my husband's saxophone. Perhaps Aristotle observed similar reactions of dogs to musical instruments and rhythms. Apparently Darwin ⑩ was. He reports observing a dog that was "always whining, when one note on a concertina , ⑪ it was ⑫ of out tune , ⑬ were played."



19103-25
The graph above shows the results of a 2018 survey on the attachment feelings of U.S. adults to their local community. Identical percentages of adults ① live in suburban and in rural communities said they felt very attached to their local community. More than 40 of adults in each of the three ② type of community responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community. The percentage of adults who felt very attached to their local community increased as their age ③ progressing. In the three groups ages 30 and ④ to, more than 40 responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community, respectively. In terms of those who felt very ⑤ attaching, the percentage of adults who ⑥ have lived in their community for 6 to 10 years was less than twice ⑦ those of those who had ⑧ resided less than 6 years.



19103-26
Kurt Gödel, one of the most important ① logician of the contemporary period , ② were born in ③ howare today Brno, the Czech Republic. Gödel entered the University of Vienna , ⑤ there he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy. On completing his undergraduate degree he started graduate work in mathematics, ⑥ earned his doctorate at age twenty-four. After the publication of the incompleteness theorem, he became an internationally known intellectual figure. He began giving mathematical lectures around the world ⑦ started in 1933. He gave his first lecture in the United States that year , ⑧ there he first met Albert Einstein. This was the beginning of a close friendship that would last until Einstein's death in 1955. In 1940, under the threat of ⑨ drafted into the German army, Gödel left for the United States , ⑩ there he accepted a position at the Institute for ⑪ Advancing Study, in Princeton. He received the first Albert Einstein Award. In 1974 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.



19103-29
The modern adult human brain weighs only 1/50 of the total body weight but ① useto up 1/5 of the total energy needs. The brain's running costs are about eight to ten times as high, per unite mass, as ③ that of the body's muscles. And around 3/4 of that energy is expended on neurons, the ④ specializing brain cells that communicate in vast networks to generate our thoughts and behaviours. An individual neuron sending a signal in the brain uses as much energy as a leg muscle cell running a marathon. Of course, we use more energy overall when we are running, but we are not always on the move, whereas our brains never switch ⑤ off it. Even though the brain is metabolically greedy, ⑥ which still outclasses any desktop computer both in terms of the calculations it can perform and the efficiency ⑦ at them it does this. We may ⑧ had built computers that can beat our top Grand Master chess players, but we are still far ⑨ from away designing one that is capable ⑩ for recognizing and picking up one of the ⑪ ches pieces as ⑫ easi as a typical three-year-old child can.




THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
19103-30
Discovering how people are affected by jokes ① are often difficult. People mask their reactions ② because politeness or peer pressure. Moreover, people are sometimes unaware of how they, ③ them , ④ is affected. Denial, for example, may conceal from people how deeply wounded they are by certain jokes. Jokes can also be termites or time bombs, lingering unnoticed in a person's subconscious, ⑤ gnawed on his or her self-esteem or exploding it at a ⑥ latter time. But even if one ⑦ will accurately determine how people are ⑧ affecting, this would not be an accurate measure of hatefulness. People are often simply wrong about whether a joke is acceptable or hateful. For example, people notoriously find terribly ⑨ hatefully jokes about ⑩ them or their sex, nationalities, professions, etc unproblematic until their consciousness becomes ⑪ raising. And the raising of consciousness is often followed by a period of hypersensitivity where ⑫ are people hurt or ⑬ offending even by tasteful, tactful jokes.



19103-31
The developmental control ① what children with certain serious medical problems can exert over their physical activity is relevant to device safety. For example, an infant in a crib and a cognitively intact 14-year-old confined to bed ② due illness or injury may both be relatively inactive. The adolescent can, however , ③ being expected to have more awareness of and control over movements ④ so as rolling over that might dislodge or otherwise impair the functioning of a medical device such as a breathing tube or feing tube. Likewise, a 5-year-old and a 25-year-old who ⑤ had had a cardiac pacemaker implanted may each know that they need to protect the device, but developmental differences in the understanding of risk and causation and in the control of impulses increase the probability of risky behavior by the child, for example, ⑥ jumped off a porch.



19103-32
There's more to ① striv to be in the majority of one's group than merely acquiring power. We work to be in the majority of our groups not just because the majority controls material and psychological resources, but also because who we are is largely defined by those who claim us as their own. Drawing distinctions between who's in and who's out, between who's right and who's wrong, between privileged or ② disadvantaging — in short, between us and them — motivates us ③ being counted among those who do the ④ counted. We seek to ⑤ belong the majority of our group, even if our group is in the minority, not just because the majority holds the power, but because the privilege attached to ⑥ be in the majority position is commonly viewed by others and by ourselves as ⑦ deserving. We had it ⑧ comed. This perception ⑨ contributes our sense of worth, of ⑩ what we ⑪ do, and ⑫ X others' assessments of our value as well.



19103-33
Eat was the original science, the original study of the environment. Kids, just like primitive lifeforms, learn about reality by putting it in their mouths. This mouth knowledge knows no abstracts. The world is either sweet ② nor bitter, smooth or prickly, pleasant or unpleasant. Mouth knowledge comes with gut-level certainty. So to eat is literally to know. But to know what? It is to know self from nonself. Mouth knowledge taught us the boundaries of our bodies. ③ X, as babies, we sucked an object, such as a pacifier, we felt it only from one side, from the side of the mouth. When we sucked our thumbs, we felt them from the ④ to, through the mouth, and from the ⑤ to, through the feeling of the thumb ⑥ been sucked ⑦ on it. This mouth knowledge ― unlike ⑧ latter school knowledge ― gave us a glimpse of our paradoxical nature: that somehow we are both the subject and the object of our own experience.



19103-34
Multiple and often conflicting notions of truth coexist in Internet situations, ① ranging outright lying through mutually aware pretence to playful trickery. As Patricia Wallace puts it, 'The fact ② which it is so easy ③ lieing and get ④ with away it ― as long ⑤ so we can live with our own deceptions and the harm they may cause others ― is a significant feature of the Internet. 'It ⑥ is course possible to live out a lie or fantasy logically and consistently, and it is on this principle that the games in virtual worlds operate and the ⑦ nicknaming people in chatgroups interact. But it is by no means easy ⑧ maintaining a consistent presence through language in a world where ⑨ are multiple interactions taking place under pressure, where ⑩ are participants often changing their names and identities, and where the cooperative principle can be ⑪ arbitrari abandoned. ⑫ Put this another way, when you see an Internet utterance, you often do not know how to take it, because you do not know what set of conversational principles it is ⑬ obeyed.




THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
19103-35
Competition is basically concerned with how the availability of resources, such as the food and space utilised by various organisms , ① are reduced by other organisms. Tourism and recreation can ② result the transfer of plants and animals to locations where they do not normally occur. In these situations the 'alien' species are often at an advantage, because the new environment is usually devoid of any natural controls that the 'invader' would have ③ evolved in its original environment. Alien plants compete with indigenous species for space, light, nutrients and water. The introduction of alien plants can ④ result the disruption and impoverishment of natural plant communities. This has ⑤ occurred South Africa, for example , ⑥ there introduced Australian shrubs have been and ⑦ is degrading species-rich fynbos plant communities in the Southern Cape region.



19103-36
There are times when we hold contradictory views and we know it, at least at one of the deeper ① level of consciousness. Most of us could not comfortably live with ourselves if we made a habit of holding flatly contradictory statements at the forefront of our consciousness. For example, I could not explicitly say to ② me "I tell many deliberate lies to Stephanie" and "I never lie to Stephanie. " ③ How I ④ be, assuming the first statement reflects objective facts , ⑤ are suppress the second statement. Another way I can allow ⑥ meholding on to statements that contradict the facts is deliberately to refrain from examining the facts ⑧ to them the statements refer. This attitude is expressed by the quip "Don't bother me with the facts; I've already made up my mind. "Mental operations of these kinds are not so much instances of reasoning as evasion of ⑨ reasoned. Obviously, this can have nothing to do with logic. Those forms of unhealthy reasoning can be known ⑩ to "rationalization. "Rationalization is reasoning in the service of falsehood.



19103-37
Centuries of technological advances ① had created possibilities where few or none existed ② before it. At their most basic, technologies allow people, if sufficiently armed with capital, ③ partially overcome their local geography and make it ④ productively. ⑤ 더비x3there more difficult that geography, the more expensive it is to make it ⑦ usefully, and the more expensive to keep it ⑧ usefully. Economic and social development, then , ⑨ is about figuring out how to use technology and capital, ⑩ find out not only what is possible ⑪ so also feasible. Economists call this opportunity costs. For example, you may be able to build a road to the top of the mountain to reach ⑫ to a remote chalet, ⑬ building it strong enough to withstand spring floods, plow it to keep it ⑭ openly in the winter, and ⑮ repairing it and ⑯ clearing it of avalanche debris in the summer. But with those same resources you can build fifty times the length of road in flat lowlands and service several tens of thousands of people. Both tasks are possible, but only one is an efficient and productive use of resources and therefore the more feasible.



19103-38
For decades, we ① have been measured intelligence at the individual level, just as we ② have been measured creativity, engagement, and grit. But it turns out we were failing to measure something with far greater impact. As reported in the journal Science, researchers from MIT, Union College, and Carnegie Mellon ③ had finally found a method for systematically ④ measured the intelligence of a group as ⑤ opposing to an individual. Just as we evaluate how ⑥ successfully an individual student will be at solving a problem, we are now able to predict how ⑦ successfully a group of people will be at solving a problem or problems. It would be easy to assume that if you put a group of high-IQ people together, naturally they ⑧ will exhibit a ⑨ highly collective intelligence. But that's not what happens. Indeed, their research found that a team ⑩ on them each person was merely average in their individual abilities but ⑪ possessing a collective intelligence would continually exhibit higher success rates than a team of individual geniuses.



19103-39
Biology is the smallest level ① at them we could explain creativity. Biology's units of analysis are genes, DNA, and specific regions of the human brain. In general, scientists agree that explanations at such lower levels of analysis are more general, more universal, more powerful, and have ② lesser exceptions than explanations at higher levels of analysis — like the explanations of psychology or sociology. It always makes scientific sense to start your study by attempting to explain something at the lowest possible level. However, at present the biological approach cannot explain creativity and all of the evidence suggests that creativity is not coded in our genes. And decades of study ③ had found no evidence ④ which creativity is localized to any specific brain region; in fact, all of the evidence suggests that creativity is a whole-brain function, drawing on many diverse areas of the brain in a complex systemic fashion. And there is no evidence of a link between mental illness and creativity. ⑤ explaining creativity, we need to look to the higher levels of explanation offered by psychology, sociology, and history.




THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
19103-40
Color has not always been synonymous with truth and reality. In the past, Plato and Aristotle both attacked the use of color in painting because they considered color to be an ornament that obstructed the truth. Even the word "color" contains a snub against it. The Latin colorem is related to celare, to hide or ① concealing; in Middle English to color is to adorn, to disguise, to render plausible, ② misrepresent. Today most people prefer color pictures to black-and-white pictures. They assert that color photographs are more "real" than black-and-white photographs. This implies that people tend to conflate color photography and reality to an even greater extent than they do with black-and-white photographs. Many people ③ had had the experience of someone pointing to an 8×10-inch color photograph and saying, "There's Mary. She sure looks good, doesn't she? "We know that it is not Mary, but such a typical response acts as a vivid reminder ④ for how we expect photography to duplicate our reality for us.



19103-4142
The history of the twentieth century revolved to a large ① extend around the reduction of inequality between classes, races, and genders. Though the world of the year 2000 still had its share of hierarchies, ② which was nevertheless a far more equal place than the world of 1900. So people expected that the egalitarian process would continue and even accelerate. In particular, they hoped that globalization would spread economic prosperity throughout the world, and that as a result people in India and Egypt would come to enjoy the same opportunities and privileges as people in Finland and Canada. An entire generation grew ③ on up this promise. Now it seems that this promise might not be ④ fulfilling. Globalization ⑤ had certainly benefited large segments of humanity, but there are signs of growing inequality both between and within societies. Some groups increasingly monopolize the fruits of globalization, while billions are left ⑥ behind it. Today, the richest 1 percent own half the world's wealth. This situation could get far worse. The rise of AI might eliminate the economic value and political power of most humans. At the same time, improvements in biotechnology might make it ⑦ possibly to translate economic inequality into biological inequality. The superrich will finally have something really worthwhile to do with their enormous wealth. While up until now they have only been able to buy little more than status symbols, soon they might be able to buy life ⑧ it. If new treatments for extending life and upgrading physical and cognitive abilities prove to be expensive, humankind ⑨ will split into biological castes.



19103-4345
One day while Grace was in reading class, the teacher ① calling on Billy to read a sentence from the board. He had been sick most of the winter and ② having missed a lot of school. Billy stood to read the sentence, but he didn't know all the words. Since she ③ had been listened to the class, Grace read it for him. Billy sat down, ④ red-facing and unhappy. Grace felt rather proud of ⑤ her for ⑥ being known more than Billy ⑦ was. Her pride didn't last long, however. Her brother, Justin, reported to Mom what had ⑧ happening. He said, "Grace made Billy ⑨ to feel like a fool today. "Grace tossed her head defiantly. "Well, I did know the words, and Billy didn't," she said proudly. "Your brother is right, Grace," said Mom. "You made Billy ⑩ to feelbadly by reading for him. After this, you are not to speak up, even if you do know the answer. "Grace nodded her head. She understood ⑫ if she knew something, she was to keep it to ⑬ her. After that incident, the teacher was invited to a church dinner which Grace's mom ⑭ attending, too. While ⑮ talked with her, the teacher happened to remark, "I know Grace is bright, but I'm worried these days. She doesn't recite or answer any question during class. I can't understand it. "Mom couldn't understand it either. She ⑯ have heard Grace reading her book at home, and her brother drilled her on her sums until she knew them well. Mom approached the subject at suppertime, ⑰ asked, "Grace, can you read your lessons? "Grace said, "Sure, Mom. I can read the whole book! "Mom was ⑱ puzzling. "Then why," she ⑲ asking, "does the teacher say you don't recite in school? "Grace was ⑳ surprising. "Why, Mom," she ㉑ answering, "you told me ㉒ to not! " Mom ㉓ exclaiming, "Why, Grace, I did no such thing! ""Yes, you ㉔ was," Grace said. "You told me ㉕ to not speak up, even when I knew the answer." Mom ㉖ remembering. The matter was soon straightened out, and Grace recited again during class.




THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 22:48:31

잘못된 어법을 찾아 바르게 고치세요.
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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 20:48:50

19103-19
① Mary held my hand and made me follow her. ② With my eyes blindfolded, I was wondering to what fantastic place she was taking me. ③ She stopped me suddenly and played my all-time favorite song: When the Stars Go Blue. ④ I took a deep, shaky breath. ⑤ When Mary pulled off my blindfold, my jaw dropped and I gasped at the sight before me. ⑥ We were on a hill. ⑦ There were no city lights anywhere in sight. ⑧ The only things giving off light were the moon and the stars. ⑨ Mary took my hand in hers again. ⑩ The next thing I knew was that we were dancing, staring into each other's eyes. ⑪ I wished the night would last forever.


① Mary는 내 손을 잡고 그녀를 따라가도록 했다. ② 눈이 가려진 채, 나는 그녀가 나를 어떤 멋진 장소로 데려가는지 궁금해하고 있었다. ③ 그녀가 갑자기 나를 멈춰 세우고 내가 언제나 가장 좋아하는 노래인 'When the Stars Go Blue'를 틀었다. ④ 나는 깊고 떨리는 숨을 들이쉬었다. ⑤ Mary가 내 안대를 벗겨 냈을 때, 내 앞에 있는 광경에 입이 딱 벌어졌고 숨이 막혔다. ⑥ 우리는 언덕 위에 있었다. ⑦ 도시 불빛은 어디에도 보이지 않았다. ⑧ 빛을 내는 것은 달과 별뿐이었다. ⑨ Mary는 다시 그녀의 손으로 내 손을 잡았다. ⑩ 그다음 내가 알게 된 것은 우리가 서로의 눈을 응시하며 춤을 추고 있다는 것이었다. ⑪ 나는 그 밤이 영원히 지속되기를 바랐다.



19103-20
① The human brain is wired to look for threats — a trait that kept us alive when we were living on the savannas but that can prevent happiness in our modern lives. ② This so-called "negativity bias" can keep you focused on what's going wrong (which explains why complaining is such a popular pastime). ③ To break out of this neural rut, train yourself to acknowledge when things go right. ④ If you keep a calendar or a journal, make a point to write down what went well. ⑤ If you're more of a verbal processor, start your conversations with friends by sharing a recent win (anything that gives you that yesssss feeling). ⑥ Where the mind goes, reality follows. ⑦ The more you appreciate life, the more reasons you have to celebrate it.


① 인간의 뇌는 위협을 찾도록 타고나는데, 이는 우리가 사바나(아프리카의 대초원)에서 살고 있었을 때 우리를 살아남도록 해 주었지만 현대 생활에서는 행복을 가로막을 수 있는 특성이다. ② 소위 이 '부적 편향'은 잘못되어 가는 것에 계속해서 여러분이 집중하게 만들 수 있다. ③ (이는 불평하기가 그렇게나 인기 있는 소일거리인 이유를 설명해 준다.) ④ 이 신경의 고정된 틀(부정적 사고로 향하는 틀)에서 벗어나기 위해, 일이 '제대로' 되어 갈 때를 인식하도록 자신을 훈련하라. ⑤ 여러분이 달력에 기록하거나 일기를 쓴다면, 잘 진행된 것을 반드시 적어 두어라. ⑥ 만약 여러분이 말로 처리하는 사람에 더 가깝다면, 최근의 성공(여러분에게 바로 그 '아주 좋아'라는 느낌을 주는 어떤 것이라도)을 공유함으로써 친구들과의 대화를 시작하라. ⑦ 마음이 가는 곳에 실제가 따른다. ⑧ 여러분이 삶의 좋은 점을 더 많이 인정할수록, 삶을 찬미해야 할 이유도 더 많다.



19103-21
① Most people who try to slow down put the proverbial cart before the horse. ② They make dramatic, often costly changes in their lifestyle, only to encounter two disappointing results. ③ First, they don't enjoy the changes they make. ④ People who are temperamentally used to a fast-paced life quickly discover that a slower-paced life in the country all but drives them crazy. ⑤ Their habitual, hectic thinking won't allow them to adjust the superficial changes they make. ⑥ Second, lifestyle changes alone rarely make a real difference. ⑦ You can rearrange the externals of your life in a radically different way, but you always take your thinking with you. ⑧ If you are a hurried, rushed person in the city, you'll also be a hurried, rushed person in the country. ⑨ To mend the problem, you should slow down your life from the inside out.


① 속도를 줄이려는 사람들 대부분은 속담에도 있다시피 수레를 말 보다 앞세운다. ② 그들은 자신의 생활 방식에 극적인, 흔히 비용이 많이 드는 변화를 주지만, 결국 두 가지 실망스러운 결과에 직면하게 된다. ③ 첫째, 그들은 자신이 만드는 변화를 즐기지 않는다. ④ 속도가 빠른 생활에 기질적으로 익숙해져 있는 사람들은 속도가 더 느린 시골에서의 생활은 그들을 미치게 할 뿐이라는 것을 금방 알게 된다. ⑤ 그들의 습관적이고 정신없이 바쁜 사고방식은 그들이 만드는 피상적인 변화를 그들이 조정하도록 내버려 두지 않을 것이다. ⑥ 둘째, 생활 방식의 변화만으로는 진정한 변화를 거의 이루어 낼 수 없다. ⑦ 여러분은 삶의 외적인 것을 근본적으로 다른 방식으로 재배열할 수 있지만, 자신의 사고방식은 항상 지니고 다닌다. ⑧ 여러분이 도시에서 허둥지둥하고 서두르는 사람이라면, 시골에서도 허둥지둥하고 서두르는 사람일 것이다. ⑨ 그 문제를 바로잡으려면, 여러분은 내면으로부터 외부로 삶의 속도를 줄여야 한다.



19103-22
① We tend to think of technology as shiny tools and gadgets. ② Even if we acknowledge that technology can exist in disembodied form, such as software, we tend not to include in this category paintings, literature, music, dance, poetry, and the arts in general. ③ But we should. ④ If a thousand lines of letters in UNIX qualifies as a technology (the computer code for a web page), then a thousand lines of letters in English (Hamlet) must qualify as well. ⑤ They both can change our behavior, alter the course of events, or enable future inventions. ⑥ A Shakespeare sonnet and a Schubert symphony, then, are in the same category as Google's search engine and the smartphone: They are something useful produced by a mind. ⑦ We can't separate out the multiple overlapping technologies responsible for a Lord of the Rings movie. ⑧ The literary rendering of the original novel is as much an invention as the digital rendering of its fantastical creatures. ⑨ Both are useful works of the human imagination. ⑩ Both influence audiences powerfully. ⑪ Both are technological.


① 우리는 기술을 빛나는 도구와 장치로 생각하는 경향이 있다. ② 기술이 소프트웨어와 같이 무형으로 존재할 수 있다는 것은 인정한다고 하더라도, 우리는 이 범주에 그림, 문학, 음악, 춤, 시, 그리고 예술 일반을 포함하지 않는 경향이 있다. ③ 하지만 포함해야 한다. ④ 만약 유닉스(UNIX)의 글자 천 줄이 기술(웹 페이지용 컴퓨터 코드)로서의 자격이 된다면, 영어의 글자 천 줄('햄릿')도 역시 자격이 되어야 한다. ⑤ 그것들은 둘 다 우리의 행동을 변화시키거나, 사건의 진행을 바꾸거나, 미래의 창작물을 가능하게 할 수 있다. ⑥ 그렇다면, 셰익스피어 소네트와 슈베르트 교향곡은 구글의 검색 엔진 및 스마트폰과 같은 범주에 속하는데, 그것들은 (인간) 정신에 의해 만들어진 유용한 것이다. ⑦ 우리는 '반지의 제왕' 영화를 가능하게 하는 다수의 중첩된 기술들을 분리해 낼 수 없다. ⑧ 원작 소설의 문학적 구현은 그것의 공상적 창조물을 디지털로 구현(렌더링)하는 것 못지않은 창작이다. ⑨ 둘 다 인간 상상력의 유용한 작품이다. ⑩ 둘 다 관객들에게 강력하게 영향을 미친다. ⑪ 둘 다 기술적이다.



19103-23
① Sometimes social learning is direct. ② I want to know how to solve a problem with my computer, and the help-desk adviser tells me where to find the crucial command in the menu; I want to know how to operate my wireless speaker set, and my daughter shows me the right command. ③ Most of the recent, expanding experimental literature focuses on such cases of pure instruction, or pure demonstration, for example, in testing the reliability of transmission chains under various conditions. ④ Many studies of social learning in children focus on the fidelity with which information flows from one child to another in diffusion chains. ⑤ But the most consequential cases of social learning in humans have not depended on pure demonstration or instruction. ⑥ Rather, most social learning is hybrid learning: agents acquire skills through socially guided trial and error and socially guided practice. ⑦ Children do get advice, instruction, and other informational head starts from others, but they get this support while engaged in exploratory learning in their environment.


① 때때로 사회적 학습은 직접적이다. ② 내가 컴퓨터의 문제를 해결하는 방법을 알고 싶어 하면, 업무 지원 센터 담당자는 중요한 명령어를 메뉴의 어디에서 찾아야 하는지 나에게 말해 준다. ③ 또한 내가 무선 스피커 세트를 작동하는 방법을 알고 싶어 하면, 내 딸이 나에게 적절한 명령어를 알려 준다. ④ 최근 증가하고 있는 실험에 관한 문헌의 대부분은, 예를 들어 다양한 조건에서 전이 사슬의 신뢰도를 검사할 때와 같이 그러한 순전한 설명, 혹은 순전한 시연 사례에 초점을 맞춘다. ⑤ 아동의 사회적 학습에 대한 많은 연구는 확산 사슬 속에서 한 아이로부터 다른 아이로 정보가 흘러가는 정확도에 초점을 맞춘다. ⑥ 그러나 인간의 사회적 학습의 가장 중대한 사례는 순전한 시연이나 설명에 의존하지 않았다. ⑦ 오히려 대부분의 사회적 학습은 하이브리드 학습인데, 행위자는 사회적으로 유도된 시행착오와 사회적으로 유도된 연습을 통해 기술을 습득한다. ⑧ 아이들은 정말로 다른 사람들로부터 조언, 설명, 그리고 다른 정보상 우위를 얻긴 하지만, 그들은 자신의 환경 속에서 탐구 학습에 참여하면서 이러한 지원을 받는다.



19103-24
① I can report a number of occasions when my own dogs reacted in a marked, I would say enthusiastic, manner when I wore jingling jewelry that produced a regular rhythm as I walked, though admittedly they did not tap their feet. ② Although this is a mere anecdote, it suggests that it is wrong to claim that animals are incapable of responding to pronounced rhythms. ③ The specific response of tapping one's foot or deliberately marking any external rhythm does seem to be a particularly human skill, but this need not be interpreted as the decisive capacity involved in musical response. ④ My dogs in fact responded to other musical features beside the regular jingling of my jewelry. ⑤ The sound of a siren would set them to howling, as would the sound of my husband's saxophone. ⑥ Perhaps Aristotle observed similar reactions of dogs to musical instruments and rhythms. ⑦ Apparently Darwin did. ⑧ He reports observing a dog that was "always whining, when one note on a concertina, which was out of tune, was played."


① 걸어다닐 때 규칙적인 리듬을 내는 딸랑거리는 장신구를 내가 착용했을 때, 내 개들이 분명 (박자를 맞춰) 발을 두드리지는 않았지만, 두드러진, 나라면 열광적이라고 할 것 같은 방식으로 반응한 여러 경우를 말할 수 있다. ② 이것은 단순한 일화에 불과하지만, 동물이 두드러지는 리듬에 반응하지 못한다고 주장하는 것은 잘못된 것임을 시사한다. ③ 발을 두드리거나 외부에서 오는 어떤 리듬에 일부러 주의를 기울이는 특정 반응은 분명 특별히 인간의 기술인 것처럼 보이지만, 이것을 음악적 반응과 관련된 결정적인 능력으로 해석할 필요는 없다. ④ 사실 나의 개들은 내 장신구에서 나는 규칙적인 딸랑거리는 소리 외에 다른 음악적 특징에도 반응했다. ⑤ 남편의 색소폰 소리가 그랬던 것처럼 사이렌 소리가 개들을 (긴 소리로) 짖게 했다. ⑥ 아마도 아리스토텔레스는 악기와 리듬에 대한 개들의 유사한 반응을 보았을 것이다. ⑦ 다윈도 그랬던 것으로 보인다. ⑧ 그는 '음정이 맞지 않는 한 음(音)이 콘서티나로 연주되었을 때 항상 낑낑 울던' 개를 목격했다고 전한다.



19103-25
① The graph above shows the results of a 2018 survey on the attachment feelings of U.S. adults to their local community. ② Identical percentages of adults living in suburban and in rural communities said they felt very attached to their local community. ③ More than 40% of adults in each of the three types of community responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community. ④ The percentage of adults who felt very attached to their local community increased as their age progressed. ⑤ In the three groups ages 30 and over, more than 40% responded they felt somewhat attached to their local community, respectively. ⑥ In terms of those who felt very attached, the percentage of adults who had lived in their community for 6 to 10 years was less than twice that of those who had resided for less than 6 years.


① 위 도표는 미국 성인의 자신의 지역 공동체에 대한 애착감에 대한 2018년 조사의 결과를 보여준다. ② 교외와 시골 공동체에 사는 성인의 동일한 비율은 그들이 지역 공동체에 매우 애착을 느낀다고 말한다. ③ 각각 세 개의 공동체에서 40% 이상의 성인은 그들이 지역 공동체에 다소 애착을 느낀다고 응답했다. ④ 지역 공동체에 매우 애착을 느끼는 성인의 비율은 그들이 나이가 많아질수록 증가했다. ⑤ 30년 이상 거주한 세 개의 그룹에서, 40% 이상이 각각 그들의 지역 공동체에 다소 애착을 느낀다고 응답했다. ⑥ 매우 애착을 느끼는 성인에 관해서는 6년에서 10년 동안 공동체에 거주한 성인의 비율은 6년 미만으로 거주한 성인의 비율의 2배보다 적었다.



19103-26
① Kurt Gödel, one of the most important logicians of the contemporary period, was born in what is today Brno, the Czech Republic. ② Gödel entered the University of Vienna, where he studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy. ③ On completing his undergraduate degree he started graduate work in mathematics, earning his doctorate at age twenty-four. ④ After the publication of the incompleteness theorem, he became an internationally known intellectual figure. ⑤ He began giving mathematical lectures around the world starting in 1933. ⑥ He gave his first lecture in the United States that year, where he first met Albert Einstein. ⑦ This was the beginning of a close friendship that would last until Einstein's death in 1955. ⑧ In 1940, under the threat of being drafted into the German army, Gödel left for the United States, where he accepted a position at the Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton. ⑨ He received the first Albert Einstein Award. ⑩ In 1974 he was awarded the National Medal of Science.


① 현대의 가장 중요한 논리학자 중 한 명인 Kurt Gödel은 오늘날의 체코 공화국 Brno에서 태어났다. ② Gödel은 Vienna 대학에 입학하여 수학, 물리학, 철학을 공부했다. ③ 그는 학부 학위를 따자마자 수학으로 대학원 공부를 시작하여, 24세의 나이에 박사 학위를 취득했다. ④ 불완전성 정리 발표 후, 그는 국제적으로 알려진 지식인이 되었다. ⑤ 그는 1933년부터 전 세계에서 수학 강의를 하기 시작했다. ⑥ 그는 그 해에 미국에서 첫 강의를 했는데, 그곳에서 Albert Einstein을 처음 만났다. ⑦ 이것이 1955년 Einstein이 사망할 때까지 지속될 긴밀한 우정의 시작이었다. ⑧ 1940년, 독일군에 징집될 위협 하에서 Gödel은 미국으로 떠났고, 그곳에서 Princeton에 있는 고등연구소의 직책을 수락했다. ⑨ 그는 최초로 Albert Einstein 상을 받았다. ⑩ 1974년에 그는 미국 국가 과학 훈장을 받았다.



19103-29
① The modern adult human brain weighs only 1/50 of the total body weight but uses up to 1/5 of the total energy needs. ② The brain's running costs are about eight to ten times as high, per unit mass, as those of the body's muscles. ③ And around 3/4 of that energy is expended on neurons, the specialized brain cells that communicate in vast networks to generate our thoughts and behaviours. ④ An individual neuron sending a signal in the brain uses as much energy as a leg muscle cell running a marathon. ⑤ Of course, we use more energy overall when we are running, but we are not always on the move, whereas our brains never switch off. ⑥ Even though the brain is metabolically greedy, it still outclasses any desktop computer both in terms of the calculations it can perform and the efficiency at which it does this. ⑦ We may have built computers that can beat our top Grand Master chess players, but we are still far away from designing one that is capable of recognizing and picking up one of the chess pieces as easily as a typical three-year-old child can.


① 현대 성인의 뇌는 무게가 전체 체중의 50분의 1에 불과하지만, 총 에너지 필요량의 최대 5분의 1까지 사용한다. ② 단위 질량당, 뇌의 유지 비용은 신체 근육의 유지 비용의 8배에서 10배 정도이다. ③ 그리고 그 에너지의 약 4분의 3은 우리의 생각과 행동을 만들어 내기 위해 광대한 연결망에서 소통하는 분화된 뇌세포인 뉴런에 사용된다. ④ 뇌에서 신호를 보내고 있는 개개의 뉴런은 마라톤을 하고 있는 다리 근육 세포만큼의 에너지를 사용한다. ⑤ 물론, 전반적으로는 달리고 있을 때 더 많은 에너지를 사용하지만, 우리가 항상 움직이고 있는 것은 아닌 반면 우리의 뇌는 절대 꺼지지 않는다. ⑥ 비록 뇌가 신진대사 작용에서 탐욕스럽기는 해도, 수행할 수 있는 계산과 이를 수행하는 효율 두 가지 면에서 그것은 여전히 어떤 데스크톱 컴퓨터보다도 훨씬 낫다. ⑦ 우리가 최고의 그랜드 마스터 체스 선수들을 이길 수 있는 컴퓨터를 만들었을지는 모르지만, 일반적인 세 살배기 아이가 할 수 있는 것만큼 쉽게 체스의 말 중 하나를 인식하고 그것을 집어들 수 있는 컴퓨터를 설계하는 것과는 아직도 거리가 멀다.



19103-30
① Discovering how people are affected by jokes is often difficult. ② People mask their reactions because of politeness or peer pressure. ③ Moreover, people are sometimes unaware of how they, themselves, are affected. ④ Denial, for example, may conceal from people how deeply wounded they are by certain jokes. ⑤ Jokes can also be termites or time bombs, lingering unnoticed in a person's subconscious, gnawing on his or her self-esteem or exploding it at a later time. ⑥ But even if one could accurately determine how people are affected, this would not be an accurate measure of hatefulness. ⑦ People are often simply wrong about whether a joke is acceptable or hateful. ⑧ For example, people notoriously find terribly hateful jokes about themselves or their sex, nationalities, professions, etc unproblematic until their consciousness becomes raised. ⑨ And the raising of consciousness is often followed by a period of hypersensitivity where people are hurt or offended even by tasteful, tactful jokes.


① 사람들이 어떻게 농담에 영향을 받는지를 알아내는 것은 대체로 어렵다. ② 사람들은 공손함이나 동일 집단의 압력 때문에 자신의 반응을 숨긴다. ③ 게다가 사람들은 때때로 그들이 어떻게 영향을 받는지 자신마저도 인식하지 못한다. ④ 예를 들어, 부정은 사람들이 어떤 농담에 의해 얼마나 깊이 상처받는지를 스스로 숨길 수 있다. ⑤ 농담은 또한 사람의 잠재의식 속에 눈에 띄지 않고 남아, 그 사람의 자존감을 갉아먹거나 나중에 그것을 폭발시키는 흰개미나 시한폭탄일 수도 있다. ⑥ 하지만 사람들이 어떻게 영향을 받는지 정확히 파악할 수 있다고 해도, 이것이 혐오에 대한 정확한 척도가 되지는 못할 것이다. ⑦ 사람들은 대체로 농담이 용인될 수 있는지 혹은 혐오스러운지에 대해 그냥 잘못 알고 있다. ⑧ 예를 들어, 사람들은 그들의 의식이 높아지기 전까지 자기 자신이나 자신의 성별, 국적, 직업 등에 대한 매우 혐오스러운 농담이 문제가 되지 않는다고 느끼는 것으로 악명 높다. ⑨ 그리고 의식이 높아진 뒤에는 심지어 품위 있고 재치 있는 농담에도 사람들이 상처를 받거나 기분이 상하는 과민증의 시기가 흔히 뒤따른다.



19103-31
① The developmental control that children with certain serious medical problems can exert over their physical activity is relevant to device safety. ② For example, an infant in a crib and a cognitively intact 14-year-old confined to bed due to illness or injury may both be relatively inactive. ③ The adolescent can, however, be expected to have more awareness of and control over movements such as rolling over that might dislodge or otherwise impair the functioning of a medical device such as a breathing tube or feeding tube. ④ Likewise, a 5-year-old and a 25-year-old who have had a cardiac pacemaker implanted may each know that they need to protect the device, but developmental differences in the understanding of risk and causation and in the control of impulses increase the probability of risky behavior by the child, for example, jumping off a porch.


① 어떤 심각한 의학적 문제가 있는 아이들이 자신의 신체 활동에 대해 발휘할 수 있는 발달상의 제어 능력은 기기 안전과 관련이 있다. ② 예를 들어, 아기 침대 안의 아기와 질병이나 부상으로 인해 침대에 누워 있어야만 하는 인지적으로 문제가 없는 14세 아이는 둘 다 비교적 움직이지 못할 수 있다. ③ 그러나 그 청소년은 호흡관이나 영양관과 같은 의료 기기를 떼어 내거나 그렇지 않으면 그 기능을 손상할 수도 있는 (몸) 뒤집기와 같은 동작에 대해 더 잘 알고 있고 그것을 더 잘 조절할 것으로 기대될 수 있다. ④ 마찬가지로, 심박 조율기를 이식받은 5세와 25세의 사람은 각각 그들이 그 기기를 보호해야 한다는 것을 알고 있을 수는 있지만, 위험과 인과 관계에 대한 이해 및 충동 조절에서 발달 상의 차이가, 예를 들자면, 현관에서 뛰어내리는 것과 같은 어린이의 위험한 행동의 가능성을 증가시킨다.



19103-32
① There's more to striving to be in the majority of one's group than merely acquiring power. ② We work to be in the majority of our groups not just because the majority controls material and psychological resources, but also because who we are is largely defined by those who claim us as their own. ③ Drawing distinctions between who's in and who's out, between who's right and who's wrong, between privileged or disadvantaged — in short, between us and them — motivates us to be counted among those who do the counting. ④ We seek to belong to the majority of our group, even if our group is in the minority, not just because the majority holds the power, but because the privilege attached to being in the majority position is commonly viewed by others and by ourselves as deserved. ⑤ We had it coming. ⑥ This perception contributes to our sense of worth, of who we are, and to others' assessments of our value as well.


① 어떤 이가 자기 집단의 다수에 속하기 위해 노력하는 데에는 단순히 권력을 획득하는 것 이상이 있다. ② 우리는 우리 집단의 다수에 속하기 위해 애쓰는데, 이는 다수가 물질적 자원과 심리적 자원을 지배하기 때문만이 아니라, 우리의 정체성이 우리가 그들의 것이라고 주장하는 이들에 의해 주로 정의되기 때문이다. ③ 안에 있는 자와 밖에 있는 자, 옳은 자와 그른 자, 특권을 가진 자와 혜택 받지 못한 자 사이에 — 요컨대 '우리'와 '그들' 사이에 — 구분선을 긋는 것은 포함하는 행동을 하는(포함 여부를 결정하는) 사람들 안에 우리 자신이 포함되도록 우리에게 동기를 부여한다. ④ 우리는 비록 우리 집단이 소수에 속한다고 하더라도 우리 집단의 다수에 속하려고 노력하는데, 이는 다수가 권력을 쥐고 있기 때문만이 아니라, 다수의 지위에 속해 있는 데에 부수되는 특권이 흔히 다른 사람들이나 우리 자신에 의해서 당연한 것으로 여겨지기 때문이다. ⑤ 우리가 그것을 초래했다. ⑥ 이러한 인식은 우리의 자존감, 우리의 정체성에 대한 의식의 원인이 되고, 또한 우리의 가치를 다른 사람들이 평가하는 원인이 된다.



19103-33
① Eating was the original science, the original study of the environment. ② Kids, just like primitive lifeforms, learn about reality by putting it in their mouths. ③ This mouth knowledge knows no abstracts. ④ The world is either sweet or bitter, smooth or prickly, pleasant or unpleasant. ⑤ Mouth knowledge comes with gut-level certainty. ⑥ So to eat is literally to know. ⑦ But to know what? ⑧ It is to know self from nonself. ⑨ Mouth knowledge taught us the boundaries of our bodies. ⑩ When, as babies, we sucked an object, such as a pacifier, we felt it only from one side, from the side of the mouth. ⑪ When we sucked our thumbs, we felt them from the outside, through the mouth, and from the inside, through the feeling of the thumb being sucked on. ⑫ This mouth knowledge ― unlike later school knowledge ― gave us a glimpse of our paradoxical nature: that somehow we are both the subject and the object of our own experience.


① 먹는 것은 원초적인 과학, 환경에 대한 원초적인 연구였다. ② 아이들은 마치 원시 생명체처럼 입에 넣음으로써 실재에 관해 배운다. ③ 이 구강 지식에는 추상적인 것이란 없다. ④ 세상은 달거나 쓰거나, 부드럽거나 따끔거리거나, 기쁘거나 불쾌하거나 둘 중 하나이다. ⑤ 구강 지식에는 직감 수준의 확실성이 있다. ⑥ 따라서 문자 그대로 먹는 것은 아는 것이다. ⑦ 그러나 무엇을 아는 것인가? ⑧ 그것은 내가 아닌 것으로부터 나를 구별하는 것이다. ⑨ 구강 지식은 우리에게 우리 몸의 경계를 가르쳐 주었다. ⑩ 아기 때 고무 젖꼭지 같은 물체를 빨 때, 우리는 한쪽 면, 입 쪽으로부터만 그것을 느꼈다. ⑪ 우리가 엄지손가락을 빨았을 때, 우리는 입을 통해 바깥으로부터 손가락을 느꼈고, 빨려드는 손가락의 느낌을 통해 안으로부터 그것을 느꼈다. ⑫ 이러한 구강 지식은 이후의 학교 지식과 달리 우리의 역설적인 본질을 엿볼 수 있게 해 주었는데, 그것은 어떤 이유로든 우리가 우리 자신의 경험의 주체이며 또한 대상이기도 하다는 것이다.



19103-34
① Multiple and often conflicting notions of truth coexist in Internet situations, ranging from outright lying through mutually aware pretence to playful trickery. ② As Patricia Wallace puts it, 'The fact that it is so easy to lie and get away with it ― as long as we can live with our own deceptions and the harm they may cause others ― is a significant feature of the Internet. ③ 'It is of course possible to live out a lie or fantasy logically and consistently, and it is on this principle that the games in virtual worlds operate and the nicknamed people in chatgroups interact. ④ But it is by no means easy to maintain a consistent presence through language in a world where multiple interactions are taking place under pressure, where participants are often changing their names and identities, and where the cooperative principle can be arbitrarily abandoned. ⑤ Putting this another way, when you see an Internet utterance, you often do not know how to take it, because you do not know what set of conversational principles it is obeying.


① 진실의 다양하고 자주 상충하는 개념들이 인터넷 상황에서 공존하는데, 완전한 거짓말하기부터 상호 간에 잘 알고 하는 가장을 거쳐 놀이로 하는 속임수에까지 이른다. ② Patricia Wallace가 말하듯이, "우리가 스스로의 기만과 그 기만이 다른 사람에게 끼치는 해를 참으며 살아갈 수 있는 한, 거짓말을 하고 그것으로 인한 벌을 모면하기가 매우 쉽다는 사실은 인터넷의 중요한 특징이다. ③ "논리에 맞게 그리고 일관성 있게 거짓말이나 환상을 실행하는 것은 물론 가능하고, 바로 이런 원리를 바탕으로 가상 세계에서 게임이 운영되고 별칭을 쓰는 사람들이 대화방에서 상호 작용을 한다. ④ 그러나 다양한 상호 작용이 압박을 받으면서 행해지고 있으며, 참가자들이 자신의 이름과 신원을 자주 바꾸고 있고, 협력의 원리가 제멋대로 폐기될 수 있는 세계에서, 언어를 통해 일관성 있게 존재를 유지하는 것은 절대 쉽지 않다. ⑤ 이것을 달리 표현하자면, 인터넷 발화를 볼 때 여러분은 자주 그것을 어떻게 이해해야 할지 모르는데, 그 발화가 어떤 일련의 대화 원리들을 따르고 있는지 모르기 때문이다.



19103-35
① Competition is basically concerned with how the availability of resources, such as the food and space utilised by various organisms, is reduced by other organisms. ② Tourism and recreation can result in the transfer of plants and animals to locations where they do not normally occur. ③ In these situations the 'alien' species are often at an advantage, because the new environment is usually devoid of any natural controls that the 'invader' would have evolved with in its original environment. ④ Alien plants compete with indigenous species for space, light, nutrients and water. ⑤ The introduction of alien plants can result in the disruption and impoverishment of natural plant communities. ⑥ This has occurred in South Africa, for example, where introduced Australian shrubs have been and are degrading species-rich fynbos plant communities in the Southern Cape region.


① 경쟁은 기본적으로 여러 유기체에 의해 활용되는 먹이와 공간과 같은 자원의 이용 가능성이 다른 유기체에 의해 어떻게 줄어드는지와 관련되어 있다. ② 관광과 여가 활동으로 인해 식물과 동물을 그것들이 일반적으로 존재하지 않는 장소로 옮기는 결과가 생겨날 수 있다. ③ 이런 상황에서 '외래의' 종은 보통 유리한 입장이 되는데, 새로운 환경에는 대개 그 '침입자'가 원래의 환경에서 함께 진화해 왔을 자연 방제가 없기 때문이다. ④ 외래 식물은 공간, 빛, 양분, 그리고 물을 놓고 토착종과 경쟁한다. ⑤ 외래 식물의 도입은 자연 식물 군락을 교란하고 피폐하게 하는 결과를 가져올 수 있다. ⑥ 이런 일은 예를 들어 남아프리카 공화국에서 일어났는데, 거기에서는 도입된 호주 관목이 Southern Cape 지역에서 풍부한 종의 핀보스 식물 군락을 퇴화시켰고 퇴화시키고 있다.



19103-36
① There are times when we hold contradictory views and we know it, at least at one of the deeper levels of consciousness. ② Most of us could not comfortably live with ourselves if we made a habit of holding flatly contradictory statements at the forefront of our consciousness. ③ For example, I could not explicitly say to myself "I tell many deliberate lies to Stephanie" and "I never lie to Stephanie. ④ "What I do, assuming the first statement reflects objective facts, is suppress the second statement. ⑤ Another way I can allow myself to hold on to statements that contradict the facts is deliberately to refrain from examining the facts to which the statements refer. ⑥ This attitude is expressed by the quip "Don't bother me with the facts; I've already made up my mind. ⑦ "Mental operations of these kinds are not so much instances of reasoning as evasion of reasoning. ⑧ Obviously, this can have nothing to do with logic. ⑨ Those forms of unhealthy reasoning can be known as "rationalization. ⑩ "Rationalization is reasoning in the service of falsehood.


① 우리가 (서로) 모순되는 관점들을 갖고 있고, 의식의 보다 더 깊은 수준들 중 최소한 하나에서, 그것을 알고 있는 때가 있다. ② 명백히 모순되는 진술들을 우리 의식의 전면에 두는 습관을 들인다면, 우리 대부분은 스스로를 참아 내며 편안하게 생활할 수 없을 것이다. ③ 예를 들어, 나는 스스로에게 "나는 Stephanie에게 고의적인 거짓말을 많이 해"라는 말과 "나는 Stephanie에게 절대 거짓말하지 않아"라는 말을 '동시에' 명시적으로 말할 수는 없을 것이다. ④ 첫 번째 진술이 객관적인 사실을 반영한다고 가정하면, 내가 하는 것은 두 번째 진술을 억누르는 것이다. ⑤ 내가 사실과 모순되는 진술을 계속 유지하는 것을 스스로 가능하게 할 수 있는 또 다른 방식은 그 진술이 가리키는 사실을 고의로 검토하지 않는 것이다. ⑥ 이런 태도는 "그 사실로 나를 괴롭히지 마; 왜냐하면 난 이미 마음을 정해 버렸거든"이라는 발뺌으로 표현된다. ⑦ 이런 종류의 정신적 작용은 추론의 사례라기보다는 추론 회피의 사례이다. ⑧ 분명히 이것은 논리와는 아무 관련이 없을 수 있다. ⑨ 그러한 형태의 건전하지 못한 추론은 '합리화'로 알려져 있을 수 있다. ⑩ 합리화는 거짓에 봉사하는 추론이다.



19103-37
① Centuries of technological advances have created possibilities where few or none existed before. ② At their most basic, technologies allow people, if sufficiently armed with capital, to partially overcome their local geography and make it productive. ③ The more difficult that geography, the more expensive it is to make it useful, and the more expensive to keep it useful. ④ Economic and social development, then, are about figuring out how to use technology and capital, to find out not only what is possible but also feasible. ⑤ Economists call this opportunity costs. ⑥ For example, you may be able to build a road to the top of the mountain to reach a remote chalet, build it strong enough to withstand spring floods, plow it to keep it open in the winter, and repair it and clear it of avalanche debris in the summer. ⑦ But with those same resources you can build fifty times the length of road in flat lowlands and service several tens of thousands of people. ⑧ Both tasks are possible, but only one is an efficient and productive use of resources and therefore the more feasible.


① 수 세기 동안의 기술적 진보는 예전에는 거의 또는 아무것도 존재하지 않았던 곳에 가능성을 창출하였다. ② 가장 기본적으로, 만약 자본을 충분히 갖춘다면, 기술은 사람들이 그들 지역의 지리를 부분적으로 극복하고 그것을 생산적으로 만들 수 있게 해 준다. ③ 그 지리적 여건이 더 어려울수록, 그것을 유용하게 만드는 데에 더 많은 돈이 들고, 유용하게 유지하는 데에 더 많은 돈이 든다. ④ 그렇다면 경제적 발전과 사회적 발전은, 기술과 자본을 어떻게 사용할지 파악해 내는 것, 무엇이 가능한지 뿐만 아니라 실현성도 있는지 알아내는 것에 관한 것이 된다. ⑤ 경제학자들은 이것을 기회비용이라고 부른다. ⑥ 예를 들어, 여러분은 멀리 떨어진 산지 가옥에 가기 위하여 산꼭대기까지 길을 만들고, 그 길을 봄철 홍수를 견딜 만큼 충분히 튼튼하게 만들고, 겨울에 개방돼 있도록 제설하고, 여름에 그 길을 수리하고 눈사태 잔해를 치울 수 있다. ⑦ 하지만 그러한 똑같은 자원으로 여러분은 평평한 저지대에 50배 길이의 도로를 만들어 수만 명의 사람에게 도움이 되도록 할 수 있다. ⑧ 두 가지 일 모두 가능하지만, 오직 하나만이 효율적이고 생산적인 자원 활용이며 그래서 더 실현성이 있는 일이다.



19103-38
① For decades, we have been measuring intelligence at the individual level, just as we have been measuring creativity, engagement, and grit. ② But it turns out we were failing to measure something with far greater impact. ③ As reported in the journal Science, researchers from MIT, Union College, and Carnegie Mellon have finally found a method for systematically measuring the intelligence of a group as opposed to an individual. ④ Just as we evaluate how successful an individual student will be at solving a problem, we are now able to predict how successful a group of people will be at solving a problem or problems. ⑤ It would be easy to assume that if you put a group of high-IQ people together, naturally they would exhibit a high collective intelligence. ⑥ But that's not what happens. ⑦ Indeed, their research found that a team on which each person was merely average in their individual abilities but possessed a collective intelligence would continually exhibit higher success rates than a team of individual geniuses.


① 창의력, 참여도, 근성을 측정해 온 것과 마찬가지로, 수십 년 동안 우리는 지능을 개인적 수준에서 측정해 왔다. ② 하지만 우리가 훨씬 큰 영향력을 가진 무언가를 측정하지 못하고 있었다는 것이 판명되고 있다. ③ 'Science' 저널에 보고된 것처럼, MIT, Union College, 그리고 Carnegie Mellon의 연구자들은 개인이 아닌 '집단'의 지능을 체계적으로 측정하는 방법을 마침내 밝혀냈다. ④ 각각의 학생이 문제를 해결하는 데에 얼마나 성공적일지를 우리가 평가하는 것과 마찬가지로, 이제 우리는 사람들의 '집단'이 하나의 문제나 여러 문제를 해결하는 데에 얼마나 성공적일지 예측할 수 있다. ⑤ 만약 여러분이 지능 지수가 높은 사람들의 한 집단을 모은다면, 당연히 그들은 높은 집단적인 지능을 보일 것으로 상정하기 쉬울 것이다. ⑥ 하지만 그런 일은 일어나지 않는다. ⑦ 실은, 개별 능력에서는 단지 평균적이지만 '집단적인' 지능을 가진 각각의 사람들로 이루어진 팀이 개별 천재들로 이루어진 팀보다 더 높은 성공률을 계속해서 보일 것이라는 점을 그들의 연구가 밝혀냈다.



19103-39
① Biology is the smallest level at which we could explain creativity. ② Biology's units of analysis are genes, DNA, and specific regions of the human brain. ③ In general, scientists agree that explanations at such lower levels of analysis are more general, more universal, more powerful, and have fewer exceptions than explanations at higher levels of analysis — like the explanations of psychology or sociology. ④ It always makes scientific sense to start your study by attempting to explain something at the lowest possible level. ⑤ However, at present the biological approach cannot explain creativity and all of the evidence suggests that creativity is not coded in our genes. ⑥ And decades of study have found no evidence that creativity is localized to any specific brain region; in fact, all of the evidence suggests that creativity is a whole-brain function, drawing on many diverse areas of the brain in a complex systemic fashion. ⑦ And there is no evidence of a link between mental illness and creativity. ⑧ To explain creativity, we need to look to the higher levels of explanation offered by psychology, sociology, and history.


① 생물학은 우리가 창의성을 설명해 볼 수 있는 가장 작은 수준이다. ② 생물학에서의 분석 단위는 유전자, DNA, 그리고 인간 뇌의 특정 영역이다. ③ 일반적으로, 과학자들은 그러한 더 낮은 분석 수준에서의 설명이 심리학이나 사회학의 설명과 같은 더 높은 분석 수준에서의 설명보다 더 일반적이고, 더 보편적이며, 더 강력하고, 더 적은 예외를 가진다는 데에 동의한다. ④ 가능한 가장 낮은 수준에서 어떤 것을 설명하려고 시도함으로써 여러분의 연구를 시작하는 것이 언제나 과학적으로 이치에 맞다. ⑤ 그러나 현재로서는 생물학적인 접근법은 창의성을 설명할 수 없으며, 모든 증거는 창의성이 유전자에 암호화되어 있지 않다는 점을 시사한다. ⑥ 그리고 수십 년 간의 연구에서 창의성이 뇌의 어느 특정한 영역에 국지적으로 존재한다는 아무런 증거도 발견하지 못했는데, 사실, 모든 증거는 창의성이 뇌 전체의 기능이며, 복잡하고 전체에 걸치는 방식으로 뇌의 많은 다양한 영역을 이용한다는 것을 시사한다. ⑦ 그리고 정신 질환과 창의성의 연관성에 대한 증거는 없다. ⑧ 창의성을 설명하려면, 우리는 심리학, 사회학, 역사학이 제공하는 더 높은 수준의 설명에 기대를 걸 필요가 있다.



19103-40
① Color has not always been synonymous with truth and reality. ② In the past, Plato and Aristotle both attacked the use of color in painting because they considered color to be an ornament that obstructed the truth. ③ Even the word "color" contains a snub against it. ④ The Latin colorem is related to celare, to hide or conceal; in Middle English to color is to adorn, to disguise, to render plausible, to misrepresent. ⑤ Today most people prefer color pictures to black-and-white pictures. ⑥ They assert that color photographs are more "real" than black-and-white photographs. ⑦ This implies that people tend to conflate color photography and reality to an even greater extent than they do with black-and-white photographs. ⑧ Many people have had the experience of someone pointing to an 8×10-inch color photograph and saying, "There's Mary. ⑨ She sure looks good, doesn't she? ⑩ "We know that it is not Mary, but such a typical response acts as a vivid reminder of how we expect photography to duplicate our reality for us.


① 색이 항상 진실과 실제와 동의어였던 것은 아니다. ② 과거에 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스는 모두 색을 진실을 가리는 장식으로 여겼기 때문에 그림에서의 색의 사용을 맹비난했다. ③ 심지어 'color'라는 단어는 그것을 경멸하는 뜻을 포함하고 있다. ④ 라틴어 'colorem'은 감추다 혹은 숨기다라는 뜻의 'celare'와 관련이 있으며, 중세 영어에서 색을 칠한다는 것은 장식하다, 가장하다, 그럴듯하게 만들어 내다, 잘못 표현하다의 의미이다. ⑤ 오늘날 대부분의 사람은 흑백 사진보다는 컬러 사진을 선호한다. ⑥ 그들은 컬러 사진이 흑백 사진보다 더 '진짜 같다'고 역설한다. ⑦ 이것은 사람들이 흑백 사진으로 하는 것보다 훨씬 더 높은 정도로 컬러 사진술을 현실과 융합하는 경향이 있다는 것을 암시한다. ⑧ 많은 사람은 누군가가 8×10인치 컬러 사진을 가리키며 "Mary가 있네. ⑨ 그녀는 정말 멋져 보인다, 그렇지 않니"라고 말하는 것을 경험한 적이 있다. ⑩ 우리는 그것이 Mary가 아니라는 것을 알지만, 그러한 전형적인 반응은 사진술이 우리를 위해 우리의 실제를 복제해 주기를 어떻게 기대하는지 생생하게 상기시켜 주는 역할을 한다.



19103-4142
① The history of the twentieth century revolved to a large extent around the reduction of inequality between classes, races, and genders. ② Though the world of the year 2000 still had its share of hierarchies, it was nevertheless a far more equal place than the world of 1900. ③ So people expected that the egalitarian process would continue and even accelerate. ④ In particular, they hoped that globalization would spread economic prosperity throughout the world, and that as a result people in India and Egypt would come to enjoy the same opportunities and privileges as people in Finland and Canada. ⑤ An entire generation grew up on this promise. ⑥ Now it seems that this promise might not be fulfilled. ⑦ Globalization has certainly benefited large segments of humanity, but there are signs of growing inequality both between and within societies. ⑧ Some groups increasingly monopolize the fruits of globalization, while billions are left behind. ⑨ Today, the richest 1 percent own half the world's wealth. ⑩ This situation could get far worse. ⑪ The rise of AI might eliminate the economic value and political power of most humans. ⑫ At the same time, improvements in biotechnology might make it possible to translate economic inequality into biological inequality. ⑬ The superrich will finally have something really worthwhile to do with their enormous wealth. ⑭ While up until now they have only been able to buy little more than status symbols, soon they might be able to buy life itself. ⑮ If new treatments for extending life and upgrading physical and cognitive abilities prove to be expensive, humankind might split into biological castes.


① 20세기의 역사는 주로 계급, 인종, 그리고 성별 간 불평등의 감소를 중심으로 돌아갔다. ② 2000년의 세계에는 여전히 계급제의 일부가 남아 있었지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 1900년의 세계보다는 훨씬 더 평등한 곳이었다. ③ 따라서 사람들은 인류 평등주의의 과정이 계속 이어지고, 심지어 가속될 것으로 기대했다. ④ 특히, 그들은 세계화가 세계 곳곳에 경제적 번영을 확산시킬 것이고, 그 결과 인도와 이집트의 사람들이 핀란드와 캐나다의 사람들과 같은 기회와 특권을 누리게 될 것이라고 희망했다. ⑤ 한 세대 전체가 이 약속을 믿고 성장했다. ⑥ 이제 이 약속은 이행되지 못할 수도 있는 것으로 보인다. ⑦ 세계화가 인류의 커다란 부분에 분명히 혜택을 주었지만, 사회들 간에 그리고 사회 내부에서 모두 불평등이 커져 가는 조짐이 있다. ⑧ 일부 집단은 점점 더 세계화의 결실을 독점하고 있는 반면 수십억의 사람들은 뒤처져 있다. ⑨ 오늘날 최고 부유층 1퍼센트가 세계 부의 절반을 소유하고 있다. ⑩ 이러한 상황은 훨씬 더 악화될 수 있다. ⑪ 인공 지능의 부상은 대다수 인간의 경제적 가치와 정치적 힘을 소멸시킬 수도 있다. ⑫ 동시에, 생명 공학의 발전이 경제적 불평등을 생물학적 불평등으로 전환하는 것을 가능하게 만들지도 모른다. ⑬ 슈퍼 리치들은 그들의 막대한 부를 가지고 정말로 할 가치가 있는 일을 마침내 가지게 될 것이다. ⑭ 지금까지는 고작해야 지위를 상징하는 것에 지나지 않는 것들만 살 수 있었지만, 곧 그들은 생명 자체를 살 수 있을지도 모른다. ⑮ 만약 생명을 연장하고 신체적, 인지적 능력을 증강하는 새로운 치료법이 비용이 많이 드는 것으로 밝혀지면, 인류는 생물학적 카스트로 나뉘게 될지도 모른다.



19103-4345
① One day while Grace was in reading class, the teacher called on Billy to read a sentence from the board. ② He had been sick most of the winter and had missed a lot of school. ③ Billy stood to read the sentence, but he didn't know all the words. ④ Since she had been listening to the class, Grace read it for him. ⑤ Billy sat down, red-faced and unhappy. ⑥ Grace felt rather proud of herself for having known more than Billy did. ⑦ Her pride didn't last long, however. ⑧ Her brother, Justin, reported to Mom what had happened. ⑨ He said, "Grace made Billy feel like a fool today. ⑩ "Grace tossed her head defiantly. ⑪ "Well, I did know the words, and Billy didn't," she said proudly. ⑫ "Your brother is right, Grace," said Mom. ⑬ "You made Billy feel bad by reading for him. ⑭ After this, you are not to speak up, even if you do know the answer. ⑮ "Grace nodded her head. ⑯ She understood that if she knew something, she was to keep it to herself. ⑰ After that incident, the teacher was invited to a church dinner which Grace's mom attended, too. ⑱ While talking with her, the teacher happened to remark, "I know Grace is bright, but I'm worried these days. ⑲ She doesn't recite or answer any question during class. ⑳ I can't understand it. ㉑ "Mom couldn't understand it either. ㉒ She had heard Grace reading her book at home, and her brother drilled her on her sums until she knew them well. ㉓ Mom approached the subject at suppertime, asking, "Grace, can you read your lessons? ㉔ "Grace said, "Sure, Mom. ㉕ I can read the whole book! ㉖ "Mom was puzzled. ㉗ "Then why," she asked, "does the teacher say you don't recite in school? ㉘ "Grace was surprised. ㉙ "Why, Mom," she answered, "you told me not to! ㉚ "Mom exclaimed, "Why, Grace, I did no such thing! ㉛ ""Yes, you did," Grace said. ㉜ "You told me not to speak up, even when I knew the answer." ㉝ Mom remembered. ㉞ The matter was soon straightened out, and Grace recited again during class.


① 어느 날 Grace가 읽기 수업을 들을 때, 선생님은 Billy에게 칠판의 문장을 읽어 보라고 호명했다. ② 그는 겨울의 대부분 동안 아파서 수업에 많이 빠졌다. ③ Billy는 그 문장을 읽으려고 일어섰지만, 모든 단어를 알지는 못했다. ④ 자신은 수업을 계속 들어 왔기 때문에, Grace는 그를 위해 그것을 읽어 주었다. ⑤ Billy는 붉어진 얼굴로 언짢아하며 자리에 앉았다. ⑥ Grace는 Billy보다 더 많이 알고 있었다는 것에 자신이 꽤나 자랑스러웠다. ⑦ 그러나 그녀의 자랑스러움은 오래가지 않았다. ⑧ 그녀의 오빠 Justin이 엄마에게 무슨 일이 있었는지 일렀다. ⑨ 그는 "Grace가 오늘 Billy를 바보처럼 느끼도록 만들었어요"라고 말했다. ⑩ Grace는 반항적으로 머리를 치켜들었다. ⑪ "그렇지만, 저는 그 단어들을 정말 알고 있었고, Billy는 몰랐어요"라고 그녀가 자랑스럽게 말했다. ⑫ "네 오빠 말이 맞아, Grace", 엄마가 말했다. ⑬ "넌 그를 위해 읽음으로써 Billy를 기분 나쁘게 만들었어. ⑭ 이번 일 이후로는 크게 소리 내서 말해선 안 돼, 비록 네가 답을 정말로 알고 있다고 해도 말이야. ⑮ "Grace는 고개를 끄덕였다. ⑯ 그녀는 자신이 무언가를 안다 해도 그것을 혼자만 알고 있어야 한다고 이해했다. ⑰ 그 일 이후, 선생님이 Grace의 어머니도 참석한 교회 저녁 식사에 초대되었다. ⑱ 그녀와 이야기를 나누다가, 선생님은 우연히 "Grace가 똑똑하다는 것은 알지만, 전 요즘 걱정이 되네요. ⑲ 그 아이는 수업 중에 낭독하지도 않고 어떤 질문에 대답하지도 않습니다. ⑳ 이해가 안 되네요"라고 말했다. ㉑ 엄마도 이해할 수 없었다. ㉒ 그녀는 Grace가 집에서 책을 읽는 것을 들었고, 그녀의 오빠는 그녀가 잘 알 때까지 계산을 반복해서 연습시켰다. ㉓ 엄마는 저녁 식사 시간에 그 주제를 꺼내서, "Grace, 너 수업 내용을 읽을 수 있니"라고 물었다. ㉔ Grace는 "그럼요, 엄마. ㉕ 난 책을 통째로 읽을 수 있는 걸요"라고 말했다. ㉖ 엄마는 어리둥절했다. ㉗ "그럼 왜 선생님께서는 네가 학교에서 낭독하지 않는다고 말씀하실까"라고 그녀가 물었다. ㉘ Grace는 놀랐다. ㉙ "아니, 엄마, 엄마가 하지 말라고 하셨잖아요"라며 그녀가 답했다. ㉚ "아니, Grace, 나는 그런 말 안 했단다"라고 엄마가 큰 소리로 말했다. ㉛ "아뇨, 엄마가 그러셨어요," Grace가 말했다. ㉜ "엄마가 저한테 제가 답을 알고 있을 때조차도 크게 말하지 말라고 하셨잖아요." ㉝ 엄마는 기억이 났다. ㉞ 그 문제는 곧 정리되었고, Grace는 수업중에 다시 낭독했다.



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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 20:47:50

다음 단어의 뜻을 쓰세요.
19103-19
1. blindfold
2. breath
3. gasped

19103-20
4. acknowledge
5. bias
6. negativity
7. neural
8. pastime
9. rut
10. threats
11. trait
12. verbal

19103-21
13. adjust
14. costly
15. disappointing
16. dramatic
17. encounter
18. externals
19. habitual
20. hectic
21. paced
22. proverbial
23. radically
24. rearrange
25. rushed
26. superficial
27. temperamentally

19103-22
28. acknowledge
29. alter
30. category
31. digital
32. disembodied
33. enable
34. exist
35. fantastical
36. gadgets
37. hamlet
38. literary
39. literature
40. multiple
41. novel
42. overlapping
43. qualifies
44. qualify
45. rendering
46. symphony
47. technological
48. technologies
49. unix

19103-23
50. acquire
51. adviser
52. agents
53. command
54. consequential
55. crucial
56. demonstration
57. depended
58. diffusion
59. engaged
60. error
61. expanding
62. experimental
63. exploratory
64. fidelity
65. focuses
66. informational
67. instruction
68. literature
69. operate
70. reliability
71. transmission
72. trial
73. wireless

19103-24
74. admittedly
75. anecdote
76. apparently
77. capacity
78. claim
79. concertina
80. decisive
81. deliberately
82. enthusiastic
83. external
84. howling
85. incapable
86. interpreted
87. involved
88. jingling
89. mere
90. occasions
91. particularly
92. pronounced
93. responded
94. responding
95. response
96. skill
97. specific
98. tune
99. whining

19103-25
100. attachment
101. identical
102. percentage
103. progressed
104. resided
105. respectively
106. responded
107. rural
108. suburban
109. terms

19103-26
110. awarded
111. contemporary
112. doctorate
113. drafted
114. incompleteness
115. institute
116. intellectual
117. logicians
118. mathematical
119. mathematics
120. philosophy
121. publication
122. theorem
123. threat
124. undergraduate

19103-29
125. behaviours
126. calculations
127. capable
128. desktop
129. efficiency
130. expended
131. individual
132. metabolically
133. muscle
134. networks
135. neuron
136. outclasses
137. overall
138. recognizing
139. specialized
140. terms

19103-30
141. acceptable
142. accurate
143. affected
144. bombs
145. conceal
146. consciousness
147. denial
148. determine
149. esteem
150. exploding
151. gnawing
152. hateful
153. hypersensitivity
154. joke
155. lingering
156. mask
157. nationalities
158. notoriously
159. offended
160. politeness
161. professions
162. subconscious
163. tactful
164. tasteful
165. termites
166. unaware
167. unnoticed
168. unproblematic
169. wounded

19103-31
170. adolescent
171. awareness
172. cardiac
173. causation
174. cognitively
175. confined
176. crib
177. developmental
178. dislodge
179. exert
180. functioning
181. impair
182. implanted
183. impulses
184. inactive
185. increase
186. infant
187. intact
188. likewise
189. otherwise
190. pacemaker
191. porch
192. probability
193. relatively
194. relevant
195. risky

19103-32
196. acquiring
197. assessments
198. belong
199. claim
200. contributes
201. defined
202. deserved
203. disadvantaged
204. distinctions
205. majority
206. merely
207. minority
208. perception
209. privilege
210. psychological
211. seek
212. striving

19103-33
213. boundaries
214. certainty
215. glimpse
216. gut
217. lifeforms
218. literally
219. nonself
220. pacifier
221. paradoxical
222. pleasant
223. prickly
224. primitive
225. sucked
226. thumb

19103-34
227. abandoned
228. arbitrarily
229. aware
230. chatgroups
231. coexist
232. conflicting
233. consistent
234. conversational
235. cooperative
236. deceptions
237. fantasy
238. feature
239. identities
240. interact
241. logically
242. maintain
243. multiple
244. mutually
245. obeying
246. operate
247. outright
248. participants
249. playful
250. presence
251. pretence
252. ranging
253. significant
254. trickery
255. utterance

19103-35
256. advantage
257. alien
258. availability
259. basically
260. degrading
261. devoid
262. disruption
263. evolved
264. fynbos
265. impoverishment
266. indigenous
267. invader
268. nutrients
269. occur
270. organisms
271. recreation
272. region
273. shrubs
274. tourism
275. utilised

19103-36
276. assuming
277. attitude
278. consciousness
279. contradict
280. deliberate
281. examining
282. explicitly
283. falsehood
284. forefront
285. instances
286. logic
287. objective
288. operations
289. quip
290. rationalization
291. refrain
292. suppress

19103-37
293. armed
294. avalanche
295. chalet
296. debris
297. economic
298. efficient
299. existed
300. feasible
301. figuring
302. geography
303. lowlands
304. partially
305. plow
306. possibilities
307. remote
308. sufficiently
309. technological
310. technologies

19103-38
311. assume
312. collective
313. continually
314. decades
315. engagement
316. evaluate
317. exhibit
318. geniuses
319. grit
320. impact
321. indeed
322. individual
323. intelligence
324. measuring
325. merely
326. opposed
327. possessed
328. predict
329. rates
330. reported
331. systematically

19103-39
332. analysis
333. approach
334. attempting
335. biological
336. biology
337. complex
338. decades
339. diverse
340. exceptions
341. explanation
342. function
343. link
344. localized
345. region
346. sociology
347. specific
348. systemic
349. universal

19103-40
350. adorn
351. assert
352. celare
353. colorem
354. conceal
355. conflate
356. disguise
357. duplicate
358. extent
359. implies
360. misrepresent
361. obstructed
362. ornament
363. photograph
364. plausible
365. render
366. response
367. snub
368. synonymous

19103-4142
369. accelerate
370. benefited
371. biological
372. biotechnology
373. cognitive
374. economic
375. egalitarian
376. eliminate
377. enormous
378. entire
379. equal
380. extending
381. extent
382. fulfilled
383. genders
384. generation
385. globalization
386. hierarchies
387. humanity
388. humankind
389. improvements
390. inequality
391. monopolize
392. nevertheless
393. particular
394. political
395. privileges
396. prosperity
397. prove
398. revolved
399. segments
400. societies
401. split
402. status
403. superrich
404. translate
405. upgrading
406. worthwhile

19103-4345
407. approached
408. defiantly
409. drilled
410. exclaimed
411. incident
412. recite
413. remark
414. reported
415. straightened
416. suppertime
417. tossed


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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 20:46:49

단어의 뜻
19103-19
1. blindfold ① 눈을 가리고 ② 가리다
2. breath ① 숨 ② 호흡
3. gasped ① ~을 헐떡거리면서 말하다 ② 헐떡임



19103-20
1. acknowledge ① ~을 인정하다 ② 알다
2. bias ① 편견 ② 치우침
3. negativity ① 소극성 ② 음성
4. neural ① 신경의 ② 신경 중추의
5. pastime ① 오락 ② 취미
6. rut ① 바퀴 자국 ② 관습
7. threats ① 우려
8. trait ① 특징 ② 특성
9. verbal ① 말의 ② 구두의



19103-21
1. adjust ① 조정되다 ② 적응하다
2. costly ① 값이 비싼 ② 사치스러운
3. disappointing ① 실망시키는 ② 기대보다 못한
4. dramatic ① 극적인 ② 급격한
5. encounter ① 만나다 ② 마주치다
6. externals 남을 외모로 판단하다
7. habitual ① 습관적인 ② 상습적인
8. hectic ① 매우 흥분한 ② 몹시 바쁜
9. paced ① 보측된 ② 걸음이 ~인
10. proverbial 1.속담의 2.유명한 3.흔히
11. radically ① 근본적으로 ② 원래
12. rearrange ① 재배열하다 ② 재조정
13. rushed ① 아주 급하게 해결된 ② 서두르다
14. superficial ① 피상적인 ② 겉으로 드러나는
15. temperamentally 기질상



19103-22
1. acknowledge ① ~을 인정하다 ② 알다
2. alter ① 바꾸다 ② 변경하다
3. category ① 범주 ② 부문
4. digital ① 디지털의 ② 전자제품의
5. disembodied 1.육체에서 분리된 2.육체가 없는 3.현실을 떠난
6. enable ① 가능하게 하다 ② 할 수 있게 하다
7. exist ① 존재하다 ② 있다
8. fantastical ① 공상적인 ② 상상의
9. gadgets ① 기기 ② 장치
10. hamlet ① 작은 마을 ② 촌락
11. literary ① 문학 ② 작품
12. literature ① 문학 ② 문헌
13. multiple ① 다_ ② 다수의
14. novel ① 소설 ② 기발한 3. 새로운
15. overlapping ① 겹쳐지다 ② 포개지다
16. qualifies ① 알맞게 하다 ② ~을 부르다
17. qualify ① 자격을 갖추다 ② 자격을 얻다
18. rendering ① 연주 ② 표현
19. symphony ① 교향곡 ② 교향악단
20. technological 기술적인
21. technologies ① 과학 기술 ② 전문 용어
22. unix 유닉스



19103-23
1. acquire ① 얻다 ② 인수하다
2. adviser ① 보좌관 ② 고문
3. agents ① 에이전트 ② 요원
4. command ① 명령하다 ② 사령부
5. consequential ① 결과로서 일어나는 ② 중대한
6. crucial ① 중요한 ② 결정적인
7. demonstration ① 시위 ② 시연
8. depended ① depend onuponA 결정되다 ② 매달리다
9. diffusion 1.보급 2.유포 3.산만
10. engaged ① 통화 중인 ② 바쁜
11. error ① 오차 ② 오류
12. expanding ① ~을 확대하다 ② 전개하다
13. experimental ① 실험의 ② 경험적인
14. exploratory ① 탐험의 ② 답사의
15. fidelity ① 충실도 ② 엄수
16. focuses ① 초점에 모이다 ② 주의를 집중하다
17. informational ① 정보의 ② 정보를 제공하는
18. instruction ① 교육 ② 지시
19. literature ① 문학 ② 문헌
20. operate ① 운영하다 ② 영업하다
21. reliability ① 신뢰성 ② 신뢰도
22. transmission ① 전송 ② 방송
23. trial ① 재판 ② 실험
24. wireless ① 무선의 ② 이동



19103-24
1. admittedly ① 틀림없이 ② 널리 인정되고 있는 것처럼
2. anecdote 일화
3. apparently ① 분명히 ② 명백히
4. capacity ① 능력 ② 용량
5. claim ① 주장하다 ② 말하다
6. concertina 1.콘서티나 2.납작해지다 3.신축하다
7. decisive ① 결정적인 ② 단호한
8. deliberately ① 의도적으로 ② 고의로
9. enthusiastic ① 열정적인 ② 열렬한
10. external ① 외부의 ② 대외적인
11. incapable ① 무능한 ② 불가능한
12. interpreted ① ~의 뜻을 밝히다 ② ~을 해석하다
13. involved ① 관련된 ② 관여하는
14. jingling 1.딸랑딸랑 울리다 2.듣기 좋게 울리다 3.딸랑딸랑거리는 소리
15. mere ① 단순한 ② 단지
16. occasions ① ~의 유인이 되다 ② 일어나게 하다
17. particularly ① 특히 ② 특별하게
18. pronounced 1.뚜렷한 2.명백한 3.단호한
19. responded ① ~이라고 대답하다 ② 대응 기둥
20. responding ① ~이라고 대답하다 ② 대응 기둥
21. response ① 반응 ② 대응
22. skill ① 기술 ② 실력
23. specific ① 특정한 ② 구체적인
24. tune ① 조율하다 ② 곡
25. whining 1.투덜대는 2.흐느껴 우는



19103-25
1. attachment ① 애착 ② 부착
2. identical ① 똑같은 ② 동일한
3. percentage ① 포인트 ② 비율
4. progressed ① 진행 ② 진보
5. resided ① 거주하다 ② 존재하다
6. respectively ① 각각 ② 각자
7. responded ① ~이라고 대답하다 ② 대응 기둥
8. rural ① 농업의 ② 시골의
9. suburban ① 교외의 ② 교외 거주자
10. terms ① ~을 부르다 ② 칭하다



19103-26
1. awarded ① 수여하다 ② 재정하다
2. contemporary ① 현대의 ② 동시대의
3. doctorate ① 박사 학위 ② 학위
4. drafted ① 제도공으로서의 기술을 연마하다 ② 앞차의 바로 뒤를 달리다
5. incompleteness 1.불완전함 2.미완성
6. institute ① 연구소 ② 전문교육기관
7. intellectual ① 지적인 ② 지식인
8. logicians 1.논리학자 2.논리에 능한 사람
9. mathematical ① 수학의 ② 수리적인
10. mathematics ① 수학 ② 수리
11. philosophy ① 철학 ② 이론
12. publication ① 출판 ② 간행물
13. theorem 1.정리 2.원리 3.공리
14. threat ① 위협 ② 우려
15. undergraduate ① 대학의 ② 학부의



19103-29
1. behaviours 1.행동 2.behavior
2. calculations ① 계산 ② 측정
3. capable ① 가능성있는 ② 능력있는
4. desktop 1.탁상용의 2.책상 위에 놓을 수 있는 크기의 3.탁상의 작업면
5. efficiency ① 효율 ② 능률
6. individual ① 개인의 ② 개별의
7. metabolically 1.(보통 한정적) 물질 교대의 2.변태하는 3.(신진) 대사의
8. muscle 근육
9. networks ① 망상 조직 ② 그물 세공
10. neuron ① 뉴런 ② 신경 단위
11. outclasses 1.(종종 수동태) …보다 낫다 2.…보다 뛰어나다
12. overall ① 전반적으로 ② 전체에 걸친
13. recognizing 인정하다
14. specialized ① 전문의 ② 분화한
15. terms ① ~을 부르다 ② 칭하다



19103-30
1. acceptable ① 받아들일 만한 ② 허용할 수 있는
2. accurate ① 정확한 ② 정밀한
3. affected ① 영향받는 ② 피해입은
4. bombs ① 화산탄 ② 분무기
5. conceal ① 감추다 ② 숨기다
6. consciousness ① 의식 ② 인식
7. denial ① 부정 ② 부인
8. determine ① 결정하다 ② 밝히다
9. esteem ① 존중하다 ② 평가하다
10. exploding ① 폭발하다 ② 폭발적으로 되다
11. gnawing 1.쏠기 2.쏘는 3.괴롭히는
12. hateful ① 미워하는 ② 지긋지긋한
13. hypersensitivity 1.과민증 2.알레르기
14. joke ① 농담 ② 장난
15. lingering 1.질질 끄는 2.꾸물거리는 3.계속 남아있는
16. mask ① 마스크 ② 가면
17. nationalities 민족 소비에트
18. notoriously 악명 높게
19. offended ① 기분을 상하게 하는 ② 노한
20. politeness ① 공손함 ② 예의
21. professions ① 지적 직업 직업
22. subconscious ① 잠재 의식의 ② 잠재 의식
23. tactful ① 재치 있는 ② 약삭빠른
24. tasteful 1.취미가 고상한 2.심미안이 있는 3.정교한
25. termites 흰개미
26. unaware ① 모르는 ② 알지 못하는
27. unnoticed ① 주목받지 못하는 ② 눈에 띄지 않는
28. unproblematic 1.곤란함이 없는 2.문제가 되지 않는
29. wounded ① 상처를 입은 ② 부상자



19103-31
1. adolescent ① 청소년 ② 청년
2. awareness ① 인식 ② 의식
3. cardiac ① 심장의 ② 심장병 환자
4. causation ① 인과 관계 ② 원인
5. cognitively ① 인식에 의해 ② 인지적으로
6. confined ① 국한 ② 제한된
7. crib 1.표절 2.유아용 침대 3.구유
8. developmental ① 개발적인 ② 발육의
9. dislodge 1.제거하다 2.몰아내다 3.숙사에서 나오다
10. exert ① 영향을 미치다 ② 행사하다
11. functioning ① 기능 ② 의식
12. impair 1.손상시키다 2.해치다 3.손상하다
13. implanted ① 착상하다 ② 심다
14. impulses ① 충동 ② 자극
15. inactive ① 활발하지 않은 ② 활동하지 않는
16. increase ① 증가하다 ② 늘리다
17. infant ① 유아의 ② 초기의
18. intact ① 손상되지 않은 ② 온전한
19. likewise ① 마찬가지로 ② 똑같이
20. otherwise ① 그렇지 않으면 ② 다른
21. pacemaker 1.주도자 2.페이스메이커 3.맥박 조정기
22. porch ① 현관 ② 문간
23. probability ① 확률 ② 가능성
24. relatively ① 비교적으로 ② 상대적으로
25. relevant ① 관련있는 ② 적절한
26. risky ① 위험한 ② 무모한



19103-32
1. acquiring ① 취득하다 ② ~을 자기 것으로 만들다
2. assessments ① 평가 ② 조사
3. belong ① 속하다 ② ~의 것이다
4. claim ① 주장하다 ② 말하다
5. contributes ① 기부하다 ② 기고하다
6. defined 정의된
7. deserved ① 만하다 ② 마땅하다
8. disadvantaged ① 혜택받지 못한 ② 혜택받지 못한 사람들
9. distinctions ① 구별 ② 차이
10. majority ① 다수의 ② 대부분
11. merely ① 단지 ② 단순히
12. minority 소수
13. perception ① 인식 ② 지각
14. privilege ① 특권 ② 영광
15. psychological ① 심리학의 ② 정신의
16. seek ① 추구하다 ② 찾다
17. striving ① 노력하다 ② 싸우다



19103-33
1. boundaries ① 경계를 나타내는 것 ② 경계
2. certainty ① 확실 ② 확신
3. glimpse ① 보다 ② 잠깐보다
4. gut ① 게걸스럽게 먹다 ② 내장
5. lifeforms 정렬을 이루다
6. literally ① 그대로 ② 정말로
7. nonself 1.이물 2.비자기
8. pacifier 1.조정자 2.채워 주는 것 3.달래는 사람
9. paradoxical ① 역설의 ② 모순적인
10. pleasant ① 즐거운 ② 좋은
11. prickly 1.가시가 많은 2.침이 있는 3.성가신
12. primitive ① 원시의 ② 원초적인
13. sucked 1.입으로 빨다 2.…에 입을 대어 빨다 3.…을 (입에 넣어서) 빨다
14. thumb ① 엄지 ② 훑어보다



19103-34
1. abandoned ① 버림받은 ② 제멋대로의
2. arbitrarily 1.임의대로 2.임의로 3.자유 재량에 의하여
3. aware ① 알고 있는 ② 인식하는
4. coexist ① 공존하다 ② 같은 때에 존재하다
5. conflicting ① 상충되는 ② 상반하는
6. consistent ① 일관된 ② 지속적인
7. conversational ① 회화의 ② 회화체의
8. cooperative ① 협력적인 ② 협동하는
9. deceptions 1.기만 2.사기 3.허상
10. fantasy ① 공상 ② 몽상
11. feature ① 특징 ② 출연하다
12. identities ① 동일함 ② 본인임
13. interact ① 작용하다 ② 교류하다
14. logically ① 논리적으로 ② 필연적으로
15. maintain ① 유지하다 ② 계속하다
16. multiple ① 다_ ② 다수의
17. mutually ① 서로 ② 상호간에
18. operate ① 운영하다 ② 영업하다
19. outright ① 완전히 ② 솔직한
20. participants ① 참가자 ② 참여자
21. playful ① 장난스러운 ② 쾌활한
22. presence ① 존재 ② 영향력
23. pretence 1.가식 2.핑계 3.주장
24. ranging ① 방목장의 ② 방목되고 있는
25. significant ① 중요한 ② 상당한
26. trickery 1.속임수 2.사기 3.계략
27. utterance ① 발성 ② 발언



19103-35
1. advantage ① 이점 ② 우위
2. alien ① 외계인 ② 외국인
3. availability ① 유용성 ② 유효성
4. basically ① 기본적으로 ② 다시 말하면
5. degrading ① 품위를 떨어뜨리는 ② 품격을 낮추는
6. devoid ① 없는 ② 결여된
7. disruption ① 붕괴 ② 파열
8. evolved ① 발전하다 ② 진전하다
9. fynbos 핀보스황금두더지
10. impoverishment 1.빈곤 2.질의 저하 3.불모
11. indigenous ① 고유의 ② 토착의
12. invader ① 침입자 ② 침략국
13. nutrients 영양
14. occur ① 발생하다 ② 일어나다
15. organisms ① 유기체 ② 유기적 조직체
16. recreation ① 레크리에이션 ② 휴양
17. region ① 지역 ② 지방
18. shrubs ① 관목 ② 키 작은 나무
19. tourism ① 관광 ② 여행
20. utilised ① ~을 이용하다 ② 활용하다



19103-36
1. assuming ① 건방진 ② 거만한
2. attitude ① 태도 ② 자세
3. consciousness ① 의식 ② 인식
4. contradict ① 모순되다 ② 다르다
5. deliberate ① 고의적인 ② 심의하다
6. examining ① 검사하다 ② 시험하다
7. explicitly ① 솔직하게 ② 명시적으로
8. falsehood ① 거짓말 ② 허언
9. forefront ① 최전선 ② 선두
10. instances ① 예 ② 사례
11. logic ① 논리 ② 생각
12. objective ① 목표의 ② 객관적인
13. operations ① 작용 ② 작업 과정
14. quip 1.빈정거리는 말 2.신랄한 말 3.경구
15. rationalization 1.합리화 2.유리화 3.이론적 설명
16. refrain ① 자제하다 ② 삼가다
17. suppress ① 억제하다 ② 억압하다



19103-37
1. armed ① 무장한 ② 갖춘
2. avalanche ① 사태 ② 눈사태
3. chalet 1.샬레 2.스위스 지방의 농가 3.샬레풍 별장
4. debris ① 잔해 ② 파편
5. economic ① 경제의 ② 경기의
6. efficient ① 효율적인 ② 효과적
7. existed ① 존재하다 ② 존속하다
8. feasible 1.실행할 수 있는 2.실현 가능한 3.적당한
9. figuring ① 모습 ② 인물
10. geography ① 지리학 ② 지형
11. lowlands 1.(종종 lowlands로 단수 취급) 저지(低地) 2.(the Lowlands) 스코틀랜드 남부·중부·동부의 저지 지방 3.저지의
12. partially ① 부분적으로 ② 일부
13. plow ① 갈다 ② 쟁기
14. possibilities ① 가능성 ② 가능성 있는 사항
15. remote ① 원격의 ② 외딴
16. technological 기술적인
17. technologies ① 과학 기술 ② 전문 용어



19103-38
1. assume ① 가정하다 ② 생각하다
2. collective ① 집단적인 ② 공동의
3. continually ① 계속해서 ② 지속적으로
4. decades ① 십년간 ② 수십년
5. engagement ① 참여 ② 연대
6. evaluate ① 평가하다 ② 측정하다
7. exhibit ① 전시 ② 전시회
8. geniuses ① 천재 ② 천재
9. grit 1.티끌 2.악물다 3.기개
10. impact ① 영향 ② 충격
11. indeed ① 정말로 ② 사실은
12. individual ① 개인의 ② 개별의
13. intelligence ① 지능 ② 정보
14. measuring 계측용의
15. merely ① 단지 ② 단순히
16. opposed ① 대항하는 ② 반대의
17. possessed ① 홀린 ② 움직여진
18. predict ① 예측하다 ② 전망하다
19. rates ① 비율 ② 요금
20. reported ① 보고 ② 성적 보고서
21. systematically ① 조직적으로 ② 체계적으로



19103-39
1. analysis ① 분석 ② 해석
2. approach ① 접근하다 ② 접근법
3. attempting ① ~을 시도하다 ② 노리다
4. biological ① 생물학의 ② 생물학적 약제
5. biology 생물학
6. complex ① 복잡한 ② 복합의
7. decades ① 십년간 ② 수십년
8. diverse ① 다양한 ② 여러 가지의
9. exceptions ① 예외 ② 특례
10. explanation ① 설명 ② 해명
11. function ① 기능 ② 역할
12. link ① 연결 ② 링크
13. localized ① 국지적인 ② 지방화된
14. region ① 지역 ② 지방
15. sociology ① 사회과학 ② 사회학
16. specific ① 특정한 ② 구체적인
17. systemic ① 체계의 ② 계의
18. universal ① 보편적인 ② 전 세계의



19103-40
1. adorn 1.장식하다 2.꾸미다 3.…의 아름다움을 돋보이게 하다
2. assert ① 주장하다 ② 단언하다
3. celare (라틴어) (참다운) 예술이란 예술을 숨기는것이다
4. colorem 1.…색의 2.유색인 3.컬러
5. conceal ① 감추다 ② 숨기다
6. conflate 1.융합하다 2.하나로 합치다 3.합체시키다
7. disguise ① 위장 ② 변장
8. duplicate ① 중복되다 ② 복제한
9. extent ① 정도 ② 범위
10. implies ① ~의 뜻을 함축하다 ② ~을 암시하다
11. misrepresent ① ~을 잘못 전하다 ② 부정확하게 말하다
12. obstructed 1.막다 2.…의 진행을 방해하다 3.지나가기 어렵게 하다
13. ornament 장식
14. photograph ① 사진 ② 촬영
15. plausible ① 그럴듯한 ② 정말 같은
16. render ① 되게 하다 ② 표현하다
17. response ① 반응 ② 대응
18. snub 1.무시하다 2.…을 냉대하여 이르게 하다 3.거절하다
19. synonymous 1.동의어인 2.유의어인 3.뜻이 같은



19103-4142
1. accelerate ① 가속하다 ② 빨라지다
2. benefited ① ~의 득이 되다 ② 이익을 얻다
3. biological ① 생물학의 ② 생물학적 약제
4. biotechnology ① 생물 공학 ② 인간 공학
5. cognitive ① 인식의 ② 인지의
6. economic ① 경제의 ② 경기의
7. egalitarian 1.평등주의의 2.평등주의자
8. eliminate ① 없애다 ② 제거하다
9. enormous ① 엄청난 ② 거대한
10. entire ① 전체의 ② 내내
11. equal ① 평등한 ② 동등한
12. extending 전개도
13. extent ① 정도 ② 범위
14. fulfilled 충실한
15. genders ① 성 ② 성
16. generation ① 세대 ② 시대
17. globalization ① 세계화 ② 국제화
18. hierarchies ① 계층제 ② 성직 위계제
19. humanity ① 인류 ② 인간성
20. humankind ① 인류 ② 인간
21. improvements ① 개선 ② 향상
22. inequality ① 불평등 ② 불균형
23. monopolize 독점하다
24. nevertheless ① 그럼에도 불구하고 ② 그렇지만
25. particular ① 특정한 ② 특별한
26. political ① 정치의 ② 정당의
27. privileges 1.특권을 주다 2.면제하다(exempt) 3.(…할) 특권
28. prosperity ① 번영 ② 번창
29. prove ① 증명하다 ② 입증하다
30. revolved 1.순환하다 2.맴돌다 3.…을 회전시키다
31. segments ① 분절 ② 부문
32. societies ① 상류 사회의 ② 회
33. split ① 분할 ② 나누다
34. status ① 상태 ② 지위
35. superrich 우수 민족
36. translate ① 번역하다 ② 옮기다
37. upgrading 1.(미) 치받이의 2.(미) 오르막길을 올라 3.…의 등급을 올리다
38. worthwhile ① 가치있는 ② ~할 만한



19103-4345
1. approached ① 다가가다 ② ~에 가까워지다
2. defiantly 반항적으로
3. drilled ① 천공기 ② 훈련
4. exclaimed ① 외치다 ② ~이라고 외치다
5. incident ① 사건 ② 사고
6. recite ① 암송하다 ② 읊다
7. remark ① 발언 ② 말
8. reported ① 보고 ② 성적 보고서
9. straightened ① 곧아지다 ② 바르게 되다
10. suppertime 1.저녁 식사 때 2.저녁 식사 시간
11. tossed ① 던지다 ② 들까불다






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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 20:29:11

Text Analysis
19103-40

1. Color has not always been synonymous with truth and reality. {4.8 = 4.8 + 0 + 0}
색이 항상 진실과 실제와 동의어였던 것은 아니다.
▢ synonymous:1.동의어인 2.유의어인 3.뜻이 같은
ⓟ with


2. In the past, Plato and Aristotle both attacked the use of color in painting because they considered color to be an ornament that obstructed the truth. {10.0 = 9.0 + 0 + 1}
과거에 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스는 모두 색을 진실을 가리는 장식으로 여겼기 때문에 그림에서의 색의 사용을 맹비난했다.
▢ obstructed:1.막다 2.…의 진행을 방해하다 3.지나가기 어렵게 하다 ▢ ornament:장식
ⓥ attack↔defend ⓝ they ⓟ In of in


3. Even the word "color" contains a snub against it. {4.5 = 4.5 + 0 + 0}
심지어 'color'라는 단어는 그것을 경멸하는 뜻을 포함하고 있다.
▢ snub:1.무시하다 2.…을 냉대하여 이르게 하다 3.거절하다
ⓥ against↔for ⓝ it


4. The Latin colorem is related to celare, to hide or conceal; in Middle English to color is to adorn, to disguise, to render plausible, to misrepresent. {28.1 = 26.1 + 2 + 0}
라틴어 'colorem'은 감추다 혹은 숨기다라는 뜻의 'celare'와 관련이 있으며, 중세 영어에서 색을 칠한다는 것은 장식하다, 가장하다, 그럴듯하게 만들어 내다, 잘못 표현하다의 의미이다.
▢ adorn:1.장식하다 2.꾸미다 3.…의 아름다움을 돋보이게 하다 ▢ celare:(라틴어) (참다운) 예술이란 예술을 숨기는것이다 ▢ colorem:1.…색의 2.유색인 3.컬러 ▢ conceal:① 감추다 ② 숨기다 ▢ disguise:① 위장 ② 변장 ▢ misrepresent:① ~을 잘못 전하다 ② 부정확하게 말하다 ▢ plausible:① 그럴듯한 ② 정말 같은 ▢ render:① 되게 하다 ② 표현하다
Ⓟ middle english:1.중세 영어 2.중기 영어 3.(약어)ME ⓖ 앤동 ⓖ 콤투 ⓥ adorn↔unadorn ⓥ hide↔reveal ⓥ relate↔dissociate ⓟ in


5. Today most people prefer color pictures to black-and-white pictures. {1.4 = 1.4 + 0 + 0}
오늘날 대부분의 사람은 흑백 사진보다는 컬러 사진을 선호한다.


6. They assert that color photographs are more "real" than black-and-white photographs. {4.2 = 4.2 + 0 + 0}
그들은 컬러 사진이 흑백 사진보다 더 '진짜 같다'고 역설한다.
▢ assert:① 주장하다 ② 단언하다
ⓥ more↔less ⓝ Theyⓘ They


7. This implies that people tend to conflate color photography and reality to an even greater extent than they do with black-and-white photographs. {9.2 = 8.2 + 0 + 1}
이것은 사람들이 흑백 사진으로 하는 것보다 훨씬 더 높은 정도로 컬러 사진술을 현실과 융합하는 경향이 있다는 것을 암시한다.
▢ conflate:1.융합하다 2.하나로 합치다 3.합체시키다 ▢ extent:① 정도 ② 범위 ▢ implies:① ~의 뜻을 함축하다 ② ~을 암시하다
Ⓟ color photography:1.컬러 사진술 2.천연색 사진술 ⓥ extent↔intent ⓝ they ⓟ with


8. Many people have had the experience of someone pointing to an 8×10-inch color photograph and saying, "There's Mary. {4.5 = 3.5 + 1 + 0}
많은 사람은 누군가가 8×10인치 컬러 사진을 가리키며 "Mary가 있네.
▢ photograph:① 사진 ② 촬영
ⓖ 햅피 ⓟ of


9. She sure looks good, doesn't she? {0.7 = 0.7 + 0 + 0}
그녀는 정말 멋져 보인다, 그렇지 않니"라고 말하는 것을 경험한 적이 있다.
ⓝ She she


10. "We know that it is not Mary, but such a typical response acts as a vivid reminder of how we expect photography to duplicate our reality for us. {5.9 = 4.9 + 1 + 0}
우리는 그것이 Mary가 아니라는 것을 알지만, 그러한 전형적인 반응은 사진술이 우리를 위해 우리의 실제를 복제해 주기를 어떻게 기대하는지 생생하게 상기시켜 주는 역할을 한다.
▢ duplicate:① 중복되다 ② 복제한 ▢ response:① 반응 ② 대응
ⓖ 잇오브투 ⓝ it such ⓟ of for


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19103-4142

1. The history of the twentieth century revolved to a large extent around the reduction of inequality between classes, races, and genders. {7.2 = 6.2 + 1 + 0}
20세기의 역사는 주로 계급, 인종, 그리고 성별 간 불평등의 감소를 중심으로 돌아갔다.
▢ extent:① 정도 ② 범위 ▢ genders:① 성 ② 성 ▢ inequality:① 불평등 ② 불균형 ▢ revolved:1.순환하다 2.맴돌다 3.…을 회전시키다
ⓖ 그정도로 ⓥ extent↔intent ⓥ inequality↔equality ⓟ of around of


2. Though the world of the year 2000 still had its share of hierarchies, it was nevertheless a far more equal place than the world of 1900. {9.1 = 7.1 + 1 + 1}
2000년의 세계에는 여전히 계급제의 일부가 남아 있었지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 1900년의 세계보다는 훨씬 더 평등한 곳이었다.
▢ equal:① 평등한 ② 동등한 ▢ hierarchies:① 계층제 ② 성직 위계제 ▢ nevertheless:① 그럼에도 불구하고 ② 그렇지만
ⓖ 콤잇 ⓥ equal↔different ⓥ hierarchies↔equalities ⓥ more↔less ⓝ its it ⓟ of of ofⓒ nevertheless


3. So people expected that the egalitarian process would continue and even accelerate. {9.6 = 8.6 + 0 + 1}
따라서 사람들은 인류 평등주의의 과정이 계속 이어지고, 심지어 가속될 것으로 기대했다.
▢ accelerate:① 가속하다 ② 빨라지다 ▢ egalitarian:1.평등주의의 2.평등주의자
ⓥ continue↔cease ⓒ So\b


4. In particular, they hoped that globalization would spread economic prosperity throughout the world, and that as a result people in India and Egypt would come to enjoy the same opportunities and privileges as people in Finland and Canada. {11.2 = 9.2 + 0 + 2}
특히, 그들은 세계화가 세계 곳곳에 경제적 번영을 확산시킬 것이고, 그 결과 인도와 이집트의 사람들이 핀란드와 캐나다의 사람들과 같은 기회와 특권을 누리게 될 것이라고 희망했다.
▢ economic:① 경제의 ② 경기의 ▢ globalization:① 세계화 ② 국제화 ▢ particular:① 특정한 ② 특별한 ▢ privileges:1.특권을 주다 2.면제하다(exempt) 3.(…할) 특권 ▢ prosperity:① 번영 ② 번창
Ⓟ come to:1.오다 2.되다 3.관해 4.끝나다 5.결정 ⓥ prosperity↔poverty ⓝ they ⓟ In throughout in in


5. An entire generation grew up on this promise. {3.5 = 2.5 + 1 + 0}
한 세대 전체가 이 약속을 믿고 성장했다.
▢ entire:① 전체의 ② 내내 ▢ generation:① 세대 ② 시대
ⓖ 부전 ⓟ on


6. Now it seems that this promise might not be fulfilled. {4.0 = 2.0 + 1 + 1}
이제 이 약속은 이행되지 못할 수도 있는 것으로 보인다.
▢ fulfilled:충실한
ⓖ 이디끝 ⓥ fulfill↔fall ⓝ it


7. Globalization has certainly benefited large segments of humanity, but there are signs of growing inequality both between and within societies. {14.2 = 13.2 + 1 + 0}
세계화가 인류의 커다란 부분에 분명히 혜택을 주었지만, 사회들 간에 그리고 사회 내부에서 모두 불평등이 커져 가는 조짐이 있다.
▢ benefited:① ~의 득이 되다 ② 이익을 얻다 ▢ globalization:① 세계화 ② 국제화 ▢ humanity:① 인류 ② 인간성 ▢ inequality:① 불평등 ② 불균형 ▢ segments:① 분절 ② 부문 ▢ societies:① 상류 사회의 ② 회
ⓖ 햅피 ⓥ benefit↔harm ⓥ inequality↔equality ⓟ of of within


8. Some groups increasingly monopolize the fruits of globalization, while billions are left behind. {7.9 = 5.9 + 1 + 1}
일부 집단은 점점 더 세계화의 결실을 독점하고 있는 반면 수십억의 사람들은 뒤처져 있다.
▢ globalization:① 세계화 ② 국제화 ▢ monopolize:독점하다
ⓖ 전끝 ⓟ of behind


9. Today, the richest 1 percent own half the world's wealth. {1.9 = 1.9 + 0 + 0}
오늘날 최고 부유층 1퍼센트가 세계 부의 절반을 소유하고 있다.


10. This situation could get far worse. {1.1 = 1.1 + 0 + 0}
이러한 상황은 훨씬 더 악화될 수 있다.


11. The rise of AI might eliminate the economic value and political power of most humans. {4.6 = 4.6 + 0 + 0}
인공 지능의 부상은 대다수 인간의 경제적 가치와 정치적 힘을 소멸시킬 수도 있다.
▢ economic:① 경제의 ② 경기의 ▢ eliminate:① 없애다 ② 제거하다 ▢ political:① 정치의 ② 정당의
ⓥ eliminate↔alleviate ⓥ eliminate↔necessitate ⓟ of of


12. At the same time, improvements in biotechnology might make it possible to translate economic inequality into biological inequality. {14.2 = 12.2 + 2 + 0}
동시에, 생명 공학의 발전이 경제적 불평등을 생물학적 불평등으로 전환하는 것을 가능하게 만들지도 모른다.
▢ biological:① 생물학의 ② 생물학적 약제 ▢ biotechnology:① 생물 공학 ② 인간 공학 ▢ economic:① 경제의 ② 경기의 ▢ improvements:① 개선 ② 향상 ▢ inequality:① 불평등 ② 불균형 ▢ translate:① 번역하다 ② 옮기다
Ⓟ make it:1.만들다 2.성공하다 3.해내다 4.시키다 5.극복하다 ⓖ 동명형 ⓖ 비타 ⓥ biological↔adoptive ⓥ improvements↔decline ⓥ inequality↔equality ⓥ possible↔impossible ⓝ it ⓟ At in into


13. The superrich will finally have something really worthwhile to do with their enormous wealth. {6.6 = 6.6 + 0 + 0}
슈퍼 리치들은 그들의 막대한 부를 가지고 정말로 할 가치가 있는 일을 마침내 가지게 될 것이다.
▢ enormous:① 엄청난 ② 거대한 ▢ superrich:우수 민족 ▢ worthwhile:① 가치있는 ② ~할 만한
Ⓟ do with:1.관계있다 2.~로 하다 3.필요하다 ⓝ their ⓟ with


14. While up until now they have only been able to buy little more than status symbols, soon they might be able to buy life itself. {4.5 = 3.5 + 1 + 0}
지금까지는 고작해야 지위를 상징하는 것에 지나지 않는 것들만 살 수 있었지만, 곧 그들은 생명 자체를 살 수 있을지도 모른다.
▢ status:① 상태 ② 지위
Ⓟ little more than:1.…과 거의 같을 정도로 적게 2.불과 …인 ⓖ 재귀대명사 ⓥ more↔less ⓝ they they


15. If new treatments for extending life and upgrading physical and cognitive abilities prove to be expensive, humankind might split into biological castes. {14.5 = 12.5 + 1 + 1}
만약 생명을 연장하고 신체적, 인지적 능력을 증강하는 새로운 치료법이 비용이 많이 드는 것으로 밝혀지면, 인류는 생물학적 카스트로 나뉘게 될지도 모른다.
▢ biological:① 생물학의 ② 생물학적 약제 ▢ cognitive:① 인식의 ② 인지의 ▢ extending:전개도 ▢ humankind:① 인류 ② 인간 ▢ prove:① 증명하다 ② 입증하다 ▢ split:① 분할 ② 나누다 ▢ upgrading:1.(미) 치받이의 2.(미) 오르막길을 올라 3.…의 등급을 올리다
ⓖ 가정법 ⓥ biological↔adoptive ⓥ expensive↔cheap ⓥ extend↔expend ⓥ split↔unite ⓟ for into


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19103-4345

1. One day while Grace was in reading class, the teacher called on Billy to read a sentence from the board. {3.4 = 2.4 + 1 + 0}
어느 날 Grace가 읽기 수업을 들을 때 /, 선생님은 Billy에게 칠판의 문장을 읽어 보라고 호명했다.
Ⓟ one day:1.어느 날 2.하루 3.언젠가는 4.당일 5.한때는 ⓖ 콜드 ⓟ in on from


2. He had been sick most of the winter and had missed a lot of school. {3.8 = 1.8 + 2 + 0}
그는 겨울의 대부분 동안 아파서 수업에 많이 빠졌다.
ⓖ 앤동 ⓖ 해드피 ⓝ He ⓟ of of


3. Billy stood to read the sentence, but he didn't know all the words. {1.9 = 1.9 + 0 + 0}
Billy는 그 문장을 읽으려고 일어섰지만, 모든 단어를 알지는 못했다.
Ⓟ know all:1.아는 체하는 사람 2.박식한 체하는 사람 ⓝ he


4. Since she had been listening to the class, Grace read it for him. {2.4 = 1.4 + 1 + 0}
자신은 수업을 계속 들어 왔기 때문에, Grace는 그를 위해 그것을 읽어 주었다.
ⓖ 긴동사 ⓝ she it him ⓟ for


5. Billy sat down, red-faced and unhappy. {2.0 = 1.0 + 1 + 0}
Billy는 붉어진 얼굴로 언짢아하며 자리에 앉았다.
ⓖ 명빼이디


6. Grace felt rather proud of herself for having known more than Billy did. {4.6 = 1.6 + 3 + 0}
Grace는 Billy보다 더 많이 알고 있었다는 것에 자신이 꽤나 자랑스러웠다.
Ⓟ more than:1.이상으로 2.더 3.넘는 4.보다 5.전부터 ⓖ 긴준동사 ⓖ 재귀대명사 ⓖ 동끝 ⓥ more↔less ⓟ of for


7. Her pride didn't last long, however. {2.1 = 1.1 + 0 + 1}
그러나 그녀의 자랑스러움은 오래가지 않았다.
ⓝ Herⓒ however ⓘ however


8. Her brother, Justin, reported to Mom what had happened. {3.7 = 1.7 + 2 + 0}
그녀의 오빠 Justin이 엄마에게 무슨 일이 있었는지 일렀다.
▢ reported:① 보고 ② 성적 보고서
ⓖ 이디끝 ⓖ 해드피 ⓝ Her


9. He said, "Grace made Billy feel like a fool today. {2.3 = 1.3 + 1 + 0}
그는 "Grace가 오늘 Billy를 바보처럼 느끼도록 만들었어요"라고 말했다.
Ⓟ feel like:1.느끼다 2.같다 3.기분 4.싶다 ⓖ 5형식 ⓝ He


10. "Grace tossed her head defiantly. {4.3 = 4.3 + 0 + 0}
Grace는 반항적으로 머리를 치켜들었다.
▢ defiantly:반항적으로 ▢ tossed:① 던지다 ② 들까불다
ⓝ her


11. "Well, I did know the words, and Billy didn't," she said proudly. {1.4 = 1.4 + 0 + 0}
"그렇지만, 저는 그 단어들을 정말 알고 있었고, Billy는 몰랐어요"라고 그녀가 자랑스럽게 말했다.
ⓝ she


12. "Your brother is right, Grace," said Mom. {0.8 = 0.8 + 0 + 0}
"네 오빠 말이 맞아, Grace", 엄마가 말했다.


13. "You made Billy feel bad by reading for him. {5.1 = 1.1 + 4 + 0}
"넌 그를 위해 읽음으로써 Billy를 기분 나쁘게 만들었어.
Ⓟ feel bad:1.불안한 2.우울한 3.기분이 나쁘다 ⓖ 동명형 ⓖ 동형 ⓖ 5형식 ⓖ 5형식 ⓝ him ⓟ by for


14. After this, you are not to speak up, even if you do know the answer. {1.7 = 1.7 + 0 + 0}
이번 일 이후로는 크게 소리 내서 말해선 안 돼, 비록 네가 답을 정말로 알고 있다고 해도 말이야.
Ⓟ even if:1.할지라도 2.없을지라도 3.비록 4.되더라도


15. "Grace nodded her head. {0.7 = 0.7 + 0 + 0}
"Grace는 고개를 끄덕였다.
ⓝ her


16. She understood that if she knew something, she was to keep it to herself. {3.8 = 1.8 + 2 + 0}
그녀는 자신이 무언가를 안다 해도 그것을 혼자만 알고 있어야 한다고 이해했다.
ⓖ 재귀대명사 ⓖ 접접 ⓝ She she she it


17. After that incident, the teacher was invited to a church dinner which Grace's mom attended, too. {5.0 = 4.0 + 1 + 0}
그 일 이후, 선생님이 Grace의 어머니도 참석한 교회 저녁 식사에 초대되었다.
▢ incident:① 사건 ② 사고
ⓖ 이디콤 ⓥ attend↔neglect


18. While talking with her, the teacher happened to remark, "I know Grace is bright, but I'm worried these days. {3.9 = 2.9 + 1 + 0}
그녀와 이야기를 나누다가, 선생님은 우연히 "Grace가 똑똑하다는 것은 알지만, 전 요즘 걱정이 되네요.
▢ remark:① 발언 ② 말
ⓖ 부접잉 ⓝ her ⓟ with


19. She doesn't recite or answer any question during class. {1.0 = 1.0 + 0 + 0}
그 아이는 수업 중에 낭독하지도 않고 어떤 질문에 대답하지도 않습니다.
▢ recite:① 암송하다 ② 읊다
ⓝ She ⓟ during


20. I can't understand it. {0.6 = 0.6 + 0 + 0}
이해가 안 되네요"라고 말했다.
ⓝ it


21. "Mom couldn't understand it either. {0.7 = 0.7 + 0 + 0}
엄마도 이해할 수 없었다.
ⓝ it


22. She had heard Grace reading her book at home, and her brother drilled her on her sums until she knew them well. {4.5 = 3.5 + 1 + 0}
그녀는 Grace가 집에서 책을 읽는 것을 들었고, 그녀의 오빠는 그녀가 잘 알 때까지 계산을 반복해서 연습시켰다.
▢ drilled:① 천공기 ② 훈련
ⓖ 해드피 ⓝ She her her her her she them ⓟ at on


23. Mom approached the subject at suppertime, asking, "Grace, can you read your lessons? {6.6 = 5.6 + 1 + 0}
엄마는 저녁 식사 시간에 그 주제를 꺼내서, "Grace, 너 수업 내용을 읽을 수 있니"라고 물었다.
▢ approached:① 다가가다 ② ~에 가까워지다 ▢ suppertime:1.저녁 식사 때 2.저녁 식사 시간
ⓖ 콤잉 ⓟ at


24. "Grace said, "Sure, Mom. {0.5 = 0.5 + 0 + 0}
Grace는 "그럼요, 엄마.


25. I can read the whole book! {0.8 = 0.8 + 0 + 0}
난 책을 통째로 읽을 수 있는 걸요"라고 말했다.
ⓥ whole↔partial


26. "Mom was puzzled. {1.6 = 0.6 + 1 + 0}
엄마는 어리둥절했다.
ⓖ 이디끝


27. "Then why," she asked, "does the teacher say you don't recite in school? {2.5 = 1.5 + 1 + 0}
"그럼 왜 선생님께서는 네가 학교에서 낭독하지 않는다고 말씀하실까"라고 그녀가 물었다.
▢ recite:① 암송하다 ② 읊다
ⓖ 이디콤 ⓝ she ⓟ in


28. "Grace was surprised. {2.3 = 0.3 + 2 + 0}
Grace는 놀랐다.
ⓖ 감정분사 ⓖ 이디끝


29. "Why, Mom," she answered, "you told me not to! {3.2 = 1.2 + 2 + 0}
"아니, 엄마, 엄마가 하지 말라고 하셨잖아요"라며 그녀가 답했다.
ⓖ 이디콤 ⓖ 투부정사 ⓝ she


30. "Mom exclaimed, "Why, Grace, I did no such thing! {3.9 = 2.9 + 1 + 0}
"아니, Grace, 나는 그런 말 안 했단다"라고 엄마가 큰 소리로 말했다.
▢ exclaimed:① 외치다 ② ~이라고 외치다
ⓖ 이디콤 ⓥ exclaim↔claim ⓝ such


31. ""Yes, you did," Grace said. {1.5 = 0.5 + 1 + 0}
"아뇨, 엄마가 그러셨어요," Grace가 말했다.
ⓖ 동콤


32. "You told me not to speak up, even when I knew the answer." {2.6 = 1.6 + 1 + 0}
"엄마가 저한테 제가 답을 알고 있을 때조차도 크게 말하지 말라고 하셨잖아요."
ⓖ 투부정사


33. Mom remembered. {1.4 = 0.4 + 1 + 0}
엄마는 기억이 났다.
ⓖ 이디끝


34. The matter was soon straightened out, and Grace recited again during class. {4.3 = 4.3 + 0 + 0}
그 문제는 곧 정리되었고, Grace는 수업중에 다시 낭독했다.
▢ recited:① 암송하다 ② ~을 말하다 ▢ straightened:① 곧아지다 ② 바르게 되다
ⓥ straighten↔flex ⓥ straightened↔bend ⓟ duringⓘ was so


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THE BLUET 19103 | Since 2005 임희재 블루티쳐 | 01033383436 | wayne.tistory.com | wayne36@daum.net | 191020 20:29:11

Text Analysis
19103-35

1. Competition is basically concerned with how the availability of resources, such as the food and space utilised by various organisms, is reduced by other organisms. {15.3 = 14.3 + 1 + 0}
경쟁은 기본적으로 여러 유기체에 의해 활용되는 먹이와 공간과 같은 자원의 이용 가능성이 다른 유기체에 의해 어떻게 줄어드는지와 관련되어 / 있다.
▢ availability:① 유용성 ② 유효성 ▢ basically:① 기본적으로 ② 다시 말하면 ▢ organisms:① 유기체 ② 유기적 조직체 ▢ utilised:① ~을 이용하다 ② 활용하다
Ⓟ concerned with:~에 대해 걱정하는 ⓖ 먼동사 ⓥ availability↔inaccessibility ⓥ concern↔unconcern ⓥ reduce↔increase ⓝ such ⓟ with of such as by by


2. Tourism and recreation can result in the transfer of plants and animals to locations where they do not normally occur. {5.8 = 4.8 + 1 + 0}
관광과 여가 활동으로 인해 식물과 동물을 그것들이 일반적으로 존재하지 않는 장소로 옮기는 결과가 생겨날 수 있다.
▢ occur:① 발생하다 ② 일어나다 ▢ recreation:① 레크리에이션 ② 휴양 ▢ tourism:① 관광 ② 여행
ⓖ 동전 ⓥ result in↔result from ⓝ they ⓟ in of


3. In these situations the 'alien' species are often at an advantage, because the new environment is usually devoid of any natural controls that the 'invader' would have evolved with in its original environment. {13.8 = 9.8 + 3 + 1}
이런 상황에서 '외래의' 종은 보통 유리한 입장이 되는데, 새로운 환경에는 대개 그 '침입자'가 원래의 환경에서 함께 진화해 왔을 자연 방제가 없기 때문이다.
▢ advantage:① 이점 ② 우위 ▢ alien:① 외계인 ② 외국인 ▢ devoid:① 없는 ② 결여된 ▢ evolved:① 발전하다 ② 진전하다 ▢ invader:① 침입자 ② 침략국
ⓖ 동전 ⓖ 전전 ⓖ 햅피 ⓥ advantage↔disadvantage ⓥ devoid↔full ⓥ evolve↔involve ⓥ natural↔artificial ⓝ its ⓟ In at of with in


4. Alien plants compete with indigenous species for space, light, nutrients and water. {4.4 = 4.4 + 0 + 0}
외래 식물은 공간, 빛, 양분, 그리고 물을 놓고 토착종과 경쟁한다.
▢ alien:① 외계인 ② 외국인 ▢ indigenous:① 고유의 ② 토착의 ▢ nutrients:영양
ⓥ indigenous↔foreign ⓟ with for


5. The introduction of alien plants can result in the disruption and impoverishment of natural plant communities. {9.2 = 8.2 + 1 + 0}
외래 식물의 도입은 자연 식물 군락을 교란하고 피폐하게 하는 결과를 가져올 수 있다.
▢ alien:① 외계인 ② 외국인 ▢ disruption:① 붕괴 ② 파열 ▢ impoverishment:1.빈곤 2.질의 저하 3.불모
ⓖ 동전 ⓥ natural↔artificial ⓥ result in↔result from ⓟ of in of


6. This has occurred in South Africa, for example, where introduced Australian shrubs have been and are degrading species-rich fynbos plant communities in the Southern Cape region. {19.2 = 14.2 + 4 + 1}
이런 일은 예를 들어 남아프리카 공화국에서 일어났는데, 거기에서는 도입된 호주 관목이 Southern Cape 지역에서 풍부한 종의 핀보스 식물 군락을 퇴화시켰고 퇴화시키고 있다.
▢ degrading:① 품위를 떨어뜨리는 ② 품격을 낮추는 ▢ fynbos:핀보스황금두더지 ▢ occurred:① 생기다 ② 나오다 ▢ region:① 지역 ② 지방 ▢ shrubs:① 관목 ② 키 작은 나무
Ⓟ have been and:1.잘도 …할 수 있었다 2.…해버렸구나 3.+과거분사 어떻게 …일 수 있는가 ⓖ 동전 ⓖ 앤동 ⓖ 콤웨어 ⓖ 햅피 ⓟ in for inⓒ for example ⓘ for example


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19103-36

1. There are times when we hold contradictory views and we know it, at least at one of the deeper levels of consciousness. {5.4 = 3.4 + 1 + 1}
우리가 (서로) 모순되는 관점들을 갖고 있고, 의식의 보다 더 깊은 수준들 중 최소한 하나에서, 그것을 알고 있는 때가 있다.
▢ consciousness:① 의식 ② 인식 ▢ contradictory:① 모순된 ② 반박적인
Ⓟ at least:1.최소한 2.적어도 3.적게는 4.보수적으로 5.어쨌든 ⓖ 원오복 ⓥ consciousness↔incognizance ⓝ it ⓟ at at of of


2. Most of us could not comfortably live with ourselves if we made a habit of holding flatly contradictory statements at the forefront of our consciousness. {7.8 = 7.8 + 0 + 0}
명백히 모순되는 진술들을 우리 의식의 전면에 두는 습관을 들인다면, 우리 대부분은 스스로를 참아 내며 편안하게 생활할 수 없을 것이다.
▢ consciousness:① 의식 ② 인식 ▢ contradictory:① 모순된 ② 반박적인 ▢ forefront:① 최전선 ② 선두 ▢ statements:① 발표 ② 말함
Ⓟ live with:1.참고지내다 2.…을 받아들이다 3.감수하다 ⓥ consciousness↔incognizance ⓟ of with of at of


3. For example, I could not explicitly say to myself "I tell many deliberate lies to Stephanie" and "I never lie to Stephanie. {7.1 = 5.1 + 1 + 1}
예를 들어, 나는 스스로에게 "나는 Stephanie에게 고의적인 거짓말을 많이 해"라는 말과 "나는 Stephanie에게 절대 거짓말하지 않아"라는 말을 '동시에' 명시적으로 말할 수는 없을 것이다.
▢ deliberate:① 고의적인 ② 심의하다 ▢ explicitly:① 솔직하게 ② 명시적으로
Ⓟ lie to:1.정박하다 2.정선하고 있다 3.접근하다 ⓖ 재귀대명사 ⓥ deliberate↔unintentional ⓟ Forⓒ For example


4. "What I do, assuming the first statement reflects objective facts, is suppress the second statement. {8.7 = 5.7 + 3 + 0}
첫 번째 진술이 객관적인 사실을 반영한다고 가정하면, 내가 하는 것은 두 번째 진술을 억누르는 것이다.
▢ assuming:① 건방진 ② 거만한 ▢ objective:① 목표의 ② 객관적인 ▢ suppress:① 억제하다 ② 억압하다
ⓖ 먼동사 ⓖ 첫왓 ⓖ 동콤 ⓥ objective↔subjective


5. Another way I can allow myself to hold on to statements that contradict the facts is deliberately to refrain from examining the facts to which the statements refer. {14.4 = 9.4 + 4 + 1}
내가 사실과 모순되는 진술을 계속 유지하는 것을 스스로 가능하게 할 수 있는 또 다른 방식은 그 진술이 가리키는 사실을 고의로 검토하지 않는 것이다.
▢ contradict:① 모순되다 ② 다르다 ▢ deliberately:① 의도적으로 ② 고의로 ▢ examining:① 검사하다 ② 시험하다 ▢ refrain:① 자제하다 ② 삼가다 ▢ statements:① 발표 ② 말함
Ⓟ hold on to:1.계속 유지하다 2.손을 떼지 않다 3.계속해서 유지하다 ⓖ 5형식 ⓖ 재귀대명사 ⓖ 전접 ⓖ 전명전명 ⓥ allow↔prohibit ⓥ refrain↔consum ⓟ on fromⓘ Another


6. This attitude is expressed by the quip "Don't bother me with the facts; I've already made up my mind. {6.1 = 6.1 + 0 + 0}
이런 태도는 "그 사실로 나를 괴롭히지 마; 왜냐하면 난 이미 마음을 정해 버렸거든"이라는 발뺌으로 표현된다.
▢ attitude:① 태도 ② 자세 ▢ quip:1.빈정거리는 말 2.신랄한 말 3.경구
Ⓟ made up:1.날조한 2.화장한 3.지어낸 ⓟ by with


7. "Mental operations of these kinds are not so much instances of reasoning as evasion of reasoning. {5.4 = 4.4 + 1 + 0}
이런 종류의 정신적 작용은 추론의 사례라기보다는 추론 회피의 사례이다.
▢ instances:① 예 ② 사례 ▢ operations:① 작용 ② 작업 과정
Ⓟ so much:1.많이 2.너무나 3.그렇게 4.정말 5.아주 ⓖ 잉끝 ⓟ of of of


8. Obviously, this can have nothing to do with logic. {2.9 = 2.9 + 0 + 0}
분명히 이것은 논리와는 아무 관련이 없을 수 있다.
▢ logic:① 논리 ② 생각
Ⓟ do with:1.관계있다 2.~로 하다 3.필요하다 ⓟ with


9. Those forms of unhealthy reasoning can be known as "rationalization. {5.8 = 4.8 + 1 + 0}
그러한 형태의 건전하지 못한 추론은 '합리화'로 알려져 있을 수 있다.
▢ rationalization:1.합리화 2.유리화 3.이론적 설명
ⓖ 피전 ⓟ of


10. "Rationalization is reasoning in the service of falsehood. {4.0 = 4.0 + 0 + 0}
합리화는 거짓에 봉사하는 추론이다.
▢ falsehood:① 거짓말 ② 허언 ▢ rationalization:1.합리화 2.유리화 3.이론적 설명
ⓟ in of


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19103-37

1. Centuries of technological advances have created possibilities where few or none existed before. {6.8 = 4.8 + 2 + 0}
수 세기 동안의 기술적 진보는 예전에는 거의 또는 아무것도 존재하지 않았던 곳에 가능성을 창출하였다.
▢ existed:① 존재하다 ② 존속하다 ▢ possibilities:① 가능성 ② 가능성 있는 사항 ▢ technological:기술적인
ⓖ 전끝 ⓖ 햅피 ⓥ exist↔disappear ⓟ of before


2. At their most basic, technologies allow people, if sufficiently armed with capital, to partially overcome their local geography and make it productive. {15.9 = 10.9 + 4 + 1}
가장 기본적으로, 만약 자본을 충분히 갖춘다면, 기술은 사람들이 그들 지역의 지리를 부분적으로 극복하고 그것을 생산적으로 만들 수 있게 해 준다.
▢ armed:① 무장한 ② 갖춘 ▢ geography:① 지리학 ② 지형 ▢ partially:① 부분적으로 ② 일부 ▢ technologies:① 과학 기술 ② 전문 용어
Ⓟ make it:1.만들다 2.성공하다 3.해내다 4.시키다 5.극복하다 ⓖ 동명형 ⓖ 앤동 ⓖ 콤투 ⓖ 투부정사 ⓥ allow↔prohibit ⓥ productive↔consumptive ⓝ their their it ⓟ At with


3. The more difficult that geography, the more expensive it is to make it useful, and the more expensive to keep it useful. {10.7 = 4.7 + 5 + 1}
그 지리적 여건이 더 어려울수록, 그것을 유용하게 만드는 데에 더 많은 돈이 들고, 유용하게 유지하는 데에 더 많은 돈이 든다.
▢ geography:① 지리학 ② 지형
Ⓟ make it:1.만들다 2.성공하다 3.해내다 4.시키다 5.극복하다 ⓖ 동명형 ⓖ 5형식 ⓖ 더비더비 ⓖ 더비더비 ⓖ 주설 ⓥ expensive↔cheap ⓥ more↔less ⓝ it it it


4. Economic and social development, then, are about figuring out how to use technology and capital, to find out not only what is possible but also feasible. {13.3 = 10.3 + 3 + 0}
그렇다면 경제적 발전과 사회적 발전은, 기술과 자본을 어떻게 사용할지 파악해 내는 것, 무엇이 가능한지 뿐만 아니라 실현성도 있는지 알아내는 것에 관한 것이 된다.
▢ economic:① 경제의 ② 경기의 ▢ feasible:1.실행할 수 있는 2.실현 가능한 3.적당한 ▢ figuring:① 모습 ② 인물
Ⓟ find out:1.발견하다 2.알아보다 3.찾아보다 4.풀다 ⓖ 먼동사 ⓖ 상접 ⓖ 콤투 ⓥ possible↔impossible ⓟ aboutⓘ also


5. Economists call this opportunity costs. {1.1 = 1.1 + 0 + 0}
경제학자들은 이것을 기회비용이라고 부른다.


6. For example, you may be able to build a road to the top of the mountain to reach a remote chalet, build it strong enough to withstand spring floods, plow it to keep it open in the winter, and repair it and clear it of avalanche debris in the summer. {24.6 = 19.6 + 4 + 1}
예를 들어, 여러분은 멀리 떨어진 산지 가옥에 가기 위하여 산꼭대기까지 길을 만들고, 그 길을 봄철 홍수를 견딜 만큼 충분히 튼튼하게 만들고, 겨울에 개방돼 있도록 제설하고, 여름에 그 길을 수리하고 눈사태 잔해를 치울 수 있다.
▢ avalanche:① 사태 ② 눈사태 ▢ chalet:1.샬레 2.스위스 지방의 농가 3.샬레풍 별장 ▢ debris:① 잔해 ② 파편 ▢ plow:① 갈다 ② 쟁기 ▢ remote:① 원격의 ② 외딴
Ⓟ a road:주요 간선 도로 ⓖ 5형식 ⓖ 리치 ⓖ 먼동사 ⓖ 앤동 ⓥ enough to↔insufficient to ⓥ repair↔break ⓥ strong↔vulnerable ⓝ it it it it it ⓟ For of in of inⓒ For example


7. But with those same resources you can build fifty times the length of road in flat lowlands and service several tens of thousands of people. {7.5 = 6.5 + 0 + 1}
하지만 그러한 똑같은 자원으로 여러분은 평평한 저지대에 50배 길이의 도로를 만들어 수만 명의 사람에게 도움이 되도록 할 수 있다.
▢ lowlands:1.(종종 lowlands로 단수 취급) 저지(低地) 2.(the Lowlands) 스코틀랜드 남부·중부·동부의 저지 지방 3.저지의
ⓥ lowland↔highland ⓟ with of in of ofⓒ But ⓘ But


8. Both tasks are possible, but only one is an efficient and productive use of resources and therefore the more feasible. {8.4 = 7.4 + 0 + 1}
두 가지 일 모두 가능하지만, 오직 하나만이 효율적이고 생산적인 자원 활용이며 그래서 더 실현성이 있는 일이다.
▢ efficient:① 효율적인 ② 효과적 ▢ feasible:1.실행할 수 있는 2.실현 가능한 3.적당한
Ⓟ the more:1.더욱 2.할수록 3.한층 4.오히려 ⓥ efficient↔inefficient ⓥ more↔less ⓥ possible↔impossible ⓥ productive↔consumptive ⓟ ofⓒ therefore ⓘ therefore


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19103-38

1. For decades, we have been measuring intelligence at the individual level, just as we have been measuring creativity, engagement, and grit. {13.2 = 12.2 + 1 + 0}
창의력, 참여도, 근성을 측정해 온 것과 마찬가지로, 수십 년 동안 우리는 지능을 개인적 수준에서 측정해 왔다.
▢ decades:① 십년간 ② 수십년 ▢ engagement:① 참여 ② 연대 ▢ grit:1.티끌 2.악물다 3.기개 ▢ individual:① 개인의 ② 개별의 ▢ intelligence:① 지능 ② 정보 ▢ measuring:계측용의
ⓖ 긴동사 ⓥ engagement↔non ⓥ intelligence↔stupidity ⓟ For at


2. But it turns out we were failing to measure something with far greater impact. {4.8 = 2.8 + 0 + 2}
하지만 우리가 훨씬 큰 영향력을 가진 무언가를 측정하지 못하고 있었다는 것이 판명되고 있다.
▢ impact:① 영향 ② 충격
ⓝ it ⓟ withⓒ But ⓘ But


3. As reported in the journal Science, researchers from MIT, Union College, and Carnegie Mellon have finally found a method for systematically measuring the intelligence of a group as opposed to an individual. {14.9 = 11.9 + 3 + 0}
'Science' 저널에 보고된 것처럼, MIT, Union College, 그리고 Carnegie Mellon의 연구자들은 개인이 아닌 '집단'의 지능을 체계적으로 측정하는 방법을 마침내 밝혀냈다.
▢ individual:① 개인의 ② 개별의 ▢ intelligence:① 지능 ② 정보 ▢ measuring:계측용의 ▢ opposed:① 대항하는 ② 반대의 ▢ reported:① 보고 ② 성적 보고서 ▢ systematically:① 조직적으로 ② 체계적으로
Ⓟ as opposed to:1.…에 대립하는 것으로서 2.…에 정반대로 3.…과는 대조적으로 ⓖ 부접피 ⓖ 전부잉 ⓖ 햅피 ⓥ intelligence↔stupidity ⓟ in from for of


4. Just as we evaluate how successful an individual student will be at solving a problem, we are now able to predict how successful a group of people will be at solving a problem or problems. {7.4 = 6.4 + 1 + 0}
각각의 학생이 문제를 해결하는 데에 얼마나 성공적일지를 우리가 평가하는 것과 마찬가지로, 이제 우리는 사람들의 '집단'이 하나의 문제나 여러 문제를 해결하는 데에 얼마나 성공적일지 예측할 수 있다.
▢ evaluate:① 평가하다 ② 측정하다 ▢ individual:① 개인의 ② 개별의 ▢ predict:① 예측하다 ② 전망하다
ⓖ 어순 ⓥ predict↔prevent ⓥ successful↔unsuccessful ⓟ at of at


5. It would be easy to assume that if you put a group of high-IQ people together, naturally they would exhibit a high collective intelligence. {11.5 = 8.5 + 3 + 0}
만약 여러분이 지능 지수가 높은 사람들의 한 집단을 모은다면, 당연히 그들은 높은 집단적인 지능을 보일 것으로 상정하기 쉬울 것이다.
▢ assume:① 가정하다 ② 생각하다 ▢ collective:① 집단적인 ② 공동의 ▢ exhibit:① 전시 ② 전시회 ▢ intelligence:① 지능 ② 정보
ⓖ 가정법 ⓖ 의미 ⓖ 접접 ⓥ collective↔distributive ⓥ intelligence↔stupidity ⓥ together↔apart ⓝ It they ⓟ of


6. But that's not what happens. {1.7 = 0.7 + 0 + 1}
하지만 그런 일은 일어나지 않는다.
ⓒ But ⓘ But


7. Indeed, their research found that a team on which each person was merely average in their individual abilities but possessed a collective intelligence would continually exhibit higher success rates than a team of individual geniuses. {21.9 = 17.9 + 2 + 2}
실은, 개별 능력에서는 단지 평균적이지만 '집단적인' 지능을 가진 각각의 사람들로 이루어진 팀이 개별 천재들로 이루어진 팀보다 더 높은 성공률을 계속해서 보일 것이라는 점을 그들의 연구가 밝혀냈다.
▢ collective:① 집단적인 ② 공동의 ▢ continually:① 계속해서 ② 지속적으로 ▢ exhibit:① 전시 ② 전시회 ▢ geniuses:① 천재 ② 천재 ▢ indeed:① 정말로 ② 사실은 ▢ individual:① 개인의 ② 개별의 ▢ intelligence:① 지능 ② 정보 ▢ merely:① 단지 ② 단순히 ▢ possessed:① 홀린 ② 움직여진 ▢ rates:① 비율 ② 요금
Ⓟ a team:1.A팀 2.정예 부대 ⓖ 병렬구조 ⓖ 전접 ⓥ collective↔distributive ⓥ intelligence↔stupidity ⓝ their their ⓟ on in ofⓒ Indeed


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19103-39

1. Biology is the smallest level at which we could explain creativity. {3.0 = 2.0 + 1 + 0}
생물학은 우리가 창의성을 설명해 볼 수 있는 가장 작은 수준이다.
▢ biology:생물학
ⓖ 전접 ⓟ at


2. Biology's units of analysis are genes, DNA, and specific regions of the human brain. {5.8 = 5.8 + 0 + 0}
생물학에서의 분석 단위는 유전자, DNA, 그리고 인간 뇌의 특정 영역이다.
▢ analysis:① 분석 ② 해석 ▢ biology:생물학 ▢ regions:① 전지역 ▢ specific:① 특정한 ② 구체적인
ⓥ analysi↔synthesi ⓥ specific↔general ⓟ of of


3. In general, scientists agree that explanations at such lower levels of analysis are more general, more universal, more powerful, and have fewer exceptions than explanations at higher levels of analysis — like the explanations of psychology or sociology. {14.9 = 13.9 + 1 + 0}
일반적으로, 과학자들은 그러한 더 낮은 분석 수준에서의 설명이 심리학이나 사회학의 설명과 같은 더 높은 분석 수준에서의 설명보다 더 일반적이고, 더 보편적이며, 더 강력하고, 더 적은 예외를 가진다는 데에 동의한다.
▢ analysis:① 분석 ② 해석 ▢ exceptions:① 예외 ② 특례 ▢ explanations:① 설명 ② 해명 ▢ sociology:① 사회과학 ② 사회학 ▢ universal:① 보편적인 ② 전 세계의
ⓖ 특형 ⓥ analysi↔synthesi ⓥ lower↔higher ⓥ fewer↔lesser ⓥ lower↔elevate ⓥ more↔less ⓝ such ⓟ In at of at of of


4. It always makes scientific sense to start your study by attempting to explain something at the lowest possible level. {3.2 = 3.2 + 0 + 0}
가능한 가장 낮은 수준에서 어떤 것을 설명하려고 시도함으로써 여러분의 연구를 시작하는 것이 언제나 과학적으로 이치에 맞다.
▢ attempting:① ~을 시도하다 ② 노리다
Ⓟ at the lowest:1.적어도 2.낮아도 ⓥ possible↔impossible ⓝ It ⓟ by at


5. However, at present the biological approach cannot explain creativity and all of the evidence suggests that creativity is not coded in our genes. {6.6 = 5.6 + 0 + 1}
그러나 현재로서는 생물학적인 접근법은 창의성을 설명할 수 없으며, 모든 증거는 창의성이 유전자에 암호화되어 / 있지 않다는 점을 시사한다.
▢ approach:① 접근하다 ② 접근법 ▢ biological:① 생물학의 ② 생물학적 약제
Ⓟ all of:1.충분히 … 2.…정도도 3.단지 ⓥ biological↔adoptive ⓟ at of inⓒ However ⓘ However


6. And decades of study have found no evidence that creativity is localized to any specific brain region; in fact, all of the evidence suggests that creativity is a whole-brain function, drawing on many diverse areas of the brain in a complex systemic fashion. {23.1 = 17.1 + 2 + 4}
그리고 수십 년 간의 연구에서 창의성이 뇌의 어느 특정한 영역에 국지적으로 존재한다는 아무런 증거도 발견하지 못했는데, 사실, 모든 증거는 창의성이 뇌 전체의 기능이며, 복잡하고 전체에 걸치는 방식으로 뇌의 많은 다양한 영역을 이용한다는 것을 시사한다.
▢ complex:① 복잡한 ② 복합의 ▢ decades:① 십년간 ② 수십년 ▢ diverse:① 다양한 ② 여러 가지의 ▢ function:① 기능 ② 역할 ▢ localized:① 국지적인 ② 지방화된 ▢ region:① 지역 ② 지방 ▢ specific:① 특정한 ② 구체적인 ▢ systemic:① 체계의 ② 계의
Ⓟ all of:1.충분히 … 2.…정도도 3.단지 ⓖ 동격댓 ⓖ 햅피 ⓥ specific↔general ⓥ whole↔partial ⓟ of in of on of inⓒ And


7. And there is no evidence of a link between mental illness and creativity. {3.6 = 2.6 + 0 + 1}
그리고 정신 질환과 창의성의 연관성에 대한 증거는 없다.
▢ link:① 연결 ② 링크
ⓥ link↔disconnectedness ⓟ ofⓒ And


8. To explain creativity, we need to look to the higher levels of explanation offered by psychology, sociology, and history. {5.5 = 4.5 + 1 + 0}
창의성을 설명하려면, 우리는 심리학, 사회학, 역사학이 제공하는 더 높은 수준의 설명에 기대를 걸 필요가 있다.
▢ explanation:① 설명 ② 해명 ▢ sociology:① 사회과학 ② 사회학
Ⓟ look to:1.기다리다 2.…에 기대를 걸다 3.기대하다 ⓖ 첫투 ⓟ of by


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