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1611 고3.pdf

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1611 수능 고3 “본격공부교재”

[WAS연구소] 저자 Wayne /코자 Cho / 디자 Heaven

Wayne

Hello World! VOCAB. 저자의🐴: 본문에 나온 키워드를 밭에서 직접 뽑아

정리 했습니다.😥 단어가 간혹 원형화 되어 있더라도, 🤬 노하지 마세요.

chronological indicate viciou intrinsic repeatedly chronologically hybrid disagreeable frequently disagree interface hardwir dye infinite depend tremendou fountain assume frequency evolv relation superior exclusively multiple gravity efficiently accommodation fury categorization influential racist judgment perception degree intent shiver inadequately patent continu interact decade fame extrinsic measurement biologically infant enable attract refuge stick sensory dominat innovation punish artificial disclos chao threat push occur specification instability shelter uncharacteristic bare evaluation evaluat attempt diminish matter silent intellectual behavior colleague controll organism reject wander property boundary restrict analyze tissue consist represent private democracy chemical failure flow switch effective

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predictable inspiration interaction diverse dependent comfortable administer remain extension referr undertaken sector assertivenes breed inferior intentional induce suitable figure destruction economic valuable instruction punishment address float context reference sink unjustifi repertoire counselor relief personality intensify biological select apparent attractive suit accomplish consequence entire predetermin seed approval responsible generate detect combination misappreciation analysi impartially investigation explicitly survival pedagogy causality substance direction adjustment offend sought misery orient compatibility appeal biology appearance improvement soak proces circumstance exchange minimum fit feature prosperity liberate essential tempt attend bias poetry customary permanent stem annual security renew resist era defin distinction poetic fundamental misinterpretation firm aspect trait external statu defect inclination ultimate avoidance expectation motivation continuously pour approach assertive remarkable evidence current efficiency norm intuitive rally relevant guarantee reasonable elevat suffer stability primary passage reef grain sacrifice

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intensely previou source criticism celebrity varie political mentally pleasant term attain criticiz toxic compensate accumulation element adopt control meaningful interpretation cultivat force spoil advanc attribute moment capital advocate financial mere demand universal destination split perspective snapp widespread phenomenon enhanc furiou caus observation sting distinct routine population inspire intake estimation consistent reflect exist remark literature organ mineral value yield ignore

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Vocab with Definition
저자의🦄 : 키워드의 뜻을 별에서 직접 가져와 정리 했습니다.

🙊 당황하지 마세요.

😥 간혹 뜻이 없더라도,

○ chronological 연대순의 ○ indicate 가리키다 ○ viciou ○ intrinsic 본질의 ○ repeatedly 반복해서 ○ chronologically 연대순으로 ○ hybrid ○ disagreeable ○ frequently 빈번히/종종 ○ disagree 다르다 ○ interface ○ hardwir ○ dye 물감 ○ infinite 무한한 ○ depend ○ tremendou ○ fountain ○ assume 가정하다 ○ frequency 자주 일어남/빈번 ○ evolv 진화하다 - ○ relation 관계 ○ superior 우수한 ○ exclusively ○ multiple 다수의/다양한 ○ gravity 중력 ○ efficiently 효과적으로/능률적으로 ○ accommodation 숙박 ○ fury ○ categorization 분류/범주화 ○ influential 영향력이 있는 ○ racist ○ judgment 판단 ○ perception 지각/인식 ○ degree 정도 ○ intent 의지/의향 ○ shiver 흔들리다 ○ inadequately ○ patent ○ continu ○ interact 상호작용하다 ○ decade 십년 ○ fame 명성 ○ extrinsic 비본질적인 ○ measurement 측정 ○ biologically 생물학적으로 ○ infant 유아/유아의 ○ enable ○ attract 마음을 끌다 ○ refuge 난민 ○ stick 막대기 ○ sensory 감각의 ○ dominat ○ innovation 혁신 ○ punish 처벌하다 ○ artificial 인공의 ○ disclos ○ chao 혼돈 ○ threat 위협/협박 ○ push 밀다 ○ occur 머리에 떠오르다 ○ specification ○ instability 불안정한 상태 ○ shelter 피난처/쉴 ○ uncharacteristic ○ bare 막대기/빗장 ○ evaluation 평가 ○ evaluat 평가하다 ○ attempt 시도하다 ○ diminish 감소하다 ○ matter 문제/일 ○ silent 조용한/침묵의 ○ intellectual 지적인 ○ behavior 행동 ○ colleague 동료 ○ controll 통제하다 ○ organism 유기체 ○ reject 거절하다 ○ wander 떠돌아다니다/헤매다○ property 재산/특성 ○ boundary ○ restrict 제한하다/한정하다 ○ analyze 분석하다/검토하다 ○ tissue 조직 ○ consist ○ represent = ○ stand =○ endure/○ bear ○ for ○ private ○ democracy 민주주의 ○ chemical ○ failure 실패 ○ flow 흐르다/넘쳐흐르다 ○ switch 스위치 ○ effective 효과적인 ○ predictable 예측할 ○ inspiration 영감 ○ interaction 상호작용 ○ diverse 다양한 ○ dependent 의존하는 ○ comfortable 편안한 ○ administer 경영하다 ○ remain 남다 ○ extension 확대 ○ referr ○ undertaken ○ sector 영역 ○ assertivenes breed ○ inferior 열등한 ○ intentional 의도적인 ○ induce 설득하여 ○ suitable 적절한 ○ figure 수치. 그림. 인물. 모습 ○ destruction 파괴 ○ economic 경제적인 ○ valuable 귀중한/값비싼 ○ instruction 교육/교훈 ○ punishment ○ address 다루다/처리하다 ○ float 뜨는 것/뜨다 ○ context 맥락/ 문맥 ○ reference 언급/참조 ○ sink 가라앉다. ○ kitchen ○ sink ○ unjustifi ○ repertoire ○ counselor 지도원/상담역 ○ relief 경감/안심 ○ personality 개성/성격 ○ intensify 강화하다 ○ biological 생물학적

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○ select 선택하다 ○ apparent 명백한 ○ attractive 매력적인○ suit 양복/소송/어울리다 ○ accomplish 이루다/성취하다 ○ consequence 결과 ○ entire 전체의 ○ predetermin ○ seed 씨앗 ○ approval 승인 ○ responsible 책임감 있는 ○ generate 발생시키다 ○ detect 탐지하다 ○ combination 결합/연합 ○ misappreciation ○ analysi 분석 ○ impartially ○ investigation ○ explicitly 솔직하게 ○ survival 생존 ○ pedagogy ○ causality ○ substance 물질 ○ direction 방향 ○ adjustment ○ offend 불쾌하게하다. 상처주다/공격하다 ○ sought ○ misery ○ orient 동양향하게 ○ compatibility ○ appeal 매력/호소력 ○ biology 생물학 ○ appearance 외모/등장 ○ improvement 개선/진보 ○ soak ○ proces 처리하다 ○ circumstance 상황 ○ exchange 바꾸다 ○ minimum ○ fit 감정폭발/적당한 ○ feature 특징 ○ prosperity ○ liberate 자유롭게 하다 ○ essential 본질적인/매우 중요한 ○ tempt 유혹하다 ○ attend - 에 출석하다/ 시중들다 ○ bias 선입견/편견 ○ poetry 시/운문 ○ customary 관습적인/통례의 ○ permanent 영구적인 ○ stem 줄기/대 ○ annual ○ security 보안 ○ renew 갱신하다 ○ resist 저항하다 ○ era 시대 ○ defin 정의하다 ○ distinction 차이 ○ poetic 시적인 ○ fundamental 근본적인 ○ misinterpretation ○ firm 회사/ 견고한 ○ aspect 양상/국면 ○ trait 경향 ○ external 외부적인 외부의 ○ statu 상태 ○ defect 결점 ○ inclination 경향 ○ ultimate ○ avoidance 피하기 ○ expectation 예상/기대 ○ motivation 동기 ○ continuously ○ pour 쏟다/붓다 ○ approach 다가가다/접근하다 ○ assertive ○ remarkable 주목할 만한/ 현저한 ○ evidence 증거 ○ current (물의) 흐름 ○ efficiency 효율 ○ norm 표준 ○ intuitive ○ rally 집회회복 ○ relevant 관계가 있는 ○ guarantee 보증하다 보증하다 ○ reasonable 합리적인/이성적인 ○ elevat 올리다 ○ suffer ○ stability 안정성 ○ primary 첫째의/주요한 ○ passage 경과/통과 ○ reef ○ grain 곡물 ○ sacrifice 희생 ○ intensely ○ previou ○ source 원천/근원 ○ criticism비판 ○ celebrity 유명 인사 ○ varie 변화가 많은 ○ political 정치적인 ○ mentally 정신적으로 ○ pleasant 즐거운/유쾌한 ○ term 기간/용어 ○ attain 달성하다 ○ criticiz 비평하다 ○ toxic ○ compensate ○ accumulation 축적 ○ element 요소/성분 ○ adopt 채택하다/입양하다 ○ control 지배하다/통제 ○ meaningful 의미 있는 ○ interpretation 해석 ○ cultivat 경작하다 ○ force힘/강제로 강요/하게하다 ○ spoil 썩다/상하다 ○ advanc ○ attribute 덕으로 돌리다 ○ moment 순간 ○ capital 자본/수도 ○ advocate 옹호하다 ○ financial 재정의/ 금융의 ○ mere 단순한 ○ demand 요구하다/수요 ○ universal 우주의/전세계의 ○ destination 목적지 ○ split ○ perspective 원근법/투시화법 ○ snapp ○ widespread 널리 퍼진 ○ phenomenon 현상 ○ enhanc ○ furiou ○ caus 원인 ○ observation 관찰 ○ sting ○ distinct 다른/독특한 ○ routine 일상의/일상의 ○ population ○ inspire 영감을 주다 영감을 주다 ○ intake 섭취(량) ○ estimation 견적/어림짐작 ○ consistent 일관된/일치하는 ○ reflect 반사하다/반영하다 ○ exist 존재하다 ○ remark 말하다/언급하다 ○ literature 문학 ○ organ 오르간/장기 ○ mineral ○ value 높이 평가하다/소중히 ○ yield 산출하다/ 양보하다 ○ ignore 무시하다/소홀히

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THIS IS READING.
저자의🦓 : 글을 읽는다는 것은 우리 삶에 깊은 감동을 전해주긴 무슨... 그냥 열심히

읽고, 문제 풀어보세요. 그리고 해석도 써보면 일석삼조! 🌝

COLOR⇢ ◼키워드 ◼연결어 ◼방향성 ◼접속사 ◼등위접속사 ◼전치사 ◼기본동사

#20 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assertiveness may seem to some people to be uncharacteristic of counselors.

If your picture of a counselor is someone who never disagrees, always “goes along,” wants everything to be nice all the time, and only does what other people want him or her to do, this is not a picture of an assertive counselor.

Being assertive does not have to mean being disagreeable.

Being a counselor does not mean that you should simply be silent when someone tells a racist joke.

An assertive counselor would find a way to call that person’s attention to the fact that the joke is racist, explaining how it offended the hearer, and suggesting ways similar jokes could be avoided.

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Being assertive is a highly developed skill ― it should fit nicely in the counselor’s repertoire of techniques.

1상담사는상대방의감정을해치는농담을하지말아야한다.2상담사는자기생각을분 명하게드러낼줄도알아야한다.3상담사는항상친절한태도로상담을진행해야한다.4 상담사는 정기적으로 상담 기술 교육을 받아야 한다. 5 상담사는 상담 기록을 철저히 관리 해야 한다.

#21다음글의요지로가장적절한것은?

The negative effects of extrinsic motivators such as grades have been documented with students from different cultures.

Although this matter is more complex than simply regarding all extrinsic rewards as controlling or diminishing learning, we agree with Richard Ryan and his colleagues thatpeople across different cultures are likely to express more satisfaction with their lives when their primary goals are intrinsic rather than extrinsic.

Another consistent research finding is that when a learning activity is undertaken explicitly to attain some extrinsic reward, people respond by seeking the least demandingway of ensuring the reward.

Since there are three decades of evidence that dominating instruction with a system of controlling external rewards may contribute to inferior learning, using a pedagogybased on theories of intrinsic motivation appears to be a more reasonable and effective approach to enhancing learning among culturally diverse students.

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* pedagogy: 교수법

1적절한외적보상이삶의만족도를향상시킨다.2학습자의외적동기와내적동기의균 형이필요하다.3문화적다양성을고려한교육이론의확립이중요하다.4내적동기의교 육적기능에대한실질적인연구가시급하다.5내적동기부여가문화적배경이다른학생 들의 교육에 효과적이다.

#22다음글의주제로가장적절한것은?

Twin sirens hide in the sea of history, tempting those seeking to understand and appreciate the past onto the reefs of misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

These twin dangers are temporocentrism and ethnocentrism.

Temporocentrism is the belief that your times are the best of all possible times.

All other times are thus inferior.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture is the best of all possible cultures.

All other cultures are thus inferior.

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Temporocentrism and ethnocentrism unite to cause individuals and cultures to judge all other individuals and cultures by the “superior” standards of their current culture.

This leads to a total lack of perspective when dealing with past and / or foreign cultures and a resultant misunderstanding and misappreciation of them.

Temporocentrism and ethnocentrism tempt moderns into unjustified criticisms of the peoples of the past.

1 distinct differences in the ways of recording history 2 universal features discovered in different cultures 3 historians’ efforts to advocate their own culture
4 pros and cons of two cross-cultural perspectives 5 beliefs that cause biased interpretations of the past

#23 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When we remark with surprise that someone “looks young” for his or her chronological age, we are observing that we all age biologically at different rates.

Scientists have good evidence that this apparent difference is real.

It is likely that age changes begin in different parts of the body at different times and that the rate of annual change varies among various cells, tissues, and organs, as well asfrom person to person.

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Unlike the passage of time, biological aging resists easy measurement.

What we would like to have is one or a few measurable biological changes that mirror all other biological age changes without reference to the passage of time, so that we could say, for example, that someone who is chronologically eighty years old is biologically sixty years old.

This kind of measurement would help explain why one eighty-year-old has so many more youthful qualities than does another eighty-year-old, who may be biologically eighty or even ninety years old.

1 In Search of a Mirror Reflecting Biological Aging 2 Reasons for Slow Aging in the Modern Era 3 A Few Tips to Guess Chronological Age 4 Secrets of Biological Aging Disclosed 5 Looking for the Fountain of Youth

#28다음글의밑줄친부분중,어법상틀린것은?

The Greeks’ focus on the salient object and its attributes led to 1 their failure to understand the fundamental nature of causality.

Aristotle explained that a stone falling through the air is due to the stone having the property of “gravity.”

But of course a piece of wood 2 tossed into water floats instead of sinking.

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This phenomenon Aristotle explained as being due to the wood having the property of “levity”!

In both cases the focus is 3 exclusively on the object, with no attention paid to the possibility that some force outside the object might be relevant.

But the Chinese saw the world as consisting of continuously interacting substances, so their attempts to understand it 4 causing them to be oriented toward the complexities of the entire

“field,” that is, the context or environment as a whole.

The notion 5 that events always occur in a field of forces would have been completely intuitive to the Chinese.

* salient: 현저한, 두드러진 ** levity: 가벼움

#29 (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Atitlán Giant Grebe was a large, flightless bird that had evolved from the much more widespread and smaller Pied-billed Grebe.

By 1965 there were only around 80 birds left on Lake Atitlán.

One immediate reason was easy enough to spot: the local human population was cutting down the reed beds at a furious rate.

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This (A) accommodation / destruction was driven by the needs of a fast growing mat-making industry.

But there were other problems.

An American airline was intent on developing the lake as a tourist destination for fishermen.

However, there was a major problem with this idea: the lake (B) lacked / supported any suitable sporting fish!

To compensate for this rather obvious defect, a specially selected species of fish called the Large-mouthed Bass was introduced.

The introduced individuals immediately turned their attentions to the crabs and small fish that lived in the lake, thus (C) competing / cooperating with the few remaining grebes for food.

There is also little doubt that they sometimes gobbled up the zebra-striped Atitlán Giant Grebe’s chicks.

* reed: 갈대 ** gobble up: 게걸스럽게 먹다

#31.
When two cultures come into contact, they do not exchange every cultural item.

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If that were the case, there would be no cultural differences in the world today.

Instead, only a small number of cultural elements ever spread from one culture to another.

Which cultural item is accepted depends largely on the item’s use and compatibility with already existing cultural traits.

For example, it is not likely that men’s hair dyes designed to “get out the gray” will spread into parts of rural Africa where a person’s status is elevated with advancing years.

Even when a(n) _____ is consistent with a society’s needs, there is still no guarantee that it will be accepted.

For example, most people in the United States using US customary units (e.g., inch, foot, yard, mile, etc.)have resisted adopting the metric system even though making such a change would enable US citizens to interface with the rest of the world more efficiently.

* metric system: 미터법

1 categorization 2 innovation 3 investigation 4 observation 5 specification

#32.

Some distinctions between good and bad are hardwired into our biology. 14

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Infants enter the world ready to respond to pain as bad and to sweet (up to a point) as good.

In many situations, however, the boundary between good and bad is a reference point that changes over time and depends on the immediate circumstances.

Imagine that you are out in the country on a cold night, inadequately dressed for the pouring rain, your clothes soaked.

A stinging cold wind completes your misery.

As you wander around, you find a large rock that provides some shelter from the fury of the elements.

The biologist Michel Cabanac would call the experience of that moment intensely pleasurable because it functions, as pleasure normally does, to indicate the direction of _____.

The pleasant relief will not last very long, of course, and you will soon be shivering behind the rock again, driven by your renewed suffering to seek better shelter.

* shiver: 떨다

1 a permanent emotional adjustment to circumstantial demands 15

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2 enhancing self-consciousness through physical suffering 3 a biologically significant improvement of circumstances 4 judging desirable and undesirable conditions impartially
5 a mentally pre-determined inclination for emotional stability

#33.

Research and development for seed improvement has long been a public domain and government activity for the common good.

However, private capital started to flow into seed production and took it over as a sector of the economy, creating an artificial split between the two aspects of the seed’s nature: its role as means of production and its role as product.

This process gained pace after the invention of hybrid breeding of maize in the late 1920s.

Today most maize seed cultivated are hybrids.

The companies that sell them are able to keep the distinct parent lines from farmers, and the grain that they produce is not suited for seed saving and replanting.

The combination guarantees that farmers will have to _____.

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In the 1990s the extension of patent laws as the only intellectual property rights tool into the area of seed varieties started to create a growing market for private seedcompanies.

* maize: 옥수수

1 buy more seed from the company each season 2 use more chemical fertilizer than before
3 pioneer markets for their food products
4 increase the efficiency of food production

5 search for ways to maintain rural communities

#34.
Long before Walt Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass, poets had addressed themselves to fame.

Horace, Petrarch, Shakespeare, Milton, and Keats all hoped that poetic greatness would grant them a kind of earthly immortality.

Whitman held a similar faith that for centuries the world would value his poems.

But to this ancient desire to live forever on the page, he added a new sense of fame.

Readers would not simply attend to the poet’s work; they would be attracted to the greatness of his personality.

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They would see in his poems a vibrant cultural performance, an individual springing from the book with tremendous charisma and appeal.

Out of the political rallies and electoral parades that marked Jacksonian America, Whitman defined poetic fame in relation to the crowd.

Other poets might look for their inspiration from the goddess of poetry.

Whitman’s poet sought _____.

In the instability of American democracy, fame would be dependent on celebrity, on the degree to which the people rejoiced in the poet and his work.

* rally: 집회

1 a refuge from public attention
2 poetic purity out of political chaos 3 immortality in literature itself
4 the approval of his contemporaries 5 fame with political celebrities

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#35 순서.

Some people make few intentional changes in life.

Sure, over time they may get fatter, gather lines, and go gray.

(A) They train for marathons, quit smoking, switch fields, write plays, take up the guitar, or learn to tango even if they never danced before in their lives.

What is the difference between these two groups of people?

(B) But they wear their hair the same way, buy the same brand of shoes, eat the same breakfast, and stick to routines for no reason other than the ease of a comfortable, predictable life.

Yet as both research and real life show, many others do make important changes.

(C) It’s their perspective.

People who change do not question whether change is possible or look for reasons they cannot change.

They simply decide on a change they want and do what is necessary to accomplish it. 19

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Changing, which always stems from a firm decision, becomes job number one.

#36 순서.
Sometimes, after punishment has been administered a few times, it needn’t be continued,

because the mere threat of punishment is enough to induce the desired behavior.

(A) Avoidance training, however, doesn’t always work in our favor.

For instance, a child who has been repeatedly criticized for poor performance on math may learn to dodge difficult math problems in order to avoid further punishment.

(B) Unfortunately, because of this avoidance, the child fails to develop his math skills and therefore improve the capabilities he has, and so a vicious cycle has set in.

The avoidance must be unlearned through some positive experiences with math in order for this cycle to be broken.

(C) Psychologists call this avoidance training because the person is learning to avoid the possibility of a punishing consequence.

Avoidance training is responsible for many everyday behaviors.

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Wayne

It has taught you to carry an umbrella when it looks like rain to avoid the punishment of getting wet, and to keep your hand away from a hot iron to avoid the punishment of a burn.

#37 삽입.
*Surprised by the vision of an unfamiliar silhouette pushing into the house, these dogs were using

their eyes instead of their noses.

지문시작

Remember when you were little and you imagined that adults had infinite power?

Surely someone who could drive the car, open the juice container, and reach the sink could make it stop raining.

( 1 ) I think that’s the same expectation that we have with respect to our dogs and their ability to smell.

( 2 ) Because they are so good at using their noses, we assume that they can smell anything, anytime.

( 3 ) But dogs use other senses, too, and the brains of both humans and dogs tend to intensify one sense at a time.

( 4 ) Many owners have been snapped at by their dogs when they returned home with a new hairdo or a new coat.

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( 5 ) Their noses may be remarkable, but they’re not always switched on.

#38 삽입.
Even so, it is not the money per se that is valuable, but the fact that it can potentially yield more

positive experiences.

지문시작

Money ― beyond the bare minimum necessary for food and shelter ― is nothing more than a means to an end.

Yet so often we confuse means with ends, and sacrifice happiness (end) for money (means).

It is easy to do this when material wealth is elevated to the position of the ultimate end, as it so often is in our society.

( 1 ) This is not to say that the accumulation and production of material wealth is in itself wrong.

( 2 ) Material prosperity can help individuals, as well as society, attain higher levels of happiness.

( 3 ) Financial security can liberate us from work we do not find meaningful and from having to worry about the next paycheck.

( 4 ) Moreover, the desire to make money can challenge and inspire us. 22

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( 5 ) Material wealth in and of itself does not necessarily generate meaning or lead to emotional wealth.

* per se: 그 자체로

#39다음글에서전체흐름과관계없는문장은?

Food intake is essential for the survival of every living organism.

The failure to detect spoiled or toxic food can have deadly consequences.

Therefore, it is not surprising that humans use all their five senses to analyze food quality.

1 A first judgment about the value of a food source is made on its appearance and smell.

2 Food that looks and smells attractive is taken into the mouth.

3 The value of a particular food is an estimation of how good it is, based on its level of vitamins, minerals, or calories.

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4 Here, based on a complex sensory analysis that is not only restricted to the sense of taste but also includes smell, touch, and hearing, the final decision whether to swallowor reject food is

made.

5 Frequently, this complex interaction between different senses is inappropriately referred to as ‘taste’ although it should be better called flavor perception, because it uses multiple senses.

#40 요약.

Performance must be judged in terms of what is under the control of the individuals being evaluated rather than those influences on performance that are beyond their control.

There can be broad, influential factors, sometimes of an economic nature, that hold down the performance of everyone being judged.

One example is in sales.

If there is a general downturn in the economy and products or services are not being purchased with the same frequency as in the previous year, sales could be down, for example, by an average of 15%.

This 15% (actually -15%) figure would then represent “average” performance.

Perhaps the best salesperson in the year had only a 3% drop in sales over the previous year. 24

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Thus, “good” performance in this situation is a smaller loss compared to some average or norm group.

요약문

In performance evaluation, we should consider (A) factors affecting the individual’s performance rather than (B) figures only.

1. contextual -- put aside 2. contextual -- rely on
3. controllable -- put aside 4. positive -- ignore

5. positive -- rely on

LEARNING GRAMMAR

저자의🐴 : 문법을 정리해 드립니다. 지금은 솔직히 별로에요. ᄏ #20 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assertiveness may seem to some people to be uncharacteristic of counselors.

If your picture of a counselor is someone who never disagrees, always “goes along,” wants everything to be nice all the time, and only does what other people want him or her to do, 연결 this is not a picture of an assertive counselor.

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Being assertive does not have to mean being disagreeable.

Being a counselor does not mean that you should simply be silent when someone tells a racist joke.

An assertive counselor would find a way to call that person’s attention to the fact that the joke is racist, explaining how it offended the hearer, and suggesting ways similar jokes could 수동태 be avoided.

Being assertive is a highly developed skill ― it should fit nicely in the counselor’s repertoire of techniques.

#21다음글의요지로가장적절한것은?

The negative effects of extrinsic motivators 연결 such as grades 긴동사 have been documented with students from different cultures.

Although 연결 this matter is more complex 비교급의 뒷구조 than simply regarding all extrinsic rewards as controlling or diminishing learning, we agree with Richard Ryan and his colleagues that people across different cultures are likely to express more satisfaction with their lives when their primary goals are intrinsic rather than extrinsic.

Another consistent research finding is that when a learning activity is undertaken explicitly to attain some extrinsic reward, people respond by seeking the least demanding way of ensuring the reward.

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Since ThereVS설 there are three decades of evidence that dominating instruction with a system of controlling external rewards may contribute to inferior learning, using a pedagogy표현주의! based on theories of intrinsic motivation appears to be a more reasonable and effective approach to enhancing learning among culturally diverse students.

* pedagogy: 교수법

#22다음글의주제로가장적절한것은?

Twin sirens hide in the sea of history, tempting 연결 those seeking to understand and appreciate the past onto the reefs of misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

연결 These twin dangers are temporocentrism and ethnocentrism.

Temporocentrism is the belief that your times are the best of all possible times.

All other times are 연결 thus inferior.

Ethnocentrism is the belief that your culture is the best of all possible cultures.

All other cultures are 연결 thus inferior.

Temporocentrism and ethnocentrism unite to cause individuals and cultures to judge all other individuals and cultures by the “superior” standards of their current culture.

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연결 This leads to a total lack of perspective 부사절축약 when dealing with past and / or foreign cultures and a resultant misunderstanding and misappreciation of them.

Temporocentrism and ethnocentrism tempt moderns into unjustified criticisms of the peoples of the past.

#23 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

When we remark with surprise that someone “looks young” for his or her chronological age, we are observing that we all age biologically at different rates.

Scientists have good evidence that 연결 this apparent difference is real.

It is likely that age changes begin in different parts of the body at different times and that the rate of annual change varies among various cells, tissues, and organs, as well as from person to person.

Unlike the passage of time, biological aging resists easy measurement.

What we would like to have is one or a few measurable biological changes that mirror all other biological age changes without reference to the passage of time, so that we could say, 연결 for example, that someone who is chronologically eighty years old is biologically sixty years old.

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연결 This kind of measurement would help explain why one eighty-year-old has so many more youthful qualities than does another eighty-year-old 계속적용법 , who may be biologically eighty or even ninety years old.

#28다음글의밑줄친부분중,어법상틀린것은?

The Greeks’ focus on the salient object and its attributes led to 1 their failure to understand the fundamental nature of causality.

Aristotle explained that a stone falling through the air is due to the stone having the property of “gravity.”

But 연결 of course a piece of wood 2 tossed into water floats 표현주의! 연결 instead of sinking.

연결 This phenomenon Aristotle explained as being due to the wood having the property of “levity”!

In both cases the focus is 3 exclusively on the object, with no attention paid to the possibility that some force outside the object might be relevant.

But the Chinese saw the world as consisting of continuously interacting substances, so their attempts to understand it 4 causing them to 수동태 be oriented toward the complexities of the

entire “field,” that is, the context or environment as a whole.

The notion 5 that events always 1형동 occur in a field of forces would have been completely intuitive to the Chinese.

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#29 (A), (B), (C)의 각 네모 안에서 문맥에 맞는 낱말로 가장 적절한 것은?

The Atitlán Giant Grebe was a large, flightless bird that 과거완료 had evolved from the 비교급강조 much more widespread and smaller Pied-billed Grebe.

By 1965 ThereVS설 there were only around 80 birds left on Lake Atitlán.

One immediate reason was easy 표현주의! enough to spot: the local human population was cutting down the reed beds at a furious rate.

연결 This (A) accommodation / destruction was driven by the needs of a fast growing mat-making industry.

But ThereVS설 there were other problems.

An American airline was intent on developing the lake as a tourist destination for fishermen.

연결 However, ThereVS설 there was a major problem with 연결 this idea: the lake (B) lacked / supported any suitable sporting fish!

To compensate for 연결 this rather obvious defect, a specially selected species of fish 표현주의! called the Large-mouthed Bass 수동태 was introduced.

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The introduced individuals immediately turned their attentions to the crabs and small fish that lived in the lake, 연결 thus (C) competing / cooperating with the few remaining grebes for food.

ThereVS설 There is 연결 also little doubt that they sometimes gobbled up the zebra-striped Atitlán Giant Grebe’s chicks.

#31.
When two cultures come into contact, they do not exchange every cultural item.

If that were the case, there would be no cultural differences in the world today.

연결 Instead, only a small number of cultural elements ever spread from one culture to another.

Which cultural item 수동태 is accepted depends largely on the item’s use and compatibility with already existing cultural traits.

연결 For example, it is not likely that men’s hair dyes designed to “get out the gray” will spread into parts of rural Africa where a person’s status 수동태 is elevated with advancing years.

Even when a(n) investigation is consistent with a society’s needs, ThereVS설 there is 연결 still no guarantee that it will 수동태 be accepted.