232_i2-2332-29 본문읽기 | 블루티쳐학원 영어 | 구리시 인창동 | 수능 | 내신
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:31
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2332-24
Winning turns on a self‑conscious awareness that others are watching. It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you and no one is paying attention. You can mess up and be rough and get dirty because no one even knows you're there. But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. You're being judged. You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses, and you start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model and good citizen and a leader that others can respect. There is nothing wrong with that. But if you do it at the expense of being who you really are, making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself, you're not going to be in that position very long. When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.
승리는 다른 사람이 바라보고 있다는 자의식적 인식을 촉발한다. 아무도 여러분을 모르고 (여러분에게) 집중하고 있지 않으면 눈에 띄지 않게 움직이기가 훨씬 더 쉽다. 여러분은 일을 망치고, 난폭해지며, 비열해져도 되는데, 왜냐하면 여러분이 그곳에 있다는 것을 아무도 심지어 알지 못하기 때문이다. 하지만 여러분이 승리하기 시작하거나, 다른 사람이 알아차리기 시작하는 순간부터, 여러분은 관찰되고 있다는 것을 갑자기 인식한다. 여러분은 평가받고 있다. 여러분은 다른 사람이 여러분의 실수와 약점을 발견할 것이라고 걱정하고, 여러분이 좋은 본보기이자 훌륭한 시민이고 다른 사람이 존경할 수 있는 지도자가 될 수 있도록 여러분 본래의 성격을 숨기기 시작한다. 그것에 문제는 없다. 하지만 자기 자신을 기쁘게 하기보다, 타인을 기쁘게 하는 결정을 내리면서 자신의 진정한 모습이 되는 것을 희생하면서까지 그렇게 한다면, 여러분은 그 지위에 그리 오래 머물지 못할 것이다. 여러분이 누구인지에 대해 사과하기 시작하는 순간, 여러분은 성장을 멈추고, 승리를 멈추게 된다. 영원히.
Winning turns on a self‑conscious awareness that others are watching. It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you and no one is paying attention. You can mess up and be rough and get dirty because no one even knows you're there. But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. You're being judged. You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses, and you start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model and good citizen and a leader that others can respect. There is nothing wrong with that. But if you do it at the expense of being who you really are, making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself, you're not going to be in that position very long. When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.
승리는 다른 사람이 바라보고 있다는 자의식적 인식을 촉발한다. 아무도 여러분을 모르고 (여러분에게) 집중하고 있지 않으면 눈에 띄지 않게 움직이기가 훨씬 더 쉽다. 여러분은 일을 망치고, 난폭해지며, 비열해져도 되는데, 왜냐하면 여러분이 그곳에 있다는 것을 아무도 심지어 알지 못하기 때문이다. 하지만 여러분이 승리하기 시작하거나, 다른 사람이 알아차리기 시작하는 순간부터, 여러분은 관찰되고 있다는 것을 갑자기 인식한다. 여러분은 평가받고 있다. 여러분은 다른 사람이 여러분의 실수와 약점을 발견할 것이라고 걱정하고, 여러분이 좋은 본보기이자 훌륭한 시민이고 다른 사람이 존경할 수 있는 지도자가 될 수 있도록 여러분 본래의 성격을 숨기기 시작한다. 그것에 문제는 없다. 하지만 자기 자신을 기쁘게 하기보다, 타인을 기쁘게 하는 결정을 내리면서 자신의 진정한 모습이 되는 것을 희생하면서까지 그렇게 한다면, 여러분은 그 지위에 그리 오래 머물지 못할 것이다. 여러분이 누구인지에 대해 사과하기 시작하는 순간, 여러분은 성장을 멈추고, 승리를 멈추게 된다. 영원히.
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232_i2-2332-24 본문읽기 | 블루티쳐학원 영어 | 구리시 인창동 | 수능 | 내신
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:31
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2332-23
What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains? A few large studies have helped to shed some light. In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. This finding was unusual, since people who eat more fruit usually display the benefits associated with a healthy diet. In this study, however, the researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets and found that fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors. Another study from the Mayo Clinic saw a similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex, the large outer layer of the brain. Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high‑sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do.
포도와 그 외 달콤한 과일을 너무 많이 먹는 것이 과연 뇌에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있을까? 몇 가지 대규모 연구가 (그것에 관한) 새로운 견해를 밝히는데 도움이 되었다. 한 연구에서는, 더 나이가 많고 인지적으로 건강한 성인에서 더 많은 과일 섭취가 해마의 더 작은 용적과 연관되었다. 이 발견은 특이했는데, 그 이유는 과일을 더 많이 먹는 사람들은 보통 건강한 식단과 관련된 이점을 보여 주기 때문이었다. 하지만 이 연구에서, 연구원들은 피실험자 식단의 다양한 요소들을 분리했고 과일이 그들의 기억 중추에 어떤 도움도 주지 않는 것처럼 보인다는 것을 발견했다. Mayo Clinic의 또 다른 연구에서는 과일 섭취와 뇌의 커다란 바깥층인 피질의 용적 사이의 유사한 역관계를 확인했다. 후자의 연구에서 연구원들은 (망고, 바나나, 파인애플 같은) 고당도 과일의 과도한 섭취가 가공된 탄수화물 식품만큼이나 크게 신진대사 문제와 인지적 문제를 일으킬 수 있다는 점에 주목했다.
What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains? A few large studies have helped to shed some light. In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. This finding was unusual, since people who eat more fruit usually display the benefits associated with a healthy diet. In this study, however, the researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets and found that fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors. Another study from the Mayo Clinic saw a similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex, the large outer layer of the brain. Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high‑sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do.
포도와 그 외 달콤한 과일을 너무 많이 먹는 것이 과연 뇌에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있을까? 몇 가지 대규모 연구가 (그것에 관한) 새로운 견해를 밝히는데 도움이 되었다. 한 연구에서는, 더 나이가 많고 인지적으로 건강한 성인에서 더 많은 과일 섭취가 해마의 더 작은 용적과 연관되었다. 이 발견은 특이했는데, 그 이유는 과일을 더 많이 먹는 사람들은 보통 건강한 식단과 관련된 이점을 보여 주기 때문이었다. 하지만 이 연구에서, 연구원들은 피실험자 식단의 다양한 요소들을 분리했고 과일이 그들의 기억 중추에 어떤 도움도 주지 않는 것처럼 보인다는 것을 발견했다. Mayo Clinic의 또 다른 연구에서는 과일 섭취와 뇌의 커다란 바깥층인 피질의 용적 사이의 유사한 역관계를 확인했다. 후자의 연구에서 연구원들은 (망고, 바나나, 파인애플 같은) 고당도 과일의 과도한 섭취가 가공된 탄수화물 식품만큼이나 크게 신진대사 문제와 인지적 문제를 일으킬 수 있다는 점에 주목했다.
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232_i2-2332-23 본문읽기 | 블루티쳐학원 영어 | 구리시 인창동 | 수능 | 내신
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:31
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232_s3 본문읽기 55
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-T316
One key to understanding the living planet is to recognize that nothing about the physical world is static. The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
23수특-T317
If society is more than a collection of individuals, there must be some kind of relationship between them, and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural law tradition to argue that there cannot be society without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to everything we do, not simply as an external constraint, but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule or social norm we are following, for example caring for the sick or respecting other people's property, is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting legal rules. Everything in society is held together, governed and even constituted by law.
23수특-T318
Humans interact with their surroundings with audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a treatment. A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this technology to be contributing positively to the state of patients. During the VR experience, the patients are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual space. For these patients, this immersive experience could act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal motor function to these regions.
23수특-T319
Empathy is generally categorized into at least two types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more consciously active in that it allows us to understand another person's mental state or perspective. It's difficult to see how this form of empathy could have come about in hominids until they had attained a certain level of self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive response that seems to arise from much more physiological processes. It allows us to share to some degree in another's emotional state. In considering the possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it's challenging to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could have come about at all.
23수특-T320
One telling indication of the importance of meaning for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money often performs poorly as a gift because it sends the wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine's Day, and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50 cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more useful, but it has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St. Valentine's Day, it makes a lousy gift.
One key to understanding the living planet is to recognize that nothing about the physical world is static. The transfers of energy and the movement of matter in the physical world may be hard to see, as the cycles happen over scales that may be microscopic or vast. Mountains, continents, stars, and galaxies may appear permanent and unchanging to us but the entire universe, with us in it, is in fact constantly moving and changing, reusing and recycling, dying and regenerating, in all places and at all scales. On our unusually lively planet much of the flux among biological systems is accelerated and concentrated, so changes here are easier for us humans to perceive than the longer, slower cycles. However, there really are no static elements anywhere in the universe. Changes happen through flows of energy and flows of materials, and these flows take place in regenerative patterns that are cyclical.
23수특-T317
If society is more than a collection of individuals, there must be some kind of relationship between them, and at the very least a sense of what is right and wrong behaviour. This has led legal philosophers in the natural law tradition to argue that there cannot be society without law. From this perspective, social theorists do not usually pay sufficient respect to law. It is central to everything we do, not simply as an external constraint, but because it constitutes and makes possible orderly social life. This involves taking a broad view of law, so any rule or social norm we are following, for example caring for the sick or respecting other people's property, is seen as part of law, even if lawyers or the courts are not asked to intervene, and we are not consulting legal rules. Everything in society is held together, governed and even constituted by law.
23수특-T318
Humans interact with their surroundings with audiovisual cues and utilize their arms or legs to engage and move within this world. This seemingly ordinary ability can be extremely beneficial for those who are experiencing weakening conditions that limit movement or for individuals who are experiencing pain and discomfort either from a chronic illness or as a side effect of a treatment. A recent study, looking at the effect of immersive virtual reality (VR) for patients who had suffered from chronic stroke, found this technology to be contributing positively to the state of patients. During the VR experience, the patients are asked to grab a virtual ball and throw it back into the virtual space. For these patients, this immersive experience could act as a personal rehabilitation physiotherapist who engages their arm movement multiple times a day, allowing for possible neuroplasticity and a gradual return of normal motor function to these regions.
23수특-T319
Empathy is generally categorized into at least two types: cognitive and emotional. These need not be experienced exclusively and can certainly influence each other. As its name implies, cognitive empathy is more consciously active in that it allows us to understand another person's mental state or perspective. It's difficult to see how this form of empathy could have come about in hominids until they had attained a certain level of self-awareness and sense of other. Emotional empathy, on the other hand, is far more reflexive, an almost instinctive response that seems to arise from much more physiological processes. It allows us to share to some degree in another's emotional state. In considering the possible origins of both forms of empathy, it seems more likely that emotional empathy preceded cognitive empathy. In fact, without emotional empathy existing first, it's challenging to see how theory of mind and self-awareness could have come about at all.
23수특-T320
One telling indication of the importance of meaning for gifts is the role of money. Cash, as generalized purchasing power, can be used to buy anything. It is extremely useful. Yet however great its utility, money often performs poorly as a gift because it sends the wrong message. Suppose today is St. Valentine's Day, and you wish to give your sweetheart a special gift. First you think that spending $50 on a bouquet of red roses might be nice, but then it occurs to you that flowers are not very useful and that your girlfriend might prefer something else instead of roses. So you conclude that $50 cash would be a better gift. Wrong. Red roses symbolize romance, cash does not. Cash may be more useful, but it has the wrong meaning for a romantic relationship. On St. Valentine's Day, it makes a lousy gift.
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232_s3 본문읽기 50
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-T308
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he studied fine art before enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought him international public recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his international audience with a series of major films that tackle the problems facing modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the nation's collective memory and reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he actively stirred his homeland's historical conscience.
23수특-T312
The idea that money replaced barter by making transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy as something in which money is nothing more than a passive mediator ━ a "lubricant in exchange." Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely something to "save the trouble of weighing" (Aristotle) and "a great convenience" (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that "you could use chickens as money" as long as people are ready to accept them as a means of exchange. However, the fact that many things can serve as money does not tell us much about money, any more than the number of actors who have played Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare's play. What counts is the properties of objects at the time when they are used as money, not when they are offstage.
23수특-T313
Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the human tendency to psychologically adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again. This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay in the same place ━ and, in fact, this cycle has been called the "hedonic treadmill." For example, you may feel happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the desire for the next improvement arises.
23수특-T314
The consequences of written forms of communication are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and communication historian Harold Innis, for example, describes how written communication allowed societies to endure through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a priesthood). But the invention of more transportable media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the relationship between a communicator and the person with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be remote in time and space, and the communicator can guarantee that the message received is identical with the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face communication, societies could expand their boundaries to encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was, as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
23수특-T315
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of the areas where AI is advancing fast: "In many ways, deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the importance of these parameters on the basis of other factors to arrive at .a clinical decision." Therefore some companies only build an A.1.-based product to outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally happens is that the high end of the market, the part that is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans because the diagnosis by automation alone is not conclusive and may even require skillful interaction between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need a dual structure in which most of the routine work is replaced but still require critical human skills to handle the remaining tasks ― those also being the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two implications. If the company itself is operating on this business model, its scalability is still limited, and its return on investment reduced.
Andrzej Wajda (born in 1926) is the symbol and main director of the new generation of Polish film-makers. The son of a Polish army officer, he grew up in an atmosphere of patriotism and romantic heroism. In 1944, at the age of 18, he was drawn to the resistance movement and served in the ranks df the Armia Krajowa (AK), the Home Army. After the Second World War, he studied fine art before enrolling at the brand new Lodz Film School. After making a few short films, he became Aleksander Ford's assistant director. In 1957, his second feature film, Kanal, brought him international public recognition. Since then, he has continued to increase his international audience with a series of major films that tackle the problems facing modern-day Poland. As well as being the most famous director of Polish cinema, he was the most typically Polish, constantly drawing on the nation's collective memory and reworking it with a powerful sense of film direction. In so doing, he did not simply describe the events of his era; he actively stirred his homeland's historical conscience.
23수특-T312
The idea that money replaced barter by making transactions more efficient allows one to see the economy as something in which money is nothing more than a passive mediator ━ a "lubricant in exchange." Money objects such as coins are not fundamentally different from commodities such as weights of gold: the stamp is merely something to "save the trouble of weighing" (Aristotle) and "a great convenience" (Ragan and Lipsey) but has no unique importance of its own. The Canadian economist Todd Hirsch quipped that "you could use chickens as money" as long as people are ready to accept them as a means of exchange. However, the fact that many things can serve as money does not tell us much about money, any more than the number of actors who have played Hamlet tells us about Shakespeare's play. What counts is the properties of objects at the time when they are used as money, not when they are offstage.
23수특-T313
Happiness can be brief. Remember how great it felt the last time you got a raise? Do you still feel the same excitement about it today? Probably not. Psychologists have long noted the human tendency to psychologically adapt to new circumstances. Something that initially makes one feel happy soon comes to feel like the norm. The sense of happiness fades, and an urge to acquire the next bigger or better thing takes hold again. This can make the pursuit of happiness feel like walking on a treadmill, where you have to keep working to stay in the same place ━ and, in fact, this cycle has been called the "hedonic treadmill." For example, you may feel happy to buy a house. But the euphoria begins to fade as you see how much work it needs. Upgrading the kitchen feels good, but then the bathroom looks outdated. The pleasure of accomplishing one task fades quickly as the desire for the next improvement arises.
23수특-T314
The consequences of written forms of communication are quite extensive. The Canadian economist and communication historian Harold Innis, for example, describes how written communication allowed societies to endure through time by creating durable texts which could be handed down and referred to. This allowed for the control of knowledge by central hierarchies (such as a priesthood). But the invention of more transportable media, such as papyrus, allowed for centralized control to expand over a wider area. Writing changes the relationship between a communicator and the person with whom he or she is communicating. Audiences now can be remote in time and space, and the communicator can guarantee that the message received is identical with the one sent, without having to rely on the memory of a messenger. This means that a communicator can reach a much wider and disparate audience. To the extent that society was no longer dependent upon face-to-face communication, societies could expand their boundaries to encompass vast spaces and diverse populations. This was, as Innis argues, the beginning of empire.
23수특-T315
Radiology, and in general medical imaging, is one of the areas where AI is advancing fast: "In many ways, deep learning can mirror what trained radiologists do, that is, identify image parameters but also weigh up the importance of these parameters on the basis of other factors to arrive at .a clinical decision." Therefore some companies only build an A.1.-based product to outcompete the rest. This is common, but what normally happens is that the high end of the market, the part that is more difficult, still needs to be done by humans because the diagnosis by automation alone is not conclusive and may even require skillful interaction between the diagnoser and the patient. Therefore these companies need a dual structure in which most of the routine work is replaced but still require critical human skills to handle the remaining tasks ― those also being the most expensive part of the workforce. This has two implications. If the company itself is operating on this business model, its scalability is still limited, and its return on investment reduced.
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232_s3 본문읽기 45
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-T303
Let's say you're storing a working microwave in your basement. You're not currently using the microwave; instead, it's collecting dust. Applying the concept of utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to you or anyone else because it isn't being used right now for its intended purpose (which is, of course, to warm food). But if you donated or sold that microwave to someone who could use it, you would immediately restore its value while also saving the recipient from having to purchase a brand new one. Many consumers balk at the idea of donating or selling perfectly decent items, and that's understandable, as items cost money. But thanks to constant product turnover and innovation, electronics and appliances quickly become outdated. Giving that microwave to someone in your community who needs it to warm food right now decreases the chances of finite resources, including fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and water, being extracted from the earth to make another microwave.
23수특-T304
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless sprawl in our physical environment. We condemn the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions of acres of formerly virgin land. We worry about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it fosters, and about the other social problems that come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed urban sprawl, it just happens ━ or so it appears. On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development. Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car designers. The interactions between all these systems and human behavior are complicated and hard to understand ━ but the policies themselves are not the result of chance. "Out of control" is an ideology, not a fact.
23수특-T305
You've probably already heard about the importance of adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the positive things in your life. But what does that even mean beyond a tired cliche? Isn't it enough when you're grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good place to start for taking inventory of all the things for which you're thankful, but it's by no means the finish line. When you have an average day that's probably going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember to take stock ━ are you thankful for that text your friend sent you that made you feel special? What about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can be practiced every day.
23수특-T306
The emergence of life-long learning is one major development in Europe which is thought to have an impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness of the need to bridge the gap between education systems and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is believed to work more and be directed towards exploring and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, stressing the need to respond to fears about competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to change has become a must and, as often stated by policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing global economic, social and political environment.
23수특-T307
I can't imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate its cage. Appealing as it sounds having the title of "Laboratory Rat of the Year" or "Most Creative Path through a Maze," the rats just aren't motivated by such distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal ━ food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I know no other animal that will work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal expressions with the subsequent presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation. Awards are designed to distinguish one individual from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn't register for most nonhuman animals.
Let's say you're storing a working microwave in your basement. You're not currently using the microwave; instead, it's collecting dust. Applying the concept of utility informs us that the microwave has no true value to you or anyone else because it isn't being used right now for its intended purpose (which is, of course, to warm food). But if you donated or sold that microwave to someone who could use it, you would immediately restore its value while also saving the recipient from having to purchase a brand new one. Many consumers balk at the idea of donating or selling perfectly decent items, and that's understandable, as items cost money. But thanks to constant product turnover and innovation, electronics and appliances quickly become outdated. Giving that microwave to someone in your community who needs it to warm food right now decreases the chances of finite resources, including fossil fuels, copper, other metals, and water, being extracted from the earth to make another microwave.
23수특-T304
Think about what is inaccurately described as mindless sprawl in our physical environment. We condemn the unstoppable spread of low-density suburbs over millions of acres of formerly virgin land. We worry about its environmental impact, about the obesity in people that it fosters, and about the other social problems that come in its wake. But nobody seems to have designed urban sprawl, it just happens ━ or so it appears. On closer inspection, however, urban sprawl is not mindless at all. There is nothing inevitable about its development. Sprawl is the result of zoning laws designed by legislators, low-density buildings designed by developers, marketing strategies designed by ad agencies, tax breaks designed by economists, credit lines designed by banks, geomatics designed by retailers, data-mining software designed by hamburger chains, and automobiles designed by car designers. The interactions between all these systems and human behavior are complicated and hard to understand ━ but the policies themselves are not the result of chance. "Out of control" is an ideology, not a fact.
23수특-T305
You've probably already heard about the importance of adopting an attitude of gratitude and focusing on the positive things in your life. But what does that even mean beyond a tired cliche? Isn't it enough when you're grateful for Thanksgiving dinner and the mounds of sweet potatoes and pumpkin pie that will soon be happily in your stomach? Well, not really. Thanksgiving is a good place to start for taking inventory of all the things for which you're thankful, but it's by no means the finish line. When you have an average day that's probably going to simply fade into the fabric of your life, remember to take stock ━ are you thankful for that text your friend sent you that made you feel special? What about when someone at lunch let you take the last slice of pizza? Small, seemingly inconsequential things are the threads of thankfulness, and gratitude for those small things can be practiced every day.
23수특-T306
The emergence of life-long learning is one major development in Europe which is thought to have an impact on educational policies and teaching-learning trends across Europe, and the world. It relates to the awareness of the need to bridge the gap between education systems and the socio-economic needs in particular. Education is believed to work more and be directed towards exploring and catering for new emerging needs. In 1996, Europe celebrated The European Year of Life-long Learning, stressing the need to respond to fears about competitiveness, innovations in technology and capitalist globalisation. Substantial changes in education systems are expected to cater for the new needs. Responding to change has become a must and, as often stated by policy-makers, there is a mounting urgency to adapt and upgrade education to be able to respond to the changing global economic, social and political environment.
23수특-T307
I can't imagine a rat working for a shiny medal to hang around its neck or an inscribed plaque to decorate its cage. Appealing as it sounds having the title of "Laboratory Rat of the Year" or "Most Creative Path through a Maze," the rats just aren't motivated by such distinctions. Instead, laboratory rats want the real deal ━ food, safety, social contact, even some gentle stroking from an experimenter. In fact, award ceremonies are distinctly human, as I know no other animal that will work for trophies or certificates. Other animals learn to associate verbal expressions with the subsequent presentation of tangible rewards such as food, but medals, ribbons, and awards are specific to human motivation. Awards are designed to distinguish one individual from a group of individuals, a goal that doesn't register for most nonhuman animals.
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232_s3 본문읽기 40
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-27Gateway
Becoming competent in another culture means looking beyond behavior to see if we can understand the attitudes, beliefs, and values that motivate what we observe. By looking only at the visible aspects of culture ─ customs, clothing, food, and language ─ we develop a short-sighted view of intercultural understanding ─ just the tip of the iceberg, really. If we are to be successful in our business interactions with people who have different values and beliefs about how the world is ordered, then we must go below the surface of what it means to understand culture and attempt to see what Edward Hall calls the "hidden dimensions." Those hidden aspects are the very foundation of culture and are the reason why culture is actually more than meets the eye. We tend not to notice those cultural norms until they violate what we consider to be common sense, good judgment, or the nature of things.
23수특-2701
In many ways it's difficult to imagine communicating without any emotion whatsoever. What would communication stripped of its nonverbal components even look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a clue. After all, who hasn't experienced a misunderstanding with someone when exchanging text messages? While there can be a number of reasons for this, many misinterpretations are in fact due to the lack of nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and email support this. A 2005 paper, "Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think？" cites studies that showed participants had a 50 percent chance of correctly distinguishing whether the tone in an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to correctly deduce such information is no better than chance, it's small wonder texting often leads to misunderstandings.
23수특-2702
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a group. For example, any given culture cannot prove that its religion and moral system are superior to another culture's religion and moral system, but if the members reinforce each other's beliefs and values, they come to be taken for granted. Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values run the risk of "excommunication," of being thrown out of the group. The test of whether they work or not is how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when they abide by them. In these realms, the group learns that certain beliefs and values, as initially promulgated by prophets, founders, and leaders, "work" in the sense of reducing uncertainty in critical areas of the group's functioning. Moreover, as they continue to provide meaning and comfort to group members, they also become transformed into non-discussible assumptions even though they may not be correlated with actual performance.
23수특-2703
Socio-cultural behaviors arise from the exchange of information between individuals and, therefore, they are closely linked to how the information flows among the population. In particular, the social ties built and maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for solving concrete local problems and affect the spread of information and behaviors, playing a key role in integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential segregation directly impacts how these social ties of physical nearness are displayed, drawing boundaries on the structure of information flows. We can think of the segregation process as a dynamical formation of echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential space encourages individuals within a group to interact only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors of the socio-cultural space that emerge could clash at higher scales, as polarized positions may arise.
23수특-T302
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great honor that I had been asked to join them as a board member. Their mission was important. The other members were powerful, highly respected women from across the nation. I had heard about their work and their reputations for years. I was finally going to get a chance to meet them. As I walked into the meeting room, someone from the organization was already there, getting ready for the meeting. Caterers were bringing in delicious treats and hot coffee. I looked at the big mahogany table and quickly saw that name tags and binders were already being arranged and placed on the table. I saw my name ― with a handwritten note from the president ― welcoming me to my first meeting. Quite frankly, I couldn't believe what my eyes were seeing!
Becoming competent in another culture means looking beyond behavior to see if we can understand the attitudes, beliefs, and values that motivate what we observe. By looking only at the visible aspects of culture ─ customs, clothing, food, and language ─ we develop a short-sighted view of intercultural understanding ─ just the tip of the iceberg, really. If we are to be successful in our business interactions with people who have different values and beliefs about how the world is ordered, then we must go below the surface of what it means to understand culture and attempt to see what Edward Hall calls the "hidden dimensions." Those hidden aspects are the very foundation of culture and are the reason why culture is actually more than meets the eye. We tend not to notice those cultural norms until they violate what we consider to be common sense, good judgment, or the nature of things.
23수특-2701
In many ways it's difficult to imagine communicating without any emotion whatsoever. What would communication stripped of its nonverbal components even look like? Perhaps messaging technology can give us a clue. After all, who hasn't experienced a misunderstanding with someone when exchanging text messages? While there can be a number of reasons for this, many misinterpretations are in fact due to the lack of nonverbal cues and tone of voice in these communications. Numerous studies of text messaging and email support this. A 2005 paper, "Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think？" cites studies that showed participants had a 50 percent chance of correctly distinguishing whether the tone in an email was sarcastic or not. If our ability to correctly deduce such information is no better than chance, it's small wonder texting often leads to misunderstandings.
23수특-2702
Social validation means that certain beliefs and values are confirmed only by the shared social experience of a group. For example, any given culture cannot prove that its religion and moral system are superior to another culture's religion and moral system, but if the members reinforce each other's beliefs and values, they come to be taken for granted. Those who fail to accept such beliefs and values run the risk of "excommunication," of being thrown out of the group. The test of whether they work or not is how comfortable and anxiety-free members are when they abide by them. In these realms, the group learns that certain beliefs and values, as initially promulgated by prophets, founders, and leaders, "work" in the sense of reducing uncertainty in critical areas of the group's functioning. Moreover, as they continue to provide meaning and comfort to group members, they also become transformed into non-discussible assumptions even though they may not be correlated with actual performance.
23수특-2703
Socio-cultural behaviors arise from the exchange of information between individuals and, therefore, they are closely linked to how the information flows among the population. In particular, the social ties built and maintained in the local neighborhood are useful for solving concrete local problems and affect the spread of information and behaviors, playing a key role in integrating social groups at higher scales. Residential segregation directly impacts how these social ties of physical nearness are displayed, drawing boundaries on the structure of information flows. We can think of the segregation process as a dynamical formation of echo-chambers: social fragmentation over the residential space encourages individuals within a group to interact only with their peers. In this case, the collective behaviors of the socio-cultural space that emerge could clash at higher scales, as polarized positions may arise.
23수특-T302
It was the day when I had the opportunity to attend my first board meeting. I arrived early. It was a great honor that I had been asked to join them as a board member. Their mission was important. The other members were powerful, highly respected women from across the nation. I had heard about their work and their reputations for years. I was finally going to get a chance to meet them. As I walked into the meeting room, someone from the organization was already there, getting ready for the meeting. Caterers were bringing in delicious treats and hot coffee. I looked at the big mahogany table and quickly saw that name tags and binders were already being arranged and placed on the table. I saw my name ― with a handwritten note from the president ― welcoming me to my first meeting. Quite frankly, I couldn't believe what my eyes were seeing!
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232_s3 본문읽기 35
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-2502
For a long time photographs were understood to be visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of the presented, its "it has been." Therefore, photographs were initially classified as documents, whether used in the media, in the family album, in books, archives or collections. As digitization began to feed into the realm of photography, and the end of the photographic era was proclaimed, it was its documentary qualities, its "ontology" as a chemical-physical symbol, that suddenly lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting of digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the photographic authenticity and evidence, many of its tasks and uses have hardly changed. When we look at a family album created with digital images, closely inspect the X-rays of a broken foot together with the doctor, or view the image of the finish of the 100-meter finals at the Olympic Games, our trust in photography remains. If we trust the use of the images, or more precisely, if we assign them persuasive powers via their use, it does not matter whether they are analog or digital. In other words: We doubt photography, but still use certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce evidence.
23수특-2503
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps the "Holy Grail" of most film-makers and especially the big movie studios. While critical acclaim is always welcome, in the end it is important that a movie makes money. For the big studios ─ now increasingly owned by massive global corporations ─ making movies that deliver wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance. Movies increasingly depend on non-theatrical sources for revenues. This fact does not diminish the continuing significance of solid box office performance. When a movie hits top spot at the box office, not only does this deliver direct revenue yield, it can further promote other income sources over time. A high public profile means not only that its potential as an attractive choice for repeat viewing on other platforms increases but that its potential to yield sequels might increase, too. In the end, nothing breeds success like success. This maxim is probably the main reason why the major movie studios really like making sequels to highly successful movies and really like to hire star actors with a track record of appearing in blockbuster films that generally do well at the box office.
23수특-2601
Learners can improve the effectiveness of their attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided students who demonstrated learned helplessness with both successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically stated that the failure was caused by lack of effort or ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given similar experiences but no training. After 25 sessions, the learners who were counseled about their effort and strategies responded more appropriately to failure by persisting longer and adapting their strategies more effectively. Additional research has corroborated Dweck's findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for students who believed that they were already trying hard. This research suggests that teachers can increase students' motivation to learn by teaching them learning strategies and encouraging them to attribute successes to effort.
23수특-2602
A lot of research discusses what leads to relatively permanent acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You won't be surprised to hear that active learning works far better than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in a classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no matter how interesting the material) isn't nearly as potent as having opportunities to engage actively with the concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice, immersion, or some other form of direct experience. Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new knowledge and skills that all your senses are engaged. It is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if you can become involved emotionally, physically, and interpersonally. In other words, it isn't enough to merely read this material in a book or hear an instructor talk about it in class. You must also have opportunities to practice the skills and make the ideas your own.
23수특-2603
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. In his theory, the actual changes in thinking take place through the process of equilibration ─ the act of searching for a balance. Piaget assumed that people continually test the adequacy of their thinking processes in order to achieve that balance. Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists. If the scheme does not produce a satisfying result, then disequilibrium exists, and we become uncomfortable. This motivates us to keep searching for a solution through assimilation and accommodation, and thus our thinking changes and moves ahead. Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just right or optimal ─ too little and we aren't interested in changing, too much and we may be discouraged or anxious and not change.
For a long time photographs were understood to be visible traces, as irrefutable evidence of the existence of the presented, its "it has been." Therefore, photographs were initially classified as documents, whether used in the media, in the family album, in books, archives or collections. As digitization began to feed into the realm of photography, and the end of the photographic era was proclaimed, it was its documentary qualities, its "ontology" as a chemical-physical symbol, that suddenly lost its persuasive powers. But even if the sting of digital doubt seems deeply ingrained within the photographic authenticity and evidence, many of its tasks and uses have hardly changed. When we look at a family album created with digital images, closely inspect the X-rays of a broken foot together with the doctor, or view the image of the finish of the 100-meter finals at the Olympic Games, our trust in photography remains. If we trust the use of the images, or more precisely, if we assign them persuasive powers via their use, it does not matter whether they are analog or digital. In other words: We doubt photography, but still use certain photographs to dispel doubt and produce evidence.
23수특-2503
Predicting whether a movie will be a success is perhaps the "Holy Grail" of most film-makers and especially the big movie studios. While critical acclaim is always welcome, in the end it is important that a movie makes money. For the big studios ─ now increasingly owned by massive global corporations ─ making movies that deliver wide profit margins is the ultimate metric of performance. Movies increasingly depend on non-theatrical sources for revenues. This fact does not diminish the continuing significance of solid box office performance. When a movie hits top spot at the box office, not only does this deliver direct revenue yield, it can further promote other income sources over time. A high public profile means not only that its potential as an attractive choice for repeat viewing on other platforms increases but that its potential to yield sequels might increase, too. In the end, nothing breeds success like success. This maxim is probably the main reason why the major movie studios really like making sequels to highly successful movies and really like to hire star actors with a track record of appearing in blockbuster films that generally do well at the box office.
23수특-2601
Learners can improve the effectiveness of their attributions through training. In a pioneering study, Carol Susan Dweck, an American psychologist, provided students who demonstrated learned helplessness with both successful and unsuccessful experiences. When the students were unsuccessful, the experimenter specifically stated that the failure was caused by lack of effort or ineffective strategies. Comparable students were given similar experiences but no training. After 25 sessions, the learners who were counseled about their effort and strategies responded more appropriately to failure by persisting longer and adapting their strategies more effectively. Additional research has corroborated Dweck's findings. Strategy instruction was most effective for students who believed that they were already trying hard. This research suggests that teachers can increase students' motivation to learn by teaching them learning strategies and encouraging them to attribute successes to effort.
23수특-2602
A lot of research discusses what leads to relatively permanent acquisition of new knowledge or skills. You won't be surprised to hear that active learning works far better than passive learning. In other words, sitting still in a classroom for more than a half hour at a time (no matter how interesting the material) isn't nearly as potent as having opportunities to engage actively with the concepts through discussion, group interaction, practice, immersion, or some other form of direct experience. Likewise, it is absolutely critical for retaining new knowledge and skills that all your senses are engaged. It is great to simulate your intellect, but even better if you can become involved emotionally, physically, and interpersonally. In other words, it isn't enough to merely read this material in a book or hear an instructor talk about it in class. You must also have opportunities to practice the skills and make the ideas your own.
23수특-2603
According to Piaget, organizing, assimilating, and accommodating can be viewed as a kind of complex balancing act. In his theory, the actual changes in thinking take place through the process of equilibration ─ the act of searching for a balance. Piaget assumed that people continually test the adequacy of their thinking processes in order to achieve that balance. Briefly, the process of equilibration works like this: If we apply a particular scheme to an event or situation and the scheme works, then equilibrium exists. If the scheme does not produce a satisfying result, then disequilibrium exists, and we become uncomfortable. This motivates us to keep searching for a solution through assimilation and accommodation, and thus our thinking changes and moves ahead. Of course, the level of disequilibrium must be just right or optimal ─ too little and we aren't interested in changing, too much and we may be discouraged or anxious and not change.
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232_s3 본문읽기 30
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-2401
The term common pool resources refers to resources that are available to all, but owned by no one. Nature-based examples include forests, oceans, and vistas, whereas common pool cultural resources can include a community's song, dance, and traditions. Many tourism products and experiences rely on common pool resources. The extent and accessibility of these resources has led McKean to suggest that common pool resources, in addition to being available to anyone, are difficult to protect and easy to deplete. Hardin presented the initial illustration of this concept in his influential article titled "The Tragedy of the Commons." In this article, he described a community that thrives on the growth of its cattle, which graze on communal pastureland. As demand grows, residents are inclined to maximize their benefits by ignoring the cumulative effect of each person grazing an additional head of cattle on the communal lands. Hardin asserted that the ignorance of individuals using common pool resources will lead to eventual depletion of the resource. The potential combined impact of individual use of common pool resources is an important element of tourism's sustainable development.
23수특-2402
If part of the attraction of the community to outsiders is its cultural heritage and traditions, that will likely change over time and frequently not for the better. Symbols of a historic culture may be pervasive, but only in a make-believe form. Tourist shops on small Pacific islands may sell replicas of native art ─ all turned out in huge quantities by manufacturers in other parts of the world. Plastic Black Forest clocks and Swiss music boxes are offered to tourists that are mass-produced in Taiwan or China. A commitment to craftsmanship and true local heritage vanishes. These false symbols of earlier times contribute to an overly commercial feeling at destinations and a sense that nothing seems real now, and perhaps never was. A danger lies in the loss of a sense of personal identity by residents and a feeling of being disconnected from their past. Their heritage and culture now seem less significant or important. It serves primarily as a commercial front for visitors who buy cheap trinkets and watch professionally staged shows that attempt to recreate cultural practices or historic events.
23수특-2403
Physical contests and games in Greek culture influenced art, philosophy and the everyday lives of people wealthy enough to train, hire professionals and travel to events. However, Greek contests and games were different from the organized competitive sports of today. First, they were grounded in religion; second, they lacked complex administrative structures; third, they did not involve measurements and record keeping from event to event. However, there is one major similarity: they often reproduced dominant patterns of social relations in society as a whole. The power and advantages that went with being wealthy, male, young and able-bodied in Greek society shaped the games and contests in ways that limited the participation of most people. Even the definitions of excellence used to evaluate performance reflected the abilities of young males. This meant that the abilities of others were substandard by definition ― if you could not do it as a young, able-bodied Greek man did it, you were doing it the wrong way. This legitimized and preserved the privilege enjoyed by a select group of men in Greek society.
23수특-25Gateway
Young contemporary artists who employ digital technologies in their practice rarely make reference to computers. For example, Wade Guyton, an abstractionist who uses a word processing program and inkjet printers, does not call himself a computer artist. Moreover, some critics, who admire his work, are little concerned about his extensive use of computers in the art-making process. This is a marked contrast from three decades ago when artists who utilized computers were labeled by critics ― often disapprovingly ― as computer artists. For the present generation of artists, the computer, or more appropriately, the laptop, is one in a collection of integrated, portable digital technologies that link their social and working life. With tablets and cell phones surpassing personal computers in Internet usage, and as slim digital devices resemble nothing like the room-sized mainframes and bulky desktop computers of previous decades, it now appears that the computer artist is finally extinct.
23수특-2501
In the field of musical expertise, there is a dichotomy of thinking. On the one hand, there is a widespread perception in the general population that expert musicians have innate talent, or giftedness, beyond ordinary abilities. Talent, as part of the vernacular in the field of music, is usually assumed to be a stable trait ― one is either born with musical talent or not. Music aptitude tests popular in the early to mid-twentieth century, such as the Seashore Tests of Musical Talent and the Music Aptitude Profile, attempted to find children who had this musical talent. On the other hand, there is a very real feeling that ability in music comes from a disciplined work ethic. It would be unacceptable, even for those considered talented, not to practice. In fact, those who are considered talented are expected to practice all the more.
The term common pool resources refers to resources that are available to all, but owned by no one. Nature-based examples include forests, oceans, and vistas, whereas common pool cultural resources can include a community's song, dance, and traditions. Many tourism products and experiences rely on common pool resources. The extent and accessibility of these resources has led McKean to suggest that common pool resources, in addition to being available to anyone, are difficult to protect and easy to deplete. Hardin presented the initial illustration of this concept in his influential article titled "The Tragedy of the Commons." In this article, he described a community that thrives on the growth of its cattle, which graze on communal pastureland. As demand grows, residents are inclined to maximize their benefits by ignoring the cumulative effect of each person grazing an additional head of cattle on the communal lands. Hardin asserted that the ignorance of individuals using common pool resources will lead to eventual depletion of the resource. The potential combined impact of individual use of common pool resources is an important element of tourism's sustainable development.
23수특-2402
If part of the attraction of the community to outsiders is its cultural heritage and traditions, that will likely change over time and frequently not for the better. Symbols of a historic culture may be pervasive, but only in a make-believe form. Tourist shops on small Pacific islands may sell replicas of native art ─ all turned out in huge quantities by manufacturers in other parts of the world. Plastic Black Forest clocks and Swiss music boxes are offered to tourists that are mass-produced in Taiwan or China. A commitment to craftsmanship and true local heritage vanishes. These false symbols of earlier times contribute to an overly commercial feeling at destinations and a sense that nothing seems real now, and perhaps never was. A danger lies in the loss of a sense of personal identity by residents and a feeling of being disconnected from their past. Their heritage and culture now seem less significant or important. It serves primarily as a commercial front for visitors who buy cheap trinkets and watch professionally staged shows that attempt to recreate cultural practices or historic events.
23수특-2403
Physical contests and games in Greek culture influenced art, philosophy and the everyday lives of people wealthy enough to train, hire professionals and travel to events. However, Greek contests and games were different from the organized competitive sports of today. First, they were grounded in religion; second, they lacked complex administrative structures; third, they did not involve measurements and record keeping from event to event. However, there is one major similarity: they often reproduced dominant patterns of social relations in society as a whole. The power and advantages that went with being wealthy, male, young and able-bodied in Greek society shaped the games and contests in ways that limited the participation of most people. Even the definitions of excellence used to evaluate performance reflected the abilities of young males. This meant that the abilities of others were substandard by definition ― if you could not do it as a young, able-bodied Greek man did it, you were doing it the wrong way. This legitimized and preserved the privilege enjoyed by a select group of men in Greek society.
23수특-25Gateway
Young contemporary artists who employ digital technologies in their practice rarely make reference to computers. For example, Wade Guyton, an abstractionist who uses a word processing program and inkjet printers, does not call himself a computer artist. Moreover, some critics, who admire his work, are little concerned about his extensive use of computers in the art-making process. This is a marked contrast from three decades ago when artists who utilized computers were labeled by critics ― often disapprovingly ― as computer artists. For the present generation of artists, the computer, or more appropriately, the laptop, is one in a collection of integrated, portable digital technologies that link their social and working life. With tablets and cell phones surpassing personal computers in Internet usage, and as slim digital devices resemble nothing like the room-sized mainframes and bulky desktop computers of previous decades, it now appears that the computer artist is finally extinct.
23수특-2501
In the field of musical expertise, there is a dichotomy of thinking. On the one hand, there is a widespread perception in the general population that expert musicians have innate talent, or giftedness, beyond ordinary abilities. Talent, as part of the vernacular in the field of music, is usually assumed to be a stable trait ― one is either born with musical talent or not. Music aptitude tests popular in the early to mid-twentieth century, such as the Seashore Tests of Musical Talent and the Music Aptitude Profile, attempted to find children who had this musical talent. On the other hand, there is a very real feeling that ability in music comes from a disciplined work ethic. It would be unacceptable, even for those considered talented, not to practice. In fact, those who are considered talented are expected to practice all the more.
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232_s3 본문읽기 25
카테고리 없음2023. 6. 7. 14:26
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23수특-1701
There are several theories about why older people experience "long-term" time compression so much more acutely than young people. It has been observed, for example, that for a twenty-year-old, ten years is half a lifetime, but for a fifty-year-old, the same span represents just 20 percent of one's life. As we age, a decade becomes an ever-smaller proportion of our life experience. Others have emphasized the fact that, in a ten-year span, younger people encounter more "turning points" than older people. In just ten years, a younger person is likely to graduate from college, woo and win a mate, start a family, and buy a house. Older people, in contrast, can easily pass a decade doing the same job and living in the same house with the same spouse. The absence of frequent life-changing events may partly explain why older people feel that the later decades seem to pass so quickly.
23수특-1702
Social mobility is upward or downward movement in social position over time in a society. That movement can be specific to individuals who change social positions or to categories of people, such as racial or ethnic groups. Social mobility between generations is referred to as intergenerational mobility. The self-made myth suggests that social position in the United States is largely up to the individual, implying that mobility is quite common and easy to achieve for those who apply themselves. However, what people believe and what is fact are often not the same. A recent experimental study found that Americans substantially and consistently overestimate the amount of income mobility and educational access in society. The higher one's social class, the more likely they are to overestimate social mobility. In other words, wealthy Americans tend to subscribe to the belief that pulling oneself out of poverty is easier than it actually is and that one's wealth is a result of hard work and initiative, rather than luck or birth.
23수특-1703
In Ancient Greece, many private individuals believed in the powers of magic, such as farmers who were always dependent on the weather. Even though the use of magic was widespread in Ancient Greece, there remained an official caution over its use. We know that the Greek authorities believed that magic was an activity capable of results, but they grew concerned about those who practiced harmful magic. So it was established that those who practiced harmful magic could be punished by civic action. This may be the reason why magic in the classical world was held in low esteem and condemned by speakers and writers. Likewise, we find certain intellectuals realizing that the power of magic could be abused. For example, Plato believed that those who sold spells and curse tablets should be punished. Epicurean and Stoic philosophers also believed that magic should be eliminated. This mistrust of magic, along with religion and a separation of humans from the divine world, created a need to develop new methods of understanding the world. It is thus understandable that the Ancient Greeks created the foundations for philosophy.
23수특-1704
The development psychologist Jerome Kagan measured changes in children's temperament between the ages of 4 months and 7 years. He classified several healthy 4-month-old infants as high reactors (easily excited or fearful) or low reactors (relaxed and unafraid), depending upon their responses to an unfamiliar stimulus. Kagan waved colorful mobiles in front of a baby, played a tape saying, "Hello baby, how are you doing today" and popped a balloon behind the baby's head. High reactors moved around violently and cried, while low reactors rested or even laughed during the tests. By the time these infants were 4 years old, some of the high reactors were quite shy, subdued, and quiet, while others had moved toward the center of Kagan's "shy-bold" continuum. By the age of 7, only 15 percent of the initially low reactors were enthusiastic, fearless, and highly sociable kids, and the rest had moved closer to the center. None of the high reactors became fearless, and none of the low reactors became fearful; in other words, environment only moderately affected the final outcome.
23수특-24Gateway
Consider two athletes who both want to play in college. One says she has to work very hard and the other uses goal setting to create a plan to stay on track and work on specific skills where she is lacking. Both are working hard but only the latter is working smart. It can be frustrating for athletes to work extremely hard but not make the progress they wanted. What can make the difference is drive ― utilizing the mental gear to maximize gains made in the technical and physical areas. Drive provides direction (goals), sustains effort (motivation), and creates a training mindset that goes beyond simply working hard. Drive applies direct force on your physical and technical gears, strengthening and polishing them so they can spin with vigor and purpose. While desire might make you spin those gears faster and harder as you work out or practice, drive is what built them in the first place.
There are several theories about why older people experience "long-term" time compression so much more acutely than young people. It has been observed, for example, that for a twenty-year-old, ten years is half a lifetime, but for a fifty-year-old, the same span represents just 20 percent of one's life. As we age, a decade becomes an ever-smaller proportion of our life experience. Others have emphasized the fact that, in a ten-year span, younger people encounter more "turning points" than older people. In just ten years, a younger person is likely to graduate from college, woo and win a mate, start a family, and buy a house. Older people, in contrast, can easily pass a decade doing the same job and living in the same house with the same spouse. The absence of frequent life-changing events may partly explain why older people feel that the later decades seem to pass so quickly.
23수특-1702
Social mobility is upward or downward movement in social position over time in a society. That movement can be specific to individuals who change social positions or to categories of people, such as racial or ethnic groups. Social mobility between generations is referred to as intergenerational mobility. The self-made myth suggests that social position in the United States is largely up to the individual, implying that mobility is quite common and easy to achieve for those who apply themselves. However, what people believe and what is fact are often not the same. A recent experimental study found that Americans substantially and consistently overestimate the amount of income mobility and educational access in society. The higher one's social class, the more likely they are to overestimate social mobility. In other words, wealthy Americans tend to subscribe to the belief that pulling oneself out of poverty is easier than it actually is and that one's wealth is a result of hard work and initiative, rather than luck or birth.
23수특-1703
In Ancient Greece, many private individuals believed in the powers of magic, such as farmers who were always dependent on the weather. Even though the use of magic was widespread in Ancient Greece, there remained an official caution over its use. We know that the Greek authorities believed that magic was an activity capable of results, but they grew concerned about those who practiced harmful magic. So it was established that those who practiced harmful magic could be punished by civic action. This may be the reason why magic in the classical world was held in low esteem and condemned by speakers and writers. Likewise, we find certain intellectuals realizing that the power of magic could be abused. For example, Plato believed that those who sold spells and curse tablets should be punished. Epicurean and Stoic philosophers also believed that magic should be eliminated. This mistrust of magic, along with religion and a separation of humans from the divine world, created a need to develop new methods of understanding the world. It is thus understandable that the Ancient Greeks created the foundations for philosophy.
23수특-1704
The development psychologist Jerome Kagan measured changes in children's temperament between the ages of 4 months and 7 years. He classified several healthy 4-month-old infants as high reactors (easily excited or fearful) or low reactors (relaxed and unafraid), depending upon their responses to an unfamiliar stimulus. Kagan waved colorful mobiles in front of a baby, played a tape saying, "Hello baby, how are you doing today" and popped a balloon behind the baby's head. High reactors moved around violently and cried, while low reactors rested or even laughed during the tests. By the time these infants were 4 years old, some of the high reactors were quite shy, subdued, and quiet, while others had moved toward the center of Kagan's "shy-bold" continuum. By the age of 7, only 15 percent of the initially low reactors were enthusiastic, fearless, and highly sociable kids, and the rest had moved closer to the center. None of the high reactors became fearless, and none of the low reactors became fearful; in other words, environment only moderately affected the final outcome.
23수특-24Gateway
Consider two athletes who both want to play in college. One says she has to work very hard and the other uses goal setting to create a plan to stay on track and work on specific skills where she is lacking. Both are working hard but only the latter is working smart. It can be frustrating for athletes to work extremely hard but not make the progress they wanted. What can make the difference is drive ― utilizing the mental gear to maximize gains made in the technical and physical areas. Drive provides direction (goals), sustains effort (motivation), and creates a training mindset that goes beyond simply working hard. Drive applies direct force on your physical and technical gears, strengthening and polishing them so they can spin with vigor and purpose. While desire might make you spin those gears faster and harder as you work out or practice, drive is what built them in the first place.
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