2016년 9월 고2 Word&Context
1609h2wnc.pdf
Evolution did not give humans the ability to play soccer.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., the need for additional parking space in the city where you work).
And yet adjusting what you eat is entirely possible.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
The machine was based on technology that even then was twenty years old, but it was not until 1930 that such a machine actually was marketed.
Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Tomorrow's menu might have been completely different.
They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer.
When you stare at a screen, you feel completely alone.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Consider email.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
These people constantly communicate with others and make an impact on them.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
Tourism is one of many contributors to changes in the climate system.
Imperial Mongol culture was a Chinese copycat.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
The imperial culture of Rome was Greek almost as much as Roman.
Imperial Mongol culture was a Chinese copycat.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Over decades, I have asked why.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
They reach a certain level, earn their degrees, buy their dream homes, and then just coast.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Too many people suffer from destination disease.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
It not only cleans clothes, but it does so with far less water, detergent, and energy than washing by hand requires.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
Equally, those from the West discovered a liking for the honey and vanilla wafer biscuits of the East.
People who don't communicate openly are private individuals who may have difficulty discovering themselves fully.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game.
And yet adjusting what you eat is entirely possible.
Studies show 50 percent of high school graduates never read another entire book.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
In the imperial United States, an American president of Kenyan blood can eat Italian pizza while watching his favorite film, Lawrence of Arabia, a British epic about the Arab rebellion against the Turks.
Equally, those from the West discovered a liking for the honey and vanilla wafer biscuits of the East.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Evolution did not give humans the ability to play soccer.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
If she was lucky, she could expect to eat the same on the following day.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
Puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play built into their genes.
But human teenagers have no such genes for soccer.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game.
These people constantly communicate with others and make an impact on them.
At least it is difficult for them to see themselves fully through the eyes of others and also they make limited impact on others.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Cafeteria incentives take a variety of forms.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
People who don't communicate openly are private individuals who may have difficulty discovering themselves fully.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
At Lincoln Electric, for example, all payments for worker medical insurance come from the bonus pool.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
At least it is difficult for them to see themselves fully through the eyes of others and also they make limited impact on others.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
If we believe we are doing enough, morally speaking, then there's little reason to do more.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
If we believe we are doing enough, morally speaking, then there's little reason to do more.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
To get into a game with the strangers we find in the schoolyard on any given afternoon, we not only have to work in concert with ten teammates we may never have met before, we also need to know that the eleven players on the opposing team are playing by the same rules.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
At Lincoln Electric, for example, all payments for worker medical insurance come from the bonus pool.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
It didn't take long for those from the East to realize that they preferred Western yogurt to their own.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
The term cafeteria is used because choices are similar to those in a cafeteria, in which a diner proceeds down the line and chooses those foods that he or she would like and leaves the others.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
In the imperial United States, an American president of Kenyan blood can eat Italian pizza while watching his favorite film, Lawrence of Arabia, a British epic about the Arab rebellion against the Turks.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., the need for additional parking space in the city where you work).
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Maybe you know you should be recycling but just never get around to gathering up your glass, paper, and plastics in time for the recycling truck.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
It not only cleans clothes, but it does so with far less water, detergent, and energy than washing by hand requires.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The scale is already level.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
The term cafeteria is used because choices are similar to those in a cafeteria, in which a diner proceeds down the line and chooses those foods that he or she would like and leaves the others.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Too many people suffer from destination disease.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
The machine was based on technology that even then was twenty years old, but it was not until 1930 that such a machine actually was marketed.
The term cafeteria is used because choices are similar to those in a cafeteria, in which a diner proceeds down the line and chooses those foods that he or she would like and leaves the others.
When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Tourism is one of many contributors to changes in the climate system.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
Puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play built into their genes.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Cafeteria incentives take a variety of forms.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
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2017년 9월 고1 모의고사 Word&Context
Why doesn't the modern American accent sound similar to a British accent?
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
In the 19th century, this distinctive accent was standardized as Received Pronunciation and taught widely by pronunciation tutors to people who wanted to learn to speak fashionably.
It's hard enough to stick with goals you want to accomplish, but sometimes we make goals we're not even thrilled about in the first place.
He went to his father and shared his achievement.
It is easy to judge people based on their actions.
We are often taught to put more value in actions than words, and for good reason.
The actions of others often speak volumes louder than their words.
Natural consequences prepare children for adulthood by helping them think about the potential consequences of their choices.
So they are imagination engines," explains Jack Horner, a technical advisor for the Jurassic Park films.
About fifty years ago, a Pygmy named Kenge took his first trip out of the forests of Africa and onto the open plains with an anthropologist.
Finally, he turned to the anthropologist and asked what kind of insects they were.
"The anthropologist wasn't stupid, and he hadn't lied.
Furthermore, the longer the close friends had known each other, the less steep the hill appeared to the participants involved in the study.
This shrinking exposes the parts of the nails and hair that were once under the skin, causing them to appear longer than before.
Buffalo appeared in the distance, and the Pygmy watched them curiously.
We remember the arousing aspects of an episode and forget the boring bits.
It took about a minute to get from the arrival gate to baggage claim, so the passengers spent seven more minutes waiting for their bags.
The solution was to move the arrival gates away from the baggage claim so it took passengers about seven minutes to walk there.
We remember the arousing aspects of an episode and forget the boring bits.
Static electricity is also found in the atmosphere.
The researchers at the U.S. Army conducted a study of motorcycle accidents, attempting to correlate the number of accidents with other variables such as socioeconomic level and age.
When done by a beginner, both are awkward, frustrating, and slow.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
It took about a minute to get from the arrival gate to baggage claim, so the passengers spent seven more minutes waiting for their bags.
The solution was to move the arrival gates away from the baggage claim so it took passengers about seven minutes to walk there.
Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill while carrying a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.
We set resolutions based on what we're supposed to do, or what others think we're supposed to do, rather than what really matters to us.
Instead, make goals based on your own values.
Some people, however, found the traditional religious explanations inadequate, and they began to search for answers based on reason.
It is easy to judge people based on their actions.
You may find a great co-worker or best friend in someone, so don't eliminate a person from your life based on a brief observation.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
But neither behavior could be directly causing the other even though there is a relationship.
However, when someone exhibits some difficult behavior, you might want to reserve judgement for later.
People are not always defined by their behavior.
It is common to think, "He is so bossy," or "She is so mean," after observing less-than-desirable behavior in someone.
"At that moment, the cameras outside took over and out there in the yard there was a scene of joy almost beyond belief.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
You may find a great co-worker or best friend in someone, so don't eliminate a person from your life based on a brief observation.
The short answer is no, though it may not seem that way to the casual observer.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
Her interest in chemistry started when she was just ten years old.
Her work on vitamin B12 was published in 1954, which led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
It took about a minute to get from the arrival gate to baggage claim, so the passengers spent seven more minutes waiting for their bags.
The solution was to move the arrival gates away from the baggage claim so it took passengers about seven minutes to walk there.
You will find that the bits of paper or chalk dust cling to the pen.
In 1949, she worked on the structure of penicillin with her colleagues.
Even if you end up spending money making things yourself, you're at least building a skill rather than a collection of stuff that's quickly decreasing in value.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
Although it reduced the average wait time to eight minutes, complaints didn't stop.
It resulted in complaints reducing to almost zero.
That's because they are the people who know and understand the past and can explain its complex interrelationships with the present.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
The boy's parents were concerned about his bad temper.
Hodgkin showed great concern for social inequalities and resolving conflicts.
From a correlational observation, we conclude that one variable is related to a second variable.
It would be a ridiculous error to conclude that tattoos cause motorcycle accidents or that motorcycle accidents cause tattoos.
Rather than learning, "I should wear a jacket because it's cold outside," a child may conclude, "I have to wear a jacket because my mom makes me.
The researchers at the U.S. Army conducted a study of motorcycle accidents, attempting to correlate the number of accidents with other variables such as socioeconomic level and age.
As a result, she was president of the Pugwash Conferences from 1976 to 1988.
Hodgkin showed great concern for social inequalities and resolving conflicts.
Overprotective parents spare kids from all natural consequences.
"Without an opportunity to experience real-world consequences, kids don't always understand why their parents make certain rules.
Natural consequences prepare children for adulthood by helping them think about the potential consequences of their choices.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
The researchers at the U.S. Army conducted a study of motorcycle accidents, attempting to correlate the number of accidents with other variables such as socioeconomic level and age.
From a correlational observation, we conclude that one variable is related to a second variable.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
The paths are cracked and littered with rocks and debris that make it impossible to roll her chair from place to place.
Dinosaurs are studied in classrooms each year, not only for the science behind the topic, but also because of the creative thinking it seems to foster in students.
The paths are cracked and littered with rocks and debris that make it impossible to roll her chair from place to place.
The number of nails the boy drove into the fence each day gradually decreased.
People are not always defined by their behavior.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
Rather, because Kenge had lived his entire life in a dense jungle that offered no views of the horizon, he had failed to learn what most of us take for granted, namely, that things look different when they are far away.
We hope you will devote resources to restoring the walking paths in Freer Park for all visitors.
But neither behavior could be directly causing the other even though there is a relationship.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
Every political leader who had an impact on history practiced the discipline of being alone to think and plan.
I strongly encourage you to find a place to think and to discipline yourself to pause and use it because it has the potential to change your life.
When the vote was announced, my brain just would not work out the right percentages to discover whether we had the necessary two-thirds majority.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
Use a plastic pen and rub it on your hair about ten times and then hold the pen close to small pieces of tissue paper or chalk dust.
You will find that the bits of paper or chalk dust cling to the pen.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
If you want to know why something is happening in the present, you might ask a sociologist or an economist.
This kind of electricity is produced by friction, and the pen becomes electrically charged.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
You may find a great co-worker or best friend in someone, so don't eliminate a person from your life based on a brief observation.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
We tend to view the past as a concentrated time line of emotionally exciting events.
He used reason to inquire into the nature of the universe, and encouraged others to do likewise.
I strongly encourage you to find a place to think and to discipline yourself to pause and use it because it has the potential to change your life.
Rather, because Kenge had lived his entire life in a dense jungle that offered no views of the horizon, he had failed to learn what most of us take for granted, namely, that things look different when they are far away.
We remember the arousing aspects of an episode and forget the boring bits.
Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill while carrying a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.
The participants who stood with close friends gave significantly lower estimates of the steepness of the hill than those who stood alone, next to strangers, or next to newly formed friends.
As a result, when we estimate how our next summer vacation will make us feel, we overestimate the positive.
We should not "put the telescope backward" when we look into the past and underestimate the old and overestimate the new.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
Learning to ski is one of the most embarrassing experiences an adult can undergo.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
"Without an opportunity to experience real-world consequences, kids don't always understand why their parents make certain rules.
Great artists spend countless hours in their studios or with their instruments not just doing, but exploring their ideas and experiences.
Time alone allows people to sort through their experiences, put them into perspective, and plan for the future.
Some people, however, found the traditional religious explanations inadequate, and they began to search for answers based on reason.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
This shrinking exposes the parts of the nails and hair that were once under the skin, causing them to appear longer than before.
Now we are seniors, and my wife must use a wheelchair for extended walks.
Something about these extinct creatures from long ago seems to hold almost everyone's attention, young or old, boy or girl.
"I think the reason kids like dinosaurs so much is that dinosaurs were big, were different from anything alive today, and are extinct.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
Though we don't know a lot about dinosaurs, what we do know is fascinating to children of all ages.
The idea is to first consider what matters to you, then figure out what you need to do to get there.
It can help you to figure out what's really important and what isn't.
Do hair and fingernails continue to grow after a person dies?
Typically, fingernails grow about 0.1 millimeters a day, but in order to grow, they need glucose—a simple sugar that helps to power the body.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
This kind of electricity is produced by friction, and the pen becomes electrically charged.
When done by a beginner, both are awkward, frustrating, and slow.
Nevertheless, he was so furious that during the very first day he drove in 37 nails.
Shopping for new gadgets, clothes, or just random junk can turn into a hobby in itself.
Buying a new gadget might give you a similar rush, but it's also probably more temporary.
Typically, fingernails grow about 0.1 millimeters a day, but in order to grow, they need glucose—a simple sugar that helps to power the body.
Once the body dies, there's no more glucose.
Rather, because Kenge had lived his entire life in a dense jungle that offered no views of the horizon, he had failed to learn what most of us take for granted, namely, that things look different when they are far away.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
Rather, because Kenge had lived his entire life in a dense jungle that offered no views of the horizon, he had failed to learn what most of us take for granted, namely, that things look different when they are far away.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
But even more importantly, studying history helps us ask and answer humanity's Big Questions.
Probably you have been reading for a long time, too, and starting to learn all over again would be humiliating.
Often, he got angry and said hurtful things to people around him.
The same happens when you say hurtful things to people.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
So they are imagination engines," explains Jack Horner, a technical advisor for the Jurassic Park films.
Since no one knows what colors dinosaurs actually were, a child can use what information he has―and his imagination―to draw a dinosaur as he sees it.
We find that the beautiful walking paths through the park are all but impassable to her.
But even more importantly, studying history helps us ask and answer humanity's Big Questions.
Some people, however, found the traditional religious explanations inadequate, and they began to search for answers based on reason.
This is often inconsistent with the facts.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
Hodgkin showed great concern for social inequalities and resolving conflicts.
It is easy to judge people based on their actions.
However, when someone exhibits some difficult behavior, you might want to reserve judgement for later.
"When I told Kenge that the insects were buffalo, he roared with laughter and told me not to tell such stupid lies.
Even if you end up spending money making things yourself, you're at least building a skill rather than a collection of stuff that's quickly decreasing in value.
Experts believe that British residents and the colonists who settled America all sounded the same back in the 18th century, and they probably all sounded more like modern Americans than modern Brits.
"When I told Kenge that the insects were buffalo, he roared with laughter and told me not to tell such stupid lies.
"The anthropologist wasn't stupid, and he hadn't lied.
"At that moment, the cameras outside took over and out there in the yard there was a scene of joy almost beyond belief.
The paths are cracked and littered with rocks and debris that make it impossible to roll her chair from place to place.
The actions of others often speak volumes louder than their words.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
When the vote was announced, my brain just would not work out the right percentages to discover whether we had the necessary two-thirds majority.
He called his son and gave him a hammer and a bag of nails.
Nevertheless, he was so furious that during the very first day he drove in 37 nails.
The number of nails the boy drove into the fence each day gradually decreased.
Eventually, the boy started to understand that holding his temper was easier than driving nails into the fence.
He didn't need the hammer and nails anymore when he learned to hold his temper.
At last, the boy was proud of himself as all the nails were gone.
Together, they went to the fence, and he said, "You did a good job, my son, but pay attention to the holes left from the nails.
Do hair and fingernails continue to grow after a person dies?
This shrinking exposes the parts of the nails and hair that were once under the skin, causing them to appear longer than before.
Typically, fingernails grow about 0.1 millimeters a day, but in order to grow, they need glucose—a simple sugar that helps to power the body.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
Rather, because Kenge had lived his entire life in a dense jungle that offered no views of the horizon, he had failed to learn what most of us take for granted, namely, that things look different when they are far away.
From a correlational observation, we conclude that one variable is related to a second variable.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
You may find a great co-worker or best friend in someone, so don't eliminate a person from your life based on a brief observation.
The short answer is no, though it may not seem that way to the casual observer.
Obviously, a third variable is related to both—perhaps preference for risk.
Research shows occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time.
People usually exaggerate about the time they waited, and what they find most bothersome is time spent unoccupied.
"Without an opportunity to experience real-world consequences, kids don't always understand why their parents make certain rules.
As a result, when we estimate how our next summer vacation will make us feel, we overestimate the positive.
We should not "put the telescope backward" when we look into the past and underestimate the old and overestimate the new.
Overprotective parents spare kids from all natural consequences.
Some participants stood next to close friends whom they had known a long time, some stood next to friends they had not known for long, some stood next to strangers, and the others stood alone during the exercise.
The participants who stood with close friends gave significantly lower estimates of the steepness of the hill than those who stood alone, next to strangers, or next to newly formed friends.
Furthermore, the longer the close friends had known each other, the less steep the hill appeared to the participants involved in the study.
It took about a minute to get from the arrival gate to baggage claim, so the passengers spent seven more minutes waiting for their bags.
The solution was to move the arrival gates away from the baggage claim so it took passengers about seven minutes to walk there.
Thus, occupying the passengers' time by making them walk longer gave them the idea they didn't have to wait as long.
I strongly encourage you to find a place to think and to discipline yourself to pause and use it because it has the potential to change your life.
In perceiving changes, we tend to regard the most recent ones as the most revolutionary.
When the vote was announced, my brain just would not work out the right percentages to discover whether we had the necessary two-thirds majority.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
This shift marked the birth of philosophy, and the first of the great thinkers that we know of was Thales of Miletus.
So they are imagination engines," explains Jack Horner, a technical advisor for the Jurassic Park films.
About fifty years ago, a Pygmy named Kenge took his first trip out of the forests of Africa and onto the open plains with an anthropologist.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
As a result, when we estimate how our next summer vacation will make us feel, we overestimate the positive.
Natural consequences prepare children for adulthood by helping them think about the potential consequences of their choices.
I strongly encourage you to find a place to think and to discipline yourself to pause and use it because it has the potential to change your life.
Obviously, a third variable is related to both—perhaps preference for risk.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill while carrying a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.
Her work on vitamin B12 was published in 1954, which led to her being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
In the 19th century, this distinctive accent was standardized as Received Pronunciation and taught widely by pronunciation tutors to people who wanted to learn to speak fashionably.
She also became the first woman to receive the Copley Medal and was a winner of the Lenin Peace Prize.
Houston Airport executives faced plenty of complaints regarding baggage claim time, so they increased the number of baggage handlers.
In perceiving changes, we tend to regard the most recent ones as the most revolutionary.
Moreover, a complex hormonal regulation directs the growth of hair and nails, none of which is possible once a person dies.
From a correlational observation, we conclude that one variable is related to a second variable.
Obviously, a third variable is related to both—perhaps preference for risk.
That's because they are the people who know and understand the past and can explain its complex interrelationships with the present.
But neither behavior could be directly causing the other even though there is a relationship.
For early societies, the answers to the most basic questions were found in religion.
Some people, however, found the traditional religious explanations inadequate, and they began to search for answers based on reason.
Hodgkin showed great concern for social inequalities and resolving conflicts.
We hope you will devote resources to restoring the walking paths in Freer Park for all visitors.
We hope you will devote resources to restoring the walking paths in Freer Park for all visitors.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
In perceiving changes, we tend to regard the most recent ones as the most revolutionary.
Recent progress in telecommunications technologies is not more revolutionary than what happened in the late nineteenth century in relative terms.
Moreover, in terms of the consequent economic and social changes, the Internet revolution has not been as important as the washing machine and other household appliances.
In perceiving changes, we tend to regard the most recent ones as the most revolutionary.
Recent progress in telecommunications technologies is not more revolutionary than what happened in the late nineteenth century in relative terms.
It would be a ridiculous error to conclude that tattoos cause motorcycle accidents or that motorcycle accidents cause tattoos.
Obviously, a third variable is related to both—perhaps preference for risk.
A person who is willing to take risks likes to be tattooed and also takes more chances on a motorcycle.
"When I told Kenge that the insects were buffalo, he roared with laughter and told me not to tell such stupid lies.
We get the same kind of satisfaction from making things that we do from buying things.
He passed on to his followers not only his answers but also the process of thinking rationally, together with an idea of what kind of explanations could be considered satisfactory.
Your words leave scars in their hearts like those holes in the fence."
Now we are seniors, and my wife must use a wheelchair for extended walks.
This shift marked the birth of philosophy, and the first of the great thinkers that we know of was Thales of Miletus.
This shrinking exposes the parts of the nails and hair that were once under the skin, causing them to appear longer than before.
Why doesn't the modern American accent sound similar to a British accent?
Buying a new gadget might give you a similar rush, but it's also probably more temporary.
Even if you end up spending money making things yourself, you're at least building a skill rather than a collection of stuff that's quickly decreasing in value.
He was smart, talented, and handsome.
Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill while carrying a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
Moreover, in terms of the consequent economic and social changes, the Internet revolution has not been as important as the washing machine and other household appliances.
Hodgkin showed great concern for social inequalities and resolving conflicts.
For early societies, the answers to the most basic questions were found in religion.
The researchers at the U.S. Army conducted a study of motorcycle accidents, attempting to correlate the number of accidents with other variables such as socioeconomic level and age.
If you want to know why something is happening in the present, you might ask a sociologist or an economist.
Overprotective parents spare kids from all natural consequences.
The following example will illustrate why it is difficult to make causal statements on the basis of correlational observation.
What you have done there is to create a form of electricity called static electricity.
Static electricity is also found in the atmosphere.
To distinguish themselves from other commoners, these people developed new ways of speaking to set themselves apart and demonstrate their new, elevated social status.
Social psychologists at the University of Virginia asked college students to stand at the base of a hill while carrying a weighted backpack and estimate the steepness of the hill.
The participants who stood with close friends gave significantly lower estimates of the steepness of the hill than those who stood alone, next to strangers, or next to newly formed friends.
In 1949, she worked on the structure of penicillin with her colleagues.
Even if you end up spending money making things yourself, you're at least building a skill rather than a collection of stuff that's quickly decreasing in value.
We set resolutions based on what we're supposed to do, or what others think we're supposed to do, rather than what really matters to us.
For example, reading more is a good habit, but if you're only doing it because you feel like that's what you're supposed to do, not because you actually want to learn more, you're going to have a hard time reaching the goal.
A person who is willing to take risks likes to be tattooed and also takes more chances on a motorcycle.
So they are imagination engines," explains Jack Horner, a technical advisor for the Jurassic Park films.
Then one of the technicians turned to me with a big smile on his face and said, "You've got it!
Buying a new gadget might give you a similar rush, but it's also probably more temporary.
This shift marked the birth of philosophy, and the first of the great thinkers that we know of was Thales of Miletus.
It's hard enough to stick with goals you want to accomplish, but sometimes we make goals we're not even thrilled about in the first place.
During a thunderstorm, clouds may become charged as they rub against each other.
Use a plastic pen and rub it on your hair about ten times and then hold the pen close to small pieces of tissue paper or chalk dust.
Without a doubt, dinosaurs are a popular topic for kids across the planet.
Dinosaurs are studied in classrooms each year, not only for the science behind the topic, but also because of the creative thinking it seems to foster in students.
"I think it's the mystery of dinosaurs―the fact that there are still so many things we don't know―that inspires them to use that topic in their journals.
"The fence was very tough, and the hammer was heavy.
Some people, however, found the traditional religious explanations inadequate, and they began to search for answers based on reason.
Typically, fingernails grow about 0.1 millimeters a day, but in order to grow, they need glucose—a simple sugar that helps to power the body.
Research shows occupied time feels shorter than unoccupied time.
People usually exaggerate about the time they waited, and what they find most bothersome is time spent unoccupied.
Instead, make goals based on your own values.
Even if you end up spending money making things yourself, you're at least building a skill rather than a collection of stuff that's quickly decreasing in value.
We are often taught to put more value in actions than words, and for good reason.
From a correlational observation, we conclude that one variable is related to a second variable.
The researchers at the U.S. Army conducted a study of motorcycle accidents, attempting to correlate the number of accidents with other variables such as socioeconomic level and age.
Obviously, a third variable is related to both—perhaps preference for risk.
Having extremely vivid memories of past emotional experiences and only weak memories of past everyday events means we maintain a biased perception of the past.
The actions of others often speak volumes louder than their words.
When the vote was announced, my brain just would not work out the right percentages to discover whether we had the necessary two-thirds majority.
We hope you will devote resources to restoring the walking paths in Freer Park for all visitors.
The accent that we identify as British today was developed around the time of the American Revolution by people of low birth rank who had become wealthy during the Industrial Revolution.
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Word&Context 2016년 9월 고2 모의고사 문맥과 단어 빅데이터
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., the need for additional parking space in the city where you work).
And yet adjusting what you eat is entirely possible.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
The machine was based on technology that even then was twenty years old, but it was not until 1930 that such a machine actually was marketed.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Tomorrow's menu might have been completely different.
They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer.
When you stare at a screen, you feel completely alone.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Consider email.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
These people constantly communicate with others and make an impact on them.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
Tourism is one of many contributors to changes in the climate system.
Imperial Mongol culture was a Chinese copycat.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
The imperial culture of Rome was Greek almost as much as Roman.
Imperial Mongol culture was a Chinese copycat.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Over decades, I have asked why.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
They reach a certain level, earn their degrees, buy their dream homes, and then just coast.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
It not only cleans clothes, but it does so with far less water, detergent, and energy than washing by hand requires.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
Equally, those from the West discovered a liking for the honey and vanilla wafer biscuits of the East.
People who don't communicate openly are private individuals who may have difficulty discovering themselves fully.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game.
And yet adjusting what you eat is entirely possible.
Studies show 50 percent of high school graduates never read another entire book.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
In the imperial United States, an American president of Kenyan blood can eat Italian pizza while watching his favorite film, Lawrence of Arabia, a British epic about the Arab rebellion against the Turks.
Equally, those from the West discovered a liking for the honey and vanilla wafer biscuits of the East.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
Puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play built into their genes.
But human teenagers have no such genes for soccer.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game.
These people constantly communicate with others and make an impact on them.
At least it is difficult for them to see themselves fully through the eyes of others and also they make limited impact on others.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
Cafeteria incentives take a variety of forms.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
People who don't communicate openly are private individuals who may have difficulty discovering themselves fully.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
At Lincoln Electric, for example, all payments for worker medical insurance come from the bonus pool.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
At least it is difficult for them to see themselves fully through the eyes of others and also they make limited impact on others.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
If we believe we are doing enough, morally speaking, then there's little reason to do more.
Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
If we believe we are doing enough, morally speaking, then there's little reason to do more.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
To get into a game with the strangers we find in the schoolyard on any given afternoon, we not only have to work in concert with ten teammates we may never have met before, we also need to know that the eleven players on the opposing team are playing by the same rules.
Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
At Lincoln Electric, for example, all payments for worker medical insurance come from the bonus pool.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
It didn't take long for those from the East to realize that they preferred Western yogurt to their own.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
In the imperial United States, an American president of Kenyan blood can eat Italian pizza while watching his favorite film, Lawrence of Arabia, a British epic about the Arab rebellion against the Turks.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., the need for additional parking space in the city where you work).
Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
Maybe you know you should be recycling but just never get around to gathering up your glass, paper, and plastics in time for the recycling truck.
The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
The scale is already level.
After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
The machine was based on technology that even then was twenty years old, but it was not until 1930 that such a machine actually was marketed.
When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
Tourism is one of many contributors to changes in the climate system.
As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
Puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play built into their genes.
The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet.
More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
Cafeteria incentives take a variety of forms.
This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
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facilitate [빅데이터]
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Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
They think, write, draw, sing, or behave in nonsensical and fabulous ways, which encourages and facilitates more creativity.
The Canadian regarded the lawyers' presence as facilitating the successful completion of the negotiation; the Egyptian interpreted it as signaling the Canadian's mistrust of his verbal commitment.
They facilitate physiological and behavioral changes on a roughly twenty-four-hour cycle no matter what is happening outside, whether a cold front moves in or clouds block the light of the sun.
The nuclear form, however, facilitates the fecal contamination of water sources and the spread of directly contagious diseases.
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어법 AB선택형문제 빅데이터
태::The dishes were [broken/broke] by Tom.
태::English is [spoken/spoke] in Canada.
태::A new mayor will be elected by [we/us].
태::The task will have [been/be] done by him.
태::A cat was [ran/run] over by the car.
태::He is known [for/to] the novel.
태::He is [knew/known] as a writer.
태::A man is known [by/at] his friends.
태::She was surprised [at/with] the news.
태::We are satisfied [with/to] your good service.
태::She was pleased [in/with] his success.
태::His eyes were filled [with/of] tears.
태::The mountain is covered [with/of] snow.
태::The desk is made [of/by] wood.
태::The country is made up [with/of] fifty states.
태::He was [gave/given] the book by her.
태::The ceiling was [painting/painted] white by them.
태::The book was given to [he/him] by her.
태::He was taught [play /to play] the piano by his father. 20. She was made [happy/happily] by the song.
태::He was [seen/saw] entering the room.
태::John was ordered [to start /start] the work.
태::He was asked [to meet /meeting] her.
태::He was seen [enter /to enter] the room.
태::We were made [study /to study] hard by our teacher.
접::This is the boy [him/whom] we saw last night.
접::The tiger is an animal [who/which] people like a lot.
접::This is the writer [that/which/him] I met at the station.
접::Mr. Watson is the doctor [who/which/him] everyone respects.
접::This is the book [it/that/whom] I borrowed yesterday.
접::She is the girl [her/I] told you about.
접::There are some cookies [who/you] can eat.
접::There was a TV program [who/which] I really wanted to watch.
접::Jenny is the girl he is in [love /love with].
접::Did you see the book I [left /left it] on the desk?
접::I know the man that she is [talking /talking to].
접::This is the computer [who/which] I really want to buy.
접::When he came to my room, [which/that] he did often, he was carrying a bottle of wine.
수일치::People who live on the desert [move / moves] about a great deal.
수일치::The fact that everyone knows, eventually thought it isn't opened by many non-government groups, [means / mean] justice.
수일치::The price of candles in many stores [has / have] doubled.
수일치::The easiest thing to recycle [is / are] probably paper.
수일치::The rules that people keep in their own country [varies / vary] from culture to culture. 4. James Bond, the hero in the movies, [becomes / become] popular.
수일치::The students shown pictures of the space [was / were] interested in the galaxy.
수일치::They are dealing with the toy that [is / are] like part of the family. 2. We know the man who [speak / speaks] English well.
수일치::Jerry works for a company that [makes / make] computers.
수일치::The company needs some people who [has / have] the vision of their future.
수일치::English spellings have considerable differences which [makes / make] it difficult to read words.
수일치::Eating dinner with family also [helps / help] to improve regular eating habit. 2. Waiting for a long time [has / have] been a mistake.
수일치::To analyze the data [is / are] the most important mission.
수일치::What I should do [is / are] the first choice.
수일치::Whether he has a degree [is / are] very important.
수일치::That human beings can think [is / are] another matter
수일치::Trying to see the other person’s point of view [is / are] a good rule in friendship.
수일치::To misuse the drugs illegally [affects / affect] our good health.
수일치::Whether he will give up [is / are] not known.
수일치::To make a good a good impression during the first meeting [is / are] very important.
수일치::A number of listening tests [contain / contains] short statements in the form of instructions or dictations.
수일치::The number of people who have visited these temples [is / are] decreasing.
수일치::A number of students in our school [has / have] been to the new amusement park. 4. The rich [is / are] not always happy.
수일치::The number of extinct species [is / are] increasing rapidly.
수일치::A number of ways to learn [was / were] presented through her lecture. 3. The young living in big city [goes / go] crazy about the extreme-sports.
수일치::Either the students or the teacher [has / have] your book.
수일치::[Do / Does] either the students or the teacher have your book?
수일치::Not only the mice but also the cat [wants / want] to live peacefully. 4. The cat as well as the mice [survives / survive] the accident.
수일치::My friend or her children [is / are] in his car.
수일치::An eraser as well as pencils [was / were] given to me before the test. 3. Neither John nor his parents [is / are] at home.
수일치::Never [has / have] he seen a beautiful woman like Piona.
수일치::Little [does / do] he imagine that he will pass the exam.
수일치::There [is / are] some evidences that the suspect cannot escape. 4. Among the apples [was / were] the blue one thrown away.
수일치::So important [is / are] the problems that we can't miss them.
수일치::Seldom [has / have] she seen such brutality.
수일치::There [is / are] a number of books to read.
수일치::Among the trees [is / are] the very special tree that I planted for myself. 4. So innocent [is / are] the man that everyone likes him.
수일치::Half of Korean people [likes / like] the soap opera.
수일치::The rest of the apple [was / were] rotten.
수일치::The rest of the apples [was / were] rotten.
수일치::About three-fifths of the houses [is / are] reconstructed. 5. 40 percent of the book [was / were] written by students.
수일치::Most of the men [was / were] injured in the accident.
수일치::20 percent of the onion [was / were] used for appetizer. 3. One forth of the students [is / are] going to college.
수일치::Eating honey for many thousands of years [is / are] a kind of evidence.
수일치::A groups of bees, called a colony, [uses / use] smell to protect itself from other bees.
수일치::There [is / are] plenty of evidence to support this idea.
수일치::Elephants have an essential and unique trunk that [serves / serve] many purposes. 5. Houses in hot countries [has / have] many features that [is / are] different from houses in could countries.
수일치::There [seems / seem] to be no limit to the number of ideas for new world.
수일치::Either you or he [is / are] known to the children.
수일치::The rest of the children [is / are] in the ground.
수일치::Part A in the last section divided into two parts [consists / consist] of identifying sentence error.
수일치::No one knows the number of the population that [has / have] been remarkably increasing.
수일치::Each canoe 1] takes about 18 months to make. Girls as well as boys 2] live together for periods of days, weeks, or months. Most of the islanders 3] has no idea when they were born or how old they are.
수일치::The remote location where many products have to be imported also 1] have severe winter. But the few tourists who 2] do put up with these difficulties 3] are warmly welcomed by the Islanders.
수일치::The two people of Belgium - the Wallons and the Flemish - 1] is divided by langage, culture, and economics. Hotels in Brussels 2] are expensive, so most young travelers 3] stay in youth hostels or students hotels.
수일치::That is because she is a woman that 1] thinks herself as a fat girl, dreams a romantic love, 2] expresses herself without any lies, loves the money and always 3] look forward to achieving her own dreams.
수일치::The great inventions of Thomas A. Edison 1] were the fruits of long and painstaking effort. "Genius 2] is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration," 3] were the way he explained his success.
시제::DMB phone [is / has been] more and more frequently used in recent years.
시제::Since 1960s, the rate at which new wells have been discovered [is / has been] declining. 3. The two neighbors are not friendly even though they [live / have been living] side by side for twenty years.
시제::In ancient China, people [knelt down / have knelt down] and bumped their heads on the floor when meeting a superior.
시제::Tommy said that the ball [rolled / had rolled] into the hole while playing soccer in the driveway.
시제::Annie invited me to bring my children with me one day as I [had told / have told] her so much about them since our acquaintance.
시제::I will go home for vacation as soon as I [will finished / finish] my exams.
시제::When a shell [becomes / will become] too small for the hermit crab to occupy, it will become aggressive.
시제::These family trips usually continue until their children [become / will become] teenagers.
시제::In the summer of 2001, he [visited / has visited] Asan, Korea, to participate in a house- building project.
시제::The assistance ran after him and said, "Sir, you've [forgotten / forgetting] your change."
도치::Not until the night [he listened / did he listen / he did listen] the news.
도치::Never [I am/am I/will I / I will] forget the wonderful people I have met here.
도치::Scarcely ever [does the mail arrives / does the mail arrive / the mail arrives] before noon. 4. Do you know what [does Alex need / Alex need / Alex needs]?
도치::I don't remember how many letters [are there / there are] in the English alphabets.
도치::Do you know how long [has be been / he has been] living here?
도치::Tell the taxi drive where [do you want / you want] to go.
도치::He asked me what [did I intend / I intended] to do after I graduate.
도치::What do you think [the main issue is / is the main issue]?
도치::She is [so / such] a marvelous joke that we can't help laughing.
도치::She gave [so / such] witty an answer that everyone burst out laughing.
도치::The deal seems [so / such] attractive an answer that it would be ridiculous to say no. 13. It's [too good a chance / a too good chance] to be lost.
도치::[Such long a holiday / Such a long holiday] makes one reluctant to start work again.
도치::We are sure that our prices are [competitive enough / enough competitive] to attract your customers.
도치::No sooner [one typhoon has / has one typhoon] passed than the next one approaches.
도치::He sends Peter to the Indies with enough [wealth / wealthy] to start in business.
VING::British Airways regrets [to announce / announcing] the cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid.
VING::The doctor will also need to know how old the patient is and whether he has vomited after [to eat / eating] the plant.
VING::At first I couldn't stand cold water. But now I'm getting used to [take / taking] a shower with it.
VING::Prosecutors objected to [review / reviewing] all the rulings, but a new judge agreed to reconsider them.
VING::A budget is a working plan for [allocated / allocating] the family finances during the year. 6. Purchasing designer goods [enables / enable] people to hide behind an image created by someone else.
VING::Calling on the telephone if one is going to be more than a few minutes late for scheduled appointed [are / is] considered polite and is often expected.
VING::People have always been interested in [analysis / analyzing] dreams.
VING::[Have / Having] a driver's license makes it easy for teenagers to go out to parties, movies, and malls.
VING::Teaching good manners [is / are] one of the greatest gifts you can give your children to adapt to society.
VING::Stop [to plan / planning] for tomorrow. You should plan to make today the best day of my life.
대명사::My friend's house is bigger than [me / mine] in the scale.
대명사::If they are found to have lead in their bodies, children have to be treated with medicines that remove [it / them].
대명사::We respected no other candidate as much as [his / him].
대명사::If a meeting is running longer than you had planned, try speeding [them / it] up by saying, "I'm sorry, I just noticed the time. Are there [another / other] items you want to cover?"
대명사::Mary is a freshman and has all the problems that [most of the freshmen / the most freshmen] have.
대명사::When an enemy is about to attack, the trunk many be used to warn the rest of the heard. This is done by sending a loud trumpet- like sound, which makes the earth shake. This warns [another / the other] elephants in the herd of possible danger.
대명사::"I never gave up." These words have been voiced by mountain climbers who lay in freezing crevices until [they / their] rescue, by people who have recovered from cancer, and by people who survived the Great Depression. 8. Plants rid [them / themselves] of excess water through transpiration, the evaporation of extra moisture from their leaves.
대명사::"You ought to be ashamed of [you / yourself/ yourselves]!" I blurted out just as I began to realize how distorted their comments were.
대명사::[Most / Almost] instruments that produce music can be grouped into three major classes: stringed, wind, and percussion.
태::Bus schedules are [displaying / displayed] at the bus stop.
태::Language skills [teach / are taught] in every school in the country.
태::A large vase [lays / is laid] in the corner of our front hallway.
태::This is especially likely to arise in situations where people [deprive / are deprived] of information they are given.
태::Some animals have dull colors of their natural environment. This means they are less likely [to catch / to be caught] by predators.
태::The Johnsons' house burned down. According to the inspector, the fire [was caused / caused] by lightning.
태::After he went home, I was [remained/ remaining/left/leaving] alone in the hospital.
태::Today's assignment in arithmetic [consists of / makes up of] ten problems.
태::Water [consists / is consisted] of hydrogen and oxygen.
태::The new highway will [complete / be completed] sometime next month.
태::Beethoven's Seventh Symphony [performed / was performed] at the concert last night.
태::Even though construction costs are high, a new dormitory will [build / be built] next year.
투부정사::He was reported to [be / have been] killed in the war.
투부정사::I expect [to make / making] an appointment with him.
투부정사::I asked Jack [fixing / to fix] my car.
투부정사::She opened the front door [for / of] him to go out.
투부정사::We found it easy [swim / to swim] across the river.
투부정사::A policeman ordered me [stop / to stop] the car. 7.It'sapity[for/of]youtofailtoseethe scenery.
투부정사::She didn't allow herself [to kiss / to be kissed] by him.
투부정사::I am sorry not [to answer / to have answered] your letter then.
투부정사::It is necessary for them [maintain / to maintain] the auditorium.
투부정사::I had to find a job in order [to pay / paying] for my necessities.
투부정사::It is very easy [to get / get] lost if you leave the main streets.
투부정사::He produced the software that made all the students [access / to access] the system. 14. Hearing her [speak / to speak] English, you may think she is a native speaker.
형부::He left the door [open / openly].
형부::One leg of the chair was [slight / slightly] damaged. 3. The soup tastes [terrible / terribly] : I wonder what's wrong.
형부::I found the problem [difficult / difficulty], so I asked for his help.
형부::Women who exercised [regular / regularly] as young can improve their health.
형부::Are you [complete / completely] confident with your ability?
형부::I felt [bad / badly] after serious debate.
형부::She was [pretty / prettily] dressed in furs that are [pretty / prettily] expensive.
형부::The funds from many countries [helped out them / helped them out] from misery.
형부::Even though the offer was attractive, he [turned down it / turned it down] firmly.
형부::Students had a[n] [alive / lively] discussion on the result of their exam.
형부::He lives in a nearby town. It's only [five- minutes / five-minute] distance to the station.
형부::The experts are all [high / highly] trained, and they make [little / few] mistakes.
형부::[A few / A little] knowledge can be of a great help to apply for the company.
형부::By the age of one and a half, Matilda knew as [many / much] words as most grown-ups. 16. The farther back we go, [the little / the less] familiar we find ourselves with the speech of our ancestors.
형부::The world's biggest sporting event is the World Cup soccer contest. In many countries, soccer is gaining [much / more] popularity than any other sport.
형부::The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are [much / very] clearer than those taken from the Earth.
형부::In the museum, you can find [more / better] than 200 examples of farm equipment from horse-drawn machines to the huge steam tractor.
접_관계사::I can't find your sister in the picture [which / who] I heard was pretty.
접_관계사::I am waiting for them to finish the job that [is / are] supposed to be done before 5 O'clock.
접_관계사::Each country has the land's most common and plentiful foods with [that / which] they make favorite customary cookies.
접_관계사::He tore the letter in [that / which] he could read her mind.
접_관계사::He tore the letter in [that / which] it could be the proof of his crime.
접_관계사::The time may soon come [which / when] we have to take on oxygen tanks with us wherever we go.
접_관계사::He insisted that his son go to a special school for the gifted [whom / where] he could develop his talent for mathematics.
접_관계사::I like my jobs and the company is pretty good, but I want to work for a company [which / where] recognizes my efforts and [which / where] I have a chance for promotion based on my work.
접_관계사::Many of my friends thought that I had started behaving in a crazy way, but [that / what] I was really doing was fighting for my musical life.
VX::The rich man [found / founded] a hospital and a school in the town where he was born. 2. Las Vegas was originally [found / founded] as a water stop for steam locomotives on the route of what is now Union Pacific Railroad.
VX::The grasshopper [found / founded] in temperate zones is hardly ever a nuisance to humans.
VX::Fossils of plants that have been extinct for fifty million years have been [found / founded] in large deposits of amber near the Baltic Sea. 5. I was upset when my house was [stolen / robbed].
VX::I was embarrassed to know that my purse was [stolen / robbed].
VX::I was [stolen / robbed] of my wallet on the subway.
VX::Robbery is the crime of [robbing / stealing] money or property from banks, shops, or subways, often by using force or threats.
VX::You [remind / remember] me of someone I met in the market place.
VX::Mom already called this morning to [remind / remember] me not to wear jean.
VX::It was a really big game. Choi Hong-man finally [won / defeated] Bob Sapp.
VX::There is a small field where I [rise / raise] vegetables.
VX::The mountain [rises / raises] 1,000 meters out of the sea.
VX::Before starting the business, we have to [rise / raise] basic fund.
VX::He drove to the beach to see the moon [rising / raising] above the horizon.
VX::Today my teen-age son, my mother-in-law and I [seated / were seated] in a restaurant enjoying our noon meal. Outside, cats were [lying / laying] and nodding.
IF::If she had taken care of herself more carefully, she would [be / have been] still alive now. 2.Iamsobusythesedays.IwishI[have/ had] more free time.
IF::I wish you [visited / had visited] your parents' house last year.
IF::If he heard of your marriage, he [would be / would have been] surprised.
IF::If the sun [were to / would] rise in the west, I would trust him.
IF::I wouldn't mind living in England if the weather [were / had been] better.
IF::If I had been healthy as young, I [would be / would have been] an athlete now.
IF::[Were / Am] I free for six months, I would travel around the world.
IF::What would you have done if you [won / had won] the lottery?
IF::[Had I / I had] known Mary was in town, I would have invited her to the party.
비타::Some African countries find [it/them] difficult to feed their own people or provide safe drinking water, yet precious water is used to produce export crops for European markets.
비타::Many African language speakers would consider it absurd [to use/using] a single word like "cousin" to describe both male and female relatives, or not to distinguish whether the person described is related by blood to the speaker's father or to his mother.
비타::Professional football players described imagining each of their plays again and again the night before a game; they found it [natural/naturally] that their success on the field the next day was closely related to the vividness of their mental practice.
비타::As a general rule, historians find it [difficult/difficulty] to isolate events in history and argue their impact upon society, when they are so well woven into the continuous tapestry of life.
비타::In fact, I live as if the evidence of my experience and my sense is true, and I find it almost [impossible/impossibly] to think and live any other way, because that’s the way my mind works.
비타::An interview can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult [turning/to turn] down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire.
비타::The reason people find [it/them] so hard to be happy is that they always see the past as better than it was, the present worse than it is, and the future finer than it will be.
비타::This is not to say that it does not exist, but rather that we cannot be absolutely sure we have found it [simple/simply] because we have an apparently logical proof.
비타::Performance improved with age, and children found it easier [sorting/to sort] for colour and species (cats and dogs) than to sort people or toys according to gender.
비타::Perhaps intolerant people are so set in their ways that they find it easier [to ignore/ignoring] anything that might not conform to their limited view of life.
비타::To Miss Hermione Jean Granger, I leave my copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, in the hope that she will find it [entertaining/entertain] and instructive.
비타::Due to an accident many years ago and the fact she is very old, she finds it [hard/hardly] to walk, so this was a big thing for her to do.
비타::She was looking at him steadily; he however, found it [difficult/difficultly] to look back at her; it was like gazing into a brilliant light.
비타::As we walked down this street we found it hard [to stop/stopping] and look at the stalls because we were being pushed along by the crowds.
비타::You may find it worth [to consider/considering] negotiating with your company to find the ideal balance between work and personal time.
비타::He found it difficult [to coordinate/coordinating] all the motions involved in the traditional technique.
전+관::In the political sphere, the result was democracy, [which/in which] supporters of rival policies vied for rhetorical supremacy.
전+관::The goodness and value of individual music culture are acknowledged in the multiple ways [which/in which] music functions in the everyday lives of people.
전+관::The precision of the lines on the map, the consistency [which/with which] symbols are used, the grid and/or projection system, the apparent certainty [which/with which] place names are written and placed, and the legend and scale information all give the map an aura of scientific accuracy and objectivity.
전+관::Drawing on their experience in using operant conditioning to train animals for circuses, TV, and film stunts, Keller Breland and Marian Breland described a number of situations [which/in which] their attempts to condition an animal's behavior ran head-on into the animal's built-in instincts.
전+관::That this might be important practically was first signalled by James Hansen and his colleagues in a 1981 paper [which/in which] they predicted that anthropogenic warming should begin to be detectable over and above natural climate variability by the end of the 20th century.
전+관::While religious or academic training, degrees, books, and previous teaching positions are credentials that may indicate a highly trained teacher or therapist, equally important are the ways [which/in which] this person continually tests her knowledge in the world around her.
전+관::Just as TV programs featuring kindness and unselfishness cannot compensate for growing up in a brutal and violent household, neither can violent programs override decency and good manners in a household [which/in which] these attributes are constantly valued and practiced.
전+관::The idea that we are living moments of more and lives of less is supported by a recent study [which/in which] pairs of college-aged friends were asked to communicate in four different ways: face-to-face conversation, video chat, audio chat, and online instant messaging.
전+관::Although listeners to a concert may experience a degree of arousal in common, the way [which/in which] the music is presented makes possible a greater range of individual reactions than can be expected if everyone is taking part in music which is familiar to them.
전+관::The transformation of such protolanguage into language required the evolution of grammar― rules that define the order [which/in which] a finite number of words can be strung together to create an infinite number of utterances, each with a specific meaning.
전+관::For example, if a small child decides that he does not want to take the penicillin prescribed for a streptococcus infection in his throat, this would be a bad case [which/in which] to let his decision prevail in the interest of developing future autonomy.
전+관::For example, if a scientist is obtaining uninterpretable data and another scientist makes an analogy to an experiment that worked [which/in which] the temperature was different, and suggests changing the temperature, this can potentially fix the problem.
전+관::The Pythagoreans delighted in the certainty of mathematical demonstration, the sense of a pure and unsullied world accessible to the human intellect, a world [which/in which] the sides of right triangles perfectly obey simple mathematical relationships.
전+관::That scene [which/in which] your octogenarian feels humiliated will draw on your experience of humiliation in the eighth grade, even though the circumstances are totally different and you're not even consciously thinking about your middle-school years.
전+관::That scene [which/in which] your octogenarian feels humiliated will draw on your experience of humiliation in the eighth grade, even though the circumstances are totally different and you're not even consciously thinking about your middleschool years.
전+관::Many megalithic structures are associated with death, and recent interpretations stress the fundamental role of death and burial as public theatrical performances [which/in which] individual and group identity, cohesion, and disputes were played out.
전+관::Some believe megalithic monuments reflect complex, stratified societies [which/in which] powerful religious or political leaders dictated their design and commanded the large workforce necessary to accomplish these ambitious engineering projects.
전+관::An executed purpose, in short, is a transaction [which/in which] the time and energy spent on the execution are balanced against the resulting assets, and the ideal case is one [which/in which] the former approximates to zero and the latter to infinity.
전+관::He looked at cases [which/in which] a child\'s utterance was followed by an expression of approval or disapproval on the part of the adult, again finding no evidence that parental responses shape the child\'s sense of grammaticality.
전+관::Literature records and embodies centuries of human thought and feeling, preserving the lives of people who lived before us, who were like us and unlike us, and [whom/with whom] we can compare our common and divergent humanity.
전+관::The total characteristics of a plant depend [which/on which] genes it has received from the parent plants, whether those genes are “switched on” expressed, and also the interactions between the genes and environmental factors.
전+관::The conception of the function of education is dependent on the nature of the society [which/in which] it plays its role and is determined by the philosophy which governs relations between the individual and the community.
전+관::To describe what happens to common resources as a result of human greed, Garrett Hardin used the example of an area of pasture [which/on which] all the cattle-owners are permitted to graze their animals free of charge.
전+관::Whether or not we can get a definitive answer, we can be confident in the process [which/by which] the explanations were developed, allowing us to rely on the knowledge that is produced through the process of science.
전+관::An exclusive reliance on cold rationality as a means of understanding the world denies us access to important realms of human experience, [which/without which] we may be unable to deal with a difference effectively.
전+관::For every child your story is likely to be different and the style [which/in which] you tell it is also likely to be different, because no one child, circumstance, problem, or outcome is exactly the same as another.
전+관::No person could possibly be original in one area unless he were possessed of the emotional and social stability that comes from fixed attitudes in all areas other than the one [which/in which] he is being original."
전+관::In his portrayal the various ways [which/in which] the boys adapt to their new island surroundings and respond to their new freedom, Golding analyzes the broad range of ways [which/in which] human beings respond to change.
전+관::Scientists not only have labs with students who contribute critical ideas, but also have colleagues who are doing similar work, thinking similar thoughts, and [whom/without whom] the scientist would get nowhere.
전+관::We would need to do studies [which/in which] individuals are sampled in terms of their dream life and judges are asked to make correspondences between these dream events and events that occurred in real life.
전+관::Several months later, Rourke held a series of seminars at Berkeley, [which/in which] a serious gap in his argument was uncovered, and most experts feel that there is no hope that his proof can be corrected.
전+관::Most old Bibles were illuminated, they were manuscripts [which/in which] the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.
전+관::There has been a qualitative shift from earlier eras [which/in which] specific tools and techniques were developed through the freely chosen creativity of human beings to meet specific, limited objectives.
전+관::The manner [which/in which] animals are kept and treated is considered to be largely within the discretion of the "owner," and there are few legal limits placed on how humans treat the animals they "own."
전+관::Coaches then should exert extra effort in getting to know the parents of their players, and by so doing, determine ways [which/by which] parents are willing to help their children and the team in general.
전+관::There are common assumptions regarding the time and place of the meetings, the appropriate dress for these occasions, and the division of labor [which/in which] the professor has primary responsibility.
전+관::The term cafeteria is used because choices are similar to those in a cafeteria, [which/in which] a diner proceeds down the line and chooses those foods that he or she would like and leaves the others.
전+관::Walking for Water is a program in the Netherlands that hopes to make this wish a reality! Each year, it promotes walks [which/in which] school children get sponsored to carry six liters of water.
전+관::In lists of historians, historians can be grouped by order of the historical period [which/in which] they were writing, which is not necessarily the same as the period [which/in which] they specialized.
전+관::The typical scenario in the less developed world is one [which/in which] a very few commercial agriculturalists are technologically advanced while the vast majority are incapable of competing.
전+관::In modern usage, linguistic irony commonly refers to speech incidents [which/in which] the intended meaning of the words is contrary to their literal interpretation or to the expected meaning.
전+관::For much of modern civilization, people have sought to place different kinds of arts into an artificial hierarchy [which/in which] some forms of the arts are considered “better” than others.
전+관::Unless an actor speaks and moves in the manner [which/in which] the imaginary character whose part he or she is playing would do, the story will not be clearly communicated to the audience.
전+관::So imprudent are we that we waste our lives thinking about the future, a time [which/in which] we are powerless, rather than focusing on the present, the time [which/in which] we have control.
전+관::While most fruits and vegetables have dramatically different nutritional value depending on the form [which/in which] we eat them, the tomato retains its health benefits in any form.
전+관::Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent [which/in which] their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.
전+관::Movies were first seen as an exceptionally potent kind of illusionist theatre, the rectangle of the screen corresponding to the proscenium of a stage, [which/on which] appear actors.
전+관::Russian Revolution and its leaders, [which/in which] Russia is a farm, the revolutionary leaders are pigs, and other animals are various members of Russian society at that time.
전+관::Every man who knows how to read has it in his power to magnify himself, to multiply the ways [which/in which] he exists, to make his life full, significant, and interesting.
전+관::Feelings may affect various aspects of your eating, including your motivation to eat, your food choices, where and [whom/with whom] you eat, and the speed [which/at which] you eat.
전+관::What we find funny, comical, or hilarious depends on where we come from, [which/in which] country (even which region of a country) we grew up, and what language(s) we speak.
전+관::The speed [which/with which] computers tackle multiple tasks feeds the illusion that everything happens at the same time, so comparing computers to humans can be confusing.
전+관::The idea of competition has had a powerful influence on the way we think about our society and on the ways [which/in which] we conduct our own personal and business lives.
전+관::The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines [which/by which] historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
전+관::Even in the large Balinese gamelan, [which/in which] many instrumental parts have to be coordinated, the leader is one of the performers, usually one of the drummers.
전+관::In deciding on your future career, it is no use concentrating on those areas [which/in which] you have achieved your best scores, unless you are interested in them.
전+관::At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances [which/in which] the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory."
전+관::This approach is the foundation for the modern Western way of life, [which/in which] politics, commerce, science, and law are all rooted in orderly competition.
전+관::Gold and silver enter society at the rate [which/at which] they are discovered and mined; additional precious metals cannot be produced, at least not cheaply.
전+관::Then in their bag, there may be the following things: a shopping bag full of bread, a jar of peanut butter, and a spoon [which/with which] to make sandwiches.
전+관::In 1938, a Nazi psychologist named Erich Jaensch published Der Gegentypus, an odious text [which/in which] he described certainty as a sign of mental health.
전+관::It is vitally important that wherever we go and whatever we do the body temperature is maintained at the temperature [which/at which] our enzymes work best.
전+관::Although instances occur [which/in which] partners start their relationship by telling everything about themselves to each other, such instances are rare.
전+관::The resulting chain reaction abruptly changes a traffic stream averaging 50 mph into one [which/in which] all vehicles travel in lockstep at 5 – 20 mph.
전+관::Many people believe that it is critical to share similar, if not identical, beliefs and values with someone [whom/with whom] they have a relationship.
전+관::One way [which/in which] we make decisions is to analyze incoming and internal information within a social context and then decide what action to take.
전+관::When walking down the street" is the setting [which/in which] people aged 30-49 are more permissive towards cellphone use than the other age groups.
전+관::It results in a life of propriety, a life [which/in which] the patterns of individual existing resonate and harmonize with the existence of others.
전+관::Other researchers investigated the ways [which/in which] first and third grade teachers could integrate music into their regular math classrooms.
전+관::What interested me the most about the new house was the stable in the backyard, [which/in which] my father let me make a small space for a pony.
전+관::Theories of all sorts promote the view that there are ways [which/by which] disagreement can be processed or managed so as to make it disappear.
전+관::There are varieties of ways [which/in which] history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically.
전+관::Human beings seek to survive not merely as biological organisms but as individuals who can function in the society [which/in which] they live.
전+관::There is, however, one field [which/in which] computers will always perform infinitely better than us: the field of memory and recollection.
전+관::Every business needs to be clear about the type of customers [whom/with whom] it wants to deal and for whom it can produce the most value.
전+관::One of the principles [which/on which] our judicial system is founded is the assumption that one is presumed innocent until proven guilty.
전+관::Tibet Plateau, the Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions follow the tea culture system [which/in which] they drink tea with milk.
전+관::No occurrent feelings of love and respect need to be present throughout the period [which/in which] it is true that one loves or respects.
전+관::Create an environment [which/in which] your children know that you are with them in their efforts, rather than looking to criticize them.
전+관::He who would progress by the aid of literature must have reliable standards [which/by which] to judge his literary feelings and opinions.
전+관::Censorship is the moral or legislative process [which/by which] society “agrees” to limit what an individual can do, say, think, or see.
전+관::The term stacking the deck derives from card games [which/in which] the dealer arranges the cards to cheat one or more of the players.
전+관::For a start, there are plenty of situations [which/in which] good understanding is not really accessible to you at a given stage.
전+관::Such reporting helps ensure that private investors have reliable information [which/on which] to base their investment decisions.
전+관::Scientists used to think that animals would risk their lives like this only for kin [whom/with whom] they shared common genes.
전+관::As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales [which/at which] tourism contributes to climate change.
전+관::The one area [which/in which] the Internet could be considered an aid to thinking is the rapid acquisition of new information.
전+관::Because of this, competition becomes a zero sum game [which/in which] one organization can only win at the expense of others.
전+관::The argument has it that schools are not merely teaching places, but also institutions [which/in which] character is built.
전+관::There is an order [which/in which] learning is programmed to take place; while it can be encouraged, it need not be forced.
전+관::For decades, primatologists have reported on incidents [which/in which] apes and monkeys behaved with apparent compassion.
전+관::Anger is an acid that can do more harm to the vessel [which/in which] it is stored than to anything [which/on which] it is poured.
전+관::Man was a tremendous hit with readers because it gave millions of teenagers a hero [whom/with whom] they could identify.
전+관::Digital experiences and the spaces [which/in which] they take place are quite real and have real, definite consequences.
전+관::At one such preview a bootmaker criticized the shoes in a painting [which/on which] Apelles had labored long and hard.
전+관::We escape from life by escaping into the neat narrative formulas [which/in which] most entertainments are packaged.
전+관::Before language develops, emotions and touch are the primary means [which/by which] parent and child communicate.
전+관::Do we humans have any right to exterminate other creatures in the world [whom/with whom] we share this earth?
전+관::This is one of the bonding factors that has been forgotten because of the way [which/in which] we live today.
전+관::You may forget someone [whom/with whom] you laughed, but you will never forget someone [whom/with whom] you wept.
전+관::And this language is universal, regardless of the tongue [which/in which] you normally express yourself.
전+관::Given that definition, it is fairly easy to understand situations [which/in which] the polls are wrong.
전+관::The fantasies of children almost always involve situations [which/in which] the child exercises power.
전+관::Technology was not the only means [which/by which] people tried to control their natural environment.
전+관::Baseball belongs to the kind of world [which/in which] people did not say, "I haven\'t got all day."
전+관::The way [which/in which] food is marketed can either affirm or conflict with such ideas and values.
전+관::One way [which/in which] a variety of representations can be found is through analogical thinking.
전+관::Reading is the primary means [which/by which] you acquire your ideas and gather information.
전+관::After researching, you can eliminate careers [which/in which] you are no longer interested.
전+관::But you must choose the main tense [which/in which] you are principally going to maintain.
전+관::Israelite elites and rulers; [which/in which] prophets played a crucial and leading role.
전+관::The manner [which/in which] those outcomes are portrayed should make no difference.
전+관::Earth creates the real wealth [which/on which] human life and well-being depend.
전+관::The emotion itself is tied to the situation [which/in which] it originates.
전+관::Behavior is the mirror [which/in which] everyone shows their true image.
전+관::Pollination is the process [which/by which] seed plants reproduce.
조+HAVE+PP::While the Torah [may have beenconsidered/should have been considered] canon by Israel as early as the 5th century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the 2nd century BCE, the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the 2nd century of the Common Era.
조+HAVE+PP::According to Derek Bickerton, human ancestors and relatives such as the Neanderthals [may have had/should have had] a relatively large lexicon of words, each of which related to a mental concept such as 'meat', 'fire', 'hunt' and so forth.
조+HAVE+PP::You [may have had/should have had] this experience if you have been reading a book and then suddenly become aware that although you were moving your eyes across the page and "reading" the words, you had no idea what you had just read.
조+HAVE+PP::Thanks to the introduction of the railways, we [may have lost/should have lost] some sense of British regionality, but we can offset that against a sense of British unity.
조+HAVE+PP::Brandon called the designer to let him know that his assistant [must have made/should have made] a mistake, because all he got was the one sentence without a proposal.
조+HAVE+PP::You [may have experienced/should have experienced] a clash of learning styles: Your learning preferences and those of your instructor or audience may not have been aligned.
조+HAVE+PP::Not knowing that the product exists, customers would probably not buy it even if the product [may have worked/should have worked] for them.
조+HAVE+PP::That is, for many of the habits that you do not create intentionally, there [must have been/should have been] some value to performing that particular behavior.
조+HAVE+PP::It must be remembered that there [may have been/should have been] more subtle effects of global exchange, both good and bad, which we may not be fully aware of.
조+HAVE+PP::We can infer, for example, that the more fluently we retrieve an item from memory, the more often we [must have encountered/should have encountered] it in the past.
조+HAVE+PP::For this period I [must have been/should have been paid] $875. Instead, my check was for only $800. I believe I know why there [may have been/should have been] a discrepancy.
조+HAVE+PP::Have you ever observed ants marching in and out of their nest? If so, it [may have reminded/should have reminded] you of a highway packed with cars.
조+HAVE+PP::Such skilled workers [may have used/should have used] simple tools, but their specialization did result in more efficient and productive work.
조+HAVE+PP::These days, none of her works can be found, though some people think she [may have composed/should have composed] some of Wolfgang\'s pieces.
조+HAVE+PP::Ancient people [must have learned/should have learned] that observations of the stars and planets could predict the coming of the seasons.
조+HAVE+PP::You [may have heard/should have heard] or read that Laurence Olivier was widely believed to be the greatest actor of the past century.
조+HAVE+PP::You [may have noticed/should have noticed] that your children seem far more comfortable with being sarcastic or insulting one another.
조+HAVE+PP::But while a large population [may have been/should have been] necessary, in itself it was not sufficient for science to germinate.
조+HAVE+PP::These nymphs [must have taken/should have taken] a further two years to emerge as adults, but in fact they took just one year.
조+HAVE+PP::Aggrandizers [must have competed/should have competed] for control over this surplus and the collectivities that made it possible.
조+HAVE+PP::The vanguard of such a migration [must have been/should have been] small in number and [must have traveled/should have traveled] comparatively light.
조+HAVE+PP::But you did a great job cleaning up your room today, and I know that [must have been/should have been] a big effort for you."
조+HAVE+PP::You [must have submitted/should have submitted] it by June 30. I shouldn't have said it, but the words slipped out of my mouth.
조+HAVE+PP::Cheyenne [may have posed/should have posed] a threat when it entered the woods, causing the bear to follow it into the open."
조+HAVE+PP::You [may have heard/should have heard] about Jason’s story as he was a 2006 ESPY Award winner in the “Best Moment” category.
조+HAVE+PP::This [may have been/should have been] partly because the stimulating effects of the leaves begin to fade within 48 hours.
조+HAVE+PP::According to scientists, zebras [may have developed/should have developed] their stripes in order to confuse biting insects.
조+HAVE+PP::With some areas being clearly preferred, a pressure [may have built/should have built] up to increase the food supply.
조+HAVE+PP::Words [may have had/should have had] a specific meaning or use in the past that is far different from current usage.
조+HAVE+PP::Rather than being offended, she [must have learned/should have learned] why Ngina did not eat the chicken eggs.
조+HAVE+PP::Social Security, and [must have paid/should have paid] their share of Social Security taxes during that time.
조+HAVE+PP::This [may have influenced/should have influenced] Alfred Nobel's decision not to found a prize in mathematics.
조+HAVE+PP::This [may have triggered/should have triggered] the process of domestication of certain plants and animals.
조+HAVE+PP::If you spend time thinking about what you [may have done/should have done], you lose valuable time.
조+HAVE+PP::Some of them [may have traveled/should have traveled] by small boat along the coast, but many walked.
조+HAVE+PP::You [must have your/should have your] parking tickets stamped to get a parking discount.
조+HAVE+PP::It [must have taken/should have taken] a lot of courage to do that.
조+HAVE+PP::But that was the take he [must have put/should have put] on TV.
조+HAVE+PP::Susan [cannot have gotten/should have gotten] a perfect score.
조+HAVE+PP::He [must have seen/should have seen] the ghost, too!"
조+HAVE+PP::Tom [may have thought/should have thought] twice.
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제너시스 제네시스 Genesis
2. 탄생 배경[편집]
현대는 2003년 처음 현대 제네시스(BH)를 개발할 때부터 포드의 링컨, 토요타의 렉서스, GM의 캐딜락, 닛산의 인피니티, 혼다의 아큐라, 폭스바겐의 아우디[2]처럼 '제네시스'를 현대자동차그룹의 독립적인 고급차 브랜드로 키울 장기적인 계획을 가지고 있었다. [3] 그러나 2008년 세계금융위기의 여파로 인해 미국 3대 자동차 업체(포드, 제너럴 모터스, 크라이슬러)가 휘청거릴 정도로 자동차 시장 전반이 타격을 받으면서 고급차 브랜드를 런칭하려던 당초 계획은 전면 수정된다. 또한, 북미 딜러들이 브랜드 분리에 격렬히 반대한 것도 독립 브랜드 런칭을 막는 요소로 작용했다. 때문에 제네시스는 일단 현대 브랜드 하의 고급차로 출시되었고, 그 사이 현대차는 지난 10여 년간 소재, 설계, 시험, 파워트레인, 전자, 디자인 등 모든 부문에서 새로운 브랜드를 위한 내부역량 축적에 주력했다.
그 결과 현대차는 글로벌 주요 자동차 그룹 가운데 유일하게 자동차용 강판을 자체 개발·생산할 수 있는 시스템을 만들고[4], 기초 소재 단계부터 차의 성능을 획기적으로 높일 수 있는 구조를 갖춰 차체 강성, 주행성능, 디자인 등에서 경쟁력을 추가로 확보할 수 있게 됐다. 실제로 2013년에 출시된 2세대 제네시스는 탄탄한 뼈대를 바탕으로 5대 기본성능(동력성능, 안전성, 승차감 및 핸들링, 정숙성, 내구성)과 디자인을 글로벌 명차 수준으로 끌어올렸다는 평가를 받았고, 현대차는 1·2세대 제네시스의 성공이 보여준 지난 10년간의 준비와 자신감을 기반으로 글로벌 고급차 시장 성장 추세 등을 종합적으로 고려해 제네시스를 독자적인 글로벌 럭셔리 브랜드로 선보이게 된 것이다. 따라서 제네시스 브랜드화는 '원점회귀'라고 볼 수 있다.
제네시스의 명칭은 세계 자동차 시장에서 제네시스 라는 단어의 인지도가 높다는 점도 고려해 성능, 디자인 등 모든 면에서 진보와 혁신을 지속해 브랜드의 신기원을 열겠다는 의미에서 결정된 이름이라고 한다.
3. 앞으로의 미래[편집]
제네시스가 추구하는 디자인 철학을 보여주는 제네시스 뉴욕 콘셉트.
첫 번째 SUV 콘셉트, GV80.
제네시스의 탄생에 정의선 현대차 부회장은 우리가 새로운 도전을 하는 이유는 오직 고객에게 있다면서 제네시스 브랜드는 ‘인간 중심의 진보(Human-centered Luxury)’를 지향한다라고 브랜드 방향성을 규정했다.
신규 차명 체계는 제네시스 브랜드를 상징하는 알파벳 ‘G’와 차급 등을 종합적으로 고려한 ‘숫자’가 조합된 '알파뉴메릭' 방식을 활용한다.[5] 현재까지 알려진 넘버링은 G90, G80, G70이다. 아직 2020년까지 출시될 예정인 두 종의 SUV와 럭셔리 쿠페의 넘버링은 알려지지 않았지만 현대자동차가 출원한 상표중에 GC-, GV-로 시작하는 상표가 이들이 될 것이라고 추정되고 있다.[6] 그 외에도 G65, G75, G85, G95와 같이 뒷자리가 5로 끝나는 상표와 GT-로 시작하는 상표도 출원이 되어 있다.
디자인 경쟁력 강화를 위한 외부 인사 영입과 조직 개편도 단행했다. 출범회에서 피터 슈라이어 현대차그룹 디자인 총괄 사장은 람보르기니 무르시엘라고, 람보르기니 가야르도를 디자인하고 2012년부터 2015년까지 벤틀리 수석 디자이너를 맡았던 세계적인 자동차 디자이너 루크 동커볼케의 영입을 발표하며 “2016년 상반기에 현대차에 합류할 예정”이라고 밝혔다. 또한 벤틀리 디자인 총괄 이상엽 씨를 영입하였는데 현대차와 제네시스의 디자인을 담당할 예정이다.또 람보르기니 우라칸, 부가티 시론을 디자인한 알렉산더 셀리파노프를 영입하여 내년부터 제네시스 유럽 디자인팀에서 일한다고 한다. 폭스바겐 그룹 디자이너 헤드 헌터[7] 끝으로 BMW M 에서 고성능 개발 총괄을 역임한 알버트 비어만까지 영입함므로써 소위 말하는 "제네시스 군단" 이 갖춰졌다.
토요타의 렉서스나 닛산의 인피니티를 비롯한 일본 브랜드의 경우 처음부터 프리미엄 브랜드의 사업부를 독립시켰고,[8] 전용 매장을 갖춰 차별화한 반면에 현대자동차는 제네시스 브랜드를 중장기적으로 채널 분리를 추진할 계획이라고 한다. 실제로 2018년 1월, 제네시스 전시장인 "제네시스 강남" 이 서울에 오픈했다.
가격 또한 프리미엄 브랜드임을 제대로 나타내려는 패기인지, 미국에서 G80과 G90의 가격이 이전 모델에 비해 올라갔다. 전작 제네시스 DH와 에쿠스가 미국에서 3만 8천 달러, 5만 달러대에서 시작했던 것과 달리 G80은 4만 1천달러에서 시작하며[9], G90은 6만 8천달러부터 시작한다.[10] 이전 에쿠스가 크기와 품질에 비해 상대적으로 저렴한 가격으로[11] 미국에서 나름 인기를 끌었는데 G90은 과연 그 인기를 이어갈 수 있을지는 아직 미지수로 보였으며, 실제로 G90이 미국에 출시된 첫 달인 2016년 9월 판매량은 10대였고[12] 다음 달인 2016년 10월 판매량은 92대로, 생각보다 저조한 판매량을 보였지만 2016년 11월에는 301대를 팔며 평균치를 판매하였다. 2016년 마지막 달인 12월에는 387대를 판매하였다.[13] 또 같은 달인 11월 G80은 1,005대를 팔고[14] G80의 경쟁모델인 캐딜락 CTS가 1,042대 BMW 5시리즈가 1,126대를 판 것을 생각하면 나름 선전한 판매량이라 볼 수 있으며, 2017년 들어서는 G90의 판매량이 대형 세단 중 2월과 3월에 각각 3위, 4위를 차지하고, 2017년 1분기 미국 고급 대형세단 판매량 중에서도 3위를 차지하는 등 런칭한 지 얼마 되지 않은 고급차 브랜드 치고는 선전한 편이었으며, 2017년 한해 판매량도 크게 늘어나며, 미국 시장에서는 비교적 선방하는 중이다. #
장차 디젤차량과 플러그인 하이브리드 자동차(PHEV)도 추가될 예정이다.
2018년 1월, 서울 강남구 대치동에 첫번째 제네시스 전용 전시장인 '제네시스 강남'이 오픈했다. 제네시스의 매니저와 세부적인 구매 상담이 가능하고 예약제로 운영하며 제네시스 차량을 즐길 수 있는 5가지 시승코스와 포르쉐와 같이 실제 제네시스의 차량에 들어가는 옵션소재들을 나누어서 만져 볼 수 있다. 사진 촬영이 가능하며 오전 9시부터 저녁 9시까지 운영된다.
2018년 1월 12일, 현대 경영진은 호주의 자동차 언론 매체와의 인터뷰에서 제네시스 브랜드의 슈퍼카급 고성능차 개발에 착수할 것이란 점을 밝혔다. N 네이밍을 따를지의 여부는 아직 결정되지 않았고, 2인승의 쿠페 형식이 될 것이라 밝혔다. 파워 트레인은 3.3 트윈 터보 엔진에 전기모터를 결합해 500~600마력대를 구현할 계획이라 한다.
2018년 1월 31일 기준으로 제네시스 최초 E세그먼트 SUV인 제네시스 GV80 테스트 차량이 발견되었다. 2019년 하반기에 출시될 것으로 보인다. 참조
2018년 3월 29일 제네시스의 새로운 컨셉트카인 에센시아 콘셉트(Essentia Concept)가 공개되었다. 한국에서 전혀 보지 못했던 슈퍼카스러운 모습이 2020년 출시 예정된 슈퍼카를 한층 기대하게 만든다.# 심지어 가솔린이 아닌 전기 슈퍼카라고 한다.
4. 생산 차량[편집]
제네시스의 라인업 구축 계획도. 세단 3대, SUV 2대, 그리고 쿠페 한 대를 볼 수 있다. 2020년까지 총 6종의 라인업으로 꾸려진다.
2015년 12월 9일에 제네시스 브랜드로선 첫 번째 모델이자 기함인 EQ900(수출명 G90)을 출시했고 2016년 초반 기존 2세대 제네시스의 페이스리프트 모델을 G80으로 출시했으며 이후 2017년까지 중형 세단 G70을 출시했다. 2020년까지[15]는 소형 SUV(미정)과 중형 SUV(미정) 그리고 럭셔리 쿠페 모델(미정) 등 런칭 후 향후 5년간 4종의 신규 모델을 출시할 예정이다. 현재까지는 제네시스의 이름을 가진 제네시스 쿠페는 현대 브랜드로 생산을 계속하다 2016년 단종되었다. 후속 모델은 위에서 언급된 럭셔리 쿠페 모델이 될 예정으로 알려졌다. [16] G80의 경우 바리에이션으로 G80 스포츠도 판매.
2020년 이후에는 쿠페 차종의 시장성을 고려한 다양화, 대형 SUV 차량, G90 모델의 퇴장과 완전히 새로운 플랫폼의 기함급 세단, 시장 상황을 고려한 컴포트형 중형 세단[17] 및 준중형 세단[18]의 출시를 예정에 두고 있다.
또한, 2020년대에는 차세대 동력원에 의한 차량 시장에서의 경쟁이 치열할 것으로 예상되기에, 제네시스 브랜드의 순수 전기차나 수소차의 출시도 예정되어 있다. 테슬라 모델 S의 사례에서 볼 수 있듯, 전기차는 대형차종일수록 소비자들의 호응도가 높기 때문에 제네시스 역시 이 부분에 대한 준비를 하는 것으로 여겨진다.
벤츠 C클래스, BMW 3시리즈, 아우디 A4, 렉서스 IS 등과 경쟁하는 제네시스의 D세그먼트 라인업. 준대형 세단으로 경쟁차종은 벤츠 E클래스, BMW 5시리즈, 아우디 A6, 렉서스 GS 정도. 사이즈로만 봐서는 대형세단이라고 해도 될정도로 경쟁 차종들에 비해 차체가 큰편이다.
제네시스의 플래그쉽 세단으로 에쿠스 뒤를 이어 대한민국을 대표하는 기함급 세단으로 자리잡았다. 실제로 EQ900 신차발표회때 1000여명의 정재계 인사들이 자리했다. 경쟁모델은 벤츠 S클래스, BMW 7시리즈, 아우디 A8, 렉서스 LS 등을 꼽는다. |
5. 브랜드 포지셔닝 논란[편집]
브랜드로 거듭나기 전에 나온, 현대 제네시스가 차지한 포지셔닝이 문제였다. 현대에는 터줏대감 격의 그랜저가 준대형 포지션에 있었고, 최상위 기함급 대형 모델에는 에쿠스가 있었다. 제네시스는 그 둘 사이의 낀 차량인데 준대형이라고 하기에는 분명히 조금 크고, 대형차로 분류하기엔 약간 작은 애매한 크기였다. 현대는 대형차로 분류하지만, 유럽식 세그먼트 기준으로는 준대형인 E세그먼트로 분류되었다.
현대는 이런 애매한 포지셔닝 문제를 풀려고, 현대 에쿠스를 완벽하게 없앴다. 그리고는 대형급을 제네시스 브랜드가 승계하도록 했다. 실제로 최상위 모델인 EQ900은 모델명에서 볼 수 있듯이 에쿠스(EQUUS)의 약칭을 사용했으며 본래는 현대의 이름으로 에쿠스 신형 버전으로 출시될 예정이었으나, 최종적으로 제네시스 EQ900라는 이름으로 출시되었다. 참고로 EQ900의 페이스리프트 모델은 본격적인 네이밍 전략을 완성시킬 모양인지 수출명과 동일한 G90 으로 출시한다고 한다. 제네시스 EQ900 = 현대 에쿠스 라는 인식이 이미지 굳히기에 성공하였다는 판단으로 보인다.
참고로, 제네시스 전체 차량에 쓰인 크레스트 그릴이 현재 현대자동차가 i30부터 적용하기 시작한 캐스캐이딩 그릴과 디자인이 너무나 비슷하다. 그랜저 IG를 보면 거의 판박이다. 이 때문에 그랜저 IG 위장차량은 한때나마 제네시스 G70으로 오해받았을 정도.크기 차이가 많이 나는데 G70으로 착각 할줄은[20] G70 이후부터는 컨셉트카 GV80에서 보였던 5각형 그릴과 쿼드 램프가 적용될것으로 보인다. 양산차량으로는 EQ900의 페이스리프트가 첫 모델.
2015년 독립 브랜드를 론칭했으나, 대한민국과 북미시장을 제외한 유럽시장에서는 아직 제대로 자리를 잡지 못한 상태이다. 미국 시장 역시 진출 초기에는 부진했으나, 현대차 측의 꾸준한 노력으로 주요 럭셔리카 브랜드로서의 인지도를 높이는 데 성공했다. 하지만 메르세데스-벤츠, BMW, 아우디 등 많은 프리미엄 브랜드의 본고장인 유럽 시장에서 제네시스라는 브랜드는 거의 공기 수준이다.
미국시장의 제네시스에 비해 인지도가 많이 부족한 유럽시장이기도 하거니와, 제네시스의 고급화 전략과 함께 가격상승이 미국에서는 먹혔지만 유럽에서까지 성공적인 효과를 거두는것 자체가 미지수이기 때문에 오로지 브랜드 이미지나 가격으로만 럭셔리 브랜드임을 강조하지말고, 데이터를 쌓아 제네시스만의 상품성과 좋은 품질로 밀고 나가서 유럽의 소비자들이 직접 럭셔리 브랜드라는 것을 체감하게 하는것이 중요해보인다. 대표적으로 이 방법은 1980년대 메르세데스-벤츠와 BMW, 캐딜락이 미국 고급차시장을 독점하고 있던 시절, 렉서스가 그 반열에 진입하기위해 이용한 전략이다. 그리고 제대로 먹혔다.
6. 둘러보기[편집]
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bmw 520d 화재
상위 문서: BMW
해당 프로젝트 문서를 방문하여 도움이 필요한 문서에 기여하여 주세요!
1세대~6세대 5시리즈 모음
BMW 5 series 7세대
1. 개요[편집]
3시리즈와 더불어 BMW 그 자체인 차
E클래스와 더불어 고급 준대형 세단의 대표 모델 중 하나
독일의 고급 자동차 브랜드인 BMW가 1972년부터 생산/판매 중인 후륜구동/4륜구동 방식의 준대형 세단.
BMW는 프로모션 할인이 많다보니 5시리즈 역시 높은 프로모션 할인률을 필두로 국내에서 가장 잘 팔리는 수입차이다. 세계적으로도 3시리즈와 함께 인기를 양분하고 있으며, 벤츠 E클래스의 대표적인 라이벌로 꼽히기도 한다. 그리고 자동차 매니아들이 가장 선호하는 고성능 세단중 하나인 M5 역시 5시리즈를 기반으로 제작된다. 프리미엄 준대형 세단 시장은 중형은 3시리즈, 대형은 S클래스 등과 다르게 어느 하나가 특별히 우세할 것이 없는 판매량도 가장 많은 차급이며, 그에 따른 이익도 무시할 수 없는 시장이기 때문에 5시리즈와 E클래스는 진정한 라이벌로 불린다.
한국에서의 5시리즈가 가지는 인기를 바탕으로 BMW 뮌헨 본사에서도 한국 시장을 각별히 신경쓴다고 한다. 크고 작은 행사도 하고 2014년 개장한 BMW 드라이빙 센터도 그러한 인기 속에서 개장되었다.
2. 역사[편집]
2.1. 1세대 (E12, 1972~1981)[편집]
1972년 프랑크푸르트 모터쇼에서 데뷔했다. 배기량으로 모델명을 쓰던 노이에 클라세의 후속으로 나오면서 처음으로 숫자 네이밍이 시작된 모델이다.
마르첼로 간디니[1]가 디자인한 2200ti컨셉트를 기본으로 폴 브라크가 디자인하였다.
특이하게 주유구가 트렁크쪽에 있었다. 다만 E28로 넘어오면서 지금의 위치로 바뀌었지만.
엔진은 4기통 M10과 6기통 M30 엔진이 사용되었고 1976년에 페이스리프트와 함께 M20 엔진이 추가되었다. 변속기는 기본 4단 수동에 옵션으로 5단 수동과 ZF 3단자동을 선택할 수 있었다.
1979년에 5시리즈 중 처음으로 M배지를 단 M535가 출시되었다. 리어 스포일러와 알루미늄 휠, 레카로 시트, 빌슈타인 쇼크 업소버 등 최신의 장비를 채용하였다.
그리고 이 차량은 워낙 오래 된데다가, 공식 수입된 차종이 아니라서 그런지 국내에서는 단 1대도 돌아다니지 않는다.
2.2. 2세대 (E28, 1981~1988)[편집]
유럽버전 : 헤드라이트 로우빔이 크다 [Oo=[][]=oO] | 북미버전(5마일 범퍼 적용) : 헤드라이트 사이즈가 동일하다 [oo=[][]=oo] |
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1981년에 출시되었다. E12를 풀 모델 체인지했음에도 디자인은 1세대와 매우 유사했다.
엔진라인업은 M10 1.8L 4기통을 장착한 518(i)[2], M20 2.0~2.7 6기통 엔진을 장착한 520i, 525i, 528e, M30 2.5~3.4L 6기통 엔진을 장착한 528i, 533i, 535i가 있었다. 535i는 M버전이 있었고(M535i) M테크닉 서스펜션 및 바디킷을 장착하였다.
1985년에 처음으로 M88엔진[3]을 올린 고성능 모델인 BMW M5가 나왔고 1983년에는 첫 디젤엔진 모델인 524td가 나오기도 했다. 80년대 오일쇼크를 맞아 연비를 높이기 위해 엔진회전수 제한(레드존)을 낮게 설정한 이코노미 모델인 528e가 북미와 일본시장에서 판매되었다.
국내에도 수십대 정도 등록되어 다니고 있다.
1988년까지 무려 72만대가 생산되었다.
2.3. 3세대 (E34, 1988~1996)[편집]
전기형 | 후기형(1994~1996, 페이스리프트) |
1988년에 출시된 E34는 BMW 공학 기술의 결정체라는 평가를 받았으며, 처음으로 투어링(스테이션 왜건) 모델과 V8 모델이 추가됐다. 여담으로 1994년부터 BMW 산하에 편입된 로버 그룹의 고급차인 로버 75가 E34의 플랫폼을 전륜구동형으로 개조해서 개발했다.
5시리즈 전세대에 걸쳐 유일하게 후드(본넷)이 앞쪽 방향으로 열리는 모델이다. 주행중 후드 래치가 풀렸을때 주행풍에 의해 후드가 확 제껴지는 사고를 막기 위해서라는데, 사실 기존 방식도 래치를 이중구조로 하면 이런 사고가 발생하기 어렵기 때문에 의미없는 설계이고 오히려 정비성이 나쁘다. 그러나 이것 때문에 E34에 매력을 느끼는 매니아들도 있다.[4]
E32 7시리즈에 이어 5시리즈도 이 모델부터 에어백이 탑재되기 시작했으며, 1994년부터는 조수석에도 에어백이 적용되었다. 놀랍게도 1995년 최후기형에는 시트 아래에 승객감지센서가 들어가서 탑승자 유무에 따라 에어백 전개조건이 달라졌다.
1992년까지 M20, M30과 같은 SOHC 엔진이 탑재되고, 이후에 M50 DOHC 엔진이 탑재된다. M50은 1993년부터 VANOS[5] 를 흡기캠에 적용하였다.
서스펜션은 앞 맥퍼슨, 뒤 세미트레일링암 방식이다. 뒤차축의 경우 도그본 링크를 추가하여 코너링때 뒷바퀴의 토 변화를 제어하여 휠베이스가 꽤 긴 차량임에도 날카로운 코너링이 가능하게 한다. 무게배분을 맞추기 위해 배터리를 우측 뒷좌석 밑에 설치할 정도로 코너링 성능에 공을 들였다. 주행 보조 전자장치가 대거 적용되어 전모델 4륜 ABS는 기본이었고, 고사양 옵션으로 서보트로닉(속도 감응형 파워스티어링)과 ASC+T(트랙션 컨트롤)가 적용 가능하였다.
처음으로 4륜구동 버전인 525iX가 출시되었다. 센터 디퍼렌셜에서 평소 36:64 비율로 구동비를 전달하다가 슬립이 발생하면 구동비율을 변환할 수 있었다. 판매댓수는 1만대가 채 안된다.
1994년 초반까지는 그릴이 좁은 디자인이었다가 와이드 그릴로 변경되는 페이스리프트가 이뤄진다. 1995년 최후기형은 이모빌라이져(EWS)가 처음으로 적용된다.
주목할 모델은 1995년 한해동안만 300대 한정판매된 540i M스포츠 모델과 캐나다에 32대 한정 판매된 M540i 모델로, V8 4.0 M60B40 엔진이 탑재된 540i에 게트락 6단수동 변속기와 삭스 EDC 댐퍼가 적용되었고 M5와 동일한 풀 M스포츠 바디킷과 스포츠 버킷시트를 장착했다. 특히 캐나다버전은 추가로 전륜 브레이크를 M5와 동일한 345mm 플로팅 디스크를 적용했다. 국내에 흰색 북미 버전 540i M스포츠가 한대 있다.
3세대부터 코오롱상사를 통해 대한민국에 공식 수입되기 시작했으며, BMW 대한민국 법인이 설립되어 직판 체제를 갖춘 현재도 코오롱은 BMW의 공식 딜러 중 하나다. 한국에는 520i, 525i와 같은 직렬6기통 엔진 탑재모델만이 딜러를 통해 정식수입되었다. 530(V8), 535(L6), 540(V8) 차량들도 소수 국내에 있는데, 모두 직수입 차량이다.
역시 국내 매니아들에게 인기가 많으며 중고가격이 전기형 E60보다 비싼 유일한 국가라고도 한다.
가솔린 모델 | |||
모델 | 생산 기간 | 비고 | |
518i | 직렬 4기통 1.8L SOHC M40(1988~1994) | 1988~1996 | 유럽전용 |
518g | 직렬 4기통 1.8L SOHC M43 천연가스버전(1995) | 1995 | 1995년 독일에서만 300대 판매 |
520i | 직렬 6기통 2.0L SOHC M20 (1988~1990) | 1988~1996 | M50TU는 싱글바노스 채용 |
525i | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M20 (1988~1990) | 1988~1996 | M50TU는 싱글바노스 채용, 북미버전은 GM 4L30E 4단 자동변속기 |
530i | V8 3.0L M60 | 1992~1996 | 525와 동일한 ZF 5HP18 5단 자동변속기 사용, 알루미늄 블록에 니카씰 라이너 |
535i | 직렬 6기통 3.5L SOHC M30 | 1988~1992 | ZF 4HP22 |
540i | V8 4.0L M60 | 1992~1996 | 알루미늄 블록에 니카씰 라이너, 옵션으로 6단수동+EDC댐퍼 적용된 M스포츠 패키지 |
직렬 6기통 3.6L S38(1988~1992) 311마력 | 1988~1996 | M의 손길을 거친 5시리즈의 고성능 버전, DOHC 독립 6 스로틀, 후기형은 배기량 확대 및 DLI점화, 옵션으로 EDC 댐퍼 | |
디젤 모델 | |||
524td | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M21 | 1988~1991 | 스월챔버 간접분사, 플런저펌프(부란자) |
525td | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M51 | 1993~1996 | 스월챔버 간접분사, 플런저펌프(부란자) |
525tds | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M51 | 1991~1996 | 스월챔버 간접분사, 플런저펌프(부란자), 인터쿨러 |
2.4. 4세대 (E39, 1995~2003)[편집]
전기형(1995년 ~ 2001년) | 후기형 (2001년 페이스리프트 이후) |
국내 CF, 영상의 차량은 전기형이다.
4세대 모델인 E39는 1995년 프랑크푸르트 모터쇼에서 1996년식으로 공개되었다. 역대 5시리즈 중 가장 성공적인 모델이라고 평가되며, 수많은 BMW 마니아, 평론가들이 가장 아름다운 BMW라고 극찬했다. 디자이너는 나가시마 조지[6]이며, E36과 E90, Z3도 디자인했다.
수많은 변화 중에서도 가장 놀라웠던 것은 페이스리프트 부터 채용된 "엔젤 아이" 라고 불리는 주간 주행등의 채용이었다. 이 주간주행등은 2001년에 나온 페이스리프트 때부터 장착되었고, BMW의 아이덴티티를 강조하면서도 야간 시인성도 향상되었다. 그러나 주간 상시점등은 이때까지는 아니었고, 이후 주간주행등으로 브랜드의 아이덴티티를 나타내는 것이 유행이 되었다.
2.4.1. 구동계[편집]
엔진은 가솔린이 2.0~3.0L의 직렬 6기통과 3.5~4.4L의 V형 8기통이 존재했고, 디젤은 2.0L 직렬 4기통, 2.5 / 3.0L 직렬 6기통이 존재했다. M5에는 V8 4.9L S62 독립8스로틀 엔진이 탑재되었다. 1998년부터 들어간 M52TU와 2000년부터 들어간 M54 엔진은 더블바노스[7] 및 가변흡기(DISA밸브)를 채용하여 연비와 출력을 크게 향상시켰다. 6기통 엔진은 알루미늄 합금 블록을 채용하여 전륜 차축 중량이 줄어드는데 도움을 줬다.
변속기는 5단 수동과 4단 또는 5단 자동변속기가 장착되었고, 540i와 M5에는 게트락제 6단 수동변속기를 장착할 수 있었다.[8] 2000년까지 생산된 전기형에는 ZF의 5HP19(6기통)/5HP30(8기통,1996년에만 사용)이, 일본버전은 자트코JR502E 5단 자동변속기가 탑재되었고 북미버전은 6기통 모델에 한해 GM의 4단 4L30E가 장착되었다. 2000~2003년의 후기형은 GM 5L40E(북미 6기통) 혹은 ZF 5HP19(6기통)/5HP24(8기통)가 장착되었다.
상세 라인업은 다음과 같다.
가솔린 모델 | |||
모델 | 생산 기간 | 비고 | |
520i | 직렬 6기통 2.0L M52 (1995~1998) | 1995~2003 | |
523i | 직렬 6기통 2.5L M52(1995~1998) | 1995~2000 | TU는 더블바노스 |
525i | 직렬 6기통 2.5L M54 | 2001~2003 | 523i를 대체 |
528i | 직렬 6기통 2.8L M52 (1995~1998) | 1995~2000 | TU는 더블바노스 |
530i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L M54 | 2001~2003 | 528i를 대체 |
535i | V8 3.5L M62 | 1996~2003 | M62TU는 싱글바노스 및 전자식 스로틀 적용 |
540i | V8 4.4L M62 | 1995~2003 | M62TU는 싱글바노스 및 전자식 스로틀 적용 |
V8 4.9L S62, 400마력 | 1998~2003 | M의 손길을 거친 5시리즈의 고성능 버전, | |
디젤 모델 | |||
520d | 직렬 4기통 2.0L M47 | 2000~2003 | 커먼레일 |
525d | 직렬 6기통 2.5L M57 | 2000~2003 | 커먼레일 |
525td | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M51 | 1996~2000 | 스월챔버 간접분사, 플런저펌프(부란자) |
525tds | 직렬 6기통 2.5L SOHC M51TU | 1996~2000 | 스월챔버 간접분사, 전자제어 플런저펌프(부란자), 인터쿨러 |
530d | 직렬 6기통 3.0L M57 | 1998~2000 | 커먼레일 |
2.4.2. 차체 및 서스펜션, 옵션[편집]
기술적인 부분에서도 많은 진보가 있었는데, 그 중 가장 획기적인건 서스펜션 구성품에 알루미늄을 채택해 스프링 아래 하중 경량화가 되어 스티어링 성능 향상, 노면 추종성 향상, 제동능력 향상 등 많은 장점이 있었다. 심지어 단동식인 브레이크 캘리퍼 마저도 알루미늄이다. 다만 현시점에서 중고차량을 구매할 경우 서스펜션 부싱이나 쇽앱소버가 노후화 되었을텐데 알루미늄 합금인 만큼부품의 가격이 비싼것이 함정. 그렇지만 중고차 가격이 바닥을 찍고있어 순수하게 운동성능을 보고 어느정도 수리비 감안하고 구입한다면 좋은 선택이 될 수 있다. 사실 500만원 언더에서 이런 스펙의 차량을 찾기 힘들다.
스티어링은 6기통은 랙앤피니언 스티어링 시스템을 채택하여 유격없고 면도날같이 날카로운 핸들링을 구현했다. 8기통은 V8엔진 배치탓에 이전모델처럼 볼-리서큘레이팅 웜기어박스 + 링크조향 방식이다. 기본적으로 속도감응식 파워스티어인 서보트로닉이 적용되어있다.
전기형 차량은 ASC라는 트랙션컨트롤이 적용되어있다. 과도한 출력으로 뒷바퀴가 미끄러지면 시스템이 세컨더리 스로틀을 닫아서 출력을 억제한다. 이 세컨더리 스로틀이 평소에 흡입 저항이 되어 출력을 많이 못낸다.
반면 2000년도 이후 후기형은 DSC라는 것이 적용되어 있는데, 전자식 스로틀로 제어하는 덕분에 흡입저항을 유발하는 세컨더리 스로틀이 없어졌다. 단순히 ASC의 기능을 넘어서 조향각과 횡가속도를 감지하여 코너링 중에도 적극적인 브레이크/트랙션 어시스트를 해준다.
2000년 이후 후기형은 에어백이 8개가 들어간다. 장착 위치는 전면 운/조수석, 측면 도어마다 각 1개씩 4개, 그리고 커튼에어백 양쪽이다. 조수석의 경우 승객감지센서가 있어 탑승자 신체조건에 따라 에어백 폭발압력이 달라진다.
1998년까지는 썬루프가 철판으로 되어있으나, 그 이후에는 글래스 썬루프가 적용되었다.
후기형 530i 이상급 차량은 16:9 모니터와 TV 모듈이 달려있다. 그러나 현시점에서 우리나라는 아날로그 TV 방송이 중단되었기 때문에 무용지물이 되었다. 그래서 보통은 비디오모듈 신호 입력단에 선을 브릿지 납땜하여 셋탑 네비게이션을 달거나 후방카메라 입력을 추가하는 등의 개조를 한다. 2003년 단종 직전에는 스페셜에디션(SE)이 각 트림마다 추가되었다. 530i SE의 경우 DSP오디오, EDC 서스펜션 댐퍼, 이중유리가 추가되었다.
북미 유럽 직수입 차량중에는 뒷좌석이 6:4 분할폴딩시트가 달려있는 차도 있다.
2.4.3. 고질병, 구매가이드[편집]
시대를 앞서나간 차량인만큼 첨단 기술과 소재가 많이 들어갔고, 그만큼 여러 가지 고장이 많이 발생한다. 분명 중고 가격이 저렴한 건 이점이지만, 뽑기를 잘못 하면 순식간에 지갑과 멘탈이 털린다. 그렇다 보니 정비사들에게 수리비를 미리 정해놓고 이 한도 내에서 고쳐달라는 진상 오너들이 많아서 정비사들이 싫어하는 차종 중 하나이기도 하다.[10]
플라스틱 부품 열화 : 엔진에 플라스틱 부품이 매우 많고, 이 때문에 부품들이 열을 먹고 경화되어 비스켓처럼 바삭바삭 부스러진다. 써모스탯 하우징이나 냉각수관 등 냉각계 부품들이 먼저 균열이 가거나 부스러져 냉각수가 샌다. 또한 온도가 오르면 붙어서 도는 기계식 팬클러치가 고장난 채로 뜨거운 여름에 시내 주행을 계속하면 엔진 룸 내부 온도가 엄청나게 올라간다. 기본적으로 팬클러치를 잘 관리한 차는 플라스틱 부품의 열화나 DSC 모듈 고장이 덜 발생하겠지만, 팬클러치 내부의 실리콘 오일이 새어나가버린 채 팬이 제대로 안 돌아 열에 혹사당한 중고차가 많다. 어떤 사람들은 그래서 팬클러치를 떼내고 전동팬으로 개조하기도...
V8 엔진 체인가이드 : 플라스틱 체인가이드 열화로 파손되어 냉간 시동시 '그르르르륵' 소음과 함께 아이들링 때 '똑똑똑똑똑' 소리가 난다. 엔진 전면부를 분해하여 타이밍 작업이 불가피하다.
라이트 조사각 조절 고장 : 라이트 조사각 조절장치가 전구의 열을 전달받고 경화되어 바삭바삭 부스러져 있는 경우가 허다하다. 이런 차들은 헤드라이트가 땅바닥을 비추고 있다. 조사각만 수리해줘도 심봉사가 눈 뜬 마냥 밤에 잘 보인다. 전기형은 라이트 커버가 분리되므로 조사각 조절장치 교체가 쉽지만, 엔젤아이가 적용된 후기형의 경우 커버가 접착되어 있어 이를 교체하는 게 무지 어렵다. 그라인더로 헤드라이트를 째서(!) 커버를 분리해야 하는데, 그냥 전문 업체에 맡기는 게 정신 건강에 좋다.
엔진 진공밸런스 문제 : 진공이 새면 아이들링이 매우 불안정해진다. 주 원인은 오일 세퍼레이터 내부 다이어프램의 균열, 엔진 밸브커버 크랙, 흡기 부트 크랙, DISA(가변흡기플랩)의 열화로 인한 파손 등. 상기 서술한 열화로 인해 부품들이 파손되어 발생한다.
DSC 모듈 : 상기 서술한 DSC 모듈이 하필 배기 매니폴드 옆에 바짝 붙어있어서 연식이 오래된 차들은 모듈이 배기 열을 먹고 내부 단선이 발생해서 경고등 3종이 뜬다. 중고 모듈은 역시나 열을 먹어온 놈들이라 교체하고 얼마 안 가 또 고장날 확률이 높으니 비추. 안타깝지만 신품을 써야 하는데, 가격이 꽤 비쌀 뿐만 아니라 교체 후에는 진단기를 따로 물려서 코딩을 해줘야 한다. 물론 이를 교체 안 해도 경고등이 거슬릴 뿐 차는 잘 굴러가지만....
비오는 날 엑셀이나 브레이크 잘못 밟으면 골로 간다계기판/MID 액정 픽셀 나감 : 이 시대에 나온 거의 모든 BMW들은 하나같이 액정이 나간다. 어떤 매물들은 주행거리가 확인이 안 될 정도다. 해외에서 저렴한 가격에 픽셀 수리용 리본 필름을 팔고는 있지만 자가로 교체하는 건 매우 어렵고, 작업 성공률도 낮으니 업체에 맡기는 게 낫다. 물론 외국 사이트를 잘 뒤져보면 계기판을 고치는 방법이 많이 나와있기는 하다. 계기판을 그냥 교체하면 주행거리계 km 단위 옆에 점이 하나 뜬다. 계기판의 주행거리와 ECU의 주행거리 정보 불일치를 의미하므로 이게 떠있는 차량은 계기판 교체 및 키로수 조작을 의심해봐야 한다. 여담이지만 액정 픽셀 문제의 경우 BMW 차량뿐만 아니라 같은 방식을 사용하는 모든 차량의 계기판이나 전자계산기 등 전자기기에서 발생한다. 전문가에게 맡기면 바로 해결되니 섣불리 스스로 해결하려고 하지 말자.
전동접이식 사이드미러 고장 : 내부 웜 기어가 플라스틱제여서 이빨이 잘 나간다. 해외에서 금속제 개선품 기어를 팔고 있지만, 자가로 교체하기는 어렵다. 이 때문에 종종 모터가 고장나기도 한다.
시트 뒤틀림 : 다소 황당한 고질병으로, 양쪽의 시트 조절 기어를 구동하는 금속제 플랙시블 와이어 두 개 중 한 개가 겉선이 늘어나는 바람에 속선이 빠져서 발생하는 문제이다. 등받이가 뒤틀리기도 하고, 방석이 한쪽만 오르락내리락 하기도 한다. 해결책은 시트를 탈거해서 뒤틀린 시트를 바로잡은 후 겉선을 잘라 줄이는 방법뿐이다.
저속 운행 시 핸들 무거워짐 : GM(General Module)이 과부하가 걸려 칩이 타면서 서보트로닉이 작동하지 않아서일 경우가 많다. GM 모듈도 교체 후 코딩이 필요하다. 근본적으로는 과부하가 걸리지 않게 파워 스티어링 오일을 주기적으로 교환해야 한다.
에어백 리콜 : 후기형 중 다카타제 에어백을 사용한 일부 차량은 에어백 전개용 화약(질산암모늄)의 팽창압력 과다로 금속 파편이 발생해 운전자 상해를 일으키는 문제가 있어 리콜 대상으로 무상 교체해준다. 언론에서 다카타 에어백 사태라고 보도하는 바로 그것이다.
구매 추천 : 이왕이면 03년 끝물에 나온게 좋다. 단종을 앞두고 부품 재고를 털려고 옵션들을 마구 집어넣었기 때문이다. 03년식에서만 볼 수 있는 특이한 트림이 SE인데, 액티브 시트와 이중 차음 유리가 들어있으며 실내 가죽이 좀 더 질감이 부드럽고 좋다. 525iSE부터는 BBS제 2피스 17인치 휠도 적용된다. 530iSE는 S-EDC라는 전자식 댐핑 조절 서스펜션과 DSP 오디오가 들어간다. 정비이력을 잘 따져보고 사야한다. 보통 20만km까지 막 타다가 폐차될 차는 폐차되고, 오너가 애정이 있어서 한번 큰 돈 들여 싹 고치고 살아남으면 그 이후로 10만 km 단위로 상기 고질병들의 정비를 요구하는 차량이다.
2.4.4. 그외[편집]
차체 하부가 경합금으로 만들어진 최초의 대량생산 모델이며 무려 147만 대가 판매될만큼 큰 인기를 끌었다.
BMW X5 1세대는 E39를 베이스로 만들었다. [11]
M5도 E39가 출시되었을 적에 대한민국에 처음 들어왔다.
2000년대부터 한국에서도 E39와 E38 모델을 대상으로 individual 주문(인디오더)을 넣을 수 있었다. 이를 선택할 경우 실내 가죽 종류와 내/외 색상 및 이중유리, DSP오디오, 액티브 시트, S-EDC 서스펜션 적용 등 다양한 옵션을 선택할 수 있었다. 최후기형 인디오더는 센터콘솔과 대쉬보드가 모두 가죽으로 씌워진다. 카폰도 선택 가능했으며 후기형은 모토로라 스타텍이 센터콘솔에 장착되었다. 이쯤되면 7시리즈 안부럽다.
왜건 모델은 정식 수입되지 않았지만[12] 소수의 직수입 및 이삿짐 차량이 존재한다.
2.5. 5세대 (E60/E61, 2003~2009)[편집]
전기형 | 후기형 |
2003년에 출시된 E60은 차체 형식별로 코드네임이 분리되었다. E60은 세단, E61은 투어링 모델이다.[13]
디자인 초안은 다비데 아르칸젤리가 했다. 크리스 뱅글 수석 디자이너의 지휘 아래에서 E60으로 결실을 맺었다. [14][15] 독특한 디자인으로 이전 모델들에 비해 많은 부분이 바뀌었다. 하지만 7시리즈와는 다르게 상당히 호평받았다.
2005년에서 2008년까지 4년 연속 해당 부분 베스트셀링카로 선정되었고, 무려 130만 대가 넘게 판매되며 큰 인기를 끌었다.
2.5.1. 구동계[편집]
상세 라인업은 다음과 같다.
가솔린 모델 | |||
모델 | 생산 기간 | 비고 | |
520i | 직렬 6기통 2.2L M54 (2003~2005) | 2003~2005 | |
523i | 직렬 6기통 2.5L N52 (2005~2007) | 2005~2010 | 525i를 대체 |
525i | 직렬 6기통 2.5L M54 | 2003~2005 | |
528i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N53 | 2007~2010 | 530i를 대체 |
530i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L M54 (2003~2005) | 2003~2007 | |
535i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N54 직분사 트윈터보 | 2007~2010 | 초기형은 고압 인젝터 결함으로 리콜, 국내에는 북미 직수입차 일부 존재 |
540i | V8 4.0L N62 | 2005~2010 | 국내 미출시 |
545i | V8 4.4L N62 | 2003~2005 | |
550i | V8 4.8L N62TU | 2005~2010 | |
V10 5.0L S85, 507마력 | 2005~2010 | M의 손길을 거친 5시리즈의 고성능 버전 | |
디젤 모델 | |||
520d | 직렬 4기통 2.0L M47 (2005~2007) | 2005~2010 | 처음으로 국내 정식출시된 디젤 5시리즈, 국내에는 2009년부터 판매됨 |
525d | 직렬 6기통 2.5L M57TU (2004~2007) | 2004~2010 | 국내 미출시, 직수입차 소수 존재 |
530d | 직렬 6기통 3.0L M57 (2003~2005) | 2003~2007 | |
변속기는 ZF 6HP19 6단자동이 적용되었다. 기아 모하비 초기형이랑 같은 계열의 변속기라서 미션오일, 플라스틱 오일팬(필터내장), 밸브바디 어댑터, 커넥터 등 부품이 호환된다. 2006년까지는 기어노브가 기존 PRND와 강제변속모드가 있고 가죽부트가 씌워져있는 케이블 기계식이나 2007년 이후로 P버튼이 따로 있고 조명이 들어오는 은색 전자식으로 변경된다. 535i, 550i, M5등 상급트림 차량은 전자식 기어노브 하단에 스포츠모드 버튼이 달려있다. 유럽 미국 등지에는 ZF 6단 수동변속기가 적용되었으나 한국에는 직수입차 일부 빼곤 별로 없다. M5는 7단 SMG2가 적용된다.
2.5.2. 차체 및 서스펜션, 옵션[편집]
전방 쇼크 업소버 마운트가 마그네슘 다이케스팅으로 제작되고 전륜 브레이크 디스크의 벨하우징이 알루미늄으로 바뀌는 등 차체 경량화가 E39에 비해 더욱 많이 진행되었다. 그러나 차량의 전체적인 사이즈 증가로 인해 차량 무게는 E39와 비슷한 수준이다.
'다이나믹 드라이브' 라는 가변식 스태빌라이져가 채용되었다. 유압을 통해 스태빌라이져의 비틀림 강성에 변화를 주는데, 평소 직진할때는 승차감에 지장이 없게끔 강성을 낮추고, 코너링때 횡가속센서가 감지되면 강성을 올려 롤링을 억제한다.
'액티브 스티어링'은 속도에 따라 스티어링 기어비가 달라지는 시스템으로, 주차할때 핸들을 1바퀴 이상 휙휙 안돌려도 되므로 아줌마들에게 인기있는 옵션이었다. 조향축 안에 내장된 유성기어와 어시스트 모터가 비결이다.
이상 다이나믹 드라이브와 액티브 스티어링, 그리고 컴포트 시트까지 합쳐 E60의 3대옵션 이라고 칭한다. 이상하게도 엔진이 변경되는 2005년 중기형 이후부터 6기통 차량들에는 3대옵션이 다같이 들어간 풀옵차량이 잘 없다.
그외에도 iDrive, 어댑티브 헤드램프, 어댑티브 크루즈 컨트롤 등 첨단 전자 장비가 적용되었다. 후기형에는 HUD도 적용되었다. 하지만 이 때문에 기존 모델에는 없었던 각종 잔고장이 많아졌다.[16]
2.5.3. 고질병, 구매가이드[편집]
3대 옵션 : 다이나믹 드라이브, 액티브 스티어링, 컴포트 시트가 장착된 차를 두고 3대 옵션 적용차라고 한다. 전기형은 530i 이상 급, 후기형은 528i 이상 급에 3대 옵션이 있다. 좋긴 좋지만, 관리에 자신있는 사람만 선택하길 권한다. 고장이 잘 나는 옵션이다.
다이나믹 드라이브 스테빌라이저 유압 호스 누유 : 연식이 오래되면 거의 100% 발생한다. 호스 교체 및 파워 스티어링 오일을 교체해야 한다. 간혹 유압 밸브 바디에 문제가 생기기도 한다.
액티브 스티어링 : 조향각 센서가 제일 많이 고장나지만, 종종 요레이트(횡가속) 센서가 원인이기도 하다.
부품 열화 : 05년 이전 초기형은 E39와 동일한 M54 엔진이기 때문에 플라스틱 부품의 열화 문제점을 그대로 답습한다. E39보다 플라스틱 부품이 더 많아졌으면 많아졌지 나아진 게 없다.
밸브트로닉 : 05년 이후 N52 엔진에 적용된 가변 밸브 리프트기구로, 개폐 타이밍을 조절하던 바노스는 그대로 적용되면서 추가적으로 밸브트로닉을 통해 밸브 개폐 정도도 조절한다. 이로 인해 효율과 출력 상승을 달성했지만, 연식이 오래되면 밸브트로닉 서보모터 고장 혹은 웜 기어 마모 때문에 출력 저하가 생긴다. 서보 모터 장착부 가스켓이나 편심 캠 위치센서 씰에서 누유도 심해진다. 교체 후에는 초기 위치 학습을 위한 코딩을 해줘야 한다.
비정상적 오일 소모 : N52와 N62 엔진이 오일을 꽤
꿀꺽꿀꺽 참 잘먹는다. 노후화로 인한 누유+오일 세퍼레이터 파손으로 인한 흡기로 빨려감과 함께 밸브 가이드 씰의 비정상 마모로 인한 흡기 밸브 쪽으로의 오일 누유가 꽤 있다. 이런 차는 아이들 상태로 좀 냅뒀다가 엑셀을 우왕 하고 밟아보면 배기관에서 오일이 타는 흰 연기가 펄펄 나온다. 이상하게 M54까지는 밸브 가이드 씰이 20만 km까지는 견뎌주는데 반해 N52부터는 일찍 나간다.
2.6. 6세대 (F10/F11, 2010~2017)[편집]
2010년식 530d 영국 사양 | 2011년식 투어링 |
차량 일반 제원 | |
차량가격 | 6,000만 원 ~ 1억2,000만원 |
엔진형식 | 2.0~3.0L 직렬 4~6기통(아래 모델별 제원 참고) |
미션형식 | 자동 6단~8단 |
구동방식 | |
배기량 | 1,995~2993cc (아래 모델별 제원 참고) |
최고출력 | 190~381마력 (아래 모델별 제원 참고) |
최고토크 | 40.8~75.5kg.m (아래 모델별 제원 참고) |
최고속도 | 231~250km/h |
제로백 (0→100km/h) | 7.9~4.7초 |
연비 | 16.1km/ℓ |
탄소 배출량 | 115.0g/km |
승차인원 | 5명 |
전장 | 4,907mm |
전폭 | 1,860mm |
전고 | 1,464mm |
축거 | 2,968mm |
공차중량 | 1,630~1,955kg |
2009년 11월에 데뷔했고, 2010년 초부터 판매가 시작되었다. 에이드리언 반 후이동크 수석 디자이너의 지휘 아래 디자인되어, 크리스 뱅글의 파격적인 디자인에서 다시 보수적인 디자인으로 회귀했다. 때문에 출시 초기에는 F10이 E60보다 구형같다는 평이 많았다. 5세대와 대비하여 강성이 55%나 증가했고 신형 8단 자동변속기가 장착되었다. 페이스리프트 후 엔진이 다운사이징되었는데 528i의 직렬 6기통 3.0리터 엔진이 245마력 4기통 2.0리터 터보 엔진으로 교체되었다. 국내에서는 520d를 필두로 독보적인 판매량을 보이고 있고 처음으로 스테이션 왜건형인 투어링 모델도 들여왔다. 그러나 투어링은 판매부진으로 조용히 단종되어 현재는 BMW 코리아 사이트에 없다.
5시리즈의 운전감각은 전세대와 사뭇 다르다. 코드네임 F세대의 방침에 따라 편안하고 쾌적하고 효율적인 드라이빙에 맞춰져있다. 승차감은 전세대 대비 상당히 부드러워졌다. 방음설계도 상당히 발전하여 정숙성도 향상되었다. BMW 마니아들의 질타를 받은 부분이 이러한 변화인데, 대부분의 고객을 만족시키는 드라이빙을 완성시키려했다. 대신 스포츠 드라이빙을 원하는 매니아이자 소수의 고객에겐 고성능 브랜드 M이 있으며, BMW M5가 고성능 스포츠세단이다.
5시리즈의 엔진은 550i와 535d/M550d 를 제외하고 기본적으로 트윈스크롤 시스템을 갖춘 싱글터보 가솔린/디젤 엔진이다. 국내의 판매량이 높다보니 대부분의 트림을 독일에서 국내로 가져와 선택의 폭도 많았다. 베스트셀링카인 520d보다 더 고성능 디젤을 원한다면 525d, 530d, 535d, M550d까지 있으며 휘발유모델이라면 523i, 528i, 535i, 550i에 M5까지 존재했다. 2016년 현재 가솔린은 528i만, 디젤은 520d, 530d만 수입되는지 나머지는 카탈로그에서 조용히 사라졌다.
결정적으로 다수의 고객을 만족시키는 모델답게 호불호도 적고 완성도도 높아 판매량이 엄청났다.
5시리즈는 트렁크가 경쟁차량 대비 좁은 편인데 국내에서는 고급차 구매 의사결정 시 트렁크에 골프 캐디백이 몇개 들어가느냐가 중요한 기준이 되는 경우가 많다. 5시리즈의 경우 겨우 2개가 들어가며 그것도 // 또는 = 이렇게는 안들어가고 +로 해야 2개가 들어간다. 양옆이 좁고 안으로 길다란 형태를 지녔기 때문이다. 그리고 5시리즈의 차체 사이즈(4907×1860×1464)는 현대 그랜저(4920×1860×1470)와 비슷한 크기임에도 불구하고 후륜구동 방식이다 보니 뒷자리 무릎 공간은 아랫급인 현대 쏘나타보다도 더 좁은 편이다. 사실 국산차 업체들이 차체 사이즈에 비해 실내공간을 매우 잘 뽑는 편이다.
트렁크가 좁은 단점을 가졌음에도 가장 많이 팔린 520d는 2000cc급 엔진임에도 1.6톤의 무게에 제로백 7.9초, 고속 연비가 리터 당 20km 수준으로 성능과 경제성을 모두 겸비하여 연비와 유류비에 민감한 국내 소비자들에게 크게 어필하였으며, 차량 자체의 완성도가 높아 큰 만족감을 주었다. 게다가 고객이 원하는 사양들을 꾸준히 업그레이드하여 더욱 만족감을 높였다.
BMW 코리아가 성장하는 원동력에 6세대 BMW는 핵심 역할을 했다. 물론 전세계적으로 가장 많은 판매율을 높여 BMW의 핵심모델이 된 것도 사실이다.
후기형 세단 | 후기형 투어링 |
2013년에는 페이스리프트를 통해 프론트 범퍼 및 헤드램프, 테일램프 디자인의 수정이 이루어졌고, 보조방향지시등이 프론트 펜더에서 사이드미러로 이동되었다. 실내를 살펴보면 다기능 모니터 좌우의 크롬 가니쉬 추가, 아이드라이브 조그셔틀의 손글씨 인식 터치패드, 핸들 열선 등이 추가되었다. 한국 기준 2013년 10월식부터 LCI 모델이다.
F10 5시리즈의 상세 라인업은 다음과 같다. 참고로 BMW 가솔린 엔진들은 고급유 권장이므로 고급휘발유 주유를 권한다. 총알이 부족할시 고급:일반 1:1비율로 주유하면 고급유 주유시 느낌과 비슷하다고 한다.
가솔린 모델 | ||||
모델 | 엔진 | 최고출력 | 구동방식 | 비고 |
520i | 직렬 4기통 2.0L N20 | 184마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | |
528i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N52/N53 (2010~2011) | 245마력 | 7350만원 (Luxury기준) 현재는 530i | |
528i xDrive | 직렬 4기통 2.0L N20 | 245마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | 7820만원 (Luxury기준) |
535i | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N55 트윈터보 | 306마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | |
535i xDrive | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |||
550i xDrive | V8 4.4L N63 | 450마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |
V8 4.4L S63 직분사 트윈터보 | 560마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | M의 손길을 거친 5시리즈의 고성능 모델 | |
Activehybrid 5 | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N55 엔진 + 전기모터 | 306마력+34마력=총 340마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | 535i 기반의 하이브리드 모델 |
디젤 모델 | ||||
520d | 직렬 4기통 2.0L N47 (2011~2014) | 190마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | |
520d xDrive | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |||
대한민국에서는 가장 대중적인 모델이다. 이게 어느정도냐면 도로에서 BMW 세단을 봤을 때 60% 확률로 이 모델을 보게 된다. | ||||
525d | 직렬 4기통 3.0L N57 (2010~2011) | 218마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | |
525d xDrive | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |||
위에 있는 520d에 비하면 흔히 볼 수 없는 차종. 한국에서는 2012년부터 2.0L로 다운사이징을 거친 사양이 판매되었다. 터빈이 1개인 일반 20d 엔진과는 다르게, 작은 저회전용 터빈과 고회전의 큰 터빈 두개가 붙는 형태다. 저회전용 터빈 때문에 저회전 실용영역에서의 토크가 20d 엔진과 상당한 차이가 발생하는 편이라, 20d와 25d 두 엔진의 체감적인 성능차이는 제원에 발표된것 보다도 좀 더 갭이 크게 느껴진다.[17] 45.9kg.m의 토크를 바탕으로, 라이벌 6기통 모델들과 맞먹을 정도의 시원한 엔진 성능을 뽐내지만, 520d와 완전히 똑같은 옵션에[18] 가격은 500만원 넘게 비싼 탓에 소비자들에게 철저히 외면받았다. 때문에 유로6 모델이 출시되자마자 단종. | ||||
530d xDrive | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N57 | 258마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |
535d | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N57 트윈터보 | 313마력 | 후륜구동(FR) | |
M550d xDrive | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N57 트리플 터보 | 381마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) | |
BMW M 디비전이 디젤을 제대로 튜닝하면 어떤 성능이 나오는지 알려주는 차. 일명 M5 디젤 또는 디젤 M. 직렬 6기통 3.0L 디젤 엔진에 터보차저를 3개나 달아 381마력을 자랑할 뿐 아니라 무려 토크가 75.5kg.m나 된다. 제로백은 4륜구동임에도 4.7초이다. | ||||
2.6.1. 고질병, 구매가이드[편집]
N47 엔진 타이밍체인 절손 : 초기 생산차량의 경우 체인 설계 하자로 타이밍체인이 끊어지는 문제가 발생했다. 사실 F10이 단종된 현 시점에 타이밍체인 끊어질 차들은 다 엔진을 갈았거나 AS받았겠지만 혹시나 초기생산520d 중에 주행거리가 짧은 중고차를 사게되면 반드시 확인해봐야 한다. 2017년 들어 BMW가 리콜을 회피하고 있다는 이야기가 나온다 관련기사 애초에 롱라이프 규격 엔진오일이라는 미명아래 엔진오일 교체 인터벌을 2만km씩 설정해놓고는 이제와서 오일교체를 소홀히 해서 체인이 끊어진것이니 고객 책임이라고 하는것은 앞뒤가 안맞는 변명으로 규탄받아 마땅하다.
N47 엔진 바이브레이션 댐퍼디스크 파손 : 크랭크축 메인풀리는 바이브레이션 댐퍼디스크의 역할도 겸하는데, 오래되면 가운데 고무부분이 삭다못해 찢어지며 풀리가 이탈하는 문제가 발생할 수 있으니 평소 점검과 예방정비가 필요하다.
535i HPFP 문제 : 국내에는 잘 없지만 일부 직수입된 535i 가솔린 트윈터보 직분사 모델은 고압연료펌프 문제로 북미에서 리콜되었다.
2.6.1.1. 520d 연쇄 화재 사건과 리콜[19][편집]
이 문서는 실제로 일어난 사건·사고의 자세한 내용과 설명을 포함하고 있습니다. 특정 사건사고 문서는 유머성 서술과 비하의 표현이 제한되며, 사실관계를 작성할 때에는 출처를 반드시 표시해야 합니다.
이 모델의 가장 시끄러운 문제로(2018년 8월 초 현재도 진행형이다), N47엔진을 탑재한 520d 중에 리콜을 받고 나온 차가 갑자기 전소되는 사건이 연달아 터졌었고 리콜 안받은 차에도 종종 발생하고있다. 이번엔 14~16년 사이 B47엔진을 탑재한 F10 520d와 F11 GT 모델에서 2018년 7월 기준으로 최근 8개월간 화재사건이 17건이나 발생해 국토부에서 리콜 검토를 하였다.
결국 BMW측은 해당 모델의 배기가스 재순환장치에서 냉각수가 새고 그 냉각수에 있는 침전물에서 불이 날 우려가 있음[20]을 국토부에 보고하고 리콜일정을 빠른시일 내에 국토부를 통해 발표하기로 하였다 320D 모델이지만, 동영상에서 EGR intake에 흡기로 들어온 경유와 함께 Build up 되어있는 Carbon을 확인 가능하다. 발화가능성이 높게 만드는 원인. #
초반 N47엔진 화재때에는 대부분 연료리턴호스 균열로 인한 연료비산이 화재원인이라고 추정되는데, 경유가 어째 그리 불이 잘 붙냐며 전기적인 원인이라는 이야기도 있고, 최근 B47엔진 대상으로 제기된 원인으로 BMW가 국토부에 전달한 내용과는 달리 EGR 냉각성능 저하(혹은 처음부터 냉각용량 부족한 설계결함) 문제로 인해 뜨거운 배기가스가 냉각되지 않고 흡기로 그대로 들어가 플라스틱 및 고무로 된 흡기쪽 부품이나 그안에 고여있는 카본 및 오일이 점화되어 발생한다는 설이 있다. 한편 미국에서는 가솔린 모델이지만 히터밸브 과열이 원인이라며 리콜을 명령하였다. 하여간 아직도 정확한 원인 규명이 안되고 있다. 원인이 나온다면 추가바람. 2년전부터 연료펌프 관련 리콜이 진행중인데 이번엔 EGR 관련으로 또 다시 리콜을 받게 될 것으로 예상되며, 과거 전소된 차량은 공식 서비스센터에서 주기적으로 관리받은 차량에 한해 당시 중고가 기준으로 현금보상을 해준다고 했는데 현재는 피해 차주들에게 보상 거부 혹은 할인판매를 강요해서 논란이 되고 있다.
2018년 7월 27일부터 BMW에서 자발적 리콜을 조치하기로 하였다. 엔진에 장착된 배기가스 재순환장치(EGR) 결함으로 고온의 배기가스가 냉각되지 않은 상태에서 흡기다기관에 유입돼 구멍을 발생시키고 위에 장착된 엔진커버 등에 발화돼 화재가 발생한 것으로 추정됐다. 리콜 대상은 520d는 3만5천115대, 320d는 1만4천108대, 520d x드라이브는 1만2천377대다. 현재 BMW자체조사와 별도로 국토부에서 화재원인은 조사중이라고 한다.
그러나 사태가 점점 커지는 양상이다. 리콜 조치가 발표된 이후인 7월 29일 새벽에 원주 중앙고속도로에서 520d 모델에서 화재가 발생했고 7월 31일 인천 경인고속도로에서는 420d 모델에서 화재가 발생했다.
8월 2일 영동고속도로에서 520d가 주행 중 발화했고 4일 목포에서도 520d 모델에 화재가 발생하였다.
심지어 4일 발화한 520d는 사흘 전 서비스센터에서 안전하다 라고까지 했는데 화재가 난 것이다.
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2.6.2. GT모델[편집]
해치백과 세단의 중간 형태를 띠고 5시리즈의 가지치기 라인업처럼 보이나, 실은 7시리즈의 플랫폼을 이용해 만든 크로스오버 왜건이다. 코드네임은 F07. 7시리즈의 플랫폼을 이용해 만든 만큼 실내 공간은 탁월하게 넓다. 특히 뒷자리는 동급 중 가장 넓은 제네시스 G80의 뒷자리에 필적하며, 또한 동급 준대형 세단들 중에서 가장 차체가 큰 G80와 전장을 비교했을때, 크게 차이 나지 않다. 대신 트렁크 공간을 희생한 감이 있다.
승차감은 BMW치고는 안락한 편이라고 할 수 있으나 그래도 동급의 국산차와 비교하면 꽤나 하드한 편이다. 3000cc모델의 경우 5시리즈 세단들보다 더 하드하다.
대한민국 시장에서는 5시리즈 이름을 뺀 GT로 팔리고 있다.[21]수입 초기에 가솔린 모델만 있었으나, 가솔린 모델은 하나빼고 모두 단종되었으며, 여기에 더해 디젤 2종류가 팔리고 있다.
7시리즈처럼 M모델은 나오지 않았다. 후속 모델은 BMW 6시리즈 GT이다.
대한민국 시장 기준으로 상세 라인업은 다음과 같다.
모델 | 엔진 | 최고출력 | 구동방식 |
GT 35i xDrive Luxury Line | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N55 가솔린 | 306마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) |
GT ED Edition Luxury Line | 직렬 4기통 2.0L N47 디젤 | 184마력 | 후륜구동(FR) |
GT 30d xDrive Luxury Line | 직렬 6기통 3.0L N57 디젤 | 258마력 | 풀타임 4륜구동(AWD) |
2.7. 7세대 (G30/G31, 2017~현재)[편집]
전면 (세단) | 후면 (세단) |
전면 (투어링) | 후면 (투어링) |
국내 CF
이것은 가장 지적인 다이내믹.
디스 이스 더 BMW 빠이브 시맂
2016년 10월 13일에 공식 사진이 공개되었다. 전체적인 디자인 면에서는 업계의 트렌드인 브랜드 고유의 디자인 아이덴티티를 이어 가되 디테일의 차별화로 세대와 차급을 나누는 디자인 방식을 따라 디자인되어, 기존의 6세대 모델과는 디테일의 차이를 제외하면 전체적으로 유사한 디자인을 가지고 있다. 특히 윈도우 라인이나 사이드 디자인의 경우 기존의 6세대 모델과 상당히 비슷하다. 다만 최근 출시되는 BMW 차량에 적용되는 전면부 앞트임 디자인이 적용되었고, 사이드 캐릭터 라인의 조형도 보다 입체적으로 디자인되었다.
7세대 5시리즈는 7시리즈에서 선보인 카본 코어 플랫폼을 사용하여 6세대에 비해 무게를 최대 100㎏까지 줄였지만, 차체 강성은 더 높아졌으며 차체는 더 커진 것이 특징이다. 이에 따라 연비 효율은 높아지고 더욱 역동적인 주행이 가능하게 됐다고 BMW 측이 설명했다. 7세대 5시리즈의 제원은 전장 4,935mm, 전폭 1,868mm, 전고 1,466mm이다. 7세대 5시리즈는 또 자율주행 기술에 한 걸음 더 근접한 최첨단 드라이빙 어시스턴트 시스템을 장착하고 있으며, 7시리즈에 적용되었던 손동작으로 인포테인먼트(Infotainment) 기능을 제어하는 '제스처 컨트롤' 기능과 터치스크린이 지원 된다. 참고로 이 터치스크린은 Bmw의 엄청난 선물이라고 봐도 과언이 아니다... 아직도 모 독일차들은 버튼식 다이얼 하나에 아직도 의존한다...
세부 라인업은 직렬 4기통 2.0L 가솔린 터보 엔진이 탑재된 530i, 직렬 6기통 3.0L 가솔린 터보 엔진이 탑재된 540i, 그리고 직렬 4기통 2.0L 커먼레일 디젤 엔진이 탑재된 520d가 먼저 공개되었다. 530i와 540i는 각각 528i와 535i를 대체하고, 520d는 기존 LNT(배기가스 재순환 방식)에서 SCR 방식으로 변경되면서 연료 주입구 옆에 요소수 주입구가 추가되었다. 또한 공개된 3개 엔진 라인업 모두 X Drive를 선택할 수 있다. 2017년 2월에 가솔린 2종, 디젤 2종이 먼저 출시되고 2017년 11월에 400마력 M550d가 출시 되었으며 2018년 1월에는 540i도 출시한다고. 이후 플러그인 하이브리드 모델인 530e i퍼포먼스와 M 퍼포먼스 모델인 M550i xDrive가 추가될 예정이다. M550i는 V8 4.4리터 가솔린 터보 엔진이 탑재되어 최고출력 462마력, 최대토크 66.3kg.m를 내고 제로백 4초를 자랑한다. 참고
2.7.1. 국내에서의 판매[편집]
2017년 1월 2일부터 국내에서 사전 계약을 받았고, 2017년 2월 21일에 출시되었다. 대한민국에는 520d, 530d, 530i가 먼저 출시되었고, 전량 M스포츠 팩을 적용해서 들여왔다. BMW 측에서는 한국에서 M스포츠 팩의 선택률이 높아서 기본으로 적용했다고 하지만 M스포츠 팩을 적용하지 않은 기본형 모델은 6세대 7시리즈와 너무 닮아서 신선한 느낌이 부족하다는 이유로 M스포츠 팩을 기본으로 적용한 것이라는 의견도 있다. 덧붙이자면 2017년 현재 프리미엄 준대형차 시장의 패권자로 군림하고 있는 E클래스를 타도하겠다는 BMW 코리아의 강한 의도도 읽을 수 있다. 그러나 M팩은 외관에 한해서 적용된 것이고, 실내의 핵심인 스티어링 과 M서스펜션은 제외 그래서 최근 BMW의 성향에 따라 오히려 기존모델보다 더 부드러워졌다고 한다. 더불어 럭셔리라인이 더 마음에 드는데 럭셔리 라인은 국내에 출시가 되지 않고 M팩만 출시가 되어서 아쉽다는 의견도 있다. 실제로 5시리즈 급의 주요 고객들중에는 40대~50대 중년들도 많은데, 해당 고객들은 M스포츠 팩보다는 럭셔리 라인을 더 선호하는 편이다.
국내 출시 가격은 경쟁 차량 중 하나인 벤츠 E클래스보다 약간 저렴하게 출시되었으며, 옵션도 E클래스보다 더 많다. 소프트 도어 클로징, 4존 에어 컨디셔닝 등 E클래스에는 아예 없는[22] 옵션들도 장착되어 있다.[23] 또 E클래스에는 E400만 기본으로 탑제되어있고 나머지 모델들은 돈을 주고 인디오더를 해야하는 반자율주행 옵션도 5시리즈는 모두 기본 적용된다.
판매량은 나쁘지 않지만 전작인 F10과는 다르게 E클래스와의 경쟁에서 판매량으로 밀리고 있는 실정이다. E클래스는 국산 경쟁 모델인 제네시스 G80의 판매량도 넘어버리며, 사실상 프리미엄 준대형 시장에서 강자로 독주중인 상황인데, 기본 가격이 E클래스보다 300~500만원 정도 저렴함에도 불과하고 판매량에서 E클래스에 뒤쳐지고 있었으나, 프로모션 할인이 최소 500만원부터 1000만원 이상까지 늘어나게 되면서 다시 520d가 수입차 판매량 1위를 차지하게 되었다.
2018년형부터는 M스포츠 패키지 모델의 가격이 옵션의 추가와 함께 인상되고, 럭셔리 라인이 추가된다고 한다. 이 급의 많은 40~50대 고객들은 M팩의 스포티한 외관에는 관심이 없고 럭셔리 라인의 외장 크롬몰딩과 내장 우드를 좋아한다. 전부 다 스포티하고 2~30대들이 좋아할만한 외관의 M팩으로 내놓았으니 그동안 4~50대 고객들은 중후하고 고급스러운 느낌이 나는 제네시스 G80이나 벤츠 E클래스로 넘어갈 수밖에 없었던 것이다.
한편으로는 경쟁모델인 E클래스가 2018년형으로 연식변경을 하면서 옵션 삭제나 가격 인상 등을 하면서 판매량이 조금 주춤한 틈을 타 5시리즈가 바짝 추격하고 있다.
이후 직렬 6기통 400마력짜리 디젤 모델인 M550d[24]가 라인업에 추가됬으며, 2018년 1월엔 540i 모델도 출시하였다. 같은 해 4월에 BMW M5 신형도 출시하여 5시리즈의 라인업을 모두 갖춘다고 한다.
2018년 5월에는 소폭 가격 인상과 함께 상품성 개선이 이루어졌는데, 가장 하위트림인 520d만 출시된 럭셔리 라인을 530i와 530d, 540i 등 상위트림 모델에도 적용시켰다. 기존 M 스포츠 패키지 모델들은 소폭 가격 인상이 되었는데, 그중에서도 530i M 스포츠 패키지 모델들이 300만원씩 상승하면서 가장 상승률이 높았지만 소프트 클로징, 19인치 휠 등이 기본 적용되면서 경쟁 모델인 E300보다 더 우수한 상품성을 갖추게 되었다.
2018년 7월 초 부터는 새로운 가솔린 라인업 모델 520i가 추가되었다.
3. 미디어에서[편집]
4. 경쟁 차종[편집]
5. 둘러보기[편집]
bmw 비엠더블유 화재
1609H2 Since 2005 | 위스마트(WS) | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | iHeeJae | 제작일 20180806
1609H2 Since 2005 | 위스마트(WS) | WAYNE.TISTORY.COM | +821033383436 | iHeeJae | 제작일 20180806
1 Some organizations may be reluctant to facilitate their employees' participation in volunteer activities.
2 They may believe it's none of their business.
3 If employees want to do volunteer activity, they can make their own arrangements and do so on their own time.
4 Corporations also may be concerned about allocating the resources needed to set up such programs, or perhaps they fear that facilitating employees' engagement elsewhere may weaken their commitment to the organization or their jobs.
5 Not to worry on that last point.
6 Research shows that participating in corporate volunteer activity heightens rather than weakens employees' organizational commitment, in part because people feel a sense of self-worth when they do the good deeds that their organizations made it easier for them to do.
1 일부 기업은 직원들의 자원봉사 활동 참여를 돕는 것을 꺼리기도 한다.
2 그들은 그것이 기업의 일과는 무관하다고 믿는다.
3 만약 직원들이 자원봉사 활동을 원한다면, 직원들이 스스로 계획하고 한가한 시간에 그렇게 할 수 있다.
4 기업은 또한 그런 프로그램을 마련하는 데 필요한 자원을 할당하는 것에 대해 걱정하게 되거나, 혹은 어쩌면 그들은 그들의 직원이 다른 곳에 관여하는 것을 돕는 것이 그들의 조직이나 업무에 대한 그들의 헌신을 약화시킬 수 있음을 두려워할지도 모른다.
5 마지막 사항에 대해서는 걱정할 필요가 없다.
6 사람들은 회사가 하기 쉽게 만들어준 선행을 행할 때 자존감을 느낀다는 부분적인 이유 때문에 회사 차원의 자원봉사 활동에 참여하는 것이 직원들의 조직에 대한 헌신도를 약화시키기보다는 오히려 향상시킨다는 것을 연구가 보여준다.
1 Too many people suffer from destination disease.
2 They reach a certain level, earn their degrees, buy their dream homes, and then just coast.
3 Studies show 50 percent of high school graduates never read another entire book.
4 One reason may be that they see learning as something you do in school, just something you do for a period of life instead of as a way of life.
5 We all learned when we were in school.
6 Our teachers, coaches, and parents taught us.
7 We were expected to learn when we were school age.
8 But some tend to think that once they finish a certain level of education: "I'm done with school.
9 I've got a good job.
10 "Winners never stop learning.
11 Whether you're nine or ninety years old, you should constantly be learning, improving your skills, and getting better at what you do.
1 너무 많은 사람들이 종착역 병(destination disease)으로 고생한다.
2 그들은 어느 정도의 수준에 이르고, 학위를 받고, 그들이 꿈꾸던 집을 구매하게 되면, 그 후에는 그냥 힘들이지 않고 살아간다.
3 연구는 고등학교 졸업자의 50%가 또 다른 책 한 권을 결코 끝까지 읽지 않는다는 것을 보여준다.
4 한 가지 이유는 그들이 배움을 여러분이 학교에서 하는 것, 즉 삶의 방식으로서가 아니라, 삶의 한 기간 동안 여러분이 하는 어떤 것으로 여기기 때문일지도 모른다.
5 우리 모두는 학교에 다닐 때 배웠다.
6 우리 선생님들, 코치들, 부모님들이 우리를 가르쳤다.
7 학령기에, 우리는 공부 할 것이라 기대되었다.
8 하지만, 일부의 사람들은 일단 그들이 어떤 수준의 교육을 끝마치면 "나는 학교를 마쳤어.
9 나는 좋은 직업을 얻었어"라고 생각하는 경향이 있다.
10 승자는 결코 배움을 멈추지 않는다.
11 여러분이 아홉 살이건 아흔 살이건 간에, 여러분은 꾸준히 배우고, 여러분의 기술을 향상시키고, 여러분이 하는 일을 더 잘 해내야 한다.
1 The cultural ideas spread by empire were seldom the exclusive creation of the ruling elite.
2 Since the imperial vision tends to be universal and inclusive, it was relatively easy for imperial elites to adopt ideas, norms, and traditions from wherever they found them, rather than to stick to a single rigid tradition.
3 While some emperors sought to purify their cultures and return to what they viewed as their roots, for the most part empires have produced hybrid civilizations that absorbed much from their subject peoples.
4 The imperial culture of Rome was Greek almost as much as Roman.
5 Imperial Mongol culture was a Chinese copycat.
6 In the imperial United States, an American president of Kenyan blood can eat Italian pizza while watching his favorite film, Lawrence of Arabia, a British epic about the Arab rebellion against the Turks.
1 제국에 의해 확산된 문화적 사상들은 거의 지배층의 독점적 창조물이 아니었다.
2 제국의 시각은 보편적이고 포괄적인 경향이 있기 때문에, 제국의 지배층이 사상, 규범, 그리고 전통을 그들이 그것들을 발견한 어떤 곳으로부터든지 채택하는 것이 오히려 단 하나의 완고한 전통을 고수하기보다는 상대적으로 쉬웠다.
3 일부 황제들은 그들의 문화를 순화시키고 그들의 뿌리라고 여겼던 것으로 회귀하는 것을 추구했지만, 대부분 제국들은 피지배 민족들로부터 많은 것을 흡수한 합성의 문명을 만들어 왔다.
4 로마의 제국 문화는 로마 식 못지않게 그리스 식이었다.
5 몽고 제국 문화는 중국의 복사판이었다.
6 미 제국에서, 케냐 혈통의 미국 대통령은 투르크 족에 대항하는 아랍인들의 반란에 대한 영국의 서사시인 'Lawrence of Arabia'라는 자신이 가장 좋아하는 영화를 보면서 이탈리아 피자를 먹을 수 있다.
1 People who communicate to others about themselves rather freely, who are frank and open, who express their views, opinions, knowledge, and feelings freely, and who share their knowledge and personal experiences with others can be considered as the self-disclosing type.
2 These people constantly communicate with others and make an impact on them.
3 This communication or self-disclosure helps in generating data and such an individual has more of an open and public self than private self.
4 Without an optimal amount of self-disclosure we deny an opportunity for others to know us and for ourselves to get appropriate feedback.
5 People who don't communicate openly are private individuals who may have difficulty discovering themselves fully.
6 At least it is difficult for them to see themselves fully through the eyes of others and also they make limited impact on others.
1 다소 자유롭게 스스로에 대해서 다른 사람들에게 전달하고, 솔직하고 개방적이며, 자신의 관점, 의견, 지식, 감정을 자유롭게 표현하고, 자신의 지식과 개인적 경험을 다른 사람들과 공유하는 사람들은 자기 노출 유형으로 여겨질 수 있다.
2 이러한 사람들은 끊임없이 다른 사람들과 소통하고 그들에게 영향을 준다.
3 이 소통 또는 자기 노출은 정보를 생성함에 있어 도움이 되며 그와 같은 사람은 사적 자아보다는 개방적이고 공개적인 자아를 더 많이 지니고 있다.
4 최적량의 자기 노출이 없다면 우리는 다른 사람들이 우리에 대해서 알 기회와 우리 자신이 적절한 피드백을 받을 기회를 받아들이지 않게 된다.
5 개방적으로 소통하지 않는 사람들은 스스로를 완전히 발견하는 데에 어려움을 겪는 사적인 개인들이다.
6 적어도 그들은 다른 사람들의 눈을 통해서 완전히 자신을 아는 것이 어렵고, 또한 다른 사람들에게 제한된 영향을 미친다.
1 Before the washing machine was invented, people used washboards to scrub, or they carried their laundry to riverbanks and streams, where they beat and rubbed it against rocks.
2 Such backbreaking labor is still commonplace in parts of the world, but for most homeowners the work is now done by a machine that automatically regulates water temperature, measures out the detergent, washes, rinses, and spin-dries.
3 With its electrical and mechanical system, the washing machine is one of the most technologically advanced examples of a large household appliance.
4 It not only cleans clothes, but it does so with far less water, detergent, and energy than washing by hand requires.
5 Compared with the old washers that squeezed out excess water by feeding clothes through rollers, modern washers are indeed an electrical-mechanical phenomenon.
1 세탁기가 발명되기 전, 사람들은 비벼 빨기 위한 빨래판을 이용하거나, 세탁물을 강가나 개울가로 가져가 그곳에서 바위에 때리거나 문질러 빨았다.
2 그러한 대단히 힘든 노동은 세계 각지에서 아직도 흔한 일이지만, 대부분의 집을 가진 사람들에게 있어 이제 그 일은 자동으로 물의 온도를 조절하고, 세제를 덜어내고, 빨고, 헹구고, 원심력으로 탈수하는 기계에 의해 행해지고 있다.
3 세탁기는 그 전기적이고 기계적인 체계 때문에 대형 가전제품 중 가장 기술적으로 진보한 예 중 하나이다.
4 그것은 옷을 깨끗하게 할 뿐만 아니라, 손으로 빠는 것이 요구하는 것보다 훨씬 적은 양의 물과 세제, 에너지를 가지고 그렇게 한다.
5 롤러에 빨래를 넣어서 남은 물기를 짜냈던 구식 세탁기와 비교할 때, 현대식 세탁기는 정말로 경이로운 전기적․기계적 물건이다.
1 Sadness in our culture is often considered an unnecessary and undesirable emotion.
2 Numerous self-help books promote the benefits of positive thinking and positive behaviors, assigning negative affect in general, and sadness in particular, to the category of "problem emotions" that need to be eliminated.
3 Much of the psychology profession is employed in managing and relieving sadness.
4 Yet some degree of sadness and depression has been far more accepted in previous historical ages than is the case today.
5 From the classic philosophers through Shakespeare to the works of Chekhov, Ibsen, and the great novels of the 19th century, exploring the emotions of sadness, longing, and depression has long been considered instructive.
6 It is only recently that a thriving industry promoting positivity has managed to remove this earlier and more balanced view of human affectivity.
1 우리 문화에서 슬픔은 종종 불필요하고 바람직하지 않은 감정으로 여겨진다.
2 수많은 자기 계발서들은 일반적으로는 부정적인 감정, 특히 슬픔을 제거될 필요가 있는 '문제적 감정'의 범주로 지정하면서 긍정적 사고와 긍정적 행동의 장점을 장려한다.
3 다수의 심리학 직종이 슬픔을 관리하고 완화시키는 일에 활용된다.
4 그러나 어느 정도의 슬픔과 우울은 현재의 경우에서보다 이전의 역사적 시대에서 훨씬 더 수용되어 왔다.
5 고대 철학자로부터 Shakespeare를 거쳐 Chekhov, Ibsen, 그리고 19세기의 위대한 소설에 이르기까지 슬픔, 갈망, 그리고 우울이라는 감정을 탐험하는 것은 도움이 되는 것으로 오랫동안 여겨져 왔다.
6 긍정성을 장려하는 번창하는 산업이 인간 정서에 대한 이전의 더 균형적인 이러한 관점을 가까스로 없앤 것은 불과 최근에 이르러서였다.
1 Changing our food habits is one of the hardest things we can do, because the impulses governing our preferences are often hidden, even from ourselves.
2 And yet adjusting what you eat is entirely possible.
3 We do it all the time.
4 Were this not the case, the food companies that launch new products each year would be wasting their money.
5 After the fall of the Berlin Wall, housewives from East and West Germany tried each other's food products for the first time in decades.
6 It didn't take long for those from the East to realize that they preferred Western yogurt to their own.
7 Equally, those from the West discovered a liking for the honey and vanilla wafer biscuits of the East.
8 From both sides of the wall, these German housewives showed a remarkable flexibility in their food preferences.
1 우리의 식습관을 바꾸는 것은 우리가 할 수 있는 가장 어려운 일들 중의 하나인데, 이는 우리의 선호를 지배하는 욕구가 심지어 우리 자신에게조차 종종 숨어있기 때문이다.
2 하지만 여러분이 무엇을 먹는지를 조정하는 것은 완전히 가능하다.
3 우리는 항상 그렇게 한다.
4 이것이 사실이 아니라면, 매년 새로운 제품을 출시하는 식품 회사들은 그들의 돈을 낭비하고 있는 셈일 것이다.
5 베를린 장벽이 무너진 후에, 동독과 서독의 주부들은 수십 년 만에 처음으로 서로의 식품을 먹어 보았다.
6 동독의 주부들이 자신의 요구르트보다 서독의 요구르트를 선호한다는 것을 깨닫는 것은 오래 걸리지 않았다.
7 똑같이, 서독의 주부들은 동독의 꿀과 바닐라 웨이퍼 비스킷을 좋아한다는 것을 깨달았다.
8 베를린 장벽의 양쪽에서, 이 독일 주부들은 그들의 음식 선호에 있어서 놀랄 만한 유연성을 보여 주었다.
1 Life is a balancing act, and so is our sense of morality.
2 Research suggests that when we view ourselves as morally deficient in one part of our lives, we search for moral actions that will balance out the scale.
3 Maybe you know you should be recycling but just never get around to gathering up your glass, paper, and plastics in time for the recycling truck.
4 One day you happen to be walking through a hardware store and notice a rack of energy¬-efficient light bulbs, and you instantly decide to buy twenty of them and change out every bulb in your house.
5 The moral deficiency (not recycling) is, in your view, balanced by a moral action (installing energy¬-efficient bulbs).
6 The problem is that the seesaw can also tip the other way.
7 If we believe we are doing enough, morally speaking, then there's little reason to do more.
8 The scale is already level.
1 인생은 균형을 맞추는 행위이며, 우리의 도덕심도 그러하다.
2 연구는 우리가 스스로를 우리 삶의 한 부분에서 도덕적으로 부족하다고 간주할 때, 저울의 균형을 맞출 도덕적 행동을 찾는다는 점을 시사한다.
3 아마도 당신은 재활용을 해야 한다는 것은 알지만 재활용 수거 트럭이 올 시간에 맞춰 유리, 종이, 그리고 플라스틱을 모으는 데는 전혀 시간을 내지 않을 것이다.
4 어느 날 당신은 우연히 철물점을 돌아보면서 에너지 효율이 좋은 백열전구가 있는 선반을 발견하고, 즉시 백열전구 20개를 사기로 결정해서 집에 있는 모든 전구를 바꾼다.
5 도덕성 부족(재활용 하지 않기)은, 당신의 관점에서, 도덕적 행위(에너지 효율이 좋은 전구를 설치하기)에 의해 균형이 맞춰진다.
6 문제는 시소가 다른 방향으로도 기울어질 수 있다는 것이다.
7 만약 우리가, 도덕적으로 말해서, 충분히 하고 있다고 믿으면, 그 이상을 할 이유가 거의 없다.
8 저울은 이미 수평 상태이다.
1 The gap between the reality of online life and how we experience it prevents our discussion of Internet privacy.
2 Consider email.
3 People "know" email is not private.
4 And yet many will use email, at least sometimes, for intimate correspondence.
5 Over decades, I have asked why.
6 The answer is always the same.
7 When you stare at a screen, you feel completely alone.
8 That sense of being alone with the person to whom you are writing―as though you were the only two people in the world―often blocks out what you know to be true.
9 Email can be seen; it will be stored; and then it can be seen again.
10 The seeming ephemerality of what is on the screen masks the truth: What you write is not erasable.
11 More generally, the experience of the net undermines the reality of the net
1 온라인 생활의 실체와 우리가 그것을 어떻게 경험하는가 사이의 차이는 인터넷상의 사생활에 대한 우리의 토론을 막는다.
2 이메일을 생각해 보라.
3 사람들은 이메일이 사적인 것이 아니라는 것을 '안다.
4 '하지만 많은 이들이, 적어도 때로는, 친밀한 서신 왕래를 위해 이메일을 사용할 것이다.
5 수십 년에 걸쳐, 나는 왜 그러한지를 질문해왔다.
6 대답은 항상 같다.
7 컴퓨터 화면을 응시할 때 여러분은 완전히 혼자라고 느낀다.
8 여러분이 마치 세상에 있는 단 두 사람인 것처럼 편지를 쓰고 있는 사람과 단둘이 있다고 느끼는 것은 여러분이 진실이라고 알고 있는 것을 종종 가린다.
9 이메일은 보일 수 있고, 저장될 것이며, 그런 후에는 다시 보일 수 있다.
10 컴퓨터 화면에 있는 것이 단명할 것처럼 보이는 것은 여러분이 쓴 것이 지워질 수 없다는 진실을 가린다.
11 더 일반적으로 말하자면, 인터넷 경험은 인터넷의 실체를 손상시킨다..
1 One line of research suggests that how often you go over material is less critical than the depth of processing that you engage in.
2 Thus, if you expect to remember what you read, you have to wrestle fully with its meaning.
3 Many students could probably benefit if they spent less time on rote repetition and more on actually paying attention to and analyzing the meaning of their reading assignments.
4 In particular, it is useful to make material personally meaningful.
5 When you read your textbooks, try to relate information to your own life and experience.
6 For example, if you're reading in your psychology text about the personality trait of confidence, you can think about which people you know who are particularly confident and why you would characterize them as being that way.
1 한 분야의 연구는 여러분이 자료를 얼마나 '자주' 되풀이하여 읽는지가 여러분이 참여하는 (자료) 처리의 '깊이'보다 덜 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.
2 그러므로, 만약 여러분이 읽은 것을 기억하길 기대한다면, 그것의 의미와 충분히 씨름해야 한다.
3 많은 학생들이 만약 기계적인 암기 반복에 시간을 덜 보내고 그들의 읽기 과제의 의미에 실제로 집중하고 분석하는 데 더 많은 시간을 보낸다면 아마 이익을 얻을 수 있을 것이다.
4 특히, 자료를 '개인적으로' 유의미하게 만드는 것이 유용하다.
5 교과서를 읽을 때는, 정보를 여러분 자신의 삶과 경험에 관련시키도록 노력하라.
6 예를 들어, 만약 여러분이 자신감의 성격 특성에 대한 심리학 교재를 읽고 있다면, 여러분이 아는 사람들 중에 어떤 사람들이 특히 자신감이 있는지 그리고 왜 여러분이 그들의 특성을 그런 식으로 묘사하는지에 대해 생각할 수 있다.
1 Tourism is one of many contributors to changes in the climate system.
2 As with other human activities, there are many ways and spatial scales at which tourism contributes to climate change.
3 For example, changes in land cover and use, such as replacing forest with resort buildings and other structures, can modify the local climate.
4 Local climate changes may also be caused when air pollutants are emitted by the structures' incinerators, by stationary and mobile engines, and during land-¬clearing activities.
5 Gradually, over space and time, even these locally focused human activities are known to change the climate, regionally and globally.
6 They work together with more global scale forces such as those related to emissions from aircraft carrying tourists to and from their destinations.
1 관광업은 기후 체계 변화의 많은 요인들 중 하나이다.
2 다른 인간 활동과 마찬가지로 관광업은 기후 변화에 많은 방식과 공간적 위계로 영향을 끼친다.
3 예를 들어, 숲을 휴양지 건물과 다른 구조물들로 대체하는 것과 같이 토지 피복과 토지 사용의 변화들은 지역의 기후를 변화시킬 수 있다.
4 지역의 기후 변화들은 또한 구조물들의 소각로에 의해, 고정식과 이동식 엔진에 의해, 그리고 토지 개간 활동을 하는 동안에 대기 오염물질이 방출될 때 일어날 수 있다.
5 점차, 시간과 공간에 걸쳐, 지역적으로 집중된 이러한 인간의 활동조차도 지역적으로 그리고 전 세계적으로 기후를 변화시키는 것으로 알려져 있다.
6 그 활동들은 목적지로 관광객들을 데려가고 데려오는 비행기에서 나오는 배기가스에 관련된 요인들과 같은 더욱 세계적인 규모의 요인들과 함께 작용한다.
1 Scientific discoveries are being brought to fruition at a faster rate than ever before.
2 For example, in 1836, a machine was invented that mowed, threshed, and tied straw into bundles and poured grain into sacks.
3 The machine was based on technology that even then was twenty years old, but it was not until 1930 that such a machine actually was marketed.
4 The first English patent for a typewriter was issued in 1714, but another 150 years passed before typewriters were commercially available.
5 Today, such delays between ideas and application are almost unthinkable.
6 It is not that we are more eager or more ambitious than our ancestors but that we have, over time, invented all sorts of social devices to hasten the process.
7 Thus, we find that the time between the first and second stages of the innovative cycle―between idea and application―has been cut radically.
1 과학적 발견들은 과거 어느 때보다 더 빠른 속도로 결실을 맺고 있다.
2 예를 들어, 1836년에 (곡식을) 베고, 타작하고, 짚을 다발로 묶고, 낟알을 자루 안으로 쏟아 부어 주는 기계가 발명되었다.
3 그 기계는 심지어 그 당시에 20년이 된 기술에 기초하였지만, 1930년이 되어서야 비로소 그러한 기계가 실제로 유통되었다.
4 타자기에 대한 최초의 영국 특허권이 1714년에 발급되었지만, 150년이 더 지나서야 타자기는 상업적으로 판매되었다.
5 오늘날, 아이디어와 적용 사이의 그러한 지연은 거의 생각할 수 없다.
6 그것은 우리가 우리 조상들보다 더 간절하거나 열망이 더 강해서가 아니라, 시간이 지나면서 우리가 그 과정을 앞당기는 모든 종류의 사회적 장치들을 발명해 왔기 때문이다.
7 그러므로 혁신적인 순환의 첫 번째와 두 번째 단계 사이, 즉 아이디어와 적용 사이의 시간이 급격히 줄어들어 왔다는 것을 우리는 알게 된다.
1 Most of us have problems that have been posed to us (e.g., assignments from our supervisors).
2 But we also recognize problems on our own (e.g., the need for additional parking space in the city where you work).
3 After identifying the existence of a problem, we must define its scope and goals.
4 The problem of parking space is often seen as a need for more parking lots or parking garages.
5 However, in order to solve this problem creatively, it may be useful to redefine it as a problem of too many vehicles requiring a space to sit in during the workday.
6 In that case, you may decide to organize a carpool among people who use downtown parking lots and institute a daytime local taxi service using these privately owned vehicles.
7 Thus, you solve the problem not as you originally posed it but as you later reconceived it.
1 대부분의 우리들은 우리에게 제기되어 온 문제들(예를 들어, 우리의 상사들이 준 과제들)을 가지고 있다.
2 하지만 우리는 또한 우리 자신의 문제(예를 들어, 여러분이 일하고 있는 도시에서의 추가적인 주차 공간에 대한 필요)를 인식한다.
3 문제의 존재를 확인한 후에 우리는 그 문제의 범위와 목적들을 정의해야 한다.
4 주차 공간의 문제는 종종 더 많은 주차장 또는 주차용 차고에 대한 필요로 간주된다.
5 하지만 이 문제를 창의적으로 해결하기 위해서는, 근무일 동안 주차시킬 공간을 필요로 하는 차량이 너무나 많다는 문제로 그것을 재정의하는 것이 유용할지도 모른다.
6 그러한 경우에, 여러분은 도심 주차장을 사용하는 사람들 사이에서 카풀을 조직하기로 결정을 내릴 수도 있고, 이러한 개인 소유 차량들을 활용하여 주간 지역 택시 서비스를 실시하기로 결정할 수도 있다.
7 그리하여, 여러분은 여러분이 그 문제를 원래 제기했던 방식이 아닌 나중에 새롭게 생각했던 대로 문제를 해결한다.
1 Evolution did not give humans the ability to play soccer.
2 True, it produced legs for kicking and elbows for fouling, but all that this enables us to do is perhaps practice penalty kicks alone.
3 To get into a game with the strangers we find in the schoolyard on any given afternoon, we not only have to work in concert with ten teammates we may never have met before, we also need to know that the eleven players on the opposing team are playing by the same rules.
4 Other animals that engage strangers in ritualized aggression do so largely by instinct.
5 Puppies throughout the world have the rules for rough-and-tumble play built into their genes.
6 But human teenagers have no such genes for soccer.
7 They can nevertheless play the game with complete strangers because they have all learned an identical set of ideas about soccer.
8 These ideas are entirely imaginary, but if everyone shares them, we can all play the game.
1 진화는 인간에게 축구를 할 수 있는 능력을 주지 않았다.
2 실제로, 그것은 찰 수 있는 다리와 반칙을 할 수 있는 팔꿈치를 생기게 했지만, 이것으로 우리가 할 수 있는 것은 아마도 혼자서 페널티킥을 연습하는 것뿐일 것이다.
3 우리가 어느 날 오후에 학교 운동장에서 만난 낯선 사람들과 경기를 시작하기 위해서는, 전에 만난 적이 없는 열 명의 팀 구성원들과 조화를 이루어야 할 뿐만 아니라, 또한 상대편 열한 명의 선수들도 같은 규칙으로 경기를 하고 있다는 것을 알 필요가 있다.
4 의례화된 공격에 낯선 동물을 끌어들이는 다른 동물들은 주로 본능에 의해 그렇게 한다.
5 전 세계의 강아지들은 그들의 유전자에 내재된 거친 놀이에 대한 규칙들을 가지고 있다.
6 그러나 십 대 아이들은 축구에 대한 그러한 유전자를 가지고 있지 않다.
7 그럼에도 불구하고 그들은 모두 축구에 대한 동일한 생각 체계를 배워 왔기 때문에 완전히 낯선 사람들과 경기를 할 수 있다.
8 이러한 생각들은 전적으로 가상이지만, 모두가 그러한 생각들을 공유한다면, 우리는 모두 경기를 할 수 있다.
1 The foragers' secret of success, which protected them from starvation and malnutrition, was their varied diet.
2 Farmers tend to eat a very limited and unbalanced diet.
3 Especially in pre¬modern times, most of the calories feeding an agricultural population came from a single crop―such as wheat, potatoes, or rice―that lacks some of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional materials humans need.
4 The typical peasant in traditional China ate rice for breakfast, rice for lunch, and rice for dinner.
5 If she was lucky, she could expect to eat the same on the following day.
6 By contrast, ancient foragers regularly ate dozens of different foodstuffs.
7 The peasant's ancient ancestor, the forager, may have eaten berries and mushrooms for breakfast; fruits and snails for lunch; and rabbit steak with wild onions for dinner.
8 Tomorrow's menu might have been completely different.
9 This variety ensured that the ancient foragers received all the necessary nutrients.
1 수렵 채집 생활인들을 굶주림과 영양실조로부터 보호했던 성공 비결은 그들의 다양화된 음식이었다.
2 농부들은 매우 제한되고 불균형한 음식을 섭취하는 경향이 있다.
3 특히 전근대기에, 농업 인구가 섭취하는 칼로리의 대부분은 밀, 감자, 또는 쌀과 같은 인간에게 필요한 비타민, 미네랄, 그리고 다른 영양 성분들 중 일부가 부족한 단일 농작물로부터 왔다.
4 전통적인 중국의 전형적인 농부는 아침, 점심, 저녁으로 쌀을 먹었다.
5 만약 그 농부가 운이 좋다면, 그 사람은 다음날에도 같은 것을 먹을 것이라고 기대할 수 있었다.
6 대조적으로 고대 수렵 채집 생활인들은 수십 가지의 다양한 음식물을 규칙적으로 먹었다.
7 농부의 고대 조상인 수렵 채집 생활인은 아마도 아침으로 산딸기와 버섯을, 점심으로 과일과 달팽이를, 저녁으로 달래를 곁들인 토끼 고기 스테이크를 먹었을 것이다.
8 내일의 메뉴는 완전히 달랐을지도 모른다.
9 이러한 다양성은 고대 수렵 채집 생활인들이 필요로 하는 모든 영양소를 얻는 것을 보장해 주었다.
1 Some companies provide their employees with cafeteria incentive programs.
2 The term cafeteria is used because choices are similar to those in a cafeteria, in which a diner proceeds down the line and chooses those foods that he or she would like and leaves the others.
3 Cafeteria incentives take a variety of forms.
4 In many cases, the company will put aside a pool of money that each individual can spend on these options, such as $3,000 annually.
5 Then, if one person has a family with two small children and wants to use some of this money for a child-care program, the costs are automatically deducted from that employee's pool of money.
6 Another individual might purchase additional life insurance or medical coverage to meet his or her specific needs.
7 At Lincoln Electric, for example, all payments for worker medical insurance come from the bonus pool.
8 The employees decide what type of coverage they want and the cost is deducted from their bonus.
1 몇몇 회사들은 직원들에게 카페테리아 장려금 프로그램을 제공한다.
2 '카페테리아'라는 용어는 선택이 카페테리아에서의 선택과 유사하기 때문에 사용되는데, 그곳에서는 식사하는 사람이 줄을 따라가면서 자신이 원하는 음식을 고르고 다른 것들은 두고 간다.
3 카페테리아 장려금은 다양한 형태를 취한다.
4 많은 경우에, 회사는 각 개인이 이러한 선택 사항들에 쓸 수 있는, 예를 들어 연간 3,000달러와 같은 이용 가능 자금을 따로 떼어놓을 것이다.
5 그러면, 만약 어떤 사람이 두 명의 어린 자녀가 있는 가족을 두고 있고 이 돈의 일부를 보육 프로그램에 쓰기를 원한다면, 그 비용은 자동적으로 그 직원의 이용 가능 자금에서 공제된다.
6 또 다른 개인은 자신의 특정한 필요를 충족하기 위해서 추가적인 생명 보험이나 의료 보장을 구매할 수도 있다.
7 예를 들어, Lincoln Electric에서는 직원 의료 보험을 위한 모든 비용이 장려금에서 나온다.
8 직원들은 그들이 어떤 유형의 보장을 원하는지를 결정하고, 그 비용은 그들의 장려금에서 공제된다.
