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1833-18::Your students could miss class for a number of reasons. Whether it's for an extended holiday, flu season, or an injury, EdAll is your insurance for any situation. On EdAll, students can check out assignments and lessons you post at any time. They can stay on track with what you're teaching and jump right back in when they return. No more preparing special materials for absent students! Simply visit www.edall.edu and sign up for a free account to take full advantage of all it has to offer, and get your students onto EdAll so they can stay involved.::여러분의 학생들은 여러 이유로 수업에 결석할 수 있습니다. 그것이 연장된 휴가 때문이든, 독감 철 때문이든, 부상 때문이든, EdAll은 어떤 상황에서도 여러분의 보험입니다. 학생들은 어느 때라도 EdAll에서 여러분이 올려놓은 과제와 수업을 확인할 수 있습니다. 학생들은 여러분이 가르치고 있는 것을 계속 따라갈 수 있고 학교로 복귀할 때 제자리로 바로 돌아올 수 있습니다. 더 이상 결석생들을 위한 특별 자료를 준비할 필요가 없습니다! 그저 www.edall.edu에 방문하여 무료 계정을 신청하셔서, 그 사이트에서 제공할 모든 것을 충분히 이용하시고, 여러분의 학생들이 계속 참여 할 수 있도록 EdAll로 데려오십시오.

1833-19::There was a flash of movement in the window. Richard slowly began to step backwards. Quickly he opened the closet and went inside closing the door behind him. Heavy footsteps began to advance towards the room. Richard's throat was dry, and his mind was racing out of control. Staring out into the room, Richard felt his heart pounding harder than it had ever pounded before. There now standing in the room, the same room Richard was in, was a man so hideous; it took his breath away. Suddenly the man began sniffing around the room. Richard knew he was about to be discovered. His heart began to pound faster.::창문에 순간적인 움직임이 있었다. Richard는 천천히 뒷걸음질하기 시작했다. 재빨리 그는 벽장을 열고 안에 들어가 문을 닫았다. 육중한 발소리가 방을 향하여 다가오기 시작했다. Richard는 목이 바싹 말랐고, 그의 마음은 걷잡을 수 없이 내달리고 있었다. 방 안 쪽을 노려보면서, Richard는 심장이 이제까지 뛰었던 것보다 더 격하게 뛰는 것을 느꼈다. 지금 Richard가 있는 바로 그 방에, 너무도 흉측한 남자가 서 있어서 그는 숨이 막혔다. 갑자기 그 남자는 코를 킁킁거리며 방 안을 돌아다니기 시작했다. Richard는 자신이 곧 발견되리라는 것을 알았다. 그의 심장은 더 빠르게 쿵 쾅거리기 시작했다.

1833-20::What is your goal in writing a particular paper or giving a talk or doing a poster? You should be able to state this goal in one sentence. For example, one of Bob's first papers as a psychology student was written to show that individual differences in children's intelligence could not be explained by genetic factors alone. Sure, he reviewed the literature on inheritance of intelligence. And of course he reviewed the literature on environmental effects on intelligence. But he had no thesis. Good papers do not merely review literature and then say something like "there are many different points of view, all of which have something useful to say." When you communicate via a paper, talk, or poster, be clear about what you want to show, and show it.::특정한 논문을 쓰거나 강연하거나 포스터를 제작할 때에, 여러분의 목표는 무엇인가? 여러분은 이 목표를 한 문장으로 진술할 수 있어야만 한다. 예를 들어, 심리학도 Bob이 처음 쓴 논문들 중 한 편은 아동 지능의 개인차가 유전적 요인들만으로 설명될 수 없다는 것을 보여 주기 위해서 작성되었다. 물론 그는 지능의 유전에 관한 문헌을 검토했다. 그리고 당연히 지능에 대한 환경의 영향에 관한 문헌도 검토했다. 그러나 그에게는 논지가 없었다. 좋은 논문은 단지 문헌을 검토 하고 난 후 "많은 다른 관점들이 있고, 그 모든 관점들은 유용한 무언가를 말하고 있다"와 같은 말을 하지 않는다. 논문, 강연, 혹은 포스터를 통해서 의사소통할 때 여러분이 보여 주고자 하는 것을 분명히 하고, 그것을 보여 줘라.

1833-21::Plant and animal species are so diverse that the old saying "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" could be the perfect slogan for nature's bounty. It's easy for most people to see the breathtaking beauty found in the brightly colored wings of butterflies, a field of blooming wildflowers, or a forest of hardwood trees in their autumn glory. But what about snails and their trails of slime, rats with yellow teeth, or spiders that look like fierce aliens? These species are beautiful in their own right — just not in a traditional sense. Recognition of their unique beauty may require setting aside any preconceptions — or misconceptions — people may have about fungi, insects, or reptiles. People seem to be hardwired to see warm and fuzzy mammals as cute, while often lacking this innate and immediate attraction to the coldblooded, eight-legged, or egg-laying members of the animal kingdom. Yet beauty is in no short supply among these animals.::동식물 종은 매우 다양해서 "아름다움은 보는 사람의 눈에 있다"라는 옛말이 자연의 풍요로움에 대한 완벽한 표어가 될 수 있다. 밝은 색의 날개를 지닌 나비, 야생화가 만발한 들판, 혹은 가을에 장관인 활엽수림에서 발견되는 놀라운 아름다움을 보는 것은 대부분의 사람들에게는 쉬운 일이다. 그런데 달팽이와 그것의 점액 자국, 이빨이 누런 쥐, 혹은 사나운 외계인처럼 보이는 거미는 어떤가? 전통적인 의미에서 그렇지 않을 뿐, 이러한 종들은 그 자체로 아름답다. 그것들의 고유한 아름다움을 알아보려면 균류, 곤충류, 혹은 파충류에 대해 사람들이 가질지 모르는 어떤 편견이라도 (혹은 오해라도) 내려놓아야 할지도 모른다. 사람들은 따뜻하고 털이 보송보송한 포유류를 귀엽게 보도록 타고난 것 같지만, 보통 이러한 내재적이고 즉각적인 끌림은 냉혈이거나 다리가 여덟 개이거나 알을 낳는 동물 왕국의 구성원들에 대해서는 없다. 그러나 아름다움은 이런 동물들 사이에서 결코 부족하지 않다.

1833-22::During the last two decades many developing countries have joined the global tourism market as part of globalization processes and the fall of the Iron Curtain. These countries had suffered from negative public and media image which made it challenging for them to compete over tourists with countries with strong and familiar brands. In this global era, a problematic image is a major obstacle in attracting tourists, high-quality residents and investors. However, in the case of destinations suffering from prolonged image crises, it seems almost unrealistic to expect any target audience to visit a destination and "put aside" these long-lasting negative images and stereotypes, just because of an advertising campaign or other promotional effort. Tackling prolonged negative place images is crucial for developing tourism in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Asia. Although these destinations differ greatly, in the eyes of many potential tourists they all suffer from weak place images, negative stereotypes and problematic perceptions.::지난 20년 동안 많은 개발 도상국들이 세계화 과정과 철의 장막 몰락의 일환으로 세계 관광 시장에 참여 해왔다. 이러한 나라들은 강력하고 친숙한 브랜드를 가진 나라들과 관광객을 놓고 경쟁하는 것을 어렵게 만드는 대중과 미디어의 부정적 이미지 때문에 어려움을 겪었다. 이 세계화의 시대에, 문제가 있다는 이미지는 관광객과 수준 높은 거주자 그리고 투자자들을 끌어들이는 데 주된 장애물이다. 그러나 지속적인 이미지의 위기로 어려움을 겪는 여행지의 경우, 어떤 광고 대상자가 단지 광고 홍보 혹은 다른 홍보 노력 때문에 여행지를 방문하고 이러한 오래 지속된 부정적 이미지와 고정관념을 '무시할' 것으로 기대하는 것은 거의 비현실적인 것 같다. 지속적인 부정적 장소 이미지를 해결하는 것이 아프리카, 중동, 라틴 아메리카, 동유럽, 그리고 아시아에서 관광을 발전시키는 데 매우 중요하다. 이러한 여행지들은 상당히 다름에도 불구하고, 많은 잠재적 관광객들이 볼 때, 그것들 모두 취약한 장소 이미지, 부정적 고정관념, 그리고 문제가 있다는 인식으로 어려움을 겪는다.

1833-23::With the general accessibility of photocopiers in student libraries, students tend to copy the relevant material for later use. In such cases the students are not always selective about what they copy. Often useless material is gathered that may seem important at the time but does not seem so in their study room on the night before an exam or essay due date. In addition, when most people photocopy material from books, they feel as if they have actually accomplished something. After all, a few photocopied pages in their notebook now represent information that used to be in a big, thick book. The reality of the situation is that nothing significant has been accomplished yet. The student only has the information in a transportable form. He or she has not learned anything from the material. The information content of the photocopied sheets is just as foreign as if it had been left on the library shelf.::학생 도서관에서 누구나 복사기를 사용할 수 있어서 학생들은 나중에 사용하기 위한 관련 자료를 복사하는 경향이 있다. 그러한 경우 학생들이 무엇을 복사할지 항상 선별하는 것은 아니다. 그 당시에는 중요해 보일 수 있지만 시험이나 에세이 마감 전날 밤에 공부방에서 보면 그렇게 보이지 않는 불필요한 자료가 쌓이는 일이 자주 있다. 게다가, 사람들 대다수가 책에서 자료를 복사할 때, 그들은 마치 무언가를 실제로 성취한 것처럼 느낀다. 하지만 그들의 공책에 있는 몇 장의 복사된 페이지들이 이제는 크고 두꺼운 책에 있던 정보를 대표한다. 그 상황의 현실은 중요한 어떤 것도 아직 성취되지 않았다는 것이다. 그 학생은 단지 정보를 운반 가능한 형태로 소유할 뿐이다. 그 학생은 그 자료로부터 아무것도 배우지 않았다. 복사된 종이에 있는 정보 내용은 그것이 도서관 책꽂이에 놓여 있었던 것만큼 생소할 뿐이다. 

1833-24::The above graph shows how the United States managed solid waste compared to five European nations in 2011. The United States had lower percentages of "Recycling or composting" and "Energy from waste," and a higher percentage of "Landfilled" than the five European nations. Burying solid waste in landfills was the most commonly used solid waste management technique in the United States, accounting for 69 percent of total solid waste disposal. On the other hand, "Landfilled" took up zero (or statistically insignificant) percent in Germany, the Netherlands and Austria, and just 1 percent in Belgium and Sweden respectively. Among the five European nations, Austria recorded the lowest percentage of "Energy from waste," which wasn't more than five times that of the United States. The United States recycled or composted about a quarter of its total solid waste, but Sweden recycled or composted half of its total solid waste.::위의 그래프는 2011년에 유럽 5개국과 비교해서 미국이 고체 폐기물을 어떻게 처리했는지를 보여 준다. 미국은 유럽 5개국보다 '재활용 또는 퇴비화'와 '폐기물 에너지화' 비율이 더 낮았고, '매립' 비율이 더 높았다. 매립지에 고체 폐기물을 묻는 것은 미국에서 가장 흔히 사용되는 고체 폐기물 처리 기법이었는데, 전체 고체 폐기물 처리의 69퍼센트를 차지했다. 반면, '매립'은 독일, 네덜란드, 그리고 오스트리아에서 0(즉 통계적으로 무의미한) 퍼센트를, 그리고 벨기에와 스웨덴에서는 각각 1퍼센트만 차지했다. 오스트리아는 유럽 5개국 가운데 가장 낮은 '폐기물 에너지화' 비율을 기록했는데, 그것은 미국의 5배가 넘지 않았다. 미국은 전체 고체 폐기물의 약 4분의 1을 재활용하거나 퇴비화했지만, 스웨덴은 전체 고체 폐기물의 절반을 재활용하거나 퇴비화했다.

1833-25::Jacqueline Cochran was raised by foster parents in a poor town in Florida. When she was about eight years old, the family moved to Columbus, Georgia, where she worked 12 hours a day in a factory. Her formal education lasted only two years; she learned to read and write on her own. In 1932 she met her future husband, Floyd Odlum, who encouraged her to learn to fly. Cochran loved flying and participated in many air races. Before World War II, she volunteered her services to the Royal Air Force. She recruited qualified women pilots in the United States and took them to England where they joined the air force. After the war, Cochran set more than 200 flight records in her career. In 1953, she became the first woman pilot to break the sound barrier. Additionally, she was the first female to pilot a jet across the Atlantic.::Jacqueline Cochran은 Florida주의 가난한 도시에서 위탁 부모 밑에서 자랐다. 그녀가 8살쯤 되었을 때, 그 가족은 Georgia주의 Columbus로 이주했는데, 그곳에 서 그녀는 하루에 12시간씩 공장에서 일했다. 그녀의 정규 교육은 2년밖에 지속되지 않았고, 그녀는 읽고 쓰는 법을 독학했다. 1932년에 그녀는 장차 자신의 남편이 될 Floyd Odlum을 만났는데, 그는 그녀에게 비행기 조종을 배우도록 격려했다. Cochran은 비행을 좋아했고 많은 비행 경주에 참가했다. 제2차 세계 대전 이전에, 그녀는 영국 공군에 자원입대했다. 그녀는 자격을 갖춘 여성 조종사들을 미국에서 모집하여 영국으로 데려갔는데 거기에서 그들은 그 공군[영국 공군]에 입대했다. 전쟁이 끝난 후에 Cochran은 경력에서 200건이 넘는 비행 기록을 세웠다. 1953년에 그녀는 음속 장벽을 깬 최초의 여성 조종사가 되었다. 또한 그녀는 제트기를 조종하여 대서양을 횡단한 최초의 여성이었다.

1833-28::The repairman is called in when the smooth operation of our world has been disrupted, and at such moments our dependence on things normally taken for granted (for example, a toilet that flushes) is brought to vivid awareness. For this very reason, the repairman's presence may make the narcissist uncomfortable. The problem isn't so much that he is dirty or the job is messy. Rather, he seems to pose a challenge to our self-understanding that is somehow fundamental. We're not as free and independent as we thought. Street-level work that disrupts the infrastructure (the sewer system below or the electrical grid above) brings our shared dependence into view. People may inhabit very different worlds even in the same city, according to their wealth or poverty. Yet we all live in the same physical reality, ultimately, and owe a common debt to the world.::우리가 사는 세상이 원활하게 돌아가지 않을 때 수리공을 부르게 되며, 그러한 순간에 우리가 보통 당연하게 여겼던 것들(예를 들어, 물이 내려가는 변기)에 대한 의존성을 분명히 인식하게 된다. 바로 이런 이유로 수리공이 있으면 자아도취자는 마음이 불편해질 수 있다. 그가 더럽다거나 작업이 지저분한 것은 그리 문제가 되지 않는다. 오히려, 그는 어쨌거나 뿌리 깊은 우리의 자기 인식에 도전하는 듯하다. 우리는 생각했던 것만큼 자유롭고 독립적이지 않다. 사회 기반 시설 (하부에 위치한 하수도 체계나 상부에 위치한 전력망)에 지장을 주는 거리(수준)의 작업은 우리가 '공유하는' 의존을 눈에 띄게 한다. 사람들은 자신의 부나 가난에 따라 심지어 같은 도시에서도 매우 다른 세상에서 살 수 있다. 하지만 우리 모두는 궁극적으로 같은 물리적 현실 속에서 살고 있으며, 세상에 공통의 빚을 지고 있다. 

1833-29::The old maxim "I'll sleep when I'm dead" is unfortunate. Adopt this mindset, and you will be dead sooner and the quality of that life will be worse. The elastic band of sleep deprivation can stretch only so far before it snaps. Sadly, human beings are in fact the only species that will deliberately deprive themselves of sleep without legitimate gain. Every component of wellness, and countless seams of societal fabric, are being eroded by our costly state of sleep neglect:human and financial alike. So much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has now declared a sleep loss epidemic throughout industrialized nations. It is no coincidence that countries where sleep time has declined most dramatically over the past century, such as the US, the UK, Japan, and South Korea, and several in Western Europe, are also those suffering the greatest increase in rates of physical diseases and mental disorders.::잠은 죽어서나 자는 것이다.라는 옛 격언은 유감스럽다. 이런 사고방식을 가지면, 여러분은 더 빨리 죽게 될 것이고 그 삶의 질은 더 나빠질 것이다. 수면 부족 이라는 고무 밴드는 그것이 끊어지기 전까지만 늘어날 수 있다. 안타깝게도, 인간은 사실 합당한 이익 없이 의도적으로 잠을 자제하는 유일한 종이다. 건강의 모든 요소와 사회 구조의 수많은 이음매는 인간적 측면과 재정적 측면 둘 다 손실이 큰 우리의 수면 무시 상태로 인해 약화되고 있다. 이제는 세계 보건 기구 (WHO)에서 산업화된 나라 전역에 수면 부족 유행병을 선포할 정도였다. 미국, 영국, 일본, 한국, 그리고 몇몇 서유럽 국가들과 같은, 지난 세기에 걸쳐 수면 시간이 가장 급격하게 감소한 국가들이 또한 신체 질환과 정신 질환 비율에서 가장 많은 증가를 겪고 있는 국가들이라는 것은 우연의 일치가 아니다. 

1833-30::Jack closed his eyes and took a deep breath. Then Dr. Davis showed up and plugged in his saw. Jack didn't know if he was curious or just scared, but he had to watch as the blade spun toward his arm. The high-pitched scream filled the small room and bounced off the cement block walls. He flinched to cover his ears, but Dr. Davis said, "Jack, hold still now. This'll only take a minute." Plaster dust sprayed up like a rooster tail as the saw sank into his cast. He ignored the dust flying and stared without blinking while Dr. Davis moved the blade up and down his arm, cutting deeper and deeper until the tension of the cast released. Slowly and skillfully, Dr. Davis moved the blade close to Jack's pale skin as he cut the last bits of fiber that still held. Finally, the cast popped apart. Jack's flattened arm hairs tried to stand on end as air rushed around them for the first time in weeks.::Jack은 눈을 감고 깊은 숨을 쉬었다. 그때 Davis 선생님이 나타나서 톱에 전원을 연결했다. Jack은 궁금한 건지 아니면 단지 겁이 나는 건지 몰랐지만, 톱날이 그의 팔 쪽으로 돌아갈 때 그는 지켜볼 수밖에 없었다. 아주 높은 날카로운 소리가 작은 방을 가득 채우고 시멘트 블록 벽에 튕겨 나왔다. 그는 귀를 막으려고 몸을 움찔했는데 Davis 선생님이 "Jack, 지금은 가만히 있어. 잠깐이면 될 거야"라고 말했다. 톱이 그의 깁스를 파고 들어올 때 석고 가루가 수탉의 꼬리처럼 뿜어져 올랐다. Davis 선생님이 그의 팔 위아래로 톱날을 움직여 깁스의 압력이 풀릴 때까지 점점 더 깊이 자르는 동안, 그는 먼지가 날리는 것을 무시하고 눈도 깜빡이지 않고 쳐다보았다. 천천히 그리고 능숙하게, Davis 선생님은 Jack의 창백한 피부 가까이로 톱날을 움직였고, 그는 여전히 붙어 있던 마지막 섬유 조각을 잘라냈다. 마침내 깁스가 쩍 하고 갈라졌다. Jack의 팔의 눌려 있던 털 주변으로 몇 주 만에 처음으로 공기가 훅 들어오자 눌려 있던 팔의 털이 똑바로 일어서려고 했다. 

1833-31::It is important to note that the primary goal of the professional athlete as well as many adults — winning — is far less important to children. In one of our own studies, we found that teams' won-lost records had nothing to do with how much young athletes liked their coaches or with their desire to play for the same coaches again. Interestingly, however, success of the team was related to how much the children thought their parents liked their coaches. The children also felt that the won-lost record influenced how much their coaches liked them. It appears that, even at very young ages, children begin to tune in to the adult emphasis on winning, even though they do not yet share it themselves. What children do share is a desire to have fun!::많은 어른들뿐만 아니라 프로 선수들의 주된 목표인 승리가 아이들에게는 훨씬 덜 중요하다는 점을 주목하는 것이 중요하다. 우리가 실시한 한 연구에서, 우리는 팀의 승패 기록이 자신의 코치를 어린 선수들이 얼마나 좋아하는지 또는 같은 코치를 위해 다시 경기하고자 하는 어린 선수들의 바람과는 아무런 관계가 없다는 것을 발견했다. 하지만 흥미롭게도, 그 팀의 성공은 아이들이 생각하기에 자신의 코치를 부모가 얼마나 마음에 들어 하는 지와 관련이 있었다. 아이들은 승패 기록이 코치가 자기를 얼마나 좋아하는지에 영향을 미친다고도 느꼈다. 아이들은 아직 스스로 그것을 공유하고 있지는 않지만, 매우 어린 나이에도 이기는 것에 대한 어른의 강조와 주파수를 맞추기 시작하는 것 같다. 아이들이 정말 공유하는 것은 재미있게 놀고 싶어 하는 열망이다! 

1833-32::Sculpture in a public place is the emotional and aesthetic focal point of the elements in the surrounding environment. Any environment is unique with the diversity of its component elements, the connections between them and their appearance as a complete structure. This preliminary structural analysis and acquaintance with the site chosen for the sculpture is compulsory before working on its design; it is a requirement for successful integration in the specific space. The proper understanding of the spatial characteristics of the elements, making up the whole multitude, as well as of the structural links between the constituent elements of this specific microcosm are preconditions for satisfactory design and an adequate sculptural solution. Contrary to the mechanical adding of one more element to the multitude, it is better to "weave" something more into the context of the existing structure.::공공장소의 조형물은 주위 환경에 있는 요소들의 정서적이고 심미적 중심이다. 어떤 환경이건 그 구성 요소들의 다양성, 그 구성 요소들 사이의 연관성, 그리고 완전한 구조물로서 그것들의 모습을 갖추어 고유하다. 이러한 예비적인 구조적 분석과 조형물을 위해 선정된 장소에 대한 앎은 설계 작업에 들어가기 전에 필수적인데, 그것은 특정 장소에의 성공적인 통합을 위한 요건이다. 이 특정한 작은 세계의 구성 요소들 사이의 구조적 연결뿐만 아니라 총체를 구성하는 요소들의 공간적 특징에 대한 적절한 이해는 만족스러운 설계와 적절한 조형물을 통한 해법을 위한 전제 조건이다. 다수로 이루어진 것에 하나의 요소를 기계적으로 덧붙이는 것과 달리, 기존 구조의 맥락 안에 무언가를 더 '엮어 넣는' 것이 더 낫다. 

1833-33::Typically an individual cannot accurately assess the gains and costs likely to occur in social interactions. Even the intrinsic satisfactions associated with the individual's own behaviors may turn sour if the other person somehow does the wrong thing. For example, a person may derive intrinsic satisfaction from helping others;. So if the recipient reciprocates favor for favor, both intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction derive from the profitable interaction. However, the recipient may ignore or even resent the good-intended gesture as patronizing and may verbally abuse the favor doer, thereby increasing the costs, perhaps spoiling the intrinsic satisfaction (gain) of the behavior, and hence leaving the favor doer with a net loss for the interaction. The consequences of interaction can be difficult to foresee because they depend as much on the behavior of others as on oneself.::일반적으로 사람은 사회적 상호 작용에서 발생할지 모르는 이익과 손실을 정확하게 평가할 수 없다. 심지어 그 사람 자신의 행동과 연관된 내적 만족감조차도 상대방이 어떤 방식으로든 잘못된 행동을 한다면 상해 버릴 수 있다. 예를 들어, 어떤 사람은 다른 사람을 돕는 것으로부터 내적 만족감을 얻을 수 있다. 그래서 (도움을) 받는 사람이 호의를 호의로 보답한다면, 그 유익한 상호 작용으로부터 내적 만족과 외적 만족이 둘 다 나온다. 하지만, (도움을) 받는 사람이 그 우호 적인 제스처를 생색내는 것으로 여겨 무시하거나 심지어 괘씸하게 생각해서 호의를 베푸는 사람에게 말을 심하게 함으로써 그 결과로 손실을 증가시키고 어쩌면 그 행동에 대한 내적 만족(이익)을 망쳐버렸기 때문에, 이런 이유로 호의를 베푸는 사람에게 그 상호 작용에 대한 순손실을 남길 수도 있다. 상호 작용의 결과는 자기 자신에 따라 달라지는 만큼이나 상대방의 행동에 따라 달라지기 때문에 예견하기 어려울 수 있다. 

1833-34::Audiences appreciate aha moments so much that they also enjoy simply expecting them, even if the moment never comes. Somebody can enjoy a long book or television show that offers no answer for hours and hours if the genre itself promises a resolution. When the popular, mystic television show Lost ended, many fans erupted in indignation that the show-runners failed to resolve the series' many puzzles. This deprived careful viewers of the final aha moment that they thought they'd been promised. Some people surely felt like they'd wasted weeks, even months, of their lives waiting for answers. But their final disappointment didn't retroactively change the sincere thrill they'd felt throughout the series. Lost was a monster hit for many years because audiences enjoyed the experience of anticipating answers, even though the writers were just stockpiling riddles without resolutions. Many people will put themselves through quite a bit of anguish if they expect fluent resolution at the end.::관객들은 궁금증이 해소되는 순간('아하'하는 순간) 의 진가를 너무나 잘 알기에 설사 그 순간이 결코 오지 않더라도 그것을 단순히 '기대하는 것'을 또한 즐긴다. 어떤 이는 장르 자체가 해답을 약속하면 오랜 시간 답을 주지 않는 장편의 책이나 긴 텔레비전 프로그램을 즐길 수 있다. 신비한 내용을 다루는 인기 있는 텔레비전 프로그램인 'Lost'가 종영했을 때, 많은 팬들은 드라마 책임자들이 그 시리즈물의 많은 의문들을 해소해 주지 못했다고 분개하여 폭발했다. 이것은 주의 깊게 지켜보던 시청자들에게서 그들에게 약속되었다고 생각했던 마지막 궁금증이 해소되는 순간을 빼앗아 버린 것이었다. 몇몇 사람들은 답을 기다리며 그들 인생의 여러 주, 심지어 여러 달을 낭비했다고 정말로 느꼈다. 하지만 그들이 마지막에 느낀 실망이 시간을 거슬러 가서 그들이 그 시리즈 내내 느꼈던 진정한 흥분을 바꾸지는 않았다. 작가들이 해답 없이 수수께끼를 쌓아 두기만 하고 있었음에도 불구하고, 시청자들은 해답을 기대하는 경험을 즐겼기 때문에 'Lost'는 여러 해 동안 대히트를 쳤다. 마지막에 속 시원한 해답을 기대하면 많은 사람들은 스스로 상당한 괴로움을 감내하기 마련이다. 

1833-35::Reading is a technology for perspective-taking. When someone else's thoughts are in your head, you are observing the world from that person's vantage point. Not only are you taking in sights and sounds that you could not experience firsthand, but you have stepped inside that person's mind and are temporarily sharing his or her attitudes and reactions. Empathy in the sense of adopting someone's viewpoint is not the same as empathy in the sense of feeling compassion toward the person, but the first can lead to the second by a natural route. Stepping into someone else's vantage point reminds you that the other fellow has a first-person, present-tense, ongoing stream of consciousness that is very much like your own but not the same as your own. It's not a big leap to suppose that the habit of reading other people's words could put one in the habit of entering other people's minds, including their pleasures and pains.::독서는 관점 취하기를 위한 기술이다. 다른 사람의 생각이 여러분의 머릿속에 있을 때, 여러분은 그 사람의 관점에서 세상을 보고 있는 것이다. 여러분이 직접 경험할 수 없는 장면과 소리를 접하고 있을 뿐 아니라, 그 사람의 마음속으로 들어가서 잠시나마 그 사람 의 태도와 반응을 공유하고 있는 것이다. 다른 사람의 관점을 취한다는 의미의 '공감'은 그 사람을 향한 연민을 느낀다는 의미의 '공감'과는 같지 않지만, 전자는 자연스런 경로로 후자로 이어질 수 있다. 다른 누군가의 관점으로 발을 들여 놓는 것은 그 사람이 여러분과 매우 흡사하지만 똑같지는 않은 1인칭의, 현재 시제의, 지속적인 의식의 흐름을 갖고 있다는 사실을 상기시킨다. 다른 사람의 글을 읽는 습관이 그 사람의 기쁨과 고통을 포함하여 다른 사람의 마음으로 들어가는 습관을 길러 줄 수 있다고 생각하는 것은 지나친 비약이 아니다. 

1833-36::Land is always a scarce resource in urban development;. High building density, by providing more built-up space on individual sites, can maximize the utilization of the scarce urban land. High building density, therefore, helps to reduce the pressure to develop open spaces and releases more land for communal facilities and services to improve the quality of urban living. However, some people argue that the opposite is also true. In order to achieve high building density, massive high-rise buildings are inevitable, and these massive structures, crammed into small sites, can conversely result in very little open space and a congested city-scape. This may happen when high-density development is carried out without planning. Therefore, in order to avoid the negative impacts of high density, thorough planning and appropriate density control are essential.::토지는 도시 개발에 있어 항상 희소 자원이다. 높은 건축 밀도는, 개별 부지에 더 많은 건물 밀집 공간을 제공함으로써, 부족한 도시 토지의 활용을 극대화할 수 있다. 그러므로, 높은 건축 밀도는 공지(空地)를 개발하라는 압력을 줄이도록 돕고, 도시 생활의 질을 높이기 위해 공용 시설과 서비스를 위한 토지를 더 많이 풀어 준다. 하지만, 어떤 사람들은 그 반대의 경우도 사실이라고 주장한다. 높은 건축 밀도를 얻기 위해서는 거대한 고층 건물이 불가피하며, 작은 부지로 밀어 넣은 이런 거대한 구조물은 역으로 매우 적은 공지와 혼잡한 도시 경관을 야기한다. 이는 계획 없이 고밀도 개발을 수행하는 경우에 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 고밀도의 부정적 영향을 방지하기 위해서는 철저한 계획과 적절한 밀도 제어가 필수적이다. 

1833-37::Music is a specialized branch of learning, at least as it applies to the musician. While we might expect that members of society who take part in singing only as members of a larger group may learn their music through imitation, musicianship, seen as a special skill, usually requires more directed learning. It may be added that in any society an individual learns only a small portion of his cultural habits by free trial-and-error, for in this way he would learn only those habits which were most rewarding to him and to him alone. Such indiscriminate and selfish learning cannot be allowed by society; the individual must learn behavior which is specified in the culture as being correct or best. Such behavior is, of course, the result of the learning process as carried on by previous generations. Behaviors which are successful have persisted in the form of customs, while those which are unsuccessful have suffered extinction. This accumulation of adaptive habits is passed on to the child; he does not simply learn through imitation how to get along in the world; rather, he is enculturated.::음악은 학습의 전문적인 한 분야이고, 최소한 음악가에게 그렇게 적용된다. 우리는 오직 더 큰 집단의 구성원으로서 노래 부르기에 참가하는 사회의 구성원들이 모방을 통해 그들의 음악을 배울 것으로 예상할 수도 있지만, 특별한 기술로 간주되는 음악적 기술은 대개 더 통제된 학습을 필요로 한다. 덧붙여 말하자면, 어떤 사회에서든 사람은 규칙에 얽매이지 않는 시행착오 학습을 통해서는 자신의 문화적 습관의 작은 부분만 배우게 되는데, 이러한 방식으로는 그에게, 그리고 그 자신에게만 가장 유익한 그러한 습관만을 배우게 되기 때문일 것이다. 이러한 마구잡이식이고 이기적인 학습은 사회에 의해 허용될 수 없는데, 사람은 바르거나 최선이라고 문화에 명시된 행동을 배워야 하기 때문이다. 물론 이러한 행동은 이전 세대들이 계속해 온 학습 과정의 결과이다. 성공적인 행동들은 관습의 형태로 존속해 왔고, 반면에 성공적이지 않은 행동들은 소멸을 겪어 왔다. 적응을 돕는 습관이 이렇게 축적되어 아이에게 전해지는데, 아이는 세상에서 살아가는 법을 단지 모방을 통해 배우는 것이 아니며, 그보다는 문화에 적응되는 것이다. 

1833-38::Recovering from a series of early failures, Edison regained his reputation as a great inventor, and electric wiring in the home gained wide acceptance. It wasn't that people necessarily became less fearful of electricity, but rather, as they became more familiar with it, they began to believe that the risks could be managed with some safety precautions. People began to accept the trade-off of the risk of accidental death from electricity for better and cheaper lighting and work-saving electrical appliances. They simultaneously experienced a lower risk of candle and gaslight fires. They even ignored a dying gaslight industry's warning to its few remaining customers that electric light projected a toxic ray that would turn their skin green and increase their death rate. This made-up claim was seen by the public as the scare tactic that it was, and they were unmoved. Gas lighting in homes soon disappeared, and the death rate from house fires decreased accordingly.::초기의 잇단 실패에서 회복한 후, 에디슨은 위대한 발명가로 자신의 명성을 되찾았고, 가정의 전기 배선은 널리 받아들여졌다. 그것은 사람들이 꼭 전기를 덜 무서워하게 되어서가 아니라, 그보다는 전기에 더 친숙해지면서, 몇 가지 안전 예방책을 통해 위험이 관리 될 수 있다고 믿기 시작했기 때문이었다. 사람들은 더 좋고 더 저렴한 조명 및 일을 줄여주는 가전제품과 전기로 인한 사고사의 위험과의 맞교환을 받아들이기 시작했다. 사람들은 동시에 양초와 가스등에 의한 화재 의 위험이 더 낮아지는 것을 경험했다. 그들은 심지어 쇠망해 가는 가스등 산업이 몇몇 남아 있는 그것의 고객들에게 하는, 피부를 녹색으로 변하게 하고 사망률을 높이는 유독성 광선을 전등이 방출한다는 경고도 무시했다. 이 조작된 주장은 대중들에게 겁주기 전술로 여겨졌고, 사실상 그러했으며, 사람들은 꿈쩍하지 않았다. 가정에서 가스 조명은 곧 사라졌고, 주택 화재로 인한 사망률도 그에 따라 낮아졌다. 

1833-39::In today's digital environment, appearing in the mainstream news is still an important way citizens can communicate with a broader community about events and issues. Journalists can provide credibility, status, and a guaranteed large audience that many citizens do not feel they can get any other way. However, to access those benefits, subjects must yield control to journalists over how their stories are told to the public. That is a big risk, since news stories have a great deal of credibility with their audiences: whether subjects themselves feel the news coverage is accurate or not, they will have to deal with the consequences of many people believing it. If news coverage portrays them as socially deviant or otherwise morally unfit, the resulting stigma can be profound and enduring. And yet for many potential subjects, cooperating with journalists is still a bargain worth striking. The benefits of addressing, or simply displaying oneself to, a large news audience can be so great that many subjects conclude they are worth the risks of being misrepresented.::오늘날의 디지털 환경에서, 주류 뉴스에 등장하는 것은 시민들이 사건과 이슈에 관해 더 광범위한 공동체와 소통할 수 있는 여전히 중요한 방법이다. 기자들은 많은 시민들이 다른 어떤 방법으로도 얻을 수 없다고 느끼는 신뢰성, 지위, 보장된 많은 독자를 제공할 수 있다. 하지만, 그런 혜택을 얻기 위해, 취재 대상들은 자신들의 이야기가 대중에게 전달되는 방식에 대해서 기자들에게 통제권을 양도해야 한다. 뉴스 기사가 독자에게 엄청난 신뢰를 받고 있기 때문에, 그것은 큰 위험인데, 취재 대상 자신들이 뉴스 보도가 정확하다고 느끼든 그렇지 않든, 많은 사람들이 그 뉴스 보도를 믿는 것의 결과에 대처해야 할 것이다. 만약 뉴스 보도가 그들을 사회적으로 일탈했다거나 아니면 도덕적으로 부적절하다고 묘사하면, 그 결과로 생기는 오명은 심각하고 오래갈 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 많은 잠재적인 취재 대상[취재 대상이 될 가능성이 있는 사람]들에게 기자들과 협력하는 것은 여전히 해볼 가치가 있는 타협이다. 대규모 뉴스 독자에게 이야기하는 것, 혹은 그냥 자신을 보여 주기만 하는 것의 이점이 매우 클 수 있어서 많은 취재 대상은 자신들이 잘 못 표현될 위험을 감수할 가치가 있다고 결론을 내린다. 

1833-40::Major long-term threats to deep-sea fishes, as with all life on the planet, derive from trends of global climate change. Although deep-sea fishes are generally cold-water species, warming of the oceans itself may not be a direct threat. Many of the deep-sea fishes originated during the early Cretaceous when the deep sea was warm, and the Mediterranean Sea, which is warm down to a depth of over 5,000m, is populated by deep-sea fishes. On the other hand, substantial changes may be expected in ocean ecosystems over the next 100 years driven by an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and consequent ocean acidification resulting from burning of fossil fuels. Although the effects on deep-sea fishes are likely to be indirect through loss of coral habitats and changes in prey availability, larval stages of deep-sea fishes in the surface layers of the ocean may be directly affected by acidity.::지구상의 모든 생물체가 그렇듯이, 심해어류에 대한 장기간의 주요 위협은 지구 기후 변화의 추세에서 비롯된다. 심해어류가 일반적으로 냉수종이지만, 바다의 온난화 자체는 직접적인 위협이 아닐 수도 있다. 심해 어류 중 많은 수는 심해가 따뜻했던 백악기 초기에 나타났고, 5,000미터가 넘는 깊이까지 내려가도 따뜻한 지중해에는 심해어류가 다수 서식한다. 반면, 향후 100년 동안 해양 생태계에 상당한 변화가 예상될 수 있는데, 이는 화석 연료 연소로 발생한 용존 이산화 탄소(CO2)의 증가와 그 결과로 발생한 해양 산성화에 의해 일어난다. 산호초 서식지의 소실과 먹이 가용성의 변화를 통해서는 심해어류에 대한 영향이 간접적일 가능성이 높지만, 바다의 표층에 있는 유생 단계의 심해어류는 산도(酸度)에 직접 영향을 받을 수 있다. 

1833-4142::Alex Pentland's Human Dynamics Laboratory at MIT investigated a huge Bank of America call center where the emphasis was on productivity; reducing the average call handle time at that one call center by just 5 percent would save the company $1 million a year. The bank grouped employees into teams of about twenty, but they didn't interact much, in part because their work was entirely solitary, sitting in a cubicle with a phone and a computer. They were unlikely to run into each other very often anyway because the bank staggered break times in order to keep staffing levels steady. Here was a team that barely justified the term. Yet the members did interact a bit, and when Pentland asked them to wear the sociometric badges for six weeks, he found that the best predictor of team productivity was how much the members interacted in the little time they had, and what he calls "engagement," the degree to which all team members were involved in the interaction. So Pentland proposed that managers try an experiment:Give a whole twenty-person team their coffee break at the same time. In a call center of over 3,000 employees, it was easy to shift others' breaks to maintain service. The result was that group members interacted more, though it still wasn't much; more of them were involved in the interaction; and productivity rocketed. The effects were so clear that the bank switched to team-based breaks at all its call centers, estimating the move would save $15 million a year.::MIT에 있는 Alex Pentland의 인간 역학 실험실은 생산성에 주안점을 두고 있던 Bank of America의 한 대규모 콜센터를 조사했고, 그 콜센터 한 곳에서 평균 업무 처리 통화 시간을 5%만 줄이면 회사는 연간 1백만 달러를 절약할 것으로 보았다. 그 은행은 직원을 20명 정도의 팀들로 조직했지만, 그들은 부분적으로는 자신들의 업무가 전화 한 대와 컴퓨터 한 대가 있는 칸막이가 설치된 작은 공간에 앉아 완전히 혼자서 이루어졌기 때문에 상호 작용을 별로 하지 않았다. 은행이 직원 배치 수준을 안정적으로 유지하기 위해 쉬는 시간을 서로 엇갈리게 했기 때문에, 어쨌든 그들이 매우 자주 서로 마주칠 가능성은 낮았다. (팀이라는) 그 용어를 거의 정당화하기 힘든 팀이 여기에 있었던 것이다. 하지만 팀원은 약간의 상호 작용을 하기는 했는데, Pentland가 6주 동안 그들에게 사회 관계성 측정 배지를 착용해 달라고 요청했을 때, 그는 팀 생산성의 가장 좋은 예측 변수는 팀원들이 자신들이 갖고 있는 매우 짧은 시간 동안 얼마나 많이 상호 작용을 하느냐는 것과, 팀의 모든 구성원들이 상호 작용에 참여하는 정도, 즉 그가 'engagement(상호 작용의 깊이)'라고 부르는 것이라는 것을 알아냈다. 그래서 Pentland는 관리자들이 20명의 팀원 모두에게 동시에 커피 휴식 시간을 주는 실험을 해볼 것을 제안했다. 3,000명이 넘는 직원들이 있는 콜센터에서 다른 사람의 쉬는 시간을 옮겨 서비스를 유지하는 것은 쉬웠다. 결과적으로, 여전히 많지는 않았지만 그룹 구성원들은 더 많이 상호 작용을 했고, 그 구성원들 중 더 많은 사람들이 상호 작용에 참여했으며, 생산성이 급증했다. 그 효과는 너무나 분명해서, 그 은행은 모든 콜센터에서 팀 기반 휴식 시간으로 전환하였고, 그 조치로 1년에 1,500만 달러를 절약할 수 있을 것으로 추산했다. 

1833-4345::One day, Grandma Wilson was out working in her yard when a neighbor walked by and stopped to admire the beautiful irises growing artfully along the edge of her vegetable garden. Grandma called them "flags" and took special pleasure in them because they bloomed faithfully year after year. The neighbor enjoyed the bright cheerfulness of the flags, too. She stopped at the edge of the yard that day as if on impulse. Would you be willing to sell me those flags? she asked. I surely do admire them. Grandma hesitated. I'll give you a dime for them, her neighbor continued. Grandma hesitated just a moment longer. She hated to part with her flowers, but a dime was a dime and she needed the money. You can't transplant them now, Grandma explained. Not until after they quit blooming. I know, the woman replied. Then she held out the dime. Oh, you can pay me when you come to get them, Grandma said. No, said the neighbor, "I'd better pay you now."So Grandma took the dime and thanked her, trying to still the regret rising in her heart. A few weeks passed and the blooms on the irises were fading. Grandma expected her neighbor to come any day and claim her purchase. She decided that the next time the woman walked by she would remind her to dig up her bulbs. One day, Grandma spotted her neighbor coming up the street. She was walking with one of her daughters, and they were absorbed in conversation. As they approached, Grandma heard the woman tell her daughter, "See these flowers? They're mine."What do you mean, they're yours? the daughter asked. I bought them, the woman said. 'Then why are they still in her yard?' the daughter asked. Oh, I couldn't take them away, her mother answered. She doesn't walk by our house. But I come by here every day. This way, we both can enjoy them. I don't have the time for working in a flower bed, but she takes mighty good care of them. She smiled at Grandma. I just wanted to own something that beautiful.::어느 날, Wilson 할머니가 뜰에서 일하느라 밖에 있을 때 한 이웃이 지나가다가 멈춰서 채소밭 가장 자리를 따라 보기 좋게 자라고 있는 아름다운 붓꽃을 감탄하며 지켜봤다. 할머니는 그 꽃들을 'flags'라고 불렀고 해마다 그 꽃들이 충실히 피기 때문에 그것들에게서 특별한 기쁨을 누렸다. 그 이웃 또한 밝고 기분 좋게 해 주는 그 꽃들을 보며 즐거워했다. 그녀는 그날 뜰 가장자리에서 마치 충동적인 것처럼 멈춰 섰다. '저 꽃들을 제게 파시겠어요?'라고 그녀가 물었다. 저는 정말 그 꽃들이 사랑스럽습니다. 할머니는 망설였다. '꽃값으로 10센트를 드리겠습니다'라고 그녀의 이웃이 계속해서 말했다. 할머니는 조금 더 망설였다. 그녀는 자신의 꽃과 작별하기 싫어했지만, 10센트는 10센트이고, 그녀에게는 그 돈이 필요했다. 지금은 옮겨 심을 수 없어요.라고 할머니가 설명했다. 꽃 피는 것이 끝나기 전까지는 말이죠. '알고 있습니다'라고 그 여자는 대답했다. 그러고 나서 그녀는 10센트를 내밀었다. 오, 댁이 꽃을 가지러 올 때 지불하면 돼요.라고 할머니는 말했다. '아니, 지금 돈을 드리는 게 낫겠습니다'라고 이웃은 말했다. 그래서 할머니는 10센트를 받고 감사의 말을 했지만 마음속에 떠오르는 후회를 가라앉히려고 노력했다. 몇 주가 지나고 붓꽃이 시들어가고 있었다. 할머니는 이웃이 언제든지 와서 자기가 산 것을 찾아가리라 예상했다. 그녀는 다음에 그 여자가 지나갈 때 꽃의 뿌리를 캐서 가져가라고 그녀에게 상기시켜 주겠다고 마음먹었다. 어느 날, 할머니는 길을 올라오는 이웃을 발견했다. 그녀는 자신의 딸들 중 한 명과 걷고 있었고 그들은 대화에 몰두하고 있었다. 그들이 다가오자 할머니는 그 여자가 자신의 딸에게 "이 꽃들 보이니? 내 거란다"라고 말하는 것을 들었다. '무슨 말이에요? 엄마 거라니요?'라고 딸이 물었다. 내가 샀단다.라고 그 여자는 말했다. 그럼 왜 아직 그녀의 뜰에 있는 거예요?라고 딸이 물었다. '아, 나는 가져올 수가 없었어'라고 그녀의 어머니가 대답했다. 그녀(할머니)는 우리 집 앞을 지나가지 않아. 하지만 난 매일 여기에 온단다. 이렇게 하면 우리 둘 다 꽃들을 즐길 수 있지. 나는 화단에서 일할 시간이 없지만 할머니는 꽃들을 아주 잘 돌보신단다. 그녀는 할머니에게 미소 지었다. 나는 그냥 저렇게 아름다운 걸 갖고 싶었을 뿐이란다.

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1803h3 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:59:26



1803H3-18
① Your students could miss class for a number of reasons.

② Whether it's for an extended holiday, flu season, or an injury, EdAll is your insurance for any situation.

③ On EdAll, students can check out assignments and lessons you post at any time.

④ They can stay on track with what you're teaching and jump right back in when they return.

⑤ No more preparing special materials for absent students!

⑥ Simply visit www.edall.edu and sign up for a free account to take full advantage of all it has to offer, and get your students onto EdAll so they can stay involved.


1803H3-19
① There was a flash of movement in the window.

② Richard slowly began to step backwards.

③ Quickly he opened the closet and went inside closing the door behind him.

④ Heavy footsteps began to advance towards the room.

⑤ Richard's throat was dry, and his mind was racing out of control.

⑥ Staring out into the room, Richard felt his heart pounding harder than it had ever pounded before.

⑦ There now standing in the room, the same room Richard was in, was a man so hideous; it took his breath away.

⑧ Suddenly the man began sniffing around the room.

⑨ Richard knew he was about to be discovered.

⑩ His heart began to pound faster.


1803H3-20
① What is your goal in writing a particular paper or giving a talk or doing a poster?

② You should be able to state this goal in one sentence.

③ For example, one of Bob's first papers as a psychology student was written to show that individual differences in children's intelligence could not be explained by genetic factors alone.

④ Sure, he reviewed the literature on inheritance of intelligence.

⑤ And of course he reviewed the literature on environmental effects on intelligence.

⑥ But he had no thesis.

⑦ Good papers do not merely review literature and then say something like "there are many different points of view, all of which have something useful to say."

⑧ When you communicate via a paper, talk, or poster, be clear about what you want to show, and show it.


1803H3-21
① Plant and animal species are so diverse that the old saying "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" could be the perfect slogan for nature's bounty.

② It's easy for most people to see the breathtaking beauty found in the brightly colored wings of butterflies, a field of blooming wildflowers, or a forest of hardwood trees in their autumn glory.

③ But what about snails and their trails of slime, rats with yellow teeth, or spiders that look like fierce aliens?

④ These species are beautiful in their own right — just not in a traditional sense.

⑤ Recognition of their unique beauty may require setting aside any preconceptions — or misconceptions — people may have about fungi, insects, or reptiles.

⑥ People seem to be hardwired to see warm and fuzzy mammals as cute, while often lacking this innate and immediate attraction to the coldblooded, eight-legged, or egg-laying members of the animal kingdom.

⑦ Yet beauty is in no short supply among these animals.


1803H3-22
① During the last two decades many developing countries have joined the global tourism market as part of globalization processes and the fall of the Iron Curtain.

② These countries had suffered from negative public and media image which made it challenging for them to compete over tourists with countries with strong and familiar brands.

③ In this global era, a problematic image is a major obstacle in attracting tourists, high-quality residents and investors.

④ However, in the case of destinations suffering from prolonged image crises, it seems almost unrealistic to expect any target audience to visit a destination and "put aside" these long-lasting negative images and stereotypes, just because of an advertising campaign or other promotional effort.

⑤ Tackling prolonged negative place images is crucial for developing tourism in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, Eastern Europe and Asia.

⑥ Although these destinations differ greatly, in the eyes of many potential tourists they all suffer from weak place images, negative stereotypes and problematic perceptions.


1803H3-23
① With the general accessibility of photocopiers in student libraries, students tend to copy the relevant material for later use.

② In such cases the students are not always selective about what they copy.

③ Often useless material is gathered that may seem important at the time but does not seem so in their study room on the night before an exam or essay due date.

④ In addition, when most people photocopy material from books, they feel as if they have actually accomplished something.

⑤ After all, a few photocopied pages in their notebook now represent information that used to be in a big, thick book.

⑥ The reality of the situation is that nothing significant has been accomplished yet.

⑦ The student only has the information in a transportable form.

⑧ He or she has not learned anything from the material.

⑨ The information content of the photocopied sheets is just as foreign as if it had been left on the library shelf.


1803H3-24
① The above graph shows how the United States managed solid waste compared to five European nations in 2011.

② The United States had lower percentages of "Recycling or composting" and "Energy from waste," and a higher percentage of "Landfilled" than the five European nations.

③ Burying solid waste in landfills was the most commonly used solid waste management technique in the United States, accounting for 69 percent of total solid waste disposal.

④ On the other hand, "Landfilled" took up zero (or statistically insignificant) percent in Germany, the Netherlands and Austria, and just 1 percent in Belgium and Sweden respectively.

⑤ Among the five European nations, Austria recorded the lowest percentage of "Energy from waste," which wasn't more than five times that of the United States.

⑥ The United States recycled or composted about a quarter of its total solid waste, but Sweden recycled or composted half of its total solid waste.


1803H3-25
① Jacqueline Cochran was raised by foster parents in a poor town in Florida.

② When she was about eight years old, the family moved to Columbus, Georgia, where she worked 12 hours a day in a factory.

③ Her formal education lasted only two years; she learned to read and write on her own.

④ In 1932 she met her future husband, Floyd Odlum, who encouraged her to learn to fly.

⑤ Cochran loved flying and participated in many air races.

⑥ Before World War II, she volunteered her services to the Royal Air Force.

⑦ She recruited qualified women pilots in the United States and took them to England where they joined the air force.

⑧ After the war, Cochran set more than 200 flight records in her career.

⑨ In 1953, she became the first woman pilot to break the sound barrier.

⑩ Additionally, she was the first female to pilot a jet across the Atlantic.


1803H3-28
① The repairman is called in when the smooth operation of our world has been disrupted, and at such moments our dependence on things normally taken for granted (for example, a toilet that flushes) is brought to vivid awareness.

② For this very reason, the repairman's presence may make the narcissist uncomfortable.

③ The problem isn't so much that he is dirty or the job is messy.

④ Rather, he seems to pose a challenge to our self-understanding that is somehow fundamental.

⑤ We're not as free and independent as we thought.

⑥ Street-level work that disrupts the infrastructure (the sewer system below or the electrical grid above) brings our shared dependence into view.

⑦ People may inhabit very different worlds even in the same city, according to their wealth or poverty.

⑧ Yet we all live in the same physical reality, ultimately, and owe a common debt to the world.


1803H3-29
① The old maxim "I'll sleep when I'm dead" is unfortunate.

② Adopt this mindset, and you will be dead sooner and the quality of that life will be worse.

③ The elastic band of sleep deprivation can stretch only so far before it snaps.

④ Sadly, human beings are in fact the only species that will deliberately deprive themselves of sleep without legitimate gain.

⑤ Every component of wellness, and countless seams of societal fabric, are being eroded by our costly state of sleep neglect:human and financial alike.

⑥ So much so that the World Health Organization (WHO) has now declared a sleep loss epidemic throughout industrialized nations.

⑦ It is no coincidence that countries where sleep time has declined most dramatically over the past century, such as the US, the UK, Japan, and South Korea, and several in Western Europe, are also those suffering the greatest increase in rates of physical diseases and mental disorders.


1803H3-30
① Jack closed his eyes and took a deep breath.

② Then Dr. Davis showed up and plugged in his saw.

③ Jack didn't know if he was curious or just scared, but he had to watch as the blade spun toward his arm.

④ The high-pitched scream filled the small room and bounced off the cement block walls.

⑤ He flinched to cover his ears, but Dr. Davis said, "Jack, hold still now.

⑥ This'll only take a minute."

⑦ Plaster dust sprayed up like a rooster tail as the saw sank into his cast.

⑧ He ignored the dust flying and stared without blinking while Dr. Davis moved the blade up and down his arm, cutting deeper and deeper until the tension of the cast released.

⑨ Slowly and skillfully, Dr. Davis moved the blade close to Jack's pale skin as he cut the last bits of fiber that still held.

⑩ Finally, the cast popped apart.

⑪ Jack's flattened arm hairs tried to stand on end as air rushed around them for the first time in weeks.


1803H3-31
① It is important to note that the primary goal of the professional athlete as well as many adults — winning — is far less important to children.

② In one of our own studies, we found that teams' won-lost records had nothing to do with how much young athletes liked their coaches or with their desire to play for the same coaches again.

③ Interestingly, however, success of the team was related to how much the children thought their parents liked their coaches.

④ The children also felt that the won-lost record influenced how much their coaches liked them.

⑤ It appears that, even at very young ages, children begin to tune in to the adult emphasis on winning, even though they do not yet share it themselves.

⑥ What children do share is a desire to have fun!


1803H3-32
① Sculpture in a public place is the emotional and aesthetic focal point of the elements in the surrounding environment.

② Any environment is unique with the diversity of its component elements, the connections between them and their appearance as a complete structure.

③ This preliminary structural analysis and acquaintance with the site chosen for the sculpture is compulsory before working on its design; it is a requirement for successful integration in the specific space.

④ The proper understanding of the spatial characteristics of the elements, making up the whole multitude, as well as of the structural links between the constituent elements of this specific microcosm are preconditions for satisfactory design and an adequate sculptural solution.

⑤ Contrary to the mechanical adding of one more element to the multitude, it is better to "weave" something more into the context of the existing structure.


1803H3-33
① Typically an individual cannot accurately assess the gains and costs likely to occur in social interactions.

② Even the intrinsic satisfactions associated with the individual's own behaviors may turn sour if the other person somehow does the wrong thing.

③ For example, a person may derive intrinsic satisfaction from helping others;.

④ So if the recipient reciprocates favor for favor, both intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction derive from the profitable interaction.

⑤ However, the recipient may ignore or even resent the good-intended gesture as patronizing and may verbally abuse the favor doer, thereby increasing the costs, perhaps spoiling the intrinsic satisfaction (gain) of the behavior, and hence leaving the favor doer with a net loss for the interaction.

⑥ The consequences of interaction can be difficult to foresee because they depend as much on the behavior of others as on oneself.


1803H3-34
① Audiences appreciate aha moments so much that they also enjoy simply expecting them, even if the moment never comes.

② Somebody can enjoy a long book or television show that offers no answer for hours and hours if the genre itself promises a resolution.

③ When the popular, mystic television show Lost ended, many fans erupted in indignation that the show-runners failed to resolve the series' many puzzles.

④ This deprived careful viewers of the final aha moment that they thought they'd been promised.

⑤ Some people surely felt like they'd wasted weeks, even months, of their lives waiting for answers.

⑥ But their final disappointment didn't retroactively change the sincere thrill they'd felt throughout the series.

⑦ Lost was a monster hit for many years because audiences enjoyed the experience of anticipating answers, even though the writers were just stockpiling riddles without resolutions.

⑧ Many people will put themselves through quite a bit of anguish if they expect fluent resolution at the end.


1803H3-35
① Reading is a technology for perspective-taking.

② When someone else's thoughts are in your head, you are observing the world from that person's vantage point.

③ Not only are you taking in sights and sounds that you could not experience firsthand, but you have stepped inside that person's mind and are temporarily sharing his or her attitudes and reactions.

④ Empathy in the sense of adopting someone's viewpoint is not the same as empathy in the sense of feeling compassion toward the person, but the first can lead to the second by a natural route.

⑤ Stepping into someone else's vantage point reminds you that the other fellow has a first-person, present-tense, ongoing stream of consciousness that is very much like your own but not the same as your own.

⑥ It's not a big leap to suppose that the habit of reading other people's words could put one in the habit of entering other people's minds, including their pleasures and pains.


1803H3-36
① Land is always a scarce resource in urban development;.

② High building density, by providing more built-up space on individual sites, can maximize the utilization of the scarce urban land.

③ High building density, therefore, helps to reduce the pressure to develop open spaces and releases more land for communal facilities and services to improve the quality of urban living.

④ However, some people argue that the opposite is also true.

⑤ In order to achieve high building density, massive high-rise buildings are inevitable, and these massive structures, crammed into small sites, can conversely result in very little open space and a congested city-scape.

⑥ This may happen when high-density development is carried out without planning.

⑦ Therefore, in order to avoid the negative impacts of high density, thorough planning and appropriate density control are essential.


1803H3-37
① Music is a specialized branch of learning, at least as it applies to the musician.

② While we might expect that members of society who take part in singing only as members of a larger group may learn their music through imitation, musicianship, seen as a special skill, usually requires more directed learning.

③ It may be added that in any society an individual learns only a small portion of his cultural habits by free trial-and-error, for in this way he would learn only those habits which were most rewarding to him and to him alone.

④ Such indiscriminate and selfish learning cannot be allowed by society; the individual must learn behavior which is specified in the culture as being correct or best.

⑤ Such behavior is, of course, the result of the learning process as carried on by previous generations.

⑥ Behaviors which are successful have persisted in the form of customs, while those which are unsuccessful have suffered extinction.

⑦ This accumulation of adaptive habits is passed on to the child; he does not simply learn through imitation how to get along in the world; rather, he is enculturated.


1803H3-38
① Recovering from a series of early failures, Edison regained his reputation as a great inventor, and electric wiring in the home gained wide acceptance.

② It wasn't that people necessarily became less fearful of electricity, but rather, as they became more familiar with it, they began to believe that the risks could be managed with some safety precautions.

③ People began to accept the trade-off of the risk of accidental death from electricity for better and cheaper lighting and work-saving electrical appliances.

④ They simultaneously experienced a lower risk of candle and gaslight fires.

⑤ They even ignored a dying gaslight industry's warning to its few remaining customers that electric light projected a toxic ray that would turn their skin green and increase their death rate.

⑥ This made-up claim was seen by the public as the scare tactic that it was, and they were unmoved.

⑦ Gas lighting in homes soon disappeared, and the death rate from house fires decreased accordingly.


1803H3-39
① In today's digital environment, appearing in the mainstream news is still an important way citizens can communicate with a broader community about events and issues.

② Journalists can provide credibility, status, and a guaranteed large audience that many citizens do not feel they can get any other way.

③ However, to access those benefits, subjects must yield control to journalists over how their stories are told to the public.

④ That is a big risk, since news stories have a great deal of credibility with their audiences: whether subjects themselves feel the news coverage is accurate or not, they will have to deal with the consequences of many people believing it.

⑤ If news coverage portrays them as socially deviant or otherwise morally unfit, the resulting stigma can be profound and enduring.

⑥ And yet for many potential subjects, cooperating with journalists is still a bargain worth striking.

⑦ The benefits of addressing, or simply displaying oneself to, a large news audience can be so great that many subjects conclude they are worth the risks of being misrepresented.


1803H3-40
① Major long-term threats to deep-sea fishes, as with all life on the planet, derive from trends of global climate change.

② Although deep-sea fishes are generally cold-water species, warming of the oceans itself may not be a direct threat.

③ Many of the deep-sea fishes originated during the early Cretaceous when the deep sea was warm, and the Mediterranean Sea, which is warm down to a depth of over 5,000m, is populated by deep-sea fishes.

④ On the other hand, substantial changes may be expected in ocean ecosystems over the next 100 years driven by an increase in dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and consequent ocean acidification resulting from burning of fossil fuels.

⑤ Although the effects on deep-sea fishes are likely to be indirect through loss of coral habitats and changes in prey availability, larval stages of deep-sea fishes in the surface layers of the ocean may be directly affected by acidity.


1803H3-4142
① Alex Pentland's Human Dynamics Laboratory at MIT investigated a huge Bank of America call center where the emphasis was on productivity; reducing the average call handle time at that one call center by just 5 percent would save the company $1 million a year.

② The bank grouped employees into teams of about twenty, but they didn't interact much, in part because their work was entirely solitary, sitting in a cubicle with a phone and a computer.

③ They were unlikely to run into each other very often anyway because the bank staggered break times in order to keep staffing levels steady.

④ Here was a team that barely justified the term.

⑤ Yet the members did interact a bit, and when Pentland asked them to wear the sociometric badges for six weeks, he found that the best predictor of team productivity was how much the members interacted in the little time they had, and what he calls "engagement," the degree to which all team members were involved in the interaction.

⑥ So Pentland proposed that managers try an experiment:Give a whole twenty-person team their coffee break at the same time.

⑦ In a call center of over 3,000 employees, it was easy to shift others' breaks to maintain service.

⑧ The result was that group members interacted more, though it still wasn't much; more of them were involved in the interaction; and productivity rocketed.

⑨ The effects were so clear that the bank switched to team-based breaks at all its call centers, estimating the move would save $15 million a year.


1803H3-4345
① One day, Grandma Wilson was out working in her yard when a neighbor walked by and stopped to admire the beautiful irises growing artfully along the edge of her vegetable garden.

② Grandma called them "flags" and took special pleasure in them because they bloomed faithfully year after year.

③ The neighbor enjoyed the bright cheerfulness of the flags, too.

④ She stopped at the edge of the yard that day as if on impulse.

⑤ Would you be willing to sell me those flags? she asked.

⑥ I surely do admire them.

⑦ Grandma hesitated.

⑧ I'll give you a dime for them, her neighbor continued.

⑨ Grandma hesitated just a moment longer.

⑩ She hated to part with her flowers, but a dime was a dime and she needed the money.

⑪ You can't transplant them now, Grandma explained.

⑫ Not until after they quit blooming.

⑬ I know, the woman replied.

⑭ Then she held out the dime.

⑮ Oh, you can pay me when you come to get them, Grandma said.

⑯ No, said the neighbor, "I'd better pay you now.

⑰ "So Grandma took the dime and thanked her, trying to still the regret rising in her heart.

⑱ A few weeks passed and the blooms on the irises were fading.

⑲ Grandma expected her neighbor to come any day and claim her purchase.

⑳ She decided that the next time the woman walked by she would remind her to dig up her bulbs.

㉑ One day, Grandma spotted her neighbor coming up the street.

㉒ She was walking with one of her daughters, and they were absorbed in conversation.

㉓ As they approached, Grandma heard the woman tell her daughter, "See these flowers?

㉔ They're mine.

㉕ "What do you mean, they're yours? the daughter asked.

㉖ I bought them, the woman said.

㉗ 'Then why are they still in her yard?' the daughter asked.

㉘ Oh, I couldn't take them away, her mother answered.

㉙ She doesn't walk by our house.

㉚ But I come by here every day.

㉛ This way, we both can enjoy them.

㉜ I don't have the time for working in a flower bed, but she takes mighty good care of them.

㉝ She smiled at Grandma.

㉞ I just wanted to own something that beautiful.

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1806h3 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:58:56



1806H3-18
① Next Monday, Nature's Beauty Gardens will have the pleasure of hosting very important guests for the annual "Toddler Trek" event.

② We hope that this will be fun, educational, and most importantly safe for the toddlers.

③ Parents and children are going to spend time enjoying outdoor activities and having a picnic lunch.

④ It is therefore very important to check the garden for potential dangers.

⑤ Managers of each department must make sure that all dangerous equipment and machinery are safely stored.

⑥ Also, for the safety of our guests at this event, garden chemicals will not be used anywhere in Nature's Beauty Gardens.

⑦ Thank you for your cooperation in this safety check and for helping to make this year's "Toddler Trek" event the best one yet.


1806H3-19
① "Regularity is the key to mastery, Jean.

② Everything other than that is a waste of time," stressed Ms・ Baker, Jean's piano teacher, with a troubled look.

③ However, Jean complained quite often about practicing and slipped out of her sessions occasionally.

④ Concerned about Jean idling around, Ms・ Baker decided to change her teaching method.

⑤ "You can make your own schedule, Jean.

⑥ However, I want you to help me as an assistant," said Ms・ Baker.

⑦ After that, Jean practiced hard to be a good example to the beginners and her skills improved incredibly day after day.

⑧ The change in Jean was miraculous.

⑨ A smile came over Ms・ Baker's face as she listened to Jean play.

⑩ Ms・ Baker was convinced by Jean's improvement that her new teaching method was a success.


1806H3-20
① We say to ourselves: "There is plenty of time.

② I'll manage somehow or other when the time comes for action.

③ "We are rather proud of our ability to meet emergencies.

④ So we do not plan and take precautions to prevent emergencies from arising.

⑤ It is too easy to drift through school and college, taking the traditional, conventional studies that others take, following the lines of least resistance, electing "snap courses," and going with the crowd.

⑥ It is too easy to take the attitude: "First I will get my education and develop myself, and then I will know better what I am fitted to do for a life work.

⑦ "And so we drift, driven by the winds of circumstance, tossed about by the waves of tradition and custom.

⑧ Eventually, most men find they must be satisfied with "any port in a storm.

⑨ "Sailors who select a port because they are driven to it have scarcely one chance in a thousand of dropping anchor in the right one.


1806H3-21
① Internet entrepreneurs are creating job-search products and bringing them online regularly.

② Within the past few years, new Internet-based businesses have come online that help people find internships, complete online classes tailored to individual employer job applications, or find volunteer work that will lead to full-time employment.

③ Job mastery will mean keeping up with the rapidly evolving tools available on the Internet.

④ It should be noted, though, that no development in the Internet job age has reduced the importance of the most basic job search skill: self-knowledge.

⑤ Even in the Internet age, the job search starts with identifying individual job skills, sector interests, and preferred workplace environment and interests.

⑥ Richard Bolles' best selling job search book, first published in 1970, had as its central theme the self-inventory of skills and workplace preferences.

⑦ This self-inventory continues to be the starting point for any job search today no matter what the Internet technology involved.


1806H3-22
① The term "biological control" has been used, at times, in a broad context to cover a full spectrum of biological organisms and biologically based products.

② This has been spectacularly successful in many instances, with a number of pest problems permanently resolved by importation and successful establishment of natural enemies.

③ These importation successes have been limited largely to certain types of ecosystems and/or pest situations such as introduced pests in perennial ecosystems.

④ On the other hand, this approach has met with limited success for major pests of row crops or other ephemeral systems.

⑤ In these situations, the problem is often not the lack of effective natural enemies but management practices and a lack of concerted research on factors that determine the success or failure of importation attempts in the specific agro-ecosystem setting.

⑥ Thus, importation programs, to date, are largely a matter of trial and error based on experience of the individual specialists involved.


1806H3-23
① According to the individualist form of rhetoric about science, still much used for certain purposes, discoveries are made in laboratories.

② They are the product of inspired patience, of skilled hands and an inquiring but unbiased mind.

③ Moreover, they speak for themselves, or at least they speak too powerfully and too insistently for prejudiced humans to silence them.

④ It would be wrong to suppose that such beliefs are not sincerely held, yet almost nobody thinks they can provide a basis for action in public contexts.

⑤ Any scientist who announces a so-called discovery at a press conference without first permitting expert reviewers to examine his or her claims is automatically castigated as a publicity seeker.

⑥ The norms of scientific communication presuppose that nature does not speak unambiguously, and that knowledge isn't knowledge unless it has been authorized by disciplinary specialists.

⑦ A scientific truth has little standing until it becomes a collective product.

⑧ What happens in somebody's laboratory is only one stage in its construction.


1806H3-24
① The table above displays the life expectancy at birth in 2030 for five selected countries.

② In each of the five selected countries, it is predicted that the life expectancy of women will be higher than that of men.

③ In the case of women, life expectancy in the Republic of Korea is expected to be the highest among the five countries, followed by that in Austria.

④ As for men, the Republic of Korea and Sweden will rank the first and the second highest, respectively, in life expectancy in the five countries.

⑤ Both Slovakian women and men will have the lowest life expectancy by gender among the five countries, with 82.92 and 76.98 years, respectively.

⑥ Among the five countries, the largest difference in life expectancy between women and men is 6.75 years, predicted to be found in the Republic of Korea, and the smallest difference is 3.46 years, in Sweden.


1806H3-25
① Richard Burton was a highly regarded Welsh actor of stage and screen.

② He was born in 1925 in South Wales, the twelfth child of a poor miner.

③ Burton was the first member of his family to go to secondary school.

④ Then, he attended Oxford University and later joined the British air force during wartime.

⑤ After leaving the military in 1947, he made his film debut in 1949, in The Last Days of Dolwyn.

⑥ Richard Burton went on to become a praised actor of stage and screen, who was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won an Oscar.

⑦ It is well-known that he had a powerful voice overwhelming the camera, the microphone, and all the intimacy of film acting.

⑧ His final film was an adaptation of George Orwell's famous novel, 1984.


1806H3-28
① Humans are so averse to feeling that they're being cheated that they often respond in ways that seemingly make little sense.

② Behavioral economists ― the economists who actually study what people do as opposed to the kind who simply assume the human mind works like a calculator ― have shown again and again that people reject unfair offers even if it costs them money to do so.

③ The typical experiment uses a task called the ultimatum game.

④ It's pretty straightforward.

⑤ One person in a pair is given some money ― say $10.

⑥ She then has the opportunity to offer some amount of it to her partner.

⑦ The partner only has two options.

⑧ He can take what's offered or refuse to take anything.

⑨ There's no room for negotiation; that's why it's called the ultimatum game.

⑩ What typically happens?

⑪ Many people offer an equal split to the partner, leaving both individuals happy and willing to trust each other in the future.


1806H3-29
① Here's an interesting thought.

② If glaciers started re-forming, they have a great deal more water now to draw on ― Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes, the hundreds of thousands of lakes of Canada, none of which existed to fuel the last ice sheet ― so they would grow very much quicker.

③ And if they did start to advance again, what exactly would we do?

④ Blast them with TNT or maybe nuclear missiles?

⑤ Well, doubtless we would, but consider this.

⑥ In 1964, the largest earthquake ever recorded in North America rocked Alaska with 200,000 megatons of concentrated might, the equivalent of 2,000 nuclear bombs.

⑦ Almost 3,000 miles away in Texas, water sloshed out of swimming pools.

⑧ A street in Anchorage fell twenty feet.

⑨ The quake devastated 24,000 square miles of wilderness, much of it glaciated.

⑩ And what effect did all this might have on Alaska's glaciers?

⑪ None.


1806H3-30
① John was once in the office of a manager, Michael, when the phone rang.

② Immediately, Michael bellowed, "That disgusting phone never stops ringing.

③ "He then proceeded to pick it up and engage in a fifteen-minute conversation while John waited.

④ When he finally hung up, he looked exhausted and frustrated.

⑤ He apologized as the phone rang once again.

⑥ He later confessed that he was having a great deal of trouble completing his tasks because of the volume of calls he was responding to.

⑦ At some point John asked him, "Have you ever considered having a certain period of time when you simply don't answer the phone?

⑧ "Michael said, "As a matter of fact, no," looking at him with a puzzled look.

⑨ It turned out that this simple suggestion helped Michael not only to relax, but to get more work done as well.

⑩ Like many people, he didn't need hours of uninterrupted time, but he did need some!


1806H3-31
① Although prices in most retail outlets are set by the retailer, this does not mean that these prices do not adjust to market forces over time.

② On any particular day we find that all products have a specific price ticket on them.

③ However, this price may be different from day to day or week to week.

④ The price that the farmer gets from the wholesaler is much more flexible from day to day than the price that the retailer charges consumers.

⑤ If, for example, bad weather leads to a poor potato crop, then the price that supermarkets have to pay to their wholesalers for potatoes will go up and this will be reflected in the prices they mark on potatoes in their stores.

⑥ Thus, these prices do reflect the interaction of demand and supply in the wider marketplace for potatoes.

⑦ Although they do not change in the supermarket from hour to hour to reflect local variations in demand and supply, they do change over time to reflect the underlying conditions of the overall production of and demand for the goods in question.


1806H3-32
① An individual characteristic that moderates the relationship with behavior is self-efficacy, or a judgment of one's capability to accomplish a certain level of performance.

② People who have a high sense of self-efficacy tend to pursue challenging goals that may be outside the reach of the average person.

③ People with a strong sense of self-efficacy, therefore, may be more willing to step outside the culturally prescribed behaviors to attempt tasks or goals for which success is viewed as improbable by the majority of social actors in a setting.

④ For these individuals, culture will have little or no impact on behavior.

⑤ For example, Australians tend to endorse the "Tall Poppy Syndrome.

⑥ "This saying suggests that any "poppy" that outgrows the others in a field will get "cut down;" in other words, any overachiever will eventually fail.

⑦ Interviews and observations suggest that it is the high self-efficacy Australians who step outside this culturally prescribed behavior to actually achieve beyond average.


1806H3-33
① Theorists of the novel commonly define the genre as a biographical form that came to prominence in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to establish the individual character as a replacement for traditional sources of cultural authority.

② The novel, Georg Lukács argues, "seeks, by giving form, to uncover and construct the concealed totality of life" in the interiorized life story of its heroes.

③ The typical plot of the novel is the protagonist's quest for authority within, therefore, when that authority can no longer be discovered outside.

④ By this accounting, there are no objective goals in novels, only the subjective goal of seeking the law that is necessarily created by the individual.

⑤ The distinctions between crime and heroism, therefore, or between madness and wisdom, become purely subjective ones in a novel, judged by the quality or complexity of the individual's consciousness.


1806H3-34
① Rules can be thought of as formal types of game cues.

② They tell us the structure of the test, that is, what should be accomplished and how we should accomplish it.

③ In this sense, rules create a problem that is artificial yet intelligible.

④ Only within the rules of the game of, say, basketball or baseball do the activities of jump shooting and fielding ground balls make sense and take on value.

⑤ It is precisely the artificiality created by the rules, the distinctive problem to be solved, that gives sport its special meaning.

⑥ That is why getting a basketball through a hoop while not using a ladder or pitching a baseball across home plate while standing a certain distance away becomes an important human project.

⑦ It appears that respecting the rules not only preserves sport but also makes room for the creation of excellence and the emergence of meaning.

⑧ Engaging in acts that would be considered inconsequential in ordinary life also liberates us a bit, making it possible to explore our capabilities in a protected environment.


1806H3-35
① While being an introvert comes with its challenges, it definitely has its advantages as well.

② For example, an introvert is far less likely to make a mistake in a social situation, such as inadvertently insulting another person whose opinion is not agreeable.

③ An introvert would enjoy reflecting on their thoughts, and thus would be far less likely to suffer from boredom without outside stimulation.

④ The only risk that you will face as an introvert is that people who do not know you may think that you are aloof or that you think you are better than them.

⑤ If you learn how to open up just a little bit with your opinions and thoughts, you will be able to thrive in both worlds.

⑥ You can then stay true to your personality without appearing to be antisocial.


1806H3-36
① A carbon sink is a natural feature that absorbs or stores more carbon than it releases.

② The value of carbon sinks is that they can help create equilibrium in the atmosphere by removing excess CO2.

③ One example of a carbon sink is a large forest.

④ Its mass of plants and other organic material absorb and store tons of carbon.

⑤ However, the planet's major carbon sink is its oceans.

⑥ Since the Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century, CO2 released during industrial processes has greatly increased the proportion of carbon in the atmosphere.

⑦ Carbon sinks have been able to absorb about half of this excess CO2, and the world's oceans have done the major part of that job.

⑧ They absorb about one-fourth of humans' industrial carbon emissions, doing half the work of all Earth's carbon sinks combined.


1806H3-37
① Promoting attractive images of one's country is not new, but the conditions for trying to create soft power have changed dramatically in recent years.

② For one thing, nearly half the countries in the world are now democracies.

③ In such circumstances, diplomacy aimed at public opinion can become as important to outcomes as traditional classified diplomatic communications among leaders.

④ Information creates power, and today a much larger part of the world's population has access to that power.

⑤ Technological advances have led to a dramatic reduction in the cost of processing and transmitting information.

⑥ The result is an explosion of information, and that has produced a "paradox of plenty.

⑦ "Plentiful information leads to scarcity of attention.

⑧ When people are overwhelmed with the volume of information confronting them, they have difficulty knowing what to focus on.

⑨ Attention, rather than information, becomes the scarce resource, and those who can distinguish valuable information from background clutter gain power.


1806H3-38
① Tourism takes place simultaneously in the realm of the imagination and that of the physical world.

② In contrast to literature or film, it leads to 'real', tangible worlds, while nevertheless remaining tied to the sphere of fantasies, dreams, wishes ― and myth.

③ It thereby allows the ritual enactment of mythological ideas.

④ There is a considerable difference as to whether people watch a film about the Himalayas on television and become excited by the 'untouched nature' of the majestic mountain peaks, or whether they get up and go on a trek to Nepal.

⑤ Even in the latter case, they remain, at least partly, in an imaginary world.

⑥ They experience moments that they have already seen at home in books, brochures and films.

⑦ Their notions of untouched nature and friendly, innocent indigenous people will probably be confirmed.

⑧ But now this confirmation is anchored in a physical experience.

⑨ The myth is thus transmitted in a much more powerful way than by television, movies or books.


1806H3-39
① Humans can tell lies with their faces.

② Although some are specifically trained to detect lies from facial expressions, the average person is often misled into believing false and manipulated facial emotions.

③ One reason for this is that we are "two-faced.

④ "By this I mean that we have two different neural systems that manipulate our facial muscles.

⑤ One neural system is under voluntary control and the other works under involuntary control.

⑥ There are reported cases of individuals who have damaged the neural system that controls voluntary expressions.

⑦ They still have facial expressions, but are incapable of producing deceitful ones.

⑧ The emotion that you see is the emotion they are feeling, since they have lost the needed voluntary control to produce false facial expressions.

⑨ There are also clinical cases that show the flip side of this coin.

⑩ These people have injured the system that controls their involuntary expressions, so that the only changes in their demeanor you will see are actually willed expressions.


1806H3-40
① In some subject areas, topics build on one another in a hierarchical fashion, so that a learner must almost certainly master one topic before moving to the next.

② For example, an elementary school student should probably master principles of addition before moving to multiplication, because multiplication is an extension of addition.

③ Similarly, a medical student must have expertise in human anatomy before studying surgical techniques: It's difficult to perform an appendectomy if you can't find the appendix.

④ Vertical transfer refers to such situations: A learner acquires new knowledge or skills by building on more basic information and procedures.

⑤ In other cases, knowledge of one topic may affect learning a second topic even though the first isn't a necessary condition for the second.

⑥ Knowledge of French isn't essential for learning Spanish, yet knowing French can help with Spanish because many words are similar in the two languages.

⑦ When knowledge of the first topic is helpful but not essential to learning the second one, lateral transfer is occurring.


1806H3-4142
① By the turn of the twentieth century, the permanent repertoire of musical classics dominated almost every field of concert music, from piano, song, or chamber music recitals to operas and orchestral concerts.

② The change from a century before was enormous.

③ In the eighteenth century, performers and listeners demanded new music all the time, and "ancient music" included anything written more than twenty years earlier.

④ But musicians and audiences in the early 1900s expected that most concert music they performed or heard would be at least a generation old, and they judged new music by the standards of the classics already enshrined in the repertoire.

⑤ In essence, concert halls and opera houses had become museums for displaying the musical artworks of the past two hundred years.

⑥ The repertoire varied according to the performing medium and from region to region, but the core was largely the same throughout most of Europe and the Americas, including operas and operatic excerpts from Mozart through Verdi, Wagner, and Bizet; orchestral and chamber music from Haydn through the late Romantics; and keyboard music by J・ S・ Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and prominent nineteenth-century composers.

⑦ Living composers increasingly found themselves in competition with the music of the past.

⑧ This is the great theme of modern music in the classical tradition, especially in the first half of the century: in competing with past composers for the attention of performers and listeners who loved the classical masterworks, living composers sought to secure a place for themselves by offering something new and distinctive while continuing the tradition.

⑨ They combined individuality and innovation with emulation of the past, seeking to write music that would be considered original and worthy of performance alongside the masterworks of earlier times.


1806H3-4345
① Princess, a solid Boxer, had been given to Rita when she was ten weeks old, and Rita immediately bonded with her, petting her, feeding her, teaching her basic commands, and letting her sleep on Rita's bed.

② The two were always together and within arm's reach.

③ The only time they were apart was when Rita was learning to swim.

④ Princess had a fear of water that was so extreme that she couldn't even touch the water.

⑤ Princess' fears stemmed from her puppyhood when she almost drowned twice.

⑥ These early traumas made water the only thing that Princess truly feared.

⑦ When she came close to a body of water, she would try to pull back and seemed emotionally distressed.

⑧ Would she ever be able to overcome this fear?

⑨ She had a chance one late afternoon when Rita's mother took them to a shopping mall.

⑩ It was located along the edge of a lake and featured a wooden boardwalk which was built along the shore.

⑪ While her mother headed to a store, Rita and Princess began to play on the boardwalk.

⑫ Suddenly, a boy riding a bicycle slipped on the damp wooden surface, hitting Rita at an angle, which propelled her through an open section of the guard rail.

⑬ She let out a scream of pain and fear as she fell into the water.

⑭ She then continued to cry for help and struggle to get out.

⑮ Upon hearing Rita's cry, her mother rushed to the railing, shouting for help, from the entrance of the store a hundred feet or so away.

⑯ Princess was looking at the water and trembling in fear.

⑰ She stood there staring at the water ― the one thing that had nearly taken her life.

⑱ Her love for Rita overpowered her fear and she leapt out through the same open space in the railing and plunged into the water.

⑲ Once in the water, Princess quickly found Rita and slowly dragged her to the shore to her grateful mother.

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1809h3 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:58:22



1809H3-18
① Thank you for your question about how to donate children's books for our book drive.

② The event will take place for one week from September 10th to 16th.

③ Books can be dropped off 24 hours a day during this period.

④ There are two locations designated for donations: Adams Children's Library and Aileen Community Center.

⑤ At each location, there are blue donation boxes at the main entrance.

⑥ If you are unable to visit these locations, books can be mailed directly to our organization.

⑦ Your donations will help support children in our community who may not be able to afford books.

⑧ We hope this information makes your donation easier.

⑨ We appreciate your support.


1809H3-19
① 'How much farther to the finish line?

② Can I make it?

③ 'Emma felt pain in her legs and was breathing heavily.

④ She couldn't remember ever being so exhausted.

⑤ Feeling frustrated, she began to think about giving up on the race.

⑥ She knew she would regret it later, but it seemed like there was nothing she could do.

⑦ Then, she remembered a strategy she had learned.

⑧ By having strong imagery control, she could help herself achieve her goal.

⑨ Over and over, Emma imagined herself running smoothly and breathing easily.

⑩ It was working!

⑪ She started to feel better.

⑫ About thirty minutes later, she found herself crossing the finish line with a big smile on her face.

⑬ Surrounded by cheering friends, she enjoyed her victory full of joy.


1809H3-20
① Life is hectic.

② Our days are filled with so many of the "have tos" that we feel there's no time left for the "want tos.

③ "Further, spending all our time with others doesn't give us the ability to hit the reset button and relax.

④ Leaving little to no time for ourselves or for the things that are important to us can lead to unmanaged stress, frustration, fatigue, resentment, or worse, health issues.

⑤ Building in regular "you time," however, can provide numerous benefits, all of which help to make life a little bit sweeter and a little bit more manageable.

⑥ Unfortunately, many individuals struggle with reaching goals due to an inability to prioritize their own needs.

⑦ Alone time, however, forces you to take a break from everyday responsibilities and the requirements of others so you can dedicate time to move forward with your own goals, meet your own personal needs, and further explore your personal dreams.


1809H3-21
① Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi suggests that the common idea of a creative individual coming up with great insights, discoveries, works, or inventions in isolation is wrong.

② Creativity results from a complex interaction between a person and his or her environment or culture, and also depends on timing.

③ For instance, if the great Renaissance artists like Ghiberti or Michelangelo had been born only 50 years before they were, the culture of artistic patronage would not have been in place to fund or shape their great achievements.

④ Consider also individual astronomers.

⑤ Their discoveries could not have happened unless centuries of technological development of the telescope and evolving knowledge of the universe had come before them.

⑥ Csikszentmihalyi's point is that we should devote as much attention to the development of a domain as we do to the people working within it, as only this can properly explain how advances are made.

⑦ Individuals are only "a link in a chain, a phase in a process," he notes.


1809H3-22
① Consumers like a bottle of wine more if they are told it cost ninety dollars a bottle than if they are told it cost ten.

② Belief that the wine is more expensive turns on the neurons in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with pleasure feelings.

③ Wine without a price tag doesn't have this effect.

④ In 2008, American food and wine critics teamed up with a statistician from Yale and a couple of Swedish economists to study the results of thousands of blind tastings of wines ranging from $1.65 to $150 a bottle.

⑤ They found that when they can't see the price tag, people prefer cheaper wine to pricier bottles.

⑥ Experts' tastes did move in the proper direction: they favored finer, more expensive wines.

⑦ But the bias was almost imperceptible.

⑧ A wine that cost ten times more than another was ranked by experts only seven points higher on a scale of one to one hundred.


1809H3-23
① 1950s critics separated themselves from the masses by rejecting the 'natural' enjoyment afforded by products of mass culture through judgments based on a refined sense of realism.

② For example, in most critics championing Douglas Sirk's films' social critique, self-reflexivity, and, in particular, distancing effects, there is still a refusal of the 'vulgar' enjoyments suspected of soap operas.

③ This refusal again functions to divorce the critic from an image of a mindless, pleasure-seeking crowd he or she has actually manufactured in order to definitively secure the righteous logic of 'good' taste.

④ It also pushes negative notions of female taste and subjectivity.

⑤ Critiques of mass culture seem always to bring to mind a disrespectful image of the feminine to represent the depths of the corruption of the people.

⑥ The process of taste-making operated, then, to create hierarchical differences between the aesthete and the masses through the construction of aesthetic positions contrary to the perceived tasteless pleasures of the crowd.


1809H3-24
① Radioactive waste disposal has become one of the key environmental battlegrounds over which the future of nuclear power has been fought.

② Environmentalists argue that no system of waste disposal can be absolutely safe, either now or in the future.

③ Governments and the nuclear industry have tried to find acceptable solutions.

④ But in countries where popular opinion is taken into consideration, no mutually acceptable solution has been found.

⑤ As a result, most spent fuel has been stored in the nuclear power plants where it was produced.

⑥ This is now causing its own problems as storage ponds designed to store a few years' waste become filled or overflowing.

⑦ One avenue that has been explored is the reprocessing of spent fuel to remove the active ingredients.

⑧ Some of the recovered material can be recycled as fuel.

⑨ The remainder must be stored safely until it has become inactive.

⑩ But reprocessing has proved expensive and can exacerbate the problem of disposal rather than assisting it.

⑪ As a result, it too appears publicly unacceptable.


1809H3-25
① This graph shows the distribution of university graduates in Canada by age group in 1996, 2001, and 2007.

② Although its share was less than 50% in each of the three years, the group of university graduates aged 22 to 24 accounted for the largest single share in those respective years.

③ The second largest single share of university graduates in each of the three years was held by those who were 25 to 29 years old.

④ The share of university graduates who were 30 years old and over was higher than 20% in each of the three years.

⑤ In 1996, the share of the group of university graduates aged 18 to 21 was 7.7%, and the share of the same age group was 6% in 2001.

⑥ In 2007, the combined share of those who were 25 to 29years old and those who were 30 years old and over accounted for less than 50% of that year's university graduates.


1809H3-26
① Victor Borge, born in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1909, was a comedian and pianist.

② Initially a concert musician, Victor Borge soon developed a performance style that combined comedy with classical music.

③ When the Nazis invaded Denmark in 1940, he was performing in Sweden, and a short time later managed to escape to America.

④ When he arrived in the US, he didn't speak a word of English.

⑤ Learning English by watching movies, he soon managed to translate his jokes for the American audience.

⑥ In 1948, Victor Borge became an American citizen and a few years later was offered a show of his own, Comedy in Music.

⑦ The show remains the longest-running one-man show in Broadway history.

⑧ At the age of 90, he still performed 60 times a year.

⑨ He died on December 23rd, 2000 at his home in Greenwich, Connecticut, US.


1809H3-29
① Not all organisms are able to find sufficient food to survive, so starvation is a kind of disvalue often found in nature.

② It also is part of the process of selection by which biological evolution functions.

③ Starvation helps filter out those less fit to survive, those less resourceful in finding food for themselves and their young.

④ In some circumstances, it may pave the way for genetic variants to take hold in the population of a species and eventually allow the emergence of a new species in place of the old one.

⑤ Thus starvation is a disvalue that can help make possible the good of greater diversity.

⑥ Starvation can be of practical or instrumental value, even as it is an intrinsic disvalue.

⑦ That some organisms must starve in nature is deeply regrettable and sad.

⑧ The statement remains implacably true, even though starvation also may sometimes subserve ends that are good.


1809H3-30
① For every toxic substance, process, or product in use today, there is a safer alternative ― either already in existence, or waiting to be discovered through the application of human intellect, ingenuity, and effort.

② In almost every case, the safer alternative is available at a comparable cost.

③ Industry may reject these facts and complain about the high cost of acting, but history sets the record straight.

④ The chemical industry denied that there were practical alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, predicting not only economic disaster but numerous deaths because food and vaccines would spoil without refrigeration.

⑤ They were wrong.

⑥ The motor vehicle industry initially denied that cars caused air pollution, then claimed that no technology existed to reduce pollution from vehicles, and later argued that installing devices to reduce air pollution would make cars extremely expensive.

⑦ They were wrong every time.

⑧ The pesticide industry argues that synthetic pesticides are absolutely necessary to grow food.

⑨ Thousands of organic farmers are proving them wrong.


1809H3-31
① Among the most fascinating natural temperature-regulating behaviors are those of social insects such as bees and ants.

② These insects are able to maintain a nearly constant temperature in their hives or mounds throughout the year.

③ The constancy of these microclimates depends not just on the location and insulation of the habitat, but on the activity of the insects in the colony.

④ When the surrounding temperature increases, the activity in the hive decreases, which decreases the amount of heat generated by insect metabolism.

⑤ In fact, many animals decrease their activity in the heat and increase it in the cold, and people who are allowed to choose levels of physical activity in hot or cold environments adjust their workload precisely to body temperature.

⑥ This behavior serves to avoid both hypothermia and hyperthermia.


1809H3-32
① Although most people, including Europe's Muslims, have numerous identities, few of these are politically salient at any moment.

② It is only when a political issue affects the welfare of those in a particular group that identity assumes importance.

③ For instance, when issues arise that touch on women's rights, women start to think of gender as their principal identity.

④ Whether such women are American or Iranian or whether they are Catholic or Protestant matters less than the fact that they are women.

⑤ Similarly, when famine and civil war threaten people in sub-Saharan Africa, many African-Americans are reminded of their kinship with the continent in which their ancestors originated centuries earlier, and they lobby their leaders to provide humanitarian relief.

⑥ In other words, each issue calls forth somewhat different identities that help explain the political preferences people have regarding those issues.


1809H3-33
① Food unites as well as distinguishes eaters because what and how one eats forms much of one's emotional tie to a group identity, be it a nation or an ethnicity.

② The famous twentieth-century Chinese poet and scholar Lin Yutang remarks, "Our love for fatherland is largely a matter of recollection of the keen sensual pleasure of our childhood.

③ The loyalty to Uncle Sam is the loyalty to American doughnuts, and the loyalty to the Vaterland is the loyalty to Pfannkuchen and Stollen.

④ "Such keen connection between food and national or ethnic identification clearly indicates the truth that cuisine and table narrative occupy a significant place in the training grounds of a community and its civilization, and thus, eating, cooking, and talking about one's cuisine are vital to a community's wholeness and continuation.

⑤ In other words, the destiny of a community depends on how well it nourishes its members.


1809H3-34
① Modern psychological theory states that the process of understanding is a matter of construction, not reproduction, which means that the process of understanding takes the form of the interpretation of data coming from the outside and generated by our mind.

② For example, the perception of a moving object as a car is based on an interpretation of incoming data within the framework of our knowledge of the world.

③ While the interpretation of simple objects is usually an uncontrolled process, the interpretation of more complex phenomena, such as interpersonal situations, usually requires active attention and thought.

④ Psychological studies indicate that it is knowledge possessed by the individual that determines which stimuli become the focus of that individual's attention, what significance he or she assigns to these stimuli, and how they are combined into a larger whole.

⑤ This subjective world, interpreted in a particular way, is for us the "objective" world; we cannot know any world other than the one we know as a result of our own interpretations.


1809H3-35
① While the transportation infrastructure may shape where we travel today, in the early eras of travel, it determined whether people could travel at all.

② The development and improvement of transportation was one of the most important factors in allowing modern tourism to develop on a large scale and become a regular part of the lives of billions of people around the world.

③ Technological advances provided the basis for the explosive expansion of local, regional, and global transportation networks and made travel faster, easier, and cheaper.

④ This not only created new tourist-generating and tourist-receiving regions but also prompted a host of other changes in the tourism infrastructure, such as accommodations.

⑤ As a result, the availability of transportation infrastructure and services has been considered a fundamental precondition for tourism.


1809H3-36
① Most of us have a general, rational sense of what to eat and when ― there is no shortage of information on the subject.

② Yet there is often a disconnect between what we know and what we do.

③ We may have the facts, but decisions also involve our feelings.

④ Many people who struggle with difficult emotions also struggle with eating problems.

⑤ Emotional eating is a popular term used to describe eating that is influenced by emotions, both positive and negative.

⑥ Feelings may affect various aspects of your eating, including your motivation to eat, your food choices, where and with whom you eat, and the speed at which you eat.

⑦ Most overeating is prompted by feelings rather than physical hunger.

⑧ Individuals who struggle with obesity tend to eat in response to emotions.

⑨ However, people who eat for emotional reasons are not necessarily overweight.

⑩ People of any size may try to escape an emotional experience by preoccupying themselves with eating or by obsessing over their shape and weight.


1809H3-37
① Ever since the first scientific opinion polls revealed that most Americans are at best poorly informed about politics, analysts have asked whether citizens are equipped to play the role democracy assigns them.

② However, there is something worse than an inadequately informed public, and that's a misinformed public.

③ It's one thing when citizens don't know something, and realize it, which has always been a problem.

④ It's another thing when citizens don't know something, but think they know it, which is the new problem.

⑤ It's the difference between ignorance and irrationality.

⑥ Whatever else one might conclude about self-government, it's at risk when citizens don't know what they're talking about.

⑦ Our misinformation owes partly to psychological factors, including our tendency to see the world in ways that suit our desires.

⑧ Such factors, however, can explain only the misinformation that has always been with us.

⑨ The sharp rise in misinformation in recent years has a different source: our media.

⑩ "They are making us dumb," says one observer.

⑪ When fact bends to fiction, the predictable result is political distrust and polarization.


1809H3-38
① Both the budget deficit and federal debt have soared during the recent financial crisis and recession.

② During 2009-2010, nearly 40 percent of federal expenditures were financed by borrowing.

③ The huge recent federal deficits have pushed the federal debt to levels not seen since the years immediately following World War II.

④ The rapid growth of baby-boomer retirees in the decade immediately ahead will mean higher spending levels and larger and larger deficits for both Social Security and Medicare.

⑤ Moreover, more than half of Americans age 18 and older derive benefits from various transfer programs, while paying little or no personal income tax.

⑥ All of these factors are going to make it extremely difficult to slow the growth of federal spending and keep the debt from ballooning out of control.

⑦ Projections indicate that the net federal debt will rise to 90 percent of GDP by 2019, and many believe it will be even higher unless constructive action is taken soon.


1809H3-39
① Erikson believes that when we reach the adult years, several physical, social, and psychological stimuli trigger a sense of generativity.

② A central component of this attitude is the desire to care for others.

③ For the majority of people, parenthood is perhaps the most obvious and convenient opportunity to fulfill this desire.

④ Erikson believes that another distinguishing feature of adulthood is the emergence of an inborn desire to teach.

⑤ We become aware of this desire when the event of being physically capable of reproducing is joined with the events of participating in a committed relationship, the establishment of an adult pattern of living, and the assumption of job responsibilities.

⑥ According to Erikson, by becoming parents we learn that we have the need to be needed by others who depend on our knowledge, protection, and guidance.

⑦ We become entrusted to teach culturally appropriate behaviors, values, attitudes, skills, and information about the world.

⑧ By assuming the responsibilities of being primary caregivers to children through their long years of physical and social growth, we concretely express what Erikson believes to be an inborn desire to teach.


1809H3-40
① Perceptions of forest use and the value of forests as standing timber vary considerably from indigenous peoples to national governments and Western scientists.

② These differences in attitudes and values lie at the root of conflicting management strategies and stimulate protest groups such as the Chipko movement.

③ For example, the cultivators of the Himalayas and Karakoram view forests as essentially a convertible resource.

④ That is, under increasing population pressure and growing demands for cultivable land, the conversion of forest into cultivated terraces means a much higher productivity can be extracted from the same area.

⑤ Compensation in the form of planting on terrace edges occurs to make up for the clearance.

⑥ This contrasts with the national view of the value of forests as a renewable resource, with the need or desire to keep a forest cover over the land for soil conservation, and with a global view of protection for biodiversity and climate change purposes, irrespective of the local people's needs.

⑦ For indigenous peoples forests serve as a source of transformable resources, while national and global perspectives prioritize the preservation of forests, despite the local needs.


1809H3-4142
① As a couple start to form a relationship, they can be seen to develop a set of constructs about their own relationship and, in particular, how it is similar or different to their parents' relationship.

② The couple's initial disclosures involve them forming constructs about how much similarity there is between them and each other's families.

③ What each of them will remember is selective and coloured by their family's constructs system.

④ In turn it is likely that as they tell each other their already edited stories, there is a second process of editing whereby what they both hear from each other is again interpreted within their respective family of origin's construct systems.

⑤ The two sets of memories ― the person talking about his or her family and the partner's edited version of this story ― go into the 'cooking-pot' of the couple's new construct system.

⑥ Subsequently, one partner may systematically recall a part of the other's story as a tactic in negotiations.

⑦ For example, Harry may say to Doris that she is being 'bossy ― just like her mother'.

⑧ Since this is probably based on what Doris has told Harry, this is likely to be a very powerful tactic.

⑨ She may protest or attempt to rewrite this version of her story, thereby possibly adding further material that Harry could use in this way.

⑩ These exchanges of stories need not always be employed in such malevolent ways.

⑪ These reconstructed memories can become very powerful, to a point where each partner may become confused even about the simple factual details of what actually did happen in their past.


1809H3-4345
① Over the last week, Jason had been feeling worried about his daughter, Sally.

② For two months now, Sally had been absorbed, perhaps even excessively, in studying birds.

③ He was afraid she might begin to ignore her schoolwork.

④ While shopping, Jason was glad to run into his old friend Jennifer, a bird expert working at the local university.

⑤ Maybe she could help ease his concern.

⑥ Upon hearing about Sally's interest, Jennifer invited them both to visit her office to see just how deep Sally's fascination was.

⑦ Two days later, Jason and Sally visited Jennifer's office.

⑧ Sally was delighted by the books about birds and she joyfully looked at the beautiful pictures in them.

⑨ It was while Jason and Jennifer were talking that Sally suddenly shouted, "Oh, I've seen this bird!"

⑩ "Impossible," replied Jennifer, not believing it.

⑪ "This book shows rare birds.

⑫ You can't see any of them around here."

⑬ But she insisted, "I spotted a pair of them in their nest in a huge oak tree nearby!

⑭ "Jennifer walked up to Sally and took a close look at the page.

⑮ She calmly said, "That's the black robin of Chathas Island.

⑯ It's one of the rarest birds, Sally.

⑰ You couldn't have seen it in this town.

⑱ "Yet Sally persisted.

⑲ "In that case, can you show me the nest?" asked Jennifer.

⑳ "Yes, I can right now if you want," answered Sally full of confidence.

㉑ Jennifer put on her coat, pulled out a pair of binoculars, and stepped out.

㉒ Sally and Jason followed.

㉓ Approaching the tree, Sally shouted excitedly, "There, that's the nest!"

㉔ Jennifer looked up to see a small cup-shaped nest within a fork of the branches.

㉕ Quickly, she took out her binoculars and peered where Sally pointed.

㉖ In the fading evening light, she found the two rare black birds in their nest.

㉗ "See, didn't I tell you?" exclaimed Sally.

㉘ Looking at her in joyful surprise, both Jason and Jennifer were proud of Sally.

㉙ They now recognized her extraordinary gift and passion as a bird-watcher.

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1811h3 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:57:45



1811H3-18
① I submitted my application and recipe for the 2nd Annual DC Metro Cooking Contest.

② However, I would like to change my recipe if it is possible.

③ I have checked the website again, but I could only find information about the contest date, time, and prizes.

④ I couldn't see any information about changing recipes.

⑤ I have just created a great new recipe, and I believe people will love this more than the one I have already submitted.

⑥ Please let me know if I can change my submitted recipe.

⑦ I look forward to your response.


1811H3-19
① The waves were perfect for surfing.

② Dave, however, just could not stay on his board.

③ He had tried more than ten times to stand up but never managed it.

④ He felt that he would never succeed.

⑤ He was about to give up when he looked at the sea one last time.

⑥ The swelling waves seemed to say, "Come on, Dave.

⑦ One more try!"

⑧ Taking a deep breath, he picked up his board and ran into the water.

⑨ He waited for the right wave.

⑩ Finally, it came.

⑪ He jumped up onto the board just like he had practiced.

⑫ And this time, standing upright, he battled the wave all the way back to shore.

⑬ Walking out of the water joyfully, he cheered, "Wow, I did it!"


1811H3-20
① War is inconceivable without some image, or concept, of the enemy.

② It is the presence of the enemy that gives meaning and justification to war.

③ 'War follows from feelings of hatred', wrote Carl Schmitt.

④ 'War has its own strategic, tactical, and other rules and points of view, but they all presuppose that the political decision has already been made as to who the enemy is'.

⑤ The concept of the enemy is fundamental to the moral assessment of war:.

⑥ 'The basic aim of a nation at war in establishing an image of the enemy is to distinguish as sharply as possible the act of killing from the act of murder'.

⑦ However, we need to be cautious about thinking of war and the image of the enemy that informs it in an abstract and uniform way.

⑧ Rather, both must be seen for the cultural and contingent phenomena that they are.


1811H3-21
① Although not the explicit goal, the best science can really be seen as refining ignorance.

② Scientists, especially young ones, can get too obsessed with results.

③ Society helps them along in this mad chase.

④ Big discoveries are covered in the press, show up on the university's home page, help get grants, and make the case for promotions.

⑤ But it's wrong.

⑥ Great scientists, the pioneers that we admire, are not concerned with results but with the next questions.

⑦ The highly respected physicist Enrico Fermi told his students that an experiment that successfully proves a hypothesis is a measurement; one that doesn't is a discovery.

⑧ A discovery, an uncovering ― of new ignorance.

⑨ The Nobel Prize, the pinnacle of scientific accomplishment, is awarded, not for a lifetime of scientific achievement, but for a single discovery, a result.

⑩ Even the Nobel committee realizes in some way that this is not really in the scientific spirit, and their award citations commonly honor the discovery for having "opened a field up," "transformed a field," or "taken a field in new and unexpected directions."


1811H3-22
① With the industrial society evolving into an information-based society, the concept of information as a product, a commodity with its own value, has emerged.

② As a consequence, those people, organizations, and countries that possess the highest-quality information are likely to prosper economically, socially, and politically.

③ Investigations into the economics of information encompass a variety of categories including the costs of information and information services; the effects of information on decision making; the savings from effective information acquisition; the effects of information on productivity; and the effects of specific agencies (such as corporate, technical, or medical libraries) on the productivity of organizations.

④ Obviously many of these areas overlap, but it is clear that information has taken on a life of its own outside the medium in which it is contained.

⑤ Information has become a recognized entity to be measured, evaluated, and priced.


1811H3-23
① We argue that the ethical principles of justice provide an essential foundation for policies to protect unborn generations and the poorest countries from climate change.

② Related issues arise in connection with current and persistently inadequate aid for these nations, in the face of growing threats to agriculture and water supply, and the rules of international trade that mainly benefit rich countries.

③ Increasing aid for the world's poorest peoples can be an essential part of effective mitigation.

④ With 20 percent of carbon emissions from (mostly tropical) deforestation, carbon credits for forest preservation would combine aid to poorer countries with one of the most cost-effective forms of abatement.

⑤ Perhaps the most cost-effective but politically complicated policy reform would be the removal of several hundred billions of dollars of direct annual subsidies from the two biggest recipients in the OECD ― destructive industrial agriculture and fossil fuels.

⑥ Even a small amount of this money would accelerate the already rapid rate of technical progress and investment in renewable energy in many areas, as well as encourage the essential switch to conservation agriculture.


1811H3-24
① A defining element of catastrophes is the magnitude of their harmful consequences.

② To help societies prevent or reduce damage from catastrophes, a huge amount of effort and technological sophistication are often employed to assess and communicate the size and scope of potential or actual losses.

③ This effort assumes that people can understand the resulting numbers and act on them appropriately.

④ However, recent behavioral research casts doubt on this fundamental assumption.

⑤ Many people do not understand large numbers.

⑥ Indeed, large numbers have been found to lack meaning and to be underestimated in decisions unless they convey affect (feeling).

⑦ This creates a paradox that rational models of decision making fail to represent.

⑧ On the one hand, we respond strongly to aid a single individual in need.

⑨ On the other hand, we often fail to prevent mass tragedies or take appropriate measures to reduce potential losses from natural disasters.


1811H3-25
① The tables above show the top ten origin countries and the number of international students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities in two school years, 1979-1980 and 2016-2017.

② The total number of international students in 2016-2017 was over three times larger than the total number of international students in 1979-1980.

③ Iran, Taiwan, and Nigeria were the top three origin countries of international students in 1979-1980, among which only Taiwan was included in the list of the top ten origin countries in 2016-2017.

④ The number of students from India was over twenty times larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, and India ranked lower than China in 2016-2017.

⑤ South Korea, which was not included among the top ten origin countries in 1979-1980, ranked third in 2016-2017.

⑥ Although the number of students from Japan was larger in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980, Japan ranked lower in 2016-2017 than in 1979-1980.


1811H3-26
① Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, an American author born in Washington, D.C. in 1896, wrote novels with rural themes and settings.

② While she was young, one of her stories appeared in The Washington Post.

③ After graduating from university, Rawlings worked as a journalist while simultaneously trying to establish herself as a fiction writer.

④ In 1928, she purchased an orange grove in Cross Creek, Florida.

⑤ This became the source of inspiration for some of her writings which included The Yearling and her autobiographical book, Cross Creek.

⑥ In 1939, The Yearling, which was about a boy and an orphaned baby deer, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

⑦ Later, in 1946, The Yearling was made into a film of the same name.

⑧ Rawlings passed away in 1953, and the land she owned at Cross Creek has become a Florida State Park honoring her achievements.


1811H3-29
① "Monumental" is a word that comes very close to expressing the basic characteristic of Egyptian art.

② Never before and never since has the quality of monumentality been achieved as fully as it was in Egypt.

③ The reason for this is not the external size and massiveness of their works, although the Egyptians admittedly achieved some amazing things in this respect.

④ Many modern structures exceed those of Egypt in terms of purely physical size.

⑤ But massiveness has nothing to do with monumentality.

⑥ An Egyptian sculpture no bigger than a person's hand is more monumental than that gigantic pile of stones that constitutes the war memorial in Leipzig, for instance.

⑦ Monumentality is not a matter of external weight, but of "inner weight."

⑧ This inner weight is the quality which Egyptian art possesses to such a degree that everything in it seems to be made of primeval stone, like a mountain range, even if it is only a few inches across or carved in wood.


1811H3-30
① Europe's first Homo sapiens lived primarily on large game, particularly reindeer.

② Even under ideal circumstances, hunting these fast animals with spear or bow and arrow is an uncertain task.

③ The reindeer, however, had a weakness that mankind would mercilessly exploit: it swam poorly.

④ While afloat, it is uniquely vulnerable, moving slowly with its antlers held high as it struggles to keep its nose above water.

⑤ At some point, a Stone Age genius realized the enormous hunting advantage he would gain by being able to glide over the water's surface, and built the first boat.

⑥ Once the easily overtaken and killed prey had been hauled aboard, getting its body back to the tribal camp would have been far easier by boat than on land.

⑦ It would not have taken long for mankind to apply this advantage to other goods.


1811H3-31
① Finkenauer and Rimé investigated the memory of the unexpected death of Belgium's King Baudouin in 1993 in a large sample of Belgian citizens.

② The data revealed that the news of the king's death had been widely socially shared.

③ By talking about the event, people gradually constructed a social narrative and a collective memory of the emotional event.

④ At the same time, they consolidated their own memory of the personal circumstances in which the event took place, an effect known as "flashbulb memory."

⑤ The more an event is socially shared, the more it will be fixed in people's minds.

⑥ Social sharing may in this way help to counteract some natural tendency people may have.

⑦ Naturally, people should be driven to "forget" undesirable events.

⑧ Thus, someone who just heard a piece of bad news often tends initially to deny what happened.

⑨ The repetitive social sharing of the bad news contributes to realism.


1811H3-32
① Minorities tend not to have much power or status and may even be dismissed as troublemakers, extremists or simply 'weirdos'.

② How, then, do they ever have any influence over the majority?

③ The social psychologist Serge Moscovici claims that the answer lies in their behavioural style, i_e the way the minority gets its point across.

④ The crucial factor in the success of the suffragette movement was that its supporters were consistent in their views, and this created a considerable degree of social influence.

⑤ Minorities that are active and organised, who support and defend their position consistently, can create social conflict, doubt and uncertainty among members of the majority, and ultimately this may lead to social change.

⑥ Such change has often occurred because a minority has converted others to its point of view.

⑦ Without the influence of minorities, we would have no innovation, no social change.

⑧ Many of what we now regard as 'major' social movements (e_g Christianity, trade unionism or feminism) were originally due to the influence of an outspoken minority.


1811H3-33
① Heritage is concerned with the ways in which very selective material artefacts, mythologies, memories and traditions become resources for the present.

② The contents, interpretations and representations of the resource are selected according to the demands of the present; an imagined past provides resources for a heritage that is to be passed onto an imagined future.

③ It follows too that the meanings and functions of memory and tradition are defined in the present.

④ Further, heritage is more concerned with meanings than material artefacts.

⑤ It is the former that give value, either cultural or financial, to the latter and explain why they have been selected from the near infinity of the past.

⑥ In turn, they may later be discarded as the demands of present societies change, or even, as is presently occurring in the former Eastern Europe, when pasts have to be reinvented to reflect new presents.

⑦ Thus heritage is as much about forgetting as remembering the past.


1811H3-34
① The human species is unique in its ability to expand its functionality by inventing new cultural tools.

② Writing, arithmetic, science ― all are recent inventions.

③ Our brains did not have enough time to evolve for them, but I reason that they were made possible because we can mobilize our old areas in novel ways.

④ When we learn to read, we recycle a specific region of our visual system known as the visual word-form area, enabling us to recognize strings of letters and connect them to language areas.

⑤ Likewise, when we learn Arabic numerals we build a circuit to quickly convert those shapes into quantities ― a fast connection from bilateral visual areas to the parietal quantity area.

⑥ Even an invention as elementary as finger-counting changes our cognitive abilities dramatically.

⑦ Amazonian people who have not invented counting are unable to make exact calculations as simple as, say, 6–2.

⑧ This "cultural recycling" implies that the functional architecture of the human brain results from a complex mixture of biological and cultural constraints.


1811H3-35
① When photography came along in the nineteenth century, painting was put in crisis.

② The photograph, it seemed, did the work of imitating nature better than the painter ever could.

③ Some painters made practical use of the invention.

④ There were Impressionist painters who used a photograph in place of the model or landscape they were painting.

⑤ But by and large, the photograph was a challenge to painting and was one cause of painting's moving away from direct representation and reproduction to the abstract painting of the twentieth century.

⑥ Since photographs did such a good job of representing things as they existed in the world, painters were freed to look inward and represent things as they were in their imagination, rendering emotion in the color, volume, line, and spatial configurations native to the painter's art.


1811H3-36
① Researchers in psychology follow the scientific method to perform studies that help explain and may predict human behavior.

② This is a much more challenging task than studying snails or sound waves.

③ It often requires compromises, such as testing behavior within laboratories rather than natural settings, and asking those readily available (such as introduction to psychology students) to participate rather than collecting data from a true cross-section of the population.

④ It often requires great cleverness to conceive of measures that tap into what people are thinking without altering their thinking, called reactivity.

⑤ Simply knowing they are being observed may cause people to behave differently (such as more politely!).

⑥ People may give answers that they feel are more socially desirable than their true feelings.

⑦ But for all of these difficulties for psychology, the payoff of the scientific method is that the findings are replicable;.

⑧ That is, if you run the same study again following the same procedures, you will be very likely to get the same results.


1811H3-37
① Clearly, schematic knowledge helps you ― guiding your understanding and enabling you to reconstruct things you cannot remember.

② But schematic knowledge can also hurt you, promoting errors in perception and memory.

③ Moreover, the types of errors produced by schemata are quite predictable:.

④ Bear in mind that schemata summarize the broad pattern of your experience, and so they tell you, in essence, what's typical or ordinary in a given situation.

⑤ Any reliance on schematic knowledge, therefore, will be shaped by this information about what's "normal."

⑥ Thus, if there are things you don't notice while viewing a situation or event, your schemata will lead you to fill in these "gaps" with knowledge about what's normally in place in that setting.

⑦ Likewise, if there are things you can't recall, your schemata will fill in the gaps with knowledge about what's typical in that situation.

⑧ As a result, a reliance on schemata will inevitably make the world seem more "normal" than it really is and will make the past seem more "regular" than it actually was.


1811H3-38
① The printing press boosted the power of ideas to copy themselves.

② Prior to low-cost printing, ideas could and did spread by word of mouth.

③ While this was tremendously powerful, it limited the complexity of the ideas that could be propagated to those that a single person could remember.

④ It also added a certain amount of guaranteed error.

⑤ The spread of ideas by word of mouth was equivalent to a game of telephone on a global scale.

⑥ The advent of literacy and the creation of handwritten scrolls and, eventually, handwritten books strengthened the ability of large and complex ideas to spread with high fidelity.

⑦ But the incredible amount of time required to copy a scroll or book by hand limited the speed with which information could spread this way.

⑧ A well-trained monk could transcribe around four pages of text per day.

⑨ A printing press could copy information thousands of times faster, allowing knowledge to spread far more quickly, with full fidelity, than ever before.


1811H3-39
① A major challenge for map-makers is the depiction of hills and valleys, slopes and flatlands collectively called the topography.

② This can be done in various ways.

③ One is to create an image of sunlight and shadow so that wrinkles of the topography are alternately lit and shaded, creating a visual representation of the shape of the land.

④ Another, technically more accurate way is to draw contour lines.

⑤ A contour line connects all points that lie at the same elevation.

⑥ A round hill rising above a plain, therefore, would appear on the map as a set of concentric circles, the largest at the base and the smallest near the top.

⑦ When the contour lines are positioned closely together, the hill's slope is steep; if they lie farther apart, the slope is gentler.

⑧ Contour lines can represent scarps, hollows, and valleys of the local topography.

⑨ At a glance, they reveal whether the relief in the mapped area is great or small: a "busy" contour map means lots of high relief.


1811H3-40
① Biological organisms, including human societies both with and without market systems, discount distant outputs over those available at the present time based on risks associated with an uncertain future.

② As the timing of inputs and outputs varies greatly depending on the type of energy, there is a strong case to incorporate time when assessing energy alternatives.

③ For example, the energy output from solar panels or wind power engines, where most investment happens before they begin producing, may need to be assessed differently when compared to most fossil fuel extraction technologies, where a large proportion of the energy output comes much sooner, and a larger (relative) proportion of inputs is applied during the extraction process, and not upfront.

④ Thus fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, in addition to having energy quality advantages (cost, storability, transportability, etc) over many renewable technologies, also have a "temporal advantage" after accounting for human behavioral preference for current consumption/return.


1811H3-4142
① Industrial capitalism not only created work, it also created 'leisure' in the modern sense of the term.

② This might seem surprising, for the early cotton masters wanted to keep their machinery running as long as possible and forced their employees to work very long hours.

③ However, by requiring continuous work during work hours and ruling out non-work activity, employers had separated out leisure from work.

④ Some did this quite explicitly by creating distinct holiday periods, when factories were shut down, because it was better to do this than have work disrupted by the casual taking of days off.

⑤ 'Leisure' as a distinct non-work time, whether in the form of the holiday, weekend, or evening, was a result of the disciplined and bounded work time created by capitalist production.

⑥ Workers then wanted more leisure and leisure time was enlarged by union campaigns, which first started in the cotton industry, and eventually new laws were passed that limited the hours of work and gave workers holiday entitlements.

⑦ Leisure was also the creation of capitalism in another sense, through the commercialization of leisure.

⑧ This no longer meant participation in traditional sports and pastimes.

⑨ Workers began to pay for leisure activities organized by capitalist enterprises.

⑩ Mass travel to spectator sports, especially football and horse-racing, where people could be charged for entry, was now possible.

⑪ The importance of this can hardly be exaggerated, for whole new industries were emerging to exploit and develop the leisure market, which was to become a huge source of consumer demand, employment, and profit.


1811H3-4345
① Olivia and her sister Ellie were standing with Grandma in the middle of the cabbages.

② Suddenly, Grandma asked, "Do you know what a Cabbage White is?"

③ "Yes, I learned about it in biology class.

④ It's a beautiful white butterfly," Olivia answered.

⑤ "Right!

⑥ But it lays its eggs on cabbages, and then the caterpillars eat the cabbage leaves!

⑦ So, why don't you help me to pick the caterpillars up?"

⑧ Grandma suggested.

⑨ The two sisters gladly agreed and went back to the house to get ready.

⑩ Soon, armed with a small bucket each, Olivia and Ellie went back to Grandma.

⑪ When they saw the cabbage patch, they suddenly remembered how vast it was.

⑫ There seemed to be a million cabbages.

⑬ Olivia stood open-mouthed at the sight of the endless cabbage field.

⑭ She thought they could not possibly pick all of the caterpillars off.

⑮ Olivia sighed in despair.

⑯ Grandma smiled at her and said, "Don't worry.

⑰ We are only working on this first row here today."

⑱ Relieved, she and Ellie started on the first cabbage.

⑲ The caterpillars wriggled as they were picked up while Cabbage Whites filled the air around them.

⑳ It was as if the butterflies were making fun of Olivia; they seemed to be laughing at her, suggesting that they would lay millions more eggs.

㉑ The cabbage patch looked like a battlefield.

㉒ Olivia felt like she was losing the battle, but she fought on.

㉓ She kept filling her bucket with the caterpillars until the bottom disappeared.

㉔ Feeling exhausted and discouraged, she asked Grandma, "Why don't we just get rid of all the butterflies, so that there will be no more eggs or caterpillars?"

㉕ Grandma smiled gently and said, "Why wrestle with Mother Nature?

㉖ The butterflies help us grow some other plants because they carry pollen from flower to flower."

㉗ Olivia realized she was right.

㉘ Grandma added that although she knew caterpillars did harm to cabbages, she didn't wish to disturb the natural balance of the environment.

㉙ Olivia now saw the butterflies' true beauty.

㉚ Olivia and Ellie looked at their full buckets and smiled.

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1811h1 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:56:39



1811H1-18
① I am a staff member at the Eastville Library, and I work weekday afternoons.

② Each day, as school closes, dozens of students come to the library to do homework, use the library's computers, or socialize in a safe place.

③ Many of these children would otherwise go home to empty houses, and the library is the one place that provides a secure, supervised alternative to being home alone.

④ Your proposed policy of closing libraries on Mondays as a cost cutting measure could be harmful to these children, and I'm certain there are other ways to save money.

⑤ I urge you and other city council representatives to cancel the plan and to keep libraries open!


1811H1-19
① Clara, an 11-year-old girl, sat in the back seat of her mother's car with the window down.

② The wind from outside blew her brown hair across her ivory pale skin ―she sighed deeply.

③ She was sad about moving and was not smiling.

④ Her heart felt like it hurt.

⑤ The fact that she had to leave everything she knew broke her heart.

⑥ Eleven years ―that was a long time to be in one place and build memories and make friends.

⑦ She had been able to finish out the school year with her friends, which was nice, but she feared she would face the whole summer and the coming school year alone.

⑧ Clara sighed heavily.


1811H1-20
① If you were at a social gathering in a large building and you overheard someone say that "the roof is on fire," what would be your reaction?

② Until you knew more information, your first inclination might be toward safety and survival.

③ But if you were to find out that this particular person was talking about a song called "The Roof Is on Fire," your feelings of threat and danger would be diminished.

④ So once the additional facts are understood ―that the person was referring to a song and not a real fire ― the context is better understood and you are in a better position to judge and react.

⑤ All too often people react far too quickly and emotionally over information without establishing context.

⑥ It is so important for us to identify context related to information because if we fail to do so, we may judge and react too quickly.


1811H1-21
① Imagine that your body is a battery and the more energy this battery can store, the more energy you will be able to have within a day.

② Every night when you sleep, this battery is recharged with as much energy as you spent during the previous day.

③ If you want to have a lot of energy tomorrow, you need to spend a lot of energy today.

④ Our brain consumes only 20% of our energy, so it's a must to supplement thinking activities with walking and exercises that spend a lot of energy, so that your internal battery has more energy tomorrow.

⑤ Your body stores as much energy as you need: for thinking, for moving, for doing exercises.

⑥ The more active you are today, the more energy you spend today and the more energy you will have to burn tomorrow.

⑦ Exercising gives you more energy and keeps you from feeling exhausted.


1811H1-22
① When we read a number, we are more influenced by the leftmost digit than by the rightmost, since that is the order in which we read, and process, them.

② The number 799 feels significantly less than 800 because we see the former as 7-something and the latter as 8-something, whereas 798 feels pretty much like 799.

③ Since the nineteenth century, shopkeepers have taken advantage of this trick by choosing prices ending in a 9, to give the impression that a product is cheaper than it is.

④ Surveys show that around a third to two-thirds of all retail prices now end in a 9.

⑤ Though we are all experienced shoppers, we are still fooled.

⑥ In 2008, researchers at the University of Southern Brittany monitored a local pizza restaurant that was serving five types of pizza at €8.00 each.

⑦ When one of the pizzas was reduced in price to €7.99, its share of sales rose from a third of the total to a half.


1811H1-23
① In a competitive environment, such as a college admissions process or a job application situation, almost everyone has strong qualifications.

② Almost everyone has facts in their favor.

③ But how valuable are facts alone?

④ Think back to the most recent lecture or presentation you attended.

⑤ How many facts do you remember from it?

⑥ If you're like most people, you can't recall many, if any.

⑦ Chances are good, however, that you remember stories, anecdotes, and examples from the event, even if you can't think of their exact context.

⑧ The average person today is flooded with facts and data, and we let most of this pass through our brains with minimal retention or reaction ―unless something makes the information stand out in a meaningful way.

⑨ That's where story comes in.


1811H1-25
① Born in 1867 in Cincinnati, Ohio, Charles Henry Turner was an early pioneer in the field of insect behavior.

② His father owned an extensive library where Turner became fascinated with reading about the habits and behavior of insects.

③ Proceeding with his study, Turner earned a doctorate degree in zoology, the first African American to do so.

④ Even after receiving his degree, Turner was unable to get a teaching or research position at any major universities, possibly as a result of racism.

⑤ He moved to St. Louis and taught biology at Sumner High School, focusing on research there until 1922.

⑥ Turner was the first person to discover that insects are capable of learning, illustrating that insects can alter behavior based on previous experience.

⑦ He died of cardiac disease in Chicago in 1923.

⑧ During his 33-year career, Turner published more than 70 papers.

⑨ His last scientific paper was published the year after his death.


1811H1-28
① The belief that humans have morality and animals don't is such a longstanding assumption that it could well be called a habit of mind, and bad habits, as we all know, are extremely hard to break.

② A lot of people have caved in to this assumption because it is easier to deny morality to animals than to deal with the complex effects of the possibility that animals have moral behavior.

③ The historical tendency, framed in the outdated dualism of us versus them, is strong enough to make a lot of people cling to the status quo.

④ Denial of who animals are conveniently allows for maintaining false stereotypes about the cognitive and emotional capacities of animals.

⑤ Clearly a major paradigm shift is needed, because the lazy acceptance of habits of mind has a strong influence on how animals are understood and treated.


1811H1-29
① We notice repetition among confusion, and the opposite: we notice a break in a repetitive pattern.

② But how do these arrangements make us feel?

③ And what about "perfect" regularity and "perfect" chaos?

④ Some repetition gives us a sense of security, in that we know what is coming next.

⑤ We like some predictability.

⑥ We arrange our lives in largely repetitive schedules.

⑦ Randomness, in organization or in events, is more challenging and more frightening for most of us.

⑧ With "perfect" chaos we are frustrated by having to adapt and react again and again.

⑨ But "perfect" regularity is perhaps even more horrifying in its monotony than randomness is.

⑩ It implies a cold, unfeeling, mechanical quality.

⑪ Such perfect order does not exist in nature; there are too many forces working against each other.

⑫ Either extreme, therefore, feels threatening.


1811H1-31
① If you follow science news, you will have noticed that cooperation among animals has become a hot topic in the mass media.

② For example, in late 2007 the science media widely reported a study by Claudia Rutte and Michael Taborsky suggesting that rats display what they call "generalized reciprocity."

③ They each provided help to an unfamiliar and unrelated individual, based on their own previous experience of having been helped by an unfamiliar rat.

④ Rutte and Taborsky trained rats in a cooperative task of pulling a stick to obtain food for a partner.

⑤ Rats who had been helped previously by an unknown partner were more likely to help others.

⑥ Before this research was conducted, generalized reciprocity was thought to be unique to humans.


1811H1-32
① We have to recognize that there always exists in us the strongest need to utilize all our attention.

② And this is quite evident in the great amount of displeasure we feel any time the entirety of our capacity for attention is not being put to use.

③ When this is the case, we will seek to find outlets for our unused attention.

④ If we are playing a chess game with a weaker opponent, we will seek to supplement this activity with another: such as watching TV, or listening to music, or playing another chess game at the same time.

⑤ Very often this reveals itself in unconscious movements, such as playing with something in one's hands or pacing around the room; and if such an action also serves to increase pleasure or relieve displeasure, all the better.


1811H1-33
① From an economic perspective, a short-lived event can become an innovative event if it generates goods and services that can be sold to people, in particular to those from outside the locality.

② The remarkable growth of art exhibitions, cultural festivals and sports competitions, for example, can be analysed in this light.

③ They are temporary activities that can attract large numbers of outsiders to a locality, bringing in new sources of income.

④ But even here, there is a two-way interaction between the event and the context.

⑤ The existence of an infrastructure, a reputation, a history of an activity for an area may have important effects on the economic success or failure of an event.

⑥ In other words, events do not take place in a vacuum.

⑦ They depend on an existing context which has been in the making for a long time.

⑧ The short-lived event, therefore, would be performed in relation to this long-term context.


1811H1-34
① Interestingly, in nature, the more powerful species have a narrower field of vision.

② The distinction between predator and prey offers a clarifying example of this.

③ The key feature that distinguishes predator species from prey species isn't the presence of claws or any other feature related to biological weaponry.

④ The key feature is the position of their eyes.

⑤ Predators evolved with eyes facing forward ―which allows for binocular vision that offers accurate depth perception when pursuing prey.

⑥ Prey, on the other hand, often have eyes facing outward, maximizing peripheral vision, which allows the hunted to detect danger that may be approaching from any angle.

⑦ Consistent with our place at the top of the food chain, humans have eyes that face forward.

⑧ We have the ability to gauge depth and pursue our goals, but we can also miss important action on our periphery.


1811H1-35
① Wouldn't it be nice if you could take your customers by the hand and guide each one through your store while pointing out all the great products you would like them to consider buying?

② Most people, however, would not particularly enjoy having a stranger grab their hand and drag them through a store.

③ Rather, let the store do it for you.

④ Have a central path that leads shoppers through the store and lets them look at many different departments or product areas.

⑤ This path leads your customers from the entrance through the store on the route you want them to take all the way to the checkout.


1811H1-36
① Color can impact how you perceive weight.

② Dark colors look heavy, and bright colors look less so.

③ Interior designers often paint darker colors below brighter colors to put the viewer at ease.

④ Product displays work the same way.

⑤ Place bright-colored products higher and dark-colored products lower, given that they are of similar size.

⑥ This will look more stable and allow customers to comfortably browse the products from top to bottom.

⑦ In contrast, shelving dark-colored products on top can create the illusion that they might fall over, which can be a source of anxiety for some shoppers.

⑧ Black and white, which have a brightness of 0% and 100%, respectively, show the most dramatic difference in perceived weight.

⑨ In fact, black is perceived to be twice as heavy as white.

⑩ Carrying the same product in a black shopping bag, versus a white one, feels heavier.

⑪ So, small but expensive products like neckties and accessories are often sold in dark-colored shopping bags or cases.


1811H1-37
① Ethical and moral systems are different for every culture.

② According to cultural relativism, all of these systems are equally valid, and no system is better than another.

③ The basis of cultural relativism is the notion that no true standards of good and evil actually exist.

④ Therefore, judging whether something is right or wrong is based on individual societies' beliefs, and any moral or ethical opinions are affected by an individual's cultural perspective.

⑤ There exists an inherent logical inconsistency in cultural relativism, however.

⑥ If one accepts the idea that there is no right or wrong, then there exists no way to make judgments in the first place.

⑦ To deal with this inconsistency, cultural relativism creates "tolerance."

⑧ However, with tolerance comes intolerance, which means that tolerance must imply some sort of ultimate good.

⑨ Thus, tolerance also goes against the very notion of cultural relativism, and the boundaries of logic make cultural relativism impossible.


1811H1-38
① The way we communicate influences our ability to build strong and healthy communities.

② Traditional ways of building communities have emphasized debate and argument.

③ For example, the United States has a strong tradition of using town hall meetings to deliberate important issues within communities.

④ In these settings, advocates for each side of the issue present arguments for their positions, and public issues have been discussed in such public forums.

⑤ Yet for debate and argument to work well, people need to come to such forums with similar assumptions and values.

⑥ The shared assumptions and values serve as a foundation for the discussion.

⑦ However, as society becomes more diverse, the likelihood that people share assumptions and values diminishes.

⑧ As a result, forms of communication such as argument and debate become polarized, which may drive communities apart as opposed to bringing them together.


1811H1-39
① Some people believe that the social sciences are falling behind the natural sciences.

② They maintain that not only does social science have no exact laws, but it also has failed to eliminate great social evils such as racial discrimination, crime, poverty, and war.

③ They suggest that social scientists have failed to accomplish what might reasonably have been expected of them.

④ Such critics are usually unaware of the real nature of social science and of its special problems and basic limitations.

⑤ For example, they forget that the solution to a social problem requires not only knowledge but also the ability to influence people.

⑥ Even if social scientists discover the procedures that could reasonably be followed to achieve social improvement, they are seldom in a position to control social action.

⑦ For that matter, even dictators find that there are limits to their power to change society.


1811H1-40
① We cannot predict the outcomes of sporting contests, which vary from week to week.

② This heterogeneity is a feature of sport.

③ It is the uncertainty of the result and the quality of the contest that consumers find attractive.

④ For the sport marketer, this is problematic, as the quality of the contest cannot be guaranteed, no promises can be made in relations to the result and no assurances can be given in respect of the performance of star players.

⑤ Unlike consumer products, sport cannot and does not display consistency as a key feature of marketing strategies.

⑥ The sport marketer therefore must avoid marketing strategies based solely on winning, and must instead focus on developing product extensions such as the facility, parking, merchandise, souvenirs, food and beverages rather than on the core product (that is, the game itself).


1811H1-4142
① Plants are nature's alchemists; they are expert at transforming water, soil, and sunlight into an array of precious substances.

② Many of these substances are beyond the ability of human beings to conceive.

③ While we were perfecting consciousness and learning to walk on two feet, they were, by the same process of natural selection, inventing photosynthesis (the astonishing trick of converting sunlight into food) and perfecting organic chemistry.

④ As it turns out, many of the plants' discoveries in chemistry and physics have served us well.

⑤ From plants come chemical compounds that nourish and heal and delight the senses.

⑥ Why would they go to all this trouble?

⑦ Why should plants bother to devise the recipes for so many complex molecules and then expend the energy needed to manufacture them?

⑧ Plants can't move, which means they can't escape the creatures that feed on them.

⑨ A great many of the chemicals plants produce are designed, by natural selection, to compel other creatures to leave them alone: deadly poisons, foul flavors, toxins to confuse the minds of predators.

⑩ Plants also can't change location or extend their reproductive range without help.

⑪ Many other of the substances plants make draw other creatures to them by stirring and gratifying their desire.

⑫ It is this fact of plants' immobility that causes them to make chemicals.


1811H1-4345
① Rangan opened his cycle shop early in the morning.

② Yesterday he could not attend to business as he was laid up with high fever, but today he made it up to the shop to earn money for his family.

③ Shouting to the tea boy in the next shop for a strong cup of tea, he lined up all the bicycles to be repaired outside.

④ He took a sip of the tea, thinking about the order in which he had to go ahead with his job.

⑤ Rangan's thoughts were disturbed by an old man walking with his bicycle towards his shop.

⑥ The old man was wearing an old turban on his head.

⑦ His hands and face were covered in wrinkles.

⑧ In a gloomy tone, he said, "Would you please replace the tire?

⑨ I'll pay you this evening."

⑩ Feeling sympathy for him, Rangan fixed the bicycle.

⑪ He even treated the old man to a cup of tea.

⑫ The old man thanked Rangan and left.

⑬ Rangan worked hard to finish what he had to do.

⑭ It was already late evening but there was no sign of the old man.

⑮ Doubts filled him.

⑯ What if the old man does not return with the money?

⑰ He regretted fixing up the old man's bicycle.

⑱ Suddenly he lost all hope and he could wait no longer.

⑲ He locked up his shop later than usual and cursed himself for getting tricked by an old man.

⑳ At home, Rangan was confused.

㉑ Washing his greasy hands, he heard a knock at his door.

㉒ It was the old man and the tea boy.

㉓ The old man said, "Your shop was closed when I returned.

㉔ Luckily, I saw this boy in front of the shop."

㉕ Handing over the money to Rangan, he continued, "Thanks for your hospitality."

㉖ Rangan grinned at the kind words the old man spoke to him.

㉗ The fact that he had suspected the old man pained his heart.

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1809h1 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:56:10



1809H1-18
① This is a reply to your inquiry about the shipment status of the desk you purchased at our store on September 26.

② Unfortunately, the delivery of your desk will take longer than expected due to the damage that occurred during the shipment from the furniture manufacturer to our warehouse.

③ We have ordered an exact replacement from the manufacturer, and we expect that delivery will take place within two weeks.

④ As soon as the desk arrives, we will telephone you immediately and arrange a convenient delivery time.

⑤ We regret the inconvenience this delay has caused you.


1809H1-19
① Garnet blew out the candles and lay down.

② It was too hot even for a sheet.

③ She lay there, sweating, listening to the empty thunder that brought no rain, and whispered, "I wish the drought would end.

④ "Late in the night, Garnet had a feeling that something she had been waiting for was about to happen.

⑤ She lay quite still, listening.

⑥ The thunder rumbled again, sounding much louder.

⑦ And then slowly, one by one, as if someone were dropping pennies on the roof, came the raindrops.

⑧ Garnet held her breath hopefully.

⑨ The sound paused.

⑩ "Don't stop, Please" she whispered.

⑪ Then the rain burst strong and loud upon the world.

⑫ Garnet leaped out of bed and ran to the window.

⑬ She shouted with joy, "It's raining hard!

⑭ "She felt as though the thunderstorm was a present.


1809H1-20
① How do you encourage other people when they are changing their behavior?

② Suppose you see a friend who is on a diet and has been losing a lot of weight.

③ It's tempting to tell her that she looks great and she must feel wonderful.

④ It feels good for someone to hear positive comments, and this feedback will often be encouraging.

⑤ However, if you end the discussion there, then the only feedback your friend is getting is about her progress toward an outcome.

⑥ Instead, continue the discussion.

⑦ Ask about what she is doing that has allowed her to be successful.

⑧ What is she eating?

⑨ Where is she working out?

⑩ What are the lifestyle changes she has made?

⑪ When the conversation focuses on the process of change rather than the outcome, it reinforces the value of creating a sustainable process.


1809H1-21
① It might seem that praising your child's intelligence or talent would boost his self-esteem and motivate him.

② But it turns out that this sort of praise backfires.

③ Carol Dweck and her colleagues have demonstrated the effect in a series of experimental studies: "When we praise kids for their ability, kids become more cautious.

④ They avoid challenges.

⑤ "It's as if they are afraid to do anything that might make them fail and lose your high appraisal.

⑥ Kids might also get the message that intelligence or talent is something that people either have or don't have.

⑦ This leaves kids feeling helpless when they make mistakes.

⑧ What's the point of trying to improve if your mistakes indicate that you lack intelligence?


1809H1-22
① Fast fashion refers to trendy clothes designed, created, and sold to consumers as quickly as possible at extremely low prices.

② Fast fashion items may not cost you much at the cash register, but they come with a serious price: tens of millions of people in developing countries, some just children, work long hours in dangerous conditions to make them, in the kinds of factories often labeled sweatshops.

③ Most garment workers are paid barely enough to survive.

④ Fast fashion also hurts the environment.

⑤ Garments are manufactured using toxic chemicals and then transported around the globe, making the fashion industry the world's second-largest polluter, after the oil industry.

⑥ And millions of tons of discarded clothing piles up in landfills each year.


1809H1-23
① If you want to protect yourself from colds and flu, regular exercise may be the ultimate immunity-booster.

② Studies have shown that moderate aerobic exercise can more than halve your risk for respiratory infections and other common winter diseases.

③ But when you feel sick, the story changes.

④ "Exercise is great for prevention, but it can be lousy for therapy," says David Nieman, the director of the Human Performance Lab.

⑤ Research shows that moderate exercise has no effect on the duration or severity of the common cold.

⑥ If you have the flu or other forms of fever-causing systemic infections, exercise can slow recovery and, therefore, is a bad idea.

⑦ Your immune system is working overtime to fight off the infection, and exercise, a form of physical stress, makes that task harder.


1809H1-25
① Eddie Adams was born in New Kensington, Pennsylvania.

② He developed his passion for photography in his teens, when he became a staff photographer for his high school paper.

③ After graduating, he joined the United States Marine Corps, where he captured scenes from the Korean War as a combat photographer.

④ In 1958, he became staff at the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, a daily evening newspaper published in Philadelphia.

⑤ In 1962, he joined the Associated Press (AP), and after 10 years, he left the AP to work as a freelancer for Time magazine.

⑥ The Saigon Execution photo that he took in Vietnam earned him the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography in 1969.

⑦ He shot more than 350 covers of magazines with portraits of political leaders such as Deng Xiaoping, Richard Nixon, and George Bush.


1809H1-28
① My dad worked very late hours as a musician―until about three in the morning―so he slept late on weekends.

② As a result, we didn't have much of a relationship when I was young other than him constantly nagging me to take care of chores like mowing the lawn and cutting the hedges, which I hated.

③ He was a responsible man dealing with an irresponsible kid.

④ Memories of how we interacted seem funny to me today.

⑤ For example, one time he told me to cut the grass and I decided to do just the front yard and postpone doing the back, but then it rained for a couple days and the backyard grass became so high I had to cut it with a sickle.

⑥ That took so long that by the time I was finished, the front yard was too high to mow, and so on.


1809H1-29
① People are innately inclined to look for causes of events, to form explanations and stories.

② That is one reason storytelling is such a persuasive medium.

③ Stories resonate with our experiences and provide examples of new instances.

④ From our experiences and the stories of others we tend to form generalizations about the way people behave and things work.

⑤ We attribute causes to events, and as long as these cause-and-effect pairings make sense, we use them for understanding future events.

⑥ Yet these causal attributions are often mistaken.

⑦ Sometimes they implicate the wrong causes, and for some things that happen, there is no single cause.

⑧ Rather, there is a complex chain of events that all contribute to the result;.

⑨ If any one of the events would not have occurred, the result would be different.

⑩ But even when there is no single causal act, that doesn't stop people from assigning one.


1809H1-30
① Leaving a store, I returned to my car only to find that I'd locked my car key and cell phone inside the vehicle.

② A teenager riding his bike saw me kick a tire in frustration.

③ "What's wrong" he asked.

④ I explained my situation.

⑤ "But even if I could call my husband," I said, "he can't bring me his car key, since this is our only car.

⑥ "He handed me his cell phone.

⑦ The thoughtful boy said, "Call your husband and tell him I'm coming to get his key."

⑧ "Are you sure?

⑨ That's four miles round trip.

⑩ ""Don't worry about it."

⑪ An hour later, he returned with the key.

⑫ I offered him some money, but he refused.

⑬ "Let's just say I needed the exercise," he said.

⑭ Then, like a cowboy in the movies, he rode off into the sunset.


1809H1-31
① One CEO in one of Silicon Valley's most innovative companies has what would seem like a boring, creativity-killing routine.

② He holds a three-hour meeting that starts at 9:00 A.M. one day a week.

③ It is never missed or rescheduled at a different time.

④ It is mandatory―so much so that even in this global firm all the executives know never to schedule any travel that will conflict with the meeting.

⑤ At first glance there is nothing particularly unique about this.

⑥ But what is unique is the quality of ideas that come out of the regular meetings.

⑦ Because the CEO has eliminated the mental cost involved in planning the meeting or thinking about who will or won't be there, people can focus on creative problem solving.


1809H1-32
① When meeting someone in person, body language experts say that smiling can portray confidence and warmth.

② Online, however, smiley faces could be doing some serious damage to your career.

③ In a new study, researchers found that using smiley faces makes you look incompetent.

④ The study says, "contrary to actual smiles, smileys do not increase perceptions of warmth and actually decrease perceptions of competence.

⑤ "The report also explains, "Perceptions of low competence, in turn, lessened information sharing.

⑥ "Chances are, if you are including a smiley face in an email for work, the last thing you want is for your coworkers to think that you are so inadequate that they chose not to share information with you.


1809H1-33
① How funny are you?

② While some people are natural humorists, being funny is a set of skills that can be learned.

③ Exceptionally funny people don't depend upon their memory to keep track of everything they find funny.

④ In the olden days, great comedians carried notebooks to write down funny thoughts or observations and scrapbooks for news clippings that struck them as funny.

⑤ Today, you can do that easily with your smartphone.

⑥ If you have a funny thought, record it as an audio note.

⑦ If you read a funny article, save the link in your bookmarks.

⑧ The world is a funny place and your existence within it is probably funnier.

⑨ Accepting that fact is a blessing that gives you everything you need to see humor and craft stories on a daily basis.

⑩ All you have to do is document them and then tell someone.


1809H1-34
① If you ask a physicist how long it would take a marble to fall from the top of a ten-story building, he will likely answer the question by assuming that the marble falls in a vacuum.

② In reality, the building is surrounded by air, which applies friction to the falling marble and slows it down.

③ Yet the physicist will point out that the friction on the marble is so small that its effect is negligible.

④ Assuming the marble falls in a vacuum simplifies the problem without substantially affecting the answer.

⑤ Economists make assumptions for the same reason: Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.

⑥ To study the effects of international trade, for example, we might assume that the world consists of only two countries and that each country produces only two goods.

⑦ By doing so, we can focus our thinking on the essence of the problem.

⑧ Thus, we are in a better position to understand international trade in the complex world.


1809H1-35
① Water is the ultimate commons.

② Once, watercourses seemed boundless and the idea of protecting water was considered silly.

③ But rules change.

④ Time and again, communities have studied water systems and redefined wise use.

⑤ Now Ecuador has become the first nation on Earth to put the rights of nature in its constitution.

⑥ This move has proclaimed that rivers and forests are not simply property but maintain their own right to flourish.

⑦ According to the constitution, a citizen might file suit on behalf of an injured watershed, recognizing that its health is crucial to the common good.

⑧ More countries are acknowledging nature's rights and are expected to follow Ecuador's lead.


1809H1-36
① No one likes to think they're average, least of all below average.

② When asked by psychologists, most people rate themselves above average on all manner of measures including intelligence, looks, health, and so on.

③ Self-control is no different:.

④ People consistently overestimate their ability to control themselves.

⑤ This overconfidence in self-control can lead people to assume they'll be able to control themselves in situations in which, it turns out, they can't.

⑥ This is why trying to stop an unwanted habit can be an extremely frustrating task.

⑦ Over the days and weeks from our resolution to change, we start to notice it popping up again and again.

⑧ The old habit's well-practiced performance is beating our conscious desire for change into submission.


1809H1-37
① Trade will not occur unless both parties want what the other party has to offer.

② This is referred to as the double coincidence of wants.

③ Suppose a farmer wants to trade eggs with a baker for a loaf of bread.

④ If the baker has no need or desire for eggs, then the farmer is out of luck and does not get any bread.

⑤ However, if the farmer is enterprising and utilizes his network of village friends, he might discover that the baker is in need of some new cast-iron trivets for cooling his bread, and it just so happens that the blacksmith needs a new lamb's wool sweater.

⑥ Upon further investigation, the farmer discovers that the weaver has been wanting an omelet for the past week.

⑦ The farmer will then trade the eggs for the sweater, the sweater for the trivets, and the trivets for his fresh-baked loaf of bread.


1809H1-38
① Have you heard someone say, "He has no one to blame but himself" for some problem?

② In everyday life we often blame people for "creating" their own problems.

③ Although individual behavior can contribute to social problems, our individual experiences are often largely beyond our own control.

④ They are determined by society as a whole ― by its historical development and its organization.

⑤ If a person sinks into debt because of overspending or credit card abuse, other people often consider the problem to be the result of the individual's personal failings.

⑥ However, thinking about it this way overlooks debt among people in low-income brackets who have no other way than debt to acquire basic necessities of life.

⑦ By contrast, at middle- and upper-income levels, overspending takes on a variety of meanings typically influenced by what people think of as essential for their well-being and associated with the so-called "good life" that is so heavily marketed.

⑧ But across income and wealth levels, larger-scale economic and social problems may affect the person's ability to pay for consumer goods and services.


1809H1-39
① Traditionally, people were declared dead when their hearts stopped beating, their blood stopped circulating and they stopped breathing.

② So doctors would listen for a heartbeat, or occasionally conduct the famous mirror test to see if there were any signs of moisture from the potential deceased's breath.

③ It is commonly known that when people's hearts stop and they breathe their last, they are dead.

④ But in the last half-century, doctors have proved time and time again that they can revive many patients whose hearts have stopped beating by various techniques such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

⑤ So a patient whose heart has stopped can no longer be regarded as dead.

⑥ Instead, the patient is said to be 'clinically dead'.

⑦ Someone who is only clinically dead can often be brought back to life.


1809H1-40
① At the Leipzig Zoo in Germany, 34 zoo chimpanzees and orangutans participating in a study were each individually tested in a room, where they were put in front of two boxes.

② An experimenter would place an object inside one box and leave the room.

③ Another experimenter would enter the room, move the object into the other box and exit.

④ When the first experimenter returned and tried retrieving the object from the first box, the great ape would help the experimenter open the second box, which it knew the object had been transferred to.

⑤ However, most apes in the study did not help the first experimenter open the second box if the first experimenter was still in the room to see the second experimenter move the item.

⑥ The findings show the great apes understood when the first experimenter still thought the item was where he or she last left it.


1809H1-4142
① It's reasonable to assume that every adult alive today has, at some point in their life, expressed or heard from someone else a variation of the following: "Where did all the time go?"

② "I can't believe it's the New Year.

③ Time flies" "Enjoy it.

④ One day you'll wake up and you'll be 50."

⑤ While different on the surface, the sentiment behind these phrases is the same: time feels like it moves faster as we get older.

⑥ But why does this happen?

⑦ According to psychologist Robert Ornstein, the speed of time and our perception of it is heavily influenced by how much new information is available for our minds to absorb and process.

⑧ In essence, the more new information we take in, the slower time feels.

⑨ This theory could explain in part why time feels slower for children.

⑩ Assigned the enormous task of absorbing and processing all this new perceptual and sensory information around them, their brains are continuously alert and attentive.

⑪ Why?

⑫ Because everything is unfamiliar.

⑬ Consider the mind of a child: having experienced so little, the world is a mysterious and fascinating place.

⑭ Adults and children may live in the same world, but reality for a child is vastly different ―full of wonders and curiosities and miraculous little events that most adults ignore.

⑮ Perhaps this is why we think so fondly about the joy of childhood, that freedom of mind and body before the world becomes familiar and predictable.


1809H1-4345
① A 10-year-old boy decided to learn judo despite the fact that he had lost his left arm in a devastating car accident.

② The boy began lessons with an old Japanese judo master.

③ The boy was doing well, so he couldn't understand why, after three months of training, the master had taught him only one move.

④ Not quite understanding but believing in his master, the boy kept training.

⑤ Several months later, the master took the boy to his first tournament.

⑥ Surprising himself, the boy easily won his first two matches.

⑦ The third match proved to be more difficult, but after some time, his opponent became impatient and charged;.

⑧ The boy skillfully used his one move to win the match.

⑨ Still amazed by his success, he was now in the finals.

⑩ This time, his opponent was bigger, stronger, and more experienced.

⑪ Concerned that he might get hurt, the referee called a timeout to stop the match.

⑫ Then the master intervened.

⑬ "No," the master insisted, "let him continue.

⑭ "Soon after the match resumed, his opponent made a critical mistake: he dropped his guard.

⑮ Instantly, the boy used his move to pin him.

⑯ The boy had won the match and the tournament.

⑰ He was the champion.

⑱ On the way home, after reviewing all the matches he had, he summoned the courage to ask what was on his mind.

⑲ "Master, how did I become the champion with only one move?"

⑳ "You won for two reasons," the master answered.

㉑ "First, you've mastered one of the most difficult throws in all of judo.

㉒ And second, the only known defense for that move is for your opponent to grab your left arm.

㉓ "The boy's biggest weakness had become his biggest strength.

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1806h1 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:55:30



1806H1-18
① The upgrade of the Wellington Waste Water Treatment Facility will begin on Monday, July 30, 2018.

② The construction will take about 28 months and may lead to increased traffic along Baker Street due to work on and around it.

③ Construction vehicles may also use this street to gain access to the main construction site.

④ We sincerely apologize for any inconveniences that may be experienced.

⑤ We will try to keep them to a minimum.

⑥ This work is part of our continuous effort to maintain and improve the basic systems and services of our city.

⑦ For any questions, please contact Ronald Brown at 022-807-4725.


1806H1-19
① One night, I opened the door that led to the second floor, noting that the hallway light was off.

② I thought nothing of it because I knew there was a light switch next to the stairs that I could turn on.

③ What happened next was something that chilled my blood.

④ When I put my foot down on the first step, I felt a movement under the stairs.

⑤ My eyes were drawn to the darkness beneath them.

⑥ Once I realized something strange was happening, my heart started beating fast.

⑦ Suddenly, I saw a hand reach out from between the steps and grab my ankle.

⑧ I let out a terrifying scream that could be heard all the way down the block, but nobody answered!


1806H1-20
① Something comes over most people when they start writing.

② They write in a language different from the one they would use if they were talking to a friend.

③ If, however, you want people to read and understand what you write, write it in spoken language.

④ Written language is more complex, which makes it more work to read.

⑤ It's also more formal and distant, which makes the readers lose attention.

⑥ You don't need complex sentences to express ideas.

⑦ Even when specialists in some complicated field express their ideas, they don't use sentences any more complex than they do when talking about what to have for lunch.

⑧ If you simply manage to write in spoken language, you have a good start as a writer.


1806H1-21
① Too many companies advertise their new products as if their competitors did not exist.

② They advertise their products in a vacuum and are disappointed when their messages fail to get through.

③ Introducing a new product category is difficult, especially if the new category is not contrasted against the old one.

④ Consumers do not usually pay attention to what's new and different unless it's related to the old.

⑤ That's why if you have a truly new product, it's often better to say what the product is not, rather than what it is.

⑥ For example, the first automobile was called a "horseless" carriage, a name which allowed the public to understand the concept against the existing mode of transportation.


1806H1-22
① Human beings are driven by a natural desire to form and maintain interpersonal relationships.

② From this perspective, people seek relationships with others to fill a fundamental need, and this need underlies many emotions, actions, and decisions throughout life.

③ Probably, the need to belong is a product of human beings' evolutionary history as a social species.

④ Human beings have long depended on the cooperation of others for the supply of food, protection from predators, and the acquisition of essential knowledge.

⑤ Without the formation and maintenance of social bonds, early human beings probably would not have been able to cope with or adapt to their physical environments.

⑥ Thus, seeking closeness and meaningful relationships has long been vital for human survival.


1806H1-23
① Mammals tend to be less colorful than other animal groups, but zebras are strikingly dressed in black-and-white.

② What purpose do such high contrast patterns serve?

③ The colors' roles aren't always obvious.

④ The question of what zebras can gain from having stripes has puzzled scientists for more than a century.

⑤ To try to solve this mystery, wildlife biologist Tim Caro spent more than a decade studying zebras in Tanzania.

⑥ He ruled out theory after theory ― stripes don't keep them cool, stripes don't confuse predators ― before finding an answer.

⑦ In 2013, he set up fly traps covered in zebra skin and, for comparison, others covered in antelope skin.

⑧ He saw that flies seemed to avoid landing on the stripes.

⑨ After more research, he concluded that stripes can literally save zebras from disease-carrying insects.


1806H1-25
① Tomas Luis de Victoria, the greatest Spanish composer of the sixteenth century, was born in Avila and as a boy sang in the church choir.

② When his voice broke, he went to Rome to study and he remained in that city for about 20 years, holding appointments at various churches and religious institutions.

③ In Rome, he met Palestrina, a famous Italian composer, and may even have been his pupil.

④ In the 1580s, after becoming a priest, he returned to Spain and spent the rest of his life peacefully in Madrid as a composer and organist to members of the royal household.

⑤ He died in 1611, but his tomb has yet to be identified.


1806H1-28
① Plastic is extremely slow to degrade and tends to float, which allows it to travel in ocean currents for thousands of miles.

② Most plastics break down into smaller and smaller pieces when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, forming microplastics.

③ These microplastics are very difficult to measure once they are small enough to pass through the nets typically used to collect them.

④ Their impacts on the marine environment and food webs are still poorly understood.

⑤ These tiny particles are known to be eaten by various animals and to get into the food chain.

⑥ Because most of the plastic particles in the ocean are so small, there is no practical way to clean up the ocean.

⑦ One would have to filter enormous amounts of water to collect a relatively small amount of plastic.


1806H1-29
① People have higher expectations as their lives get better.

② However, the higher the expectations, the more difficult it is to be satisfied.

③ We can increase the satisfaction we feel in our lives by controlling our expectations.

④ Adequate expectations leave room for many experiences to be pleasant surprises.

⑤ The challenge is to find a way to have proper expectations.

⑥ One way to do this is by keeping wonderful experiences rare.

⑦ No matter what you can afford, save great wine for special occasions.

⑧ Make an elegantly styled silk blouse a special treat.

⑨ This may seem like an act of denying your desires, but I don't think it is.

⑩ On the contrary, it's a way to make sure that you can continue to experience pleasure.

⑪ What's the point of great wines and great blouses if they don't make you feel great?


1806H1-30
① "Wanna work together?"

② a cheerful voice spoke on Amy's first day at a new school.

③ It was Wilhemina.

④ Amy was too surprised to do anything but nod.

⑤ The big black girl put her notebook down beside Amy's.

⑥ After dropping the notebook, she lifted herself up onto the stool beside Amy.

⑦ "I'm Wilhemina Smiths, Smiths with an s at both ends," she said with a friendly smile.

⑧ "My friends call me Mina.

⑨ You're Amy Tillerman.

⑩ "Amy nodded and stared.

⑪ As the only new kid in the school, she was pleased to have a lab partner.

⑫ But Amy wondered if Mina chose her because she had felt sorry for the new kid.


1806H1-31
① One outcome of motivation is behavior that takes considerable effort.

② For example, if you are motivated to buy a good car, you will research vehicles online, look at ads, visit dealerships, and so on.

③ Likewise, if you are motivated to lose weight, you will buy low-fat foods, eat smaller portions, and exercise.

④ Motivation not only drives the final behaviors that bring a goal closer but also creates willingness to expend time and energy on preparatory behaviors.

⑤ Thus, someone motivated to buy a new smartphone may earn extra money for it, drive through a storm to reach the store, and then wait in line to buy it.


1806H1-32
① Good managers have learned to overcome the initial feelings of anxiety when assigning tasks.

② They are aware that no two people act in exactly the same way and so do not feel threatened if they see one employee going about a task differently than another.

③ Instead, they focus on the end result.

④ If a job was successfully done, as long as people are working in a manner acceptable to the organization (for example, as long as salespeople are keeping to the company's ethical selling policy), then that's fine.

⑤ If an acceptable final outcome wasn't achieved, then such managers respond by discussing it with the employee and analyzing the situation, to find out what training or additional skills that person will need to do the task successfully in the future.


1806H1-33
① There is good evidence that in organic development, perception starts with recognizing outstanding structural features.

② For example, when two-year-old children and chimpanzees had learned that, of two boxes presented to them, the one with a triangle of a particular size and shape always contained attractive food, they had no difficulty applying their training to triangles of very different appearance.

③ The triangles were made smaller or larger or turned upside down.

④ A black triangle on a white background was replaced by a white triangle on a black background, or an outlined triangle by a solid one.

⑤ These changes seemed not to interfere with recognition.

⑥ Similar results were obtained with rats.

⑦ Karl Lashley, a psychologist, has asserted that simple transpositions of this type are universal in all animals including humans.


1806H1-34
① There is a very old story involving a man trying to fix his broken boiler.

② Despite his best efforts over many months, he can't do it.

③ Eventually, he gives up and decides to call in an expert.

④ The engineer arrives, gives one gentle tap on the side of the boiler, and it springs to life.

⑤ The engineer gives a bill to the man, and the man argues that he should pay only a small fee as the job took the engineer only a few moments.

⑥ The engineer explains that the man is not paying for the time he took to tap the boiler but rather the years of experience involved in knowing exactly where to tap.

⑦ Just like the expert engineer tapping the boiler, effective change does not have to be time-consuming.

⑧ In fact, it is often simply a question of knowing exactly where to tap.


1806H1-35
① Interpersonal messages combine content and relationship dimensions.

② That is, they refer to the real world, to something external to both speaker and listener;.

③ At the same time they also refer to the relationship between parties.

④ For example, a supervisor may say to a trainee, "See me after the meeting.

⑤ "This simple message has a content message that tells the trainee to see the supervisor after the meeting.

⑥ It also contains a relationship message that says something about the connection between the supervisor and the trainee.

⑦ Even the use of the simple command shows there is a status difference that allows the supervisor to command the trainee.

⑧ You can appreciate this most clearly if you visualize the same command being made by the trainee to the supervisor.

⑨ It appears awkward and out of place, because it violates the normal relationship between supervisor and trainee.


1806H1-36
① The scientific study of the physical characteristics of colors can be traced back to Isaac Newton.

② One day, he spotted a set of prisms at a big county fair.

③ He took them home and began to experiment with them.

④ In a darkened room he allowed a thin ray of sunlight to fall on a triangular glass prism.

⑤ As soon as the white ray hit the prism, it separated into the familiar colors of the rainbow.

⑥ This finding was not new, as humans had observed the rainbow since the beginning of time.

⑦ It was only when Newton placed a second prism in the path of the spectrum that he found something new.

⑧ The composite colors produced a white beam.

⑨ Thus he concluded that white light can be produced by combining the spectral colors.


1806H1-37
① When I was very young, I had a difficulty telling the difference between dinosaurs and dragons.

② But there is a significant difference between them.

③ Dragons appear in Greek myths, legends about England's King Arthur, Chinese New Year parades, and in many tales throughout human history.

④ But even if they feature in stories created today, they have always been the products of the human imagination and never existed.

⑤ Dinosaurs, however, did once live.

⑥ They walked the earth for a very long time, even if human beings never saw them.

⑦ They existed around 200 million years ago, and we know about them because their bones have been preserved as fossils.


1806H1-38
① Acoustic concerns in school libraries are much more important and complex today than they were in the past.

② Years ago, before electronic resources were such a vital part of the library environment, we had only to deal with noise produced by people.

③ Today, the widespread use of computers, printers, and other equipment has added machine noise.

④ People noise has also increased, because group work and instruction are essential parts of the learning process.

⑤ So, the modern school library is no longer the quiet zone it once was.

⑥ Yet libraries must still provide quietness for study and reading, because many of our students want a quiet study environment.

⑦ Considering this need for library surroundings, it is important to design spaces where unwanted noise can be eliminated or at least kept to a minimum.


1806H1-39
① Of the many forest plants that can cause poisoning, wild mushrooms may be among the most dangerous.

② This is because people sometimes confuse the poisonous and edible varieties, or they eat mushrooms without making a positive identification of the variety.

③ Many people enjoy hunting wild species of mushrooms in the spring season, because they are excellent edible mushrooms and are highly prized.

④ However, some wild mushrooms are dangerous, leading people to lose their lives due to mushroom poisoning.

⑤ To be safe, a person must be able to identify edible mushrooms before eating any wild one.


1806H1-40
① Recent studies point to the importance of warm physical contact for healthy relationships with others.

② In one study, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in another study, participants holding a hot (versus cold) pack were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of something for themselves.

③ These findings illustrate that mere contact experiences of physical warmth activate feelings of interpersonal warmth.

④ Moreover, this temporarily increased activation of interpersonal warmth feelings then influences judgments toward other people in an unintentional manner.

⑤ Such feelings activated in one context last for a while thereafter and have influence on judgment and behavior in later contexts without the person's awareness.


1806H1-4142
① Hundreds of thousands of people journeyed far to take part in the Canadian fur trade.

② Many saw how inhabitants of the northern regions stored their food in the winter ― by burying the meats and vegetables in the snow.

③ But probably few of them had thoughts about how this custom might relate to other fields.

④ One who did was a young man named Clarence Birdseye.

⑤ He was amazed to find that freshly caught fish and duck, frozen quickly in such a fashion, kept their taste and texture.

⑥ He started wondering: Why can't we sell food in America that operates on the same basic principle?

⑦ With this thought, the frozen foods industry was born.

⑧ He made something extraordinary from what, for the northern folk, was the ordinary practice of preserving food.

⑨ So, what went on in his mind when he observed this means of storage?

⑩ Something mysterious happened in his curious, fully engaged mind.

⑪ Curiosity is a way of adding value to what you see.

⑫ In the case of Birdseye, it was strong enough to lift him out of the routine way of seeing things.

⑬ It set the stage for innovation and discovery, for coming up with something new.


1806H1-4345
① There was a business executive who was deep in debt and could see no way out.

② He couldn't borrow more money from any bank, and couldn't pay his suppliers.

③ One day, he sat on a park bench, head in hands, wondering if anything could save his company from bankruptcy.

④ Suddenly an old man appeared before him.

⑤ I can see that something is troubling you, he said.

⑥ After listening to the executive's worries, the old man said, "I believe I can help you.

⑦ "He asked the man his name, wrote out a check, and pushed it into his hand.

⑧ He said, "Take this money.

⑨ Meet me here exactly one year from today, and you can pay me back at that time.

⑩ "Then he turned and disappeared as quickly as he had come.

⑪ The executive saw in his hand a check for $500,000, signed by John D. Rockefeller, then one of the richest men in the world!

⑫ I can erase my money worries in an instant, he thought.

⑬ But instead, the executive decided to put the check in his safe.

⑭ Just knowing it was there might give him the strength to work out a way to save his business, he thought.

⑮ Within a few months, he was out of debt and making money once again.

⑯ Exactly one year later, he returned to the park with the check.

⑰ At the agreed-upon time, the old man appeared.

⑱ But just then, a nurse came running up and grabbed the old man.

⑲ "I hope he hasn't been bothering you.

⑳ He's always escaping from the rest home and telling people he's John D. Rockefeller," the nurse said.

㉑ The surprised executive just stood there.

㉒ Suddenly, he realized that it wasn't the money, real or imagined, that had turned his life around.

㉓ It was his newfound self-confidence that enabled him to achieve anything he went after.

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1703h1 안녕! | Since 2005 위스마트, 임희재 | wayne.tistory.com | 01033383436 | 제작일 181224 18:54:13



1703H1-18
① Dear Mrs Coling, My name is Susan Harris and I am writing on behalf of the students at Lockwood High School.

② Many students at the school have been working on a project about the youth unemployment problem in Lockwood.

③ You are invited to attend a special presentation that will be held at our school auditorium on April 16th.

④ At the presentation, students will propose a variety of ideas for developing employment opportunities for the youth within the community.

⑤ As one of the famous figures in the community, we would be honored by your attendance.

⑥ We look forward to seeing you there.


1703H1-19
① Finally, it was Shaun's turn to give a speech.

② When he opened his mouth, nothing but air escaped his throat.

③ Then he tried to speak again, not knowing what to say.

④ He had prepared to talk about time and he started with the word: 'Time.

⑤ 'But nothing followed.

⑥ Shaun could not find the words.

⑦ Laughter started to pass through the auditorium from front to back.

⑧ Even the judges looked disappointed.

⑨ He didn't know what to say.

⑩ He looked into the crowd.

⑪ The audience at the contest were laughing out loud now, at him, at his inability.


1703H1-20
① Recent studies show some interesting findings about habit formation.

② In these studies, students who successfully acquired one positive habit reported less stress; less impulsive spending; better dietary habits; decreased caffeine consumption; fewer hours spent watching TV; and even fewer dirty dishes.

③ Keep working on one habit long enough, and not only does it become easier, but so do other things as well.

④ It's why those with the right habits seem to do better than others.

⑤ They're doing the most important thing regularly and, as a result, everything else is easier.


1703H1-21
① Noise in the classroom has negative effects on communication patterns and the ability to pay attention.

② Thus, it is not surprising that constant exposure to noise is related to children's academic achievement, particularly in its negative effects on reading and learning to read.

③ Some researchers found that, when preschool classrooms were changed to reduce noise levels, the children spoke to each other more often and in more complete sentences, and their performance on pre-reading tests improved.

④ Research with older children suggests similar findings.

⑤ On reading and math tests, elementary and high school students in noisy schools or classrooms consistently perform below those in quieter settings.


1703H1-22
① Studies from cities all over the world show the importance of life and activity as an urban attraction.

② People gather where things are happening and seek the presence of other people.

③ Faced with the choice of walking down an empty or a lively street, most people would choose the street with life and activity.

④ The walk will be more interesting and feel safer.

⑤ Events where we can watch people perform or play music attract many people to stay and watch.

⑥ Studies of benches and chairs in city space show that the seats with the best view of city life are used far more frequently than those that do not offer a view of other people.


1703H1-23
① Consumers are generally uncomfortable with taking high risks.

② As a result, they are usually motivated to use a lot of strategies to reduce risk.

③ Consumers can collect additional information by conducting online research, reading news articles, talking to friends or consulting an expert.

④ Consumers also reduce uncertainty by buying the same brand that they did the last time, believing that the product should be at least as satisfactory as their last purchase.

⑤ In addition, some consumers may employ a simple decision rule that results in a safer choice.

⑥ For example, someone might buy the most expensive offering or choose a heavily advertised brand in the belief that this brand has higher quality than other brands.


1703H1-25
① New technologies create new interactions and cultural rules.

② As a way to encourage TV viewing, social television systems now enable social interaction among TV viewers in different locations.

③ These systems are known to build a greater sense of connectedness among TV-using friends.

④ One field study focused on how five friends between the ages of 30-36 communicated while watching TV at their homes.

⑤ The technology allowed them to see which of the friends were watching TV and what they were watching.

⑥ They chose how to communicate via social television—whether through voice chat or text chat.

⑦ The study showed a strong preference for text over voice.

⑧ Users offered two key reasons for favoring text chat.

⑨ First, text chat required less effort and attention, and was more enjoyable than voice chat.

⑩ Second, study participants viewed text chat as more polite.


1703H1-28
① Take time to read the comics.

② This is worthwhile not just because they will make you laugh but because they contain wisdom about the nature of life.

③ Charlie Brown and Blondie are part of my morning routine and help me to start the day with a smile.

④ When you read the comics section of the newspaper, cut out a cartoon that makes you laugh.

⑤ Post it wherever you need it most, such as on your refrigerator or at work—so that every time you see it, you will smile and feel your spirit lifted.

⑥ Share your favorites with your friends and family so that everyone can get a good laugh, too.

⑦ Take your comics with you when you go to visit sick friends who can really use a good laugh.


1703H1-29
① Chuckwallas are fat lizards, usually 20-25cm long, though they may grow up to 45cm.

② They weigh about 1・5kg when mature.

③ Most chuckwallas are mainly brown or black.

④ Just after the annual molt, the skin is shiny.

⑤ Lines of dark brown run along the back and continue down the tail.

⑥ As the males grow older, these brown lines disappear and the body color becomes lighter; the tail becomes almost white.

⑦ It is not easy to distinguish between male and female chuckwallas, because young males look like females and the largest females resemble males.


1703H1-30
① Meghan Vogel was tired.

② She had just won the 2012 state championship in the 1,600meter race.

③ She was so exhausted afterward that she was in last place toward the end of her next race, the 3,200 meters.

④ As she came around the final turn in the long race, the runner in front of her, Arden McMath, fell to the ground.

⑤ Vogel made a quick decision.

⑥ She stopped and helped McMath to her feet.

⑦ Together, they walked the last 30 meters.

⑧ Vogel guided her to the finish line.

⑨ And then she gave McMath a gentle push across it, just ahead of Vogel herself.

⑩ "If you work hard to get to the state meet, you deserve to finish," she said.

⑪ Later, Vogel's hometown held a parade in her honor.

⑫ It wasn't because of the race where she finished first.

⑬ It was because of the race where she finished last.


1703H1-31
① In small towns the same workman makes chairs and doors and tables, and often the same person builds houses.

② And it is, of course, impossible for a man of many trades to be skilled in all of them.

③ In large cities, on the other hand, because many people make demands on each trade, one trade alone—very often even less than a whole trade—is enough to support a man.

④ For instance, one man makes shoes for men, and another for women.

⑤ And there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, and another by sewing the uppers together.

⑥ Such skilled workers may have used simple tools, but their specialization did result in more efficient and productive work.


1703H1-32
① About four billion years ago, molecules joined together to form cells.

② About two billion years later, cells joined together to form more complex cells.

③ And then a billion years later, these more complex cells joined together to form multicellular organisms.

④ All of these evolved because the participating individuals could, by working together, spread their genetic material in new and more effective ways.

⑤ Fast-forward another billion years to our world, which is full of social animals, from ants to wolves to humans.

⑥ The same principle applies.

⑦ Ants and wolves in groups can do things that no single ant or wolf can do, and we humans, by cooperating with one another, have become the earth's dominant species.


1703H1-33
① What do advertising and mapmaking have in common?

② Without doubt the best answer is their shared need to communicate a limited version of the truth.

③ An advertisement must create an image that's appealing and a map must present an image that's clear, but neither can meet its goal by telling or showing everything.

④ Ads will cover up or play down negative aspects of the company or service they advertise.

⑤ In this way, they can promote a favorable comparison with similar products or differentiate a product from its competitors.

⑥ Likewise, the map must remove details that would be confusing.


1703H1-34
① Did you know you actually think in images and not in words?

② Images are simply mental pictures showing ideas and experiences.

③ Early humans communicated their ideas and experiences to others for thousands of years by drawing pictures in the sand or on the walls of their caves.

④ Only recently have humans created various languages and alphabets to symbolize these "picture" messages.

⑤ Your mind has not yet adapted to this relatively new development.

⑥ An image has a much greater impact on your brain than words; the nerves from the eye to the brain are twentyfive times larger than the nerves from the ear to the brain.

⑦ You often remember a person's face but not his or her name, for example.

⑧ The old saying, "A picture is worth a thousand words," is true.


1703H1-35
① In negotiation, there often will be issues that you do not care about—but that the other side cares about very much!

② It is important to identify these issues.

③ For example, you may not care about whether you start your new job in June or July.

④ But if your potential boss strongly prefers that you start as soon as possible, that's a valuable piece of information.

⑤ Now you are in a position to give her something that she values (at no cost to you) and get something of value in return.

⑥ For example, you might start a month earlier and receive a larger bonus for doing so.

⑦ Similarly, when purchasing my home, I discovered that the seller was very interested in closing the deal as soon as possible.

⑧ So I agreed to close one month earlier than originally offered, and the seller agreed to a lower price.


1703H1-36
① Andrew Carnegie, the great early-twentieth-century businessman, once heard his sister complain about her two sons.

② They were away at college and rarely responded to her letters.

③ Carnegie told her that if he wrote them he would get an immediate response.

④ He sent off two warm letters to the boys, and told them that he was happy to send each of them a check for a hundred dollars (a large sum in those days).

⑤ Then he mailed the letters, but didn't enclose the checks.

⑥ Within days he received warm grateful letters from both boys, who noted at the letters' end that he had unfortunately forgotten to include the check.

⑦ If the check had been enclosed, would they have responded so quickly?


1703H1-37
① Childhood friends—friends you've known forever—are really special.

② They know everything about you, and you've shared lots of firsts.

③ When you hit puberty, however, sometimes these forever-friendships go through growing pains.

④ You find that you have less in common than you used to.

⑤ Maybe you're into rap and she's into pop, or you go to different schools and have different groups of friends.

⑥ Change can be scary, but remember: Friends, even best friends, don't have to be exactly alike.

⑦ Having friends with other interests keeps life interesting—just think of what you can learn from each other.


1703H1-38
① Geography influenced human relationships in Greece.

② Because the land made travel so difficult, the guest-host relationship was valued.

③ If a stranger, even a poor man, appeared at your door, it was your duty to be a good host, to give him a shelter and share your food with him.

④ "We do not sit at a table only to eat, but to eat together," said the Greek author Plutarch.

⑤ Dining was a sign of the human community and differentiated men from beasts.

⑥ In return, the guest had duties to his host.

⑦ These included not abusing his host's hospitality by staying too long, usually not more than three days.

⑧ A violation of this relationship by either side brought human and divine anger.


1703H1-39
① Today car sharing movements have appeared all over the world.

② In many cities, car sharing has made a strong impact on how city residents travel.

③ Even in strong car-ownership cultures such as North America, car sharing has gained popularity.

④ In the US and Canada, membership in car sharing now exceeds one in five adults in many urban areas.

⑤ Strong influence on traffic jams and pollution can be felt from Toronto to New York, as each shared vehicle replaces around 10 personal cars.

⑥ City governments with downtown areas struggling with traffic jams and lack of parking lots are driving the growing popularity of car sharing.


1703H1-40
① A large American hardware manufacturer was invited to introduce its products to a distributor with good reputation in Germany.

② Wanting to make the best possible impression, the American company sent its most promising young executive, Fred Wagner, who spoke fluent German.

③ When Fred first met his German hosts, he shook hands firmly, greeted everyone in German, and even remembered to bow the head slightly as is the German custom.

④ Fred, a very effective public speaker, began his presentation with a few humorous jokes to set a relaxed atmosphere.

⑤ However, he felt that his presentation was not very well received by the German executives.

⑥ Even though Fred thought he had done his cultural homework, he made one particular error.

⑦ Fred did not win any points by telling a few jokes.

⑧ It was viewed as too informal and unprofessional in a German business setting.

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